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Solubilization in The Presence of Surfactants

1) Solubilization occurs when a substance dissolves into the micelles of a surfactant in solution, forming a stable isotropic mixture with reduced thermodynamic activity. 2) Solubilization can occur at different locations within the micelle, including on the surface, between head groups, in the palisade layer, or deeper in the micelle core. 3) Factors like the surfactant and solubilizate structures, temperature, electrolyte concentration, and presence of other organic molecules can influence the extent of solubilization.

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46 views8 pages

Solubilization in The Presence of Surfactants

1) Solubilization occurs when a substance dissolves into the micelles of a surfactant in solution, forming a stable isotropic mixture with reduced thermodynamic activity. 2) Solubilization can occur at different locations within the micelle, including on the surface, between head groups, in the palisade layer, or deeper in the micelle core. 3) Factors like the surfactant and solubilizate structures, temperature, electrolyte concentration, and presence of other organic molecules can influence the extent of solubilization.

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Duc Anh Nguyen
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SOLUBILIZATION IN THE PRESENCE OF SURFACTANTS

Solubilization
Solubilization may be defined as the spontaneous dissolving of a substance (solid, liquid, or gas) by
reversible interaction with the micelles of a surfactant in a solvent to form a thermodynamically stable
isotropic solution with reduced thermodynamic activity of the solubilized material.

Solubilization is in term of
micellization and emulsification

The ingredience that enhances


solubilization of insoluble
materials is called solubilizers
Why we need solubilizers

Solubilization into aqueous media is of major practical importance in such areas as the formulation of
products containing water-insoluble ingredients

Purposes:
- Replace the use of organic solvents or cosolvents in
detergency, removal of oily soil; emulsion polymerization
…
SOLUBILIZATION IN AQUEOUS MEDIA

Locus of Solubilization
The exact location in the micelle at which solubilization occurs (i.e., the locus of solubilization) varies with the
nature of the material solubilized and is of importance in that it reflects the type of interaction occurring between
surfactant and solubilizate.

Solubilization at a number of different sites in the


micelle
(1) on the surface of the micelle, at the micelle–
solvent interface;
(2) between the hydrophilic head groups (e.g., in
polyoxyethylene [POE] materials);
(3) in the so-called palisade layer of the micelle
between the hydrophilic groups and the first few
carbon atoms of the hydrophobic groups that
comprise the outer core of the micellar interior;
(4) more deeply in the palisade layer
(5) in the inner core of the micelle
Factors Determining the Extent of Solubilization

The solubilization capacity or solubilizing power: The number of moles of solubilizate per mole of micellized
surfactant
SW is the molar solubility of the solubilizate in the aqueous
system
(SW − SCMC) SCMC its molar solubility at the CMC
Solubilization capacity =
(Csurf − CMC) Csurf the molar concentration of the surfactant

• Solubilization capacity is greater for polar


solubilizates than for nonpolar one
• Solubilization capacity decreases with increase
in the molar volume of the solubilizate.
• The promotion of micellization increases
solubilization capacity
Factors Determining the Extent of Solubilization

1. Structure of the Surfactant 2. Structure of the Solubilizate

• For hydrocarbon and long chain compounds, any • Crystalline solids generally show less solubility in
factor that causes an increase in either the diameter micelles than do liquids of similar structure
of the micelle or its aggregation number can be • Generally, the extent of solubilization appears to
expected to produce an increase in the solubilization decrease with increase in the chain length and to
capacity increase with unsaturation or cyclization
• Nonionic surfactants, because of their lower critical • Branched-chain compounds appear to have
micelle concentrations, are better solubilizing agents approximately the same solubility as their normal
than ionics in very dilute solutions. chain isomers.
• The order of solubilizing power: nonionics > cationics • For polar solubilizates, the situation is complicated
> anionics for surfactants with the same hydrophobic by the possibility of variation in the depth of
chain length penetration into the micelle as the structure of the
• For polar molecules: Almost no generalization of solubilizate is changed.
solubilization power since the solubilization can
occur on both outer and inner parts of micelles.
Factors Determining the Extent of Solubilization
4. Effect of Monomeric Organic Additives

3. Effect of Electrolyte • The presence of solubilized hydrocarbon in the


surfactant micelles generally increases the solubility of
• The addition of small amounts of neutral electrolyte to compounds in these micelles.
solutions of ionic surfactants appears to increase the • The solubilization small polar material as long-chain
extent of solubilization of hydrocarbons that are alcohols, amines, mercaptans, and fatty acids into the
solubilized in the inner core of the micelle and to micelles of a surfactant appears to increase their
decrease that of polar compounds that are solubilized solubilization of hydrocarbons
in the outer portion of the palisade layer •
• The effect of electrolyte addition on the solubilization
5. Effect of Polymeric Organic Additives
of polar materials is not clear.
• Solubilized macromolecular compounds, such as
polymers, tend to adsorb surfactant molecules, then
reduce CMC and improve solubilization capacity of
both polar and non-polar compounds
Factors Determining the Extent of Solubilization

6. Effect of Temperature 7. Hydrotropy


• For ionic surfactants, an increase in temperature • Some strong interaction surfactants tend to form
generally results in an increase in the extent of solid insoluble crystals or liquid crystal formation
solubilization for both polar and nonpolar then reduce the solubility of solutes. The reduction
solubilizates of liquid crystal formation by adding of certain
• For nonionic surfactants: nonsurfactant organic additives is hydrotropy.
+ Solubilization of non-polar compounds normally • The non-surfactants additives are called
increase with temperature. hydrotropes.
+ For polar compounds: Solubilization firstly increases • Hydrotropes contains hydrophilic and short, cyclic
until cloud points then decreases. or branch hydrophobic groups.
• Use of hydrotrope with short hydrophobic group
promote the formation of spherical micellar
structure rather than liquid crystal formation.
• Typical hydrotropes include sodium benzene-,
toluene-, xylene-, cumene-, and p-
cymenesulfonates, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate,
2-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonate, and sodium 2-
ethylhexyl sulfate

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