ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1 & 2

LABORATORY MANUAL

(AN INSTRUCTOR AND STUDENT REFERENCE GUIDE)

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

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LAB CONTENTS
Sr.No. EXPERIMENTS Page No.

01 Measurement of step up and step down of 1-ϕ Transformer 3

02 Open circuit test of a 1-ϕ Transformer to find out its iron losses 7

03 Short circuit test of a 1-ϕ Transformer to find out its copper losses 10

04 Voltage regulation of 1-ϕ step down Transformer 13

05 Efficiency of 1-ϕ step down Transformer 15

06 Study of main Parts of a DC machine 18

07 Speed Control of a Separately Excited DC Motor 20

08 Open Circuit Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Generator 22

09 External Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Generator 24

10 Ta/Ia Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor 26

11 N/Ia Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor 28

12 N/Ta Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor 30

13 Working principle and construction of 3-ϕ induction motor 32

14
To run the 3- ϕ Induction Motor on no load and relation b/w supply voltage and speed 37

15 Relation b/w synchronous speed & poles of induction motor 40

16 Relation b/w synchronous speed & frequency of induction motor 42

17 To start the 3-ϕ induction motor through star delta switch 44

“ELECTRICAL MACHINES 1 & 2”

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Nine rules for safe practice and to avoid electric shocks:
1. Be sure of the conditions of the equipment and the dangers present
BEFORE working on a piece of equipment. Many sportsmen are killed by
supposedly unloaded guns; many technicians are killed by supposedly
“dead”. Circuits,
2. NEVER rely on safety devices such as fuses, relays and interlock systems
to protect you. They may not be working and may fail to protect when
most needed.
3. NEVER remove the grounding prong of a three, wire input plug, this
eliminates the grounding feature of the equipment making it a potential
shock hazard.
4. Disorganized mess of connecting leads, components and tools only leads
to careless thinking circuits, shocks and accidents.
5. DO NOT WORK ON WET FLOOR

Do not work on wet floor or bare footed. Always work on a rubber mate or
an insulated floor.
6. DO NOT WORK ALONE.

It’s just good to have someone around to shot off the power give artificial
respiration and to call a doctor.
7. WORK WITH ONE HAND WHILE WORKING WITH ELCTRIC CIRCUITS

A current in between a hand’s crosses your heart and can be more let than
a current from hand to foot, a wise technician always works with one
hand, watch your service man
8. NEVER TALK TO ANYONE WHILE WORKING

Do not let yourself distracted. Also do not talk to anyone, if he is working

on dangerous equipment. Do not be the cause of an accident.
9. ALWAYS MOVE SLOWLY
When work around electrical circuits. Violent and rapid movements lead
to accidental shock and short circuits.

Study of step up & step down Transformer

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PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Understand the basic working principle of transformer
 Identify the constructional parts of Transformer

EQUIPMENT:
1-Phase Transformer (SM 2680- TERCO)
Digital meter (Universal Measuring Unit- SM 2627)
Power meter(GWM039-GW)
Voltmeter(M-3560M)
Set of experiment cables (SM 2679

THEORY:
A transformer is a static piece of equipment used either for raising or lowering the voltage of an a.c.
supply with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. It essentially consists of two windings,
the primary and secondary, wound on a common laminated magnetic core as shown in Fig. (2.1). the
winding connected to the a.c. source is called primary winding (or primary) and the one connected to
load is called secondary winding (or secondary). The alternating voltage V1 whose magnitude is to be
changed is applied to the primary. Depending upon the number of turns of the primary (N1) and
secondary (N2), an alternating e.m.f. E2 is induced in the secondary. This induced e.m.f. E2 in the
secondary causes a secondary current I2. Consequently, terminal voltage V2 will appear across the
load. If V2 > V1, it is called a step up-transformer. On the other hand, if V2 < V1, it is called a step-
down transformer.

Fig:- 2.01
An ideal transformer is one that has
(i) no winding resistance
(ii) no leakage flux i.e., the same flux links both the windings
(iii) no iron losses (i.e., eddy current and hysteresis losses) in the core
Although ideal transformer cannot be physically realized, yet its study provides a very powerful tool
in the analysis of a practical transformer. In fact, practical transformers have properties that approach
very close to an ideal transformer.

E.M.F. Equation of a Transformer:

Consider that an alternating voltage V1 of frequency f is applied to the primary as shown in Fig.(2.01).

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Above equations are calculated from the e.m.f. E1 induced in primary and rms values of E

In an ideal transformer, E1 = V1 and E2 =V2.

Voltage Transformation Ratio (K):

From the above equations of induced e.m.f.,

The constant K is called voltage transformation ratio. Thus if K = 5 (i.e. N2/N1 = 5), then E2 = 5 E1.

For an ideal transformer:

(i) E1 = V1 and E2 = V2 as there is no voltage drop in the windings.

(ii) there are no losses. Therefore, volt-amperes input to the primary are equal to the output volt-
amperes i.e.
V1 I1 = V2 I2

Hence, currents are in the inverse ratio of voltage transformation ratio. This simply means that if we
raise the voltage, there is a corresponding decrease of current.
A practical transformer differs from the ideal transformer in many respects. The practical transformer
has (i) iron losses (ii) winding resistances and (iii) magnetic leakage, giving rise to leakage reactance.

Step-Down Transformer:
Because the same magnetic flux lines cut both coils of a transformer, the induced EMF in the
secondary winding, is proportional to the number of turns on both the primary and secondary
windings. If the number of turns on the secondary winding is less than the number of turns on the
primary winding, then the secondary output voltage will be less than the primary input voltage. This
type of transformer is called a step-down transformer and is illustrated in Figure 02.

P r im a r y W in d in g S e c o n d a r y W in d in g

A p p lie d A lt e r n a t in g H a v in g le s s t u r n s t h a n
C u r r e n t S u p p ly t h e P r im a r y W in d in g

S t e p - D o w n T r a n s fo r m e r

Fig:- 2.2

Step-Up Transformer:
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If the number of turns on the secondary winding of a transformer is greater than the number of turns
on the primary winding, then the secondary output voltage will be greater than the primary input
voltage. This type of transformer is called a step-up transformer and is illustrated in
Figure 4.

P r im a r y W in d in g S e c o n d a r y W i n d in g

A p p l i e d A l t e r n a t in g H a v in g m o r e t u r n s t h a n
C u r r e n t S u p p ly t h e P r im a r y W in d in g

S t e p - U p T r a n s fo r m e r

Fig:- 2.3
Power Rating of Transformers:

The power rating of a transformer may be calculated by multiplying the secondary AC voltage by the
full load secondary AC current.

Rating = Secondary Voltage x Secondary Current

Rating = V x A (U2 x I2)
Rating = VA

A rating quoted in VA will apply to small transformers. The rating of larger transformers will be
quoted in KVA or MVA

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Step-Up Mode:

Sr No. Input voltage (V) Output Voltage(V)

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Step-Down Mode

Sr No. Input voltage (V) Output Voltage(V)

Review Questions

Open circuit test of a Transformer to find out its Iron losses

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Understand the basic working principle of transformer

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 Identify the constructional parts of Transformer

EQUIPMENT:
1-Phase Transformer (SM 2680- TERCO)
Digital meter (Universal Measuring Unit- SM 2627)
Power meter(GWM039-GW)
Voltmeter(M-3560M)
Set of experiment cables (SM 2679)

THEORY
Circuit Diagram:

This test is performed to find out the no load losses or iron losses (also called core losses) and no load
current Io which is helpful in determining Xo and Ro. In this test, the rated voltage is applied to the
primary (usually low voltage winding) while the secondary is left open circuited. The applied primary
voltage V1 is measured by the voltmeter, the no load current Io by ammeter and no load input power
Wo by wattmeter as shown in circuit diagram. As the normal rated voltage is applied to the primary,
therefore normal iron losses will occur in the transformer core. Hence wattmeter will record the iron
losses and small copper losses in the primary. Since no load current Io is very small (usually 2 to 10%
of rated current), Cu losses in the primary under no load condition are negligible as compared with
iron losses. Hence, wattmeter reading practically gives the iron losses in the transformer.

Procedure:

1. Make connections according to the given circuit.

2. Connect primary of transformer with rated ac voltage supply.

3. Note down readings of instruments connected and calculate different parameters.

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OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Sr.No Observations Calculations

Primary Side P.f= R0= Xm=

P0/V1I0 V1/I0Cosθ V1/I0Sinθ

Voltage V1 Current I0 Power P0 Ohms Ohms

Volts Amps Watts

Results and conclusion:

The open circuit test on a transformer gives the parameters Ro and Xm and gives the core losses.

Review Questions:

Q1: Calculate the no-load power Po (core loss) using the following relation

P0= I2WR0 ____________________________ W

and compare it with the value of Po in Table

Q2: Does transformer draw any current when its secondary is open?

Ans:

Q3: If any current flow when secondary is open then why it flow?

Ans:

Q4: Why h.v side of transformer is open?

Ans:

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Q5: Why are iron losses Constant at all loads in a transformer?

Ans:

Q6: What effects are produced by change in voltage?

Ans:

Short circuit test of a Transformer to find out its Cu losses

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Understand the basic working principle of transformer
 Identify the constructional parts of Transformer

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EQUIPMENT:
1-Phase Transformer (SM 2680- TERCO)
Digital meter (Universal Measuring Unit- SM 2627)
Power meter(GWM039-GW)
Voltmeter(M-3560M)
Set of experiment cables (SM 2679)

THEORY:
Circuit Diagram:

In this test, the secondary (usually low voltage winding) is short circuited by a thick conductor
and an ammeter, and variable low voltage is applied to the primary as shown in the circuit diagram.
The low input voltage is gradually raised till a level (VSC) where full load current ISC flows in the
primary. Then current in the secondary also has full load value. Under such conditions, the copper loss
in the winding is the same as that on full load.

There is no output from the transformer under short circuit conditions. Therefore input power is all
loss and this loss is almost entirely copper loss. It is because iron loss in the core is negligibly small
since the voltage is very small. Hence, wattmeter will practically register the full load copper losses in
the transformer windings.

Procedure:

1. Make connections according to the given circuit.

2. Connect primary of transformer with variable ac voltage supply.

3. Note down transformer rated current from name plate data and keep on increasing voltage until
you get rated current read by Ammeter connected.

4. Once you get rated current at any specific voltage level, note down readings of instruments
connected and calculate different parameters.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Sr.No Observations Calculations

Primary Side Secondary P.f= Zsc= R01= X01=

side Psc/VscIs Vsc/I0 Zsc.Cosө Zsc.Sin
ө

Voltage Current Power Current Ohms Ohms

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Vsc Isc Psc

Volts Amps Watts Amps

Results and conclusion:

The short circuit test on a transformer gives the parameters R01 and X01 and gives the copper losses.

Review Questions:

Q1: Why L.V side of transformer is short?

Ans:

Q2: Cu-losses are constant or variable?

Ans:

Q3: If variable then how it can be varied?

Ans:

Q4: Is cu-loss affected by power factor?

Ans:

Q5: If cu-loss is affected by power factor then why?

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Voltage regulation of single phase step down Transformer

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Understand the basic working principle of transformer
 Identify the constructional parts of Transformer

EQUIPMENT:

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1-Phase Transformer (SM 2680- TERCO)

Digital meter (Universal Measuring Unit- SM 2627)
Power meter(GWM039-GW)
Voltmeter(M-3560M)
Connecting Leads
Set of experiment cables (SM 2679)

THEORY:
Circuit Diagram:

A step-down transformer transforms the high voltage at primary side to a lower voltage at the
secondary side. It works on the principle of mutual induction i.e. the transformer secondary winding
has an induced emf due to the change in voltage across the primary winding. When we increase load at
the secondary terminals of a transformer, current drawn by transformer will increase. This increase in
current will cause will increase in load dependant losses, Cu loss and leakage magnetic loss, hence
causes decrease in output voltage. The change in secondary voltage from no load to full load with
respect to no load voltage or with respect to full load voltage is called voltage regulation.

(Voltage Regulation) VR = [(VSN – VSL) / V SN] × 100 %

Procedure:

1. Make connections according to the given circuit.

2. Connect primary of transformer with rated ac voltage supply.

3. Switch on primary supply and read the no load secondary voltage.

4. Increase the load on the secondary side in steps.

5. Note down readings of instruments connected and calculate different parameters

\OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Sr.No Vp (Volts) VS-NL (Volts) VS-L (Volts) %VR

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Results and Conclusions:

The voltage regulation has been calculated and increase in both parameters is observed with increases
in load.

Review Questions:

Q1: Is it possible to get a -ve value for the voltage regulation? Give reason.

Ans:

Q2: What is the best value of voltage regulation? Is it possible to get it practically?

Ans:

Q3: Calculate the power factor which yields the voltage regulation best value.

Ans:_____________________________________________________________________________

Efficiency of single phase step down Transformer

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Understand the basic working principle of transformer

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 Identify the constructional parts of Transformer

EQUIPMENT:

1-Phase Transformer (SM 2680- TERCO)

Digital meter (Universal Measuring Unit- SM 2627)
Power meter(GWM039-GW)
Voltmeter(M-3560M)
Set of experiment cables (SM 2679)

THEORY:
Circuit Diagram:

A step-down transformer transforms the high voltage at primary side to a lower voltage at the
secondary side. It works on the principle of mutual induction i.e. the transformer secondary winding
has an induced emf due to the change in voltage across the primary winding. The efficiency of a
transformer at a particular load and p.f is defined as the ratio between output power and input power.

η= (VSIS / VPIP) × 100 %

Procedure:

1. Make connections according to the given circuit.

2. Connect primary of transformer with rated ac voltage supply.

3. Increase the load on the secondary side in steps.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Sr.No Vp (Volts) Ip (Amps) Vs (Volts) Is (Amps) Efficiency(η)

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Review Questions:

Q1: Draw the relation between I2 and V2 at

a) Unity power factor (resistive load)

b) Lagging power factor (Inductive load)
c) Leading power factor (capacitive load)

Q2: If the transformer is loaded by purely capacitive load, what is the expected efficiency?

Ans:

Q3: List the different losses which take place in a transformer?

Ans:

Q4: What are various causes of voltage drop in a transformer?

Ans:

Q5: In above question, under what conditions will only one of the components of voltage drop be
present?

Ans:

Q6: In this experiment, even after the load on secondary is thrown off, wattmeter connected to primary
does read some power. Where is this power consumed?

Ans:

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Study of Main parts of DC Machine

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Understand the basic working principle of a DC Machine
 Identify the constructional parts of a DC Machine

THEORY:

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A DC Machine is comprised of following main parts

 Yoke or Frame
 Magnetic Poles
 Field Winding
 Armature Core
 Armature Winding
 Commutator
 Carbon Brushes

1. Yoke or Frame:
It is circular in shape and consists of even number of salient poles bolted inside of
circular frame. The yoke is usually made of solid cast steel.

2. Magnetic Poles:
In small machines the poles are made with yoke and both are of cast iron. In big
machines poles are made of laminated steel sheets which are riveted together under hydraulic pressure.

3. Field Winding:

Field windings are mounted on the poles and carry the D.C exciting current. It
spreads flux over large area.

4. Armature Core:
It is cylindrical core keyed to the machine shaft and rotates between the field poles.
It consists of slotted soft-iron laminations (about 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm thick) that are stacked to form a
cylindrical core. The laminations are insulated from each other by thin layer of insulating material so
that they do not come in contact with each other. The laminations are slotted to accommodate and
provide mechanical security to the armature winding.

5. Armature Winding:

The slots of the armature core hold insulated conductors that are connected in a
suitable manner and is called the armature winding. This is the winding in which working e.m.f is
induced.

6. Commutator:
A Commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the alternating voltage
generated in the armature winding into direct voltage across the brushes. The commutator is made of
copper segments insulated from each other by suitable insulating material and mounted on the shaft of
the machine. The armature conductors are soldered to the commutator segments in a suitable manner
to give rise to the armature winding.

7. Carbon Brushes:
The purpose of the brushes is to ensure electrical connections between the rotating
commutator and stationary external load circuit. The brushes are made of carbon and rest on the
commutator. Carbon brushes are employed to reduce sparking and provide better commutation.

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Review Questions

Q. 01: Why laminated armature core is used in D.C Machine?

Ans.:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

Q.02: What is the function of commutator?

Ans.:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

Q.03: What is the function of Carbon Brushes?

Ans.:______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

Speed Control of a Separately Excited DC Motor

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Understand the expression of speed of a DC Motor
 Understand what are the parameters which control the speed

EQUIPMENT:

Power Supply Unit (SM 2631)

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Terminal Board (SM 2635)

Torque Measuring Unit (MV 1052)
DC Machine (SM 2641)
Volt and Ammeters

THEORY:

A Separately Excited DC Motor has its field winding excitation separate to produce the
magnetic field and armature winding excitation separate to produce the torque. The voltage applied to
its armature is the sum of the armature voltage drop and the back emf produced in the armature.

V = E + IaRa ...........1

Emf induced in the dc machine can be written as:

E = NPϕ/60(Z/A) .....2

So eq (1) becomes

V = NPϕ/60(Z/A) + IaRa

NPϕ/60(Z/A) = V – IaRa

N = (V-IaRa) / K1 ϕ

N = (V-IaRa) / K If (Because ϕ = K2 If)

So we can conclude that

NαV

N α 1 / If

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Make connections according to the given circuit.

2. Connect the supply to the stator side and adjust the field current to 0.035A

3. Connect a different supply to the rotor side and adjust the voltage to 30 volts

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4. Note down the speed and vary the voltage to 35V and then to 40V

5. Now keep the voltage constant and vary the field current to 0.040A and so according to the
table

6. Check the speed each time and write in the table

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

S. No. If (A) V (V) N (rpm)

01 0.035 30
02 0.035 35
03 0.035 40
04 0.040 40
05 0.045 40
06 0.050 40

Open Circuit Characteristics of Separately excited DC Generator

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Draw open circuit characteristics of DC Generator
 Understand relationship between DC Generator’s output parameters

EQUIPMENT:

Power Supply Unit (SM 2631)

Terminal Board (SM 2635)
Torque Measuring Unit (MV 1052)
DC Machine (SM 2641)
Volt and Ammeters

THEORY:

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Circuit Diagram;

Open circuit characteristics curve also sometimes called no-load characteristic, is a graph showing the
relation between induced e.m.f of a generator on no-load and the field current. The e.m.f of the
generator at no-load is given by

Eo α NΦ

If the speed be kept constant while this characteristic is being drawn in that case E o
becomes proportional to flux Φ, but flux is proportional to field current If. The curve between Eo and
If is known as open circuit characteristic.

Procedure:

1. Achieve the connections as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Turn on the DC Power Supply and increase the excitation voltage gradually from zero to full
value while keeping speed of prime mover to be constant (prime mover not shown in the
diagram).
3. Record the value of output voltage against each value of field current.
4. Turn off power to the machine after accomplishing the task.
5. Draw the graph between Eo and If .

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Sr. No. If(Amps) Eo(volts)

01
02
03
04
05
06

Graph between Eo and If:

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External Characteristics of Separately excited DC Generator

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Draw external characteristics of DC Generator
 Understand relationship between V and IL

EQUIPMENT:

Power Supply Unit (SM 2631)

Terminal Board (SM 2635)
Torque Measuring Unit (MV 1052)
DC Machine (SM 2641)
Volt and Ammeters
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Resistive load (SM 2676)

THEORY:
Circuit Diagram;

In External characteristics curve showing the relation between terminal voltage of a generator
and load current. The terminal voltage will be less then E due to voltage drop in the armature circuit.
Therefore, this curve will lie below the internal characteristics. The formula of terminal voltage for
external characteristics is

V= E- Ia Ra- armature reaction drop

As the load increase, the terminal voltage falls due to armature reaction drop and voltage drop
across armature resistance. Here load current and armature current is same because both are in series
connection.

Procedure:

1. Achieve the connections as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Turn on the DC Power Supply and increase the excitation voltage gradually from zero to full
value while keeping speed of prime mover to be constant (prime mover not shown in the
diagram).
3. Record the value of output voltage against each value of load current.
4. Turn off power to the machine after accomplishing the task.
5. Draw the graph between V and IL.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Sr. No. IL(Amps) V(volts)

01
02
03
04
05
06

Graph between Eo and If:

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Ta/Ia Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Draw Ta/Ia characteristics of DC Shunt Motor
 Understand relationship Ta and Ia

EQUIPMENT:

Power Supply Unit (SM 2631)

Terminal Board (SM 2635)
Torque Measuring Unit (MV 1052)
DC Machine (SM 2641)
Volt and Ammeters

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THEORY:
Circuit Diagram;

It is the curve between armature torque Ta and armature current Ia of DC motor. It is also
known as electrical characteristics of the motors. In shunt motors the field current I sh is constant since
the field winding is directly connected to the supply V which is assumed to be constant. Hence, the
flux in a shunt motor is approximately constant.

In a DC motors,

Ta α Ia φ

As flux is constant in shunt motor, so

T a α Ia

As both the current and the torque are directly proportional so their characteristics curve is straight line
and therefore large current is required to start a heavy load.

Procedure:

1. Achieve the connections as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Turn on the DC Power Supply and increase the resistance gradually from zero to full value.
3. Record the value of Torque against each value of armature current.
4. Turn off power to the machine after accomplishing the task.
5. Draw the graph between Ta and Ia.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Sr. No. Ia(Amp) Ta(N.m)

01
02
03
04
05
06

Graph between Ta and Ia:

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N/Ia Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Draw N/Ia characteristics of DC Shunt Motor
 Understand relationship N and Ia

EQUIPMENT:

Power Supply Unit (SM 2631)

Terminal Board (SM 2635)
Torque Measuring Unit (MV 1052)
DC Machine (SM 2641)
Volt and Ammeters

THEORY:
Circuit Diagram;

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It is the curve between speed N and armature current Ia of DC motor. In shunt motors the field
current Ish is constant since the field winding is directly connected to the supply voltage V which is
assumed to be constant. Hence, the flux in a shunt motor is approximately constant.

N α Eb/ φ

Since flux is constant, so we can say that speed is affected when Eb changes and very small variation
occurs in speed

Procedure:

1. Achieve the connections as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Turn on the DC Power Supply and increase the resistance gradually from zero to full value.
3. Record the value of speed against each value of armature current.
4. Turn off power to the machine after accomplishing the task.
5. Draw the graph between N and Ia.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Sr. No. Ia(Amp) N(RPM)

01
02
03
04
05
06

Graph between N and Ia:

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N/Ta Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Draw N/Ta characteristics of DC Shunt Motor
 Understand relationship N and Ta

EQUIPMENT:

Power Supply Unit (SM 2631)

Terminal Board (SM 2635)

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Torque Measuring Unit (MV 1052)

DC Machine (SM 2641)
Volt and Ammeters

THEORY:
Circuit Diagram;

It is the curve between speed N and the armature torque Ta of DC motor. N/Ta curve is also
known as mechanical characteristics. In a shunt motor the torque of an electric motor is not necessarily
dependent on its speed but also on armature current. In this curve, speed falls somewhat as the load
torque increase. Increasing the load decreased the speed linearly. If the field current is varied within an
appropriate range, constant speed can be maintained from no load to rated load. The rotational losses
of a DC machine includes all speed-dependent losses, such as bearings and brushes friction losses,
windage losses, and eddy current and hysteresis losses in the armature core. These losses are
independent of the load (ignoring the armature reaction effect). The other losses are due to the
resistance of the windings. Some depend on the load (copper losses in the armature and series field
windings), others on the applied voltage (copper losses in the shunt field windings).

Procedure:

1. Achieve the connections as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Turn on the DC Power Supply and increase the resistance gradually from zero to full value.
3. Record the value of speed N, Torque Ta against each value of armature current.
4. Turn off power to the machine after accomplishing the task.
5. Draw the graph between N and Ta.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Sr. No. Ta(Amp) N(RPM)

01
02
03
04
05
06

Graph between N and Ta:

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Working principle and construction of 3-phase induction motor

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Understand the basic working principle of 3-phase induction motor
 Identify the constructional parts of a induction motor

EQUIPMENT:

Induction Motor Squirrel Cage (SM 2644)

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THEORY:

Induction motor:

Induction motors are most common type of electrical motors. It is widely used because of its
simple construction, economical cost and ruggedness.

As the name suggests, the motor works on principle of electromagnetic induction. In a way it can be
called as rotating transformer because of the close similarity in principle of operation.
A schematic diagram of an induction motor is shown above. Pairs of electromagnetic poles are
housed in a casing called stator. The e electromagnetic poles are wound with conductors to produce
magnetism which is called stator windings. A rotating part called rotor is placed in the annular gap of
the stator by suitable mountings in such a way that the rotor can rotate freely. The rotor may be either
wire wound or may simply be bars of metal. In the latter case, the rotor is called squirrel cage type.

Construction:

The stator consists of wound 'poles' that carry the supply current to induce a magnetic field that
penetrates the rotor. In a very simple motor, there would be a single projecting piece of the stator (a
salient pole) for each pole, with windings around it; in fact, to optimize the distribution of the
magnetic field, the windings are distributed in many slots located around the stator, but the magnetic
field still has the same number of north-south alternations. The number of 'poles' can vary between
motor types but the poles are always in pairs (i.e. 2, 4, 6, etc.)

Induction motors are most commonly built to run on single-phase or three-phase power, but
two-phase motors also exist. Single-phase power is more widely available in residential buildings, but
cannot produce a rotating field in the motor (the field merely oscillates back and forth), so single-
phase induction motors must incorporate some kind of starting mechanism to produce a rotating field.
Three-phase motors have three salient poles per pole number. This allows the motor to produce a
rotating field, allowing the motor to start with no extra equipment and run more efficiently than a
similar single-phase motor.
There are three types of rotor:
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a) Squirrel-cage rotor:
The most common rotor is a squirrel-cage rotor. It is made up of bars of either solid copper
(most common) or aluminum that span the length of the rotor, and those solid copper or aluminium
strips can be shorted or connected by a ring or sometimes not, i.e. the rotor can be closed or semi
closed type. The rotor bars in squirrel-cage induction motors are not straight, but have some skew
to reduce noise and harmonics.
b) Slip ring rotor:
A slip ring rotor replaces the bars of the squirrel-cage rotor with windings that are
connected to slip rings. When these slip rings are shorted, the rotor behaves similarly to a squirrel-
cage rotor; they can also be connected to resistors to produce a high-resistance rotor circuit, which
can be beneficial in starting
c) Solid core rotor:
A rotor can be made from solid mild steel. The induced current causes the rotation.

Principle of operation:

A 3-phase power supply provides a rotating magnetic field in an induction motor.

The basic difference between an induction motor and a synchronous AC motor with a
permanent magnet rotor is that in the latter the rotating magnetic field of the stator will impose an
electromagnetic torque on the magnetic field of the rotor causing it to move (about a shaft) and a
steady rotation of the rotor is produced. It is called synchronous because at steady state the speed of
the rotor is the same as the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator.

By way of contrast, the induction motor does not have any permanent magnets on the rotor;
instead, a current is induced in the rotor. To achieve this, stator windings are arranged around the rotor
so that when energized with a poly phase supply they create a rotating magnetic field pattern which
sweeps past the rotor. This changing magnetic field pattern induces current in the rotor conductors.
These currents interact with the rotating magnetic field created by the stator and in effect cause a
rotational motion on the rotor.

However, for these currents to be induced the speed of the physical rotor must be less than the
speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator (the synchronous frequency ns) or else the magnetic
field will not be moving relative to the rotor conductors and no currents will be induced. If by some
chance this happens, the rotor typically slows slightly until a current is re-induced and then the rotor
continues as before. This difference between the speed of the rotor and speed of the rotating magnetic
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field in the stator is called slip. It is unit less and is the ratio between the relative speeds of the
magnetic field as seen by the rotor (the slip speed) to the speed of the rotating stator field. Due to this,
an induction motor is sometimes referred to as an asynchronous machine.

Synchronous speed:

To understand the behavior of induction motors, it is useful to understand their distinction from
a synchronous motor. A synchronous motor always runs at a synchronous speed- a shaft rotation
frequency that is an integer fraction of the supply frequency. The synchronous speed of an induction
motor is the same fraction of the supply.

It can be shown that the synchronous speed of a motor is determined by the following formula:

Where ns is the (synchronous) speed of the rotor (in rpm), f is the frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)
and p is the number of magnetic poles per phase.

Slip:

The slip is a ratio relative to the synchronous speed and is calculated using:

Where

s is the slip, usually between 0 and 1

nr = rotor rotation speed (rpm)

ns = synchronous rotation speed (rpm)

Typical torque curve as a function of slip:

Procedure:

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 Firstly I identified different parts of the motor. They were as follows: Stator, Rotor, Bearings,
Frame, connection ports etc.
 Then connected the leads and checked the working of motor.

Conclusion:

Different parts of 3 phase induction motor were successfully identified.

Review questions:

Q1) What do you mean by slip of a motor? Also draw typical torque curve as a function of slip?

Ans.: Difference between the speed of the rotor and speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator is
called slip.

Q2) Label the following diagram:

Ans.:

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Q3: Why can not 3-phase induction motor run at synchronous speed?
Ans:

Q4: What is the difference between wound and squirrel cage rotor?
Ans:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Q5: Why bars of squirrel cage rotor are sloppy?
Ans:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Q6: What are the drawbacks of squirrel cage rotor?
Ans:______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Q7: Which type of 3-phase wound rotor winding is mostly connected?

Ans:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

To run the 3-phase induction motor on no load & relation

between supply voltage and speed

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Understand the basic working principle of 3-phase induction motor
 Identify the constructional parts of a induction motor

EQUIPMENT:
Power Supply Unit (SM 2631)
Terminal Unit (SM 2635)

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Induction Motor Squirrel Cage (SM 2644)

Digital meter (Universal Measuring Unit- SM 2627)
Power meter(GWM039-GW)
Voltmeter(M-3560M)
Set of experiment cables (SM 2679)
THEORY:
Assume that the induction rotor is already rotating at no load conditions, hence its rotating
speed is near to synchronous speed. The net magnetic field Bnet is produced by the magnetization
current IM . The magnitude of IM and Bnet is directly proportional to voltage E 1 . If E1 is constant, then
Bnet is constant. In an actual machine, E1 varies as the load changes due to the stator impedances R 1
and X1 which cause varying volt drops with varying loads. However, the volt drop at R 1 and X1 is so
small, that E1 is assumed to remain constant throughout.
At no-load, the rotor slip is very small, and so the relative motion between rotor and magnetic
field is very small, and the rotor frequency is also very small. Since the relative motion is small, the
voltage ER induced in the bars of the rotor is very small, and the resulting current flow I R is also very
small. Since the rotor frequency is small, the reactance of the rotor is nearly zero, and the max rotor
current IR is almost in phase with the rotor voltage E R . The rotor current produces a small magnetic
field BR at an angle slightly greater than 90 degrees behind Bnet. The stator current must be quite large
even at no-load since it must supply most of Bnet .
The induced torque which is keeping the rotor running, is given by:

PROCEDURE:
As shown in figure connect the motor with ac supply source at no load. Connect the measuring
instruments like ammeter, volt meter and watt meter for calculation voltage and no load core and iron
losses. Vary the voltage at a constant frequency with the induction motor uncoupled from its load.
Measured the total power input, the voltage and the current

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Motor connection for no load

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

The Core loss resistance can be found at rated voltage-

where    

 The magnetizing reactance can be found by:

Where Im   = INLsinϕ

Reading.No Phase Voltage / PhaseCurrents / Watt per phase Speed / rpm

Volts Amps
1
2
Graph:

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Review Questions:

Q1: How does induction motor work?

Ans:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Q2: Why is the p.f of a 3-phase induction motor low at no-load?
Ans:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Q3: What is the rotor frequency at stand still, if stator frequency is 50Hz?
Ans:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Q4: Why 3-phase induction motor is not directly started?
Ans:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Q5: What is the relation between torque and voltage?
Ans:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Q6: What is the condition for maximum starting torque for an induction motor?
Ans:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Q7: Why are 3-phase induction motors widely used?

Ans:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Relation b/w synchronous speed & poles of induction motor

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PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon unsuccessful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Understand the basic working principle of 3-phase induction motor
 Identify the constructional parts of a induction motor

EQUIPMENT:
Power Supply Unit (SM 2631)
Terminal Unit (SM 2635)
Two Speed Induction Motor Squirrel Cage (SM 2688)( having 2 separate windings)
Digital meter (Universal Measuring Unit- SM 2627)
Power meter(GWM039-GW)
Set of experiment cables (SM 2679)
Torque Measuring Unit (MV 1052)
THEORY:

To understand the behavior of induction motors, it is useful to understand their distinction from
a synchronous motor. A synchronous motor always runs at a synchronous speed- a shaft rotation
frequency that is an integer fraction of the supply frequency. The synchronous speed of an induction
motor is the same fraction of the supply.

It can be shown that the synchronous speed of a motor is determined by the following formula:

where ns is the (synchronous) speed of the rotor (in rpm), f is the frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)
and p is the number of magnetic poles per phase.

For example, a 6 pole motor operating on 60 Hz power would have a speed of:

Note on the use of p - some texts refer to number of pole pairs per phase instead of number of poles
per phase. For example a 6 pole motor, operating on 60 Hz power, would have 3 pole pairs. The
equation of synchronous speed then becomes:

with P being the number of pole pairs per phase.

Procedure:

For this two induction motors 1st of 2 poles and 2nd of 4 poles is required. First connect 2 pole
induction motor with ac regulated supply source through autotransformer and then connect the torque
measuring unit to the sensor of 3-phase induction motor. Now note the reading of supply voltage and
speed. Same procedure repeat for 4 poles machine and compare their speeds.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Sr.No Input Voltage / 2 poles / RPM 4 poles / RPM

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Volts
1 29.33 1437 960

Remarks:

So it proves from observation table that speed of rotor is inversely proportional to the no. of poles.

Question Review:

Q1: What factors determine direction of rotation of induction motor?

Ans:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Q2: How can you reverse the direction of rotation of ac machine?

Ans:______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Q3: What is synchronous speed?

Ans:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Q4: What factors affect the synchronous speed?

Ans:______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Q5: Which is the most efficient method of synchronous speed control?

Ans:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Q6: What will be the effect of speed if the number of poles increases?

Ans:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Relation b/w synchronous speed & frequency of induction motor

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
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Upon successful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
 Understand the basic working principle of 3-phase induction motor
 Identify the constructional parts of a induction motor

EQUIPMENT:
Power Supply Unit (SM 2631)
Terminal Unit (SM 2635)
Induction Motor Squirrel Cage (SM 2644)
Digital meter (Universal Measuring Unit- SM 2627)
Power meter(GWM039-GW)
Set of experiment cables (SM 2679)
Torque Measuring Unit (MV 1052)
THEORY:
To understand the behavior of induction motors, it is useful to understand their distinction from a
synchronous motor. A synchronous motor always runs at a synchronous speed- a shaft rotation
frequency that is an integer fraction of the supply frequency. The synchronous speed of an induction
motor is the same fraction of the supply.It can be shown that the synchronous speed of a motor is
determined by the following formula:

where ns is the (synchronous) speed of the rotor (in rpm), f is the frequency of the AC supply (in Hz)
and p is the number of magnetic poles per phase.

For example, a 6 pole motor operating on 60 Hz power would have a speed of:

Note on the use of p - some texts refer to number of pole pairs per phase instead of number of poles
per phase. For example a 6 pole motor, operating on 60 Hz power, would have 3 pole pairs. The
equation of synchronous speed then becomes:

With P being the number of pole pairs per phase.

Procedure:

Connect the three phase induction motor with ac supply source through frequency variable
drive. By changing the frequency of ac supply observe effect on motor’s speed.

Observation Table:

Sr.No Input Voltage / 4 poles / RPM

Frequency
1 25 605
2 40 968
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3 50 1200

Remarks:

From observations it is clear that rpm of induction motor is directly proportional to frequency
of ac supply source.

Review Questions:

Q1: What are the different methods of speed control of 3-phase induction motor?

Ans:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Q2: What will be the effect of speed if the number of poles increases?

Ans:
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Start the induction motor through star delta switch

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Upon successful of this completion of this experiment, the students will be able to:
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 Understand the basic working principle of 3-phase induction motor

 Identify the constructional parts of a induction motor

EQUIPMENT:
Power Supply Unit (SM 2631)
Terminal Unit (SM 2635)
Induction Motor Squirrel Cage (SM 2644)
Digital meter (Universal Measuring Unit- SM 2627)
Power meter(GWM039-GW)
Set of experiment cables (SM 2679)
Y / D Switch (SM 2692)
THEORY:

As we know, once a supply is connected to a three phase induction motor a rotating magnetic field
will be set up in the stator, this will link and cut the rotor bars which in turn will induce rotor currents
and create a rotor field which will interact with the stator field and produce rotation. Of course this
means that the three phase induction motor is entirely capable of self starting. The need for a starter is
to reduce heavy starting currents.

Star Delta starter:

This is the most common form of starter used for three phase induction motors. It achieves an
effective reduction of starting current by initially connecting the stator windings in star configuration
which effectively places any two phases in series across the supply.
Starting in star not only has the effect of reducing the motor’s starting current but also the starting
torque. Once up to a particular running speed a double throw switch changes the winding
arrangements from star to delta whereupon full running torque is achieved. This is applicable to
motors designed for delta connection in normal running conditions. Both ends of each phase of the
stator winding are brought out and connected to a 3-phase change-over switch.For starting, the stator
windings are connected in star and when the machine is running the switch is thrown quickly to the
running position, thus connecting the motor in delta for normal operation.The phase voltage of the
1
motor in star connection is reduced to of the direct-on-line value in delta.
√3
A disadvantage of this method is that the starting torque (which is proportional to the square of the
applied voltage) is also reduced to 1/3 of its delta value.

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PROCEDURE:
1. To start the induction motor first set the switch on STAR for some time, in this condition its
current and torque are low.
2. After some time (about 10 seconds) set the switch to DELTA position. Now motor will run at
its rated speed and take its rated current.

DIAGRAM:

Induction
motor

Review Questions:

Q1: What are different types of starter used for ac induction motor?

Ans:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Q2: What are the disadvantages of star-delta starter?

Ans:
__________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Q3: Why induction motor is not directly started?

Ans:
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

BS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING