Module 7: Citation and References: Documenting Your Sources

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. cite related literature using standard styles
(APA, MLA, or Chicago Manuel of Styles);
2. list references and

3. use an MS Office template to easily cite literature.

Citation, Referencing, and Bibliography
The sources of your literature review are the published and unpublished works that are

related to your chosen topic. You have to give credit to the authors who made the works that

you have included, whether they are in the form of direct quotation, paraphrased or summarized

texts, or even insights that you have written or derived from. The process of acknowledging the

sources of information that you used in your manuscript is called citation. It is often placed

directly in your written text to indicate the source of your information. The most common format

used in citing information is by indicating the last name of the author, followed by the year that

the work is published, enclosed in a parenthesis (e.g., Castillo, 2013). Whether it is going to be

placed before or after a sentence, or a paragraph depends on the style that will be advised or

required. A detailed discussion on different citation styles and guidelines shall follow in the next

sections.

➢ Citation and referencing are essential to avoid being accused of plagiarism or

copying of one’s work.
➢ When citing the direct source of a particular text in your work, the name of the
author and the year of the publication enclosed in a parenthesis are placed after
the text. You can also use other citation formats or styles, depending on the way
in which you have presented the previously written work in your paper.

Materials cited in the text do not include the details about the sources of information.

Often, it only contains excerpts from the manuscript. But knowing the full details of the sources
of information will give you a broader understanding and better knowledge about the type of the

source used. In addition, it will allow you to locate the source when needed. And so, referencing

is always done in most academic written works. Referencing is the process of organizing the

written works cited in your text. It is usually in a form of a list found at the end of the document.

References will demonstrate the thorough literature search and readings that you have done to

create your research. There are different styles of presenting your reference list, which is

synonymous with the citation style that you will use. Guidelines in writing your list will depend

on the type materials that you will cite in your study.

Before you actually come up with the works that you will cite in your literature review,

you will have to read a lot of materials related to your object of study. In academic research work,

only those that are cited in the manuscript are listed in the references. However, in other written

works, such as textbook for example, all materials consulted, cited or not, are listed; hence,

textbooks have a bibliography. A bibliography contains complete listing of resources conferred

with in relation to the study being conducted. The list consists of the complete details of the

works cited and all the other materials that you have read, which you think might be helpful to

your readers.

➢ Acknowledgement of the literature that you used in your paper does not end in
citation alone. Once the manuscript is done, you have to include a list of your
references.
Reasons for Citation

Listing the works that are cited in your manuscript is important for the following reasons:

1. To be able to identify and relocate the sources used in the study for verification

purposes. It is important to have citation listings to prove that the texts that you used are indeed

generated from the mentioned material. In addition, readers will have an easier access if they

want to learn more about the topic discussed in your study.

2. To present a proof that the topic under study is well-accounted in the research works in

its respective field of study. Citations provide evidence that your ideas and insights are grounded

on previous studies. In this regard, you are also increasing the heuristic value of the research

studies.

3. To rightfully acknowledge the authors of the research materials mentioned in the study.

Authors of research studies that you used must be given credit for their scholarly work. Through

this, you can express your respect and appreciation to the tedious process that they went through

just to create a scholarly material.

4. In a nutshell, when you copy any written work in verbatim without indicating your

source and claim it as your own, you are plagiarizing. Plagiarism, especially in the Philippines, is

punishable by law through the Republic Act 8293, or the Intellectual Property Code of the

Philippines.
Ways of Citing the Source Materials

Resource materials such as books, newspapers, journal articles, conference proceedings,

e-mails, personal communication, and Web sites, just to name a few, can be cited in three

different ways:

1. As direct quote (authors’ last names, date, and page number after the quoted text). You

can directly lift or copy a statement or a paragraph and paste it on your manuscript from any

resources provided that you put quotation marks (“QM”) on that statement or a paragraph.

2. As a paraphrase (authors’ last names, year). You paraphrase a statement when you

transform its idea using your own words based on your own understanding.

3. As a summary (authors’ last names, year). In doing a summary, you just clearly explain

and point out the main idea of the author’s research findings without including your insights.

Usually, details and examples are excluded, and the context must be written in your own words.

Note: The format of writing citation varies on the resource material used and the citation style

required.

➢ The citation style that you used should correspond to your referencing style.
Reasons for Referencing

Providing a list of your cited works lay the ground of confirmation that your study is

structured within the field in which it is related. Referencing is done for the following reasons.

1. To prove that the study is based on academic works. The list of titles and the type of

materials used will determine that the research is conceptualized from scholarly materials.
 2. To locate the sources of the cited texts in the study. Details of the materials used are

included in the reference list. Through these, it is easier to trace the full manuscript where the

cited texts are obtained.

3. To share additional knowledge and information about the topic under study. Once the

original source of the cited texts is found and read, other information will be known, and ideas

may stem out from it.

4. To confirm the basis of the study’s hypothesis. The reference list will serve as evidence

that will validate the claims of the study.

5. To show respect and appreciation to the author of the study and to avoid plagiarism.

References will show that the texts written are gathered from notable sources.

Ways of Referencing Source Materials

Materials used in your study are referenced in two ways.

1. In-Text Citation. When you use a directly quoted, paraphrased, and summarized content of a

manuscript in your literature review, you have to insert the source of the information enclosed

in a parenthesis within or after the information that you included. You usually find the following

information of the source in the literature review.

a. Direct quotation: author surname(s), title of the material, date of publication, page

number
 Example:
Some of the educators identified assessment as a:
“key mechanism for monitoring and intervening in the educational process, with attention being paid to
the role of assessment in the education system as a system (as distinct from its implications for individual life
chances), and with key research questions being framed less in terms of the extent to which assessment measure
what they purport to measure (important though this still is) and more in terms of what impact assessment might
have on the instructional process.” (Torrance,1995, p.45)

On the other hand, when you want to point out a specific idea from the source, the

name(s) of the author(s) become/s the subject of the sentence followed by the date of

publication enclosed in a parenthesis. The number will come after the quoted statement.

Example:
In addition, Nickerson (in Torrence, 1995) explained that
“a truly adequate approach to educational assessment… not only will measure accurately what has been
learned but will also provide useful diagnostic information for future instruction and… will help drive the system as
a whole, toward increasing effectiveness in the nurturing of understanding and thinking.”(p.45)

Excerpts from: Espinosa, Allen A., A.D.C. Tamela, and D.B. Castillo. “Test Anxiety in Moving
Examination as Correlates to Students’ Achievement, Process Skills and Attitude towards
Science.” Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research 30, no.2(2015).
b. Paraphrased text: author surname(s), date of publication
Example:
Patterning is the foundation for reading and Math skills. Rhymes, on the other
hand, assist children to learn and memorize the alphabet and numbers (Kenney, 2005).
On the other hand, when you want to point out a specific idea from the sources, the

name(s) of the author(s) becomes the subject of the sentence followed by the date of publication

enclosed in a parenthesis.

Example:
A study conducted by Salame and Baddeley (1989) shows that speech is more
disturbing than the instrumental music.
Excerpts from: Castillo, D.B. et al. “Effects of Music on the Spatial Reasoning Skills of Grade- One
Pupils.” International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research 1 no. 1 (2014):73-
83.
 c. Summarized text/content:
Example:
Autocratic coaching style or “intense style” is applied when the coach assumes
authority and decision-making is centralized. An advantage of this coaching style includes
a directive and dominating coach who prepares the group or the individual for any type
of competition. However, the downside of this coaching style is its one-way learning
process. The coach tends to show lack of empathy and he is the only one determining the
rules, rewards, and the standards (Lyle,2006).
On the other hand, when you want to point out a specific idea from the source, the name(s)

of the author(s) can become the subject of the sentence followed by the date of publication

enclosed in parenthesis.

Example:
In his experiment of Bobo Doll, Bandura (1971) concluded that children learn and
imitate behaviors they have observed in other people. Modeling can be classified into
three, namely: a live model, which involves an actual individual demonstrating or acting
out a behavior; the verbal instructional model, which involves descriptions and
explanations of a behavior; and lastly, the symbolic model, which involves real or fictional
characters displaying behaviors in books, films, television programs, or online media.
Excerpts from: Castillo, D.B. et al. “Autocratic and Participative Coaching Style and Its Effects on
Students’ Dance Performance.” International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational
Research 3, no. 1 (2014): 32-44.
Note: The format of writing citation varies on the resource material used and the citation style

required. Examples are done using APA style.

2. Reference List. It includes full publication details of all your cited works in your study. It

appears on the last section of your research work in alphabetical order.

Example:
References
Alley, T. & Greene, M. (2008). “The Relative and Perceived Impact of Irrelevant Speech,
Vocal Music and Non-Vocal Music on Working Memory.” Current Psychology 27, 277-
289, 82
 Berz, W.L. (1995). “Working Memory in Music: A Theoretical Model.” Music Perception:
An Interdisciplinary Journal, 12(3), 353-364
Bower, B. (1994). “Tuning up young brains.” Retrieved August 9, 2013 from
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tuning+up+young+brains.-a015811444
Boyle, G. (1983). “Effects on academic learning of manipulating emotional states and
motivational dynamics.” British Journal of Educational Psychology, 53, 347-357
Chaplin, J.P. (1985). In Dictionary of Psychology. Canada: Bantam Dell, Random House,
Inc.
El Haj, M., Postal, V., & Allain, P. (2012). “Music Enhances Autobiographical Memory in
Mild Alzheimer’s Disease.” Educational Gerontology, 38, 30-41
Furnham, A. & Bradley, A. (1997). “Music While You Work: The Differential Distraction of
Background Music on the Cognitive Test Performance of Introverts and Extraverts.”
Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11, 445-455
Excerpts from: Castillo, D.B. et al. “Effects of Music on the Spatial Reasoning Skills of Grade-One
Pupils.” International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Education Research 1 no. 1 (2014): 73-83
Note: The format of writing references varies on the resource material used and the citation style
required. Examples are done using APA style.

Different Styles of Citation and Referencing

Citing verbatim sources in a form of quotation, paraphrasing, and summarizing one’s

work, using facts, information, data, and other supplementary information are done differently.

Different fields of disciplines suggest different styles of citing sources to write the texts

appropriately as required. There are several existing citation styles that you can use. But the

following are commonly used in their respective field of study.

 Citation Style Field of Study

American Psychological Association (APA) Psychology, Education, and other Social

Sciences
Modern Language Association (MLA) Literature, Arts, and Humanities

Chicago Manual of Style/Turabian Style Arts and Humanities

Turabian Literature, History, and Arts

The style that you are going to use will depend on the advice of your teacher in research

and the required style used in your school. The citation style used must also correspond to the

referencing style found in the references list. However, the widely used style across all fields is

the APA style (sixth edition). For this reason, focus will be given on this citation style, but the

other styles will also be discussed.

 Activity # 7: Apply It in Real Life

Name: ________________________________ Score: __________________

Strand/Section: _________________________ Date: ___________________

Directions: Using your chosen Research Topic, make at least two review of related literature. To

accomplish this task, use electronic resources, academic journals, books, and other reliable

resources to have the necessary related sources. Apply the APA format citation style in

documenting your resources. Have a list of your references as well. You will be graded according

to content, organization, and clarity of presentation.

Example Format:

Authors’ name(s): ________________________________

Date Published: __________________________________
Title of the Source: _______________________________
Place Published: _________________________________
Publisher/Web site: ______________________________
Pages: _________________________________________
Narrative Report: Review of related literature/ related study
______________________________________________________________________________
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Congratulations for successfully completing Module 7!