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Criterion of Morality

The document outlines several criteria of morality: 1. Virtue ethics evaluates morality based on virtues and finding a golden mean of moderation in one's character. 2. Eudemonism and Epicureanism see pleasure and avoiding pain as the path to a good life through humility and balance. 3. Stoicism advocates avoiding passion and remaining indifferent through mental discipline to be immune from life's difficulties. 4. Other criteria discussed include asceticism, teleological ethics based on an act's purpose, pragmatism, situation ethics dependent on circumstances, and deontological ethics based on duty rather than consequences.

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227 views2 pages

Criterion of Morality

The document outlines several criteria of morality: 1. Virtue ethics evaluates morality based on virtues and finding a golden mean of moderation in one's character. 2. Eudemonism and Epicureanism see pleasure and avoiding pain as the path to a good life through humility and balance. 3. Stoicism advocates avoiding passion and remaining indifferent through mental discipline to be immune from life's difficulties. 4. Other criteria discussed include asceticism, teleological ethics based on an act's purpose, pragmatism, situation ethics dependent on circumstances, and deontological ethics based on duty rather than consequences.

Uploaded by

Joshua
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CRITERION OF MORALITY

1. Virtue Ethics
 For Aristotle, the standard of morality is a life of happiness, and virtue embraces the concept of
happiness.
 “Desirable quality” which lies in man’s attempt to find the Golden Mean or the Life of
Moderation
 Example: A virtuous person is someone who is kind across many situations over a lifetime
because that is her character and not because she wants to maximize utility or gain favors or
simply do her duty.
2. Eudemonism
 Following the path towards a good and happy life.
 An orientation of discovering a life of self-control
 Example: If you’re a parent, you should excel at raising your children; if you’re a doctor, you
should excel at healing people; and if you’re a philosopher, you should excel at gaining
knowledge and wisdom, and teaching.
3. Epicureanism
 For Epicurus, pleasure is the final good, pain is the fundamental evil.
 Pleasure is only made possible by a life of humility and balance desires if this is achieved, one
reaches self-composure.
 Example: intellectual pleasure, serenity of soul, health of body.
4. Stoicism
 To avoid life’s filament of suffering an obstacles, morality should be anchored in the lack of
concern (apathy) and indifference.
 It is in the logic of the mind and not in the heart that sound moral judgment is maintained
through mental discipline.
 Series of predicaments + being unemotional and inexpressive (avoiding passion) = immunity to
life’s meaningless
 Example: Without discipline, we will be blown off course and probably wrecked; we will have no
way of dealing with the emotional storms that blow in. But with good strong sails, we can
harness the wind and make it useful.
5. Asceticism
 The withdrawal of man’s desires from any mundane glamour and unessential accessories in life
that lead to happiness.
 Deprivation from enjoyable objects or denunciation from pleasing things = happiness and
spiritual transcendence.
 Example: Mahatma Gandhi and many Roman Catholic priests have made asceticism the
personal foundation for their work in society.
6. Teleological Theory of Ethics
 Teleological came from a Greek term telos, meaning “end”
 Morality is determined by the objective purpose or end of a certain human act.
 Example: You stole a loaf of bread from the neighborhood grocery because your family was
starving.
7. Pragmatism
 Holds a valid type of awareness as always sensible, useful, practical, favorable, and functional.
 Example: A pragmatic driver will stop if there is a 1% chance that an entity on the road in front
of them is a pedestrian.
8. Situation Ethics / Situationism
 Modern day moral standard that was promoted by Joseph Fletcher.
 Morality of an act is dependent on a given situation and that regardless of the condition or
circumstances.
 A situation in this context refers to a human state of moral affairs or issues that demands a
moral decision.
 Example: When one initially establishes that murder is morally wrong, one may then have to
make exceptions for killing for self-defence, killing in war, killing unborn children, etc.
9. Deontological Theory in Ethics
 Deontological is derived from the Greek terra deontos, meaning obligation of function.
 It discards what teleology proposes and that the notion of duty is autonomous to a good (utility)
idea and that correct actions are not determined fully by the production of amoral goods.
 Example: Pleasure appears not to be good without qualification, because when people take
pleasure in watching someone suffer, this seems to make the situation ethically worse.

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