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Suggested Answers To Assignments, Chapter 22, Principles of Growth and Development

This document provides suggested answers to assignments related to principles of growth and development. It includes answers about Freud's psychosexual stages of development, factors that influence growth such as genetics and nutrition, Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, and Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Communication strategies are suggested for different age groups.

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27 views5 pages

Suggested Answers To Assignments, Chapter 22, Principles of Growth and Development

This document provides suggested answers to assignments related to principles of growth and development. It includes answers about Freud's psychosexual stages of development, factors that influence growth such as genetics and nutrition, Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, and Kohlberg's stages of moral development. Communication strategies are suggested for different age groups.

Uploaded by

Hanna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Suggested Answers to Assignments, Chapter 22, Principles of Growth and

Development

Written Assignment Learning Objective


1. Students’ answers should include the following: 6
• According to Freud, in the oral stage of development,

the newborn experiences bodily satisfaction through the

mouth. During the anal stage, the child begins to learn

self-control and taking responsibility. The child finds a

source of pride and develops curiosity regarding the

body in the phallic stage. Moral responsibility and

preparing for adult life occur in the latency stage, and in

the genital stage, puberty and the drive to find and relate

to a mate occurs.

Group Assignment Learning Objective(s)


1. Students’ answers should include the following: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
• Growth is the physical increase in the body's size.

Development is the progression of changes in the child

toward maturity or maturation, which is completed growth

and development.

• Growth following an orderly pattern from the head

downward is called cephalocaudal. Proximodistal growth

starts in the center and progresses outward.


• Height and weight are monitored and plotted on growth

charts to provide a comparison of measurements and

patterns of a child's growth.

• Growth charts and developmental assessment tools are

used to compare a child's growth to other children of the

same age and sex. They are also used to compare the

child's current measurements with his or her previous

measurements.

Clinical Assignments Learning Objective(s)


1. Students’ answers should include the following: 3, 4, 5
• Genetic factors influence a child's physical characteristics

such as the child's gender, race, eye color, height, and

weight, as well as the child's overall growth and

development. Some diseases as well as some physical and

mental disorders are genetically transmitted. Personality

characteristics, including temperament, are genetically

influenced.

• The quality of a child's nutrition during the growing years

has a major effect on the overall health and development

of the child and throughout life. Nutrition is also a factor

in the child's ability to resist infection and diseases.

• A lower socioeconomic level, decreased caregiver time

and involvement, media exposure, and living in a


household in which family caregivers are addicted to

drugs or alcohol are environmental factors that may

influence growth and development. Homelessness,

divorce, latchkey situations, and running away from home

are also environmental factors that influence a child's

growth and development.

2. Students’ answers should include the following: 7, 11


• Erikson's theory of psychosocial development sets out

sequential tasks that the child must successfully complete

before going on to the next stage. His theory describes

developmental tasks in eight stages as follows:

1. Trust versus Mistrust—the infant learns that his or

her needs will be met.

2. Autonomy versus Doubt and Shame—the toddler

learns to perform independent tasks.

3. Initiative versus Guilt—the child develops a

conscience and sense of right and wrong.

4. Industry versus Inferiority—the child competes

with others and enjoys accomplishing tasks.

5. Identity versus Role Confusion—the adolescent

goes through physical and emotional changes as he or

she develops as an independent person with goals and

ideas.
6. Intimacy versus Isolation—the young adult

develops intimate relationships.

7. Generativity versus Self-Absorption—the middle-

aged adult finds fulfillment in life.

8. Ego Integrity versus Despair—the older adult is

satisfied with life and the achievements attained.

3. Students’ answers should include the following: 10


• Understanding the growth and development of the child

and influences on the child and family caregivers is

important for effective communication. Listening,

maintaining eye contact, and playing with children can

encourage communication. Infants evaluate actions and

respond to sensory cues. Young children are egocentric

and tend to be frightened of strangers. Use short

sentences, positive explanations, familiar and

nonthreatening terms, and concrete explanations. School-

aged children are interested in knowing the “what” and

“why” of things. Provide simple, concrete responses using

age-appropriate vocabulary. Choices should be simple and

limited. Let adolescents know that you will listen in an

open-minded, nonjudgmental way. Phrase questions

regarding sensitive information in a way that encourages

the adolescent to respond without feeling embarrassed.


Include caregivers in providing information, problem

solving, and planning of care. Keep caregivers well

informed.

Web Assignment Learning Objective(s)


1. Students’ answers should include the following: 8, 9
• Piaget's four stages of cognitive development include the

sensorimotor phase, in which the infant uses the senses for

physical satisfaction. The young child in the

preoperational phase sees the world from an egocentric or

self-centered point of view. During the concrete

operations phase, the child learns to problem solve in a

systematic way, and in the formal operations phase, the

adolescent has his or her own ideas and can think in

abstract ways.

• Kohlberg's theory relates to the development of moral

reasoning in children. The child progresses from making

decisions with no moral sensitivity to making decisions

based on personal standards and values.

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