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CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS

PILLES FOUNDATION

DR. LAWAND
STU. ABDULLAH NZAR
 Acknowledgements
In the name of Allah, the gracious the merciful

First and foremost, my great gratitude

towards Dr.lawand as the subject doctor
construction materials engineering and the
university dean of polytechnic in Duhok ,
thanks to his all efforts for conveying the
subject to us. Also my gratitude toward the
university president Dr. Adnan mohsin for
his hard work for developing our university
in any shape of form. This material have
been allocated by Dr.lawand , I can say I
have gained lots of Knowledge from it ,
thank you so much doctor .

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List of Contents

Page
3
1 Summary
4
2 Introduction

5
3 Main chapter one
5
3.1 Applications of the Piles
5
3.2 Classification of the piles
 Based on the function 5
 Based on materials 6
3.3 The Advantages of Using Piles 7
3.4 The Disadvantages of Using Pile 7

4 Main chapter two 8

4.1 Types of drilled piles 8 - 15

5 References 16

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Summary
The naming of the foundations differs according to the depths
which are located on the ground. They are shallow foundations
and deep foundations. The shallow foundation is made as long
as the ground conditions are suitable. Shallow foundation types
are; individual foundation, strip foundation and raft foundation.
Deep foundations are made when the ground conditions are
not suitable for shallow foundation. Deep foundation types are;
pile foundations, caissons and deep foot foundations. In this
paper, the production forms and usage areas of the piles and
piled foundations will be studied

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Introduction
 The use of Piles as a foundation can be traced since olden
times. The art of driving piles was well- established in Roman
times and the details of such foundations were recorded by
Vitruvius in 59 A.D. Today, pile foundation is much more
common than any other types of deep foundation. Modern pile
driving started with the first steam pile drivers, invented by
Nasmyth in 1845.
 The pile is a series of columns constructed or inserted into
the ground to transmit the loads of a structure to a lower
level of sub soil and it works as the following.

1. Work as a deep foundation.

2. Transfer the load from structure to the soil layers& they

3. work as footings.

4. Support a horizontal soil pressure.

5. Compact the soil.

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Chapter 1

3.1 Applications of the Piles

The piles are used at the following conditions: -
1. When the top soil is poor and cannot bear the loads if
using other footings.
2. When the top soil is clay with expansive nature under
ground water (shrinkage & swell).
3. The structure is situated on the seashore or river bed or
intake structure.
4. The load of the superstructure is heavy.
5. The subsoil water level is high.
6. When it is difficult to excavate deeply for the risk of
collapsing soil under the around buildings
7. Support lateral earth pressure or tension forces due to soil
or water pressure.
8. Use at the earthquake zone.
9. When the water table level is high.

3.2 Classification of the piles

 Based on the function
1. End bearing pile.
2. Friction pile.
3. Compaction pile.
4. Tension pile.
5. Anchor pile.
6. Fender pile.
7. Batter pile.
8. Sheet pile.
9. Dolphins pile.

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 Based on materials
1. Timber piles:
Timber piles are made from tree trunks and are well seasoned,
straight and free from all defects. In India, timber piles mostly
made up of sal tree trunks. These piles are available in length
between 4 to 6 m. Timber piles are used where good bearing
stratum is available at a relatively shallow depth.
2. Concrete piles:
Concrete piles are either precast or cast in situ. Precast piles are
cast and cured at the casting site and then transported to the site
for installation. These piles are adequately reinforced to with stand
handling stresses along with working stresses. Precast piles are
normally suitable for short lengths. Cast-in-situ piles are
constructed by drilling hole in the ground and then filling the hole
by concrete after placing the reinforcement.
3. Steel piles:
Steel piles are usually of rolled H-sections or thick pipe sections.
These piles are used to withstand large impact stresses and where
less distributance from driving is desired. Steel sheet piles and H-
piles are generally used to support the open excavation and to
provide seepage barrier.
4. Composite piles:
A pile which is made up of two materials like concrete and timber
or concrete and steel is called composite pile. Composite piles are
used in situations where a part of the pile is permanently under
water. The part of the pile which will be under water can be made
of untreated timber and the other part can be of concrete.

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3.3 The Advantages of Using Piles

 They can be precast to specifications.

 They can be pre-made into any length, shape, and size and
used on site thus reducing the completion time.
 A screw pile foundations bearing capacity increase when it is
driven into the granular soil because the adjacent mass of
soil is compacted around the pile.
 The piles give a clean and neat presentation thus requiring
minimum supervision and less storage space.
 The piles can be used in places that do not allow drilling of
holes because of borrowing and finding pressurized
underground water tables.
 They are a great choice when working over water as is the
case with piles in jetties and wharf structures.

3.4 The Disadvantages Of Using Pile

 Adequate reinforcement of the precast concrete piles is
necessary as this helps to make them bear stresses of being
transported to the location and when driven into the ground.
 Adequate pre-planning is essential for the proper handling of
the pile when driven into the ground.
 The process of driving piles requires heavy equipment.
 It is hard to determine the required length of the pile in
advance; therefore, the process will involve the addition of
more lengths or cutting off of the excess, and this increases
the project cost.
 The piles are not suitable for soils with poor drainage. It the
driving is on arranged and phase properly, the heaving of
the soil or an already driven pile popping up when the new
one is pushed in may occur.
 Driving the piles generates vibrations that can affect the
integrity of the foundations of neighboring structures.

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chapter 2

4.1 Types of drilled piles

1. steel core pile.
2. drilled steel pipe pile whose casing becomes part of the structure.
3. drilled steel pipe pile whose casing is withdrawn.
4. grouted drilled piles.

1. Steel core pile

Thin-walled pile casings are used for drilling traditional steel core
piles. The casing is extended if necessary. When bedrock is reached,
the pilot bit used to drill through the soil is extracted, and drilling is
continued using a rock bit which does not sink the casing. After
drilling is completed, the casing is flushed and filled with grout.
Finally, a round bar equipped with a centralizer is installed in the
casing (Figure 1 and 2). Drilling may be done either by a top hammer
or a DTH hammer applying a concentric or an eccentric drilling
method

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2. Drilled steel pipe pile whose casing becomes part of
pile
The thick-walled steel pipe pile functions as a casing during drilling
and as a bearing structure that takes part of the pile load of the
finished drilled pile. The casing is extended if necessary. Rock drilling
is implemented with the same equipment without separate work
phases (Figure 4). The pipe is flushed after drilling. In case a
reinforcement cage is used, it is installed in the casing prior to
concreting. Drilling may be done as with steel core piles either with a
top hammer or a DTH hammer applying a concentric or an eccentric
drilling method.

Different types of reinforcements may also be used depending on pile

loads and soil conditions
(Figure 3).

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3. Drilled steel pipe pile whose casing is withdrawn
In the case of a drilled steel pipe pile whose casing is extracted, the
steel pipe functions as a casing during drilling. The installation of a
drilled steel core pile is described in Figure 6. Drilling may be done
either by a top hammer or a DTH hammer as with the steel core pile.

A pile must always be reinforced. Different reinforcement types can

be used with drilled piles depending on loads and soil conditions
(Figure 5).

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4. Drilled piles grouted through the bearing element
In the case of drilled piles grouted through the bearing element the
drill rod remains in the ground and the shaft is grouted with mortar
during drilling. Piles are drilled using top hammer equipment. Drill
rods are generally extended using threaded sleeves. In principle, pile
installation involves only a single work phase: simultaneous drilling
and grouting (Figure 7). Flushing is effected through the hole in the
middle of the drill rod using mortar. When the drill bit is larger in
diameter than the drill rod, the pile gets a shell of grout equal to the
diameter of the drill bit depending on the soil, flushing pressure and
extent and drilling speed. The wall of the drill hole receives a mortar
layer that supports the hole. Depending on the soil, a zone of mixed
mortar and soil may form outside the cement layer. In structural
dimensioning, only the capacity of the drill rod can be taken into
account. In buckling dimensioning, the width of the soil layer
supporting the pile can be considered equal to the diameter of the
drill bit. In geotechnical dimensioning, a grouted shaft equal to the
diameter of the drill bit may be taken into account. The consideration
of the zone of mixed cement slurry and soil in geotechnical
dimensioning requires procedural tests and loading tests at the piling
site or, at least, in comparable soil conditions near the site (Figure 8).

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 References
In the Institute's books, the second stage
also
https://julkaisut.vayla.fi/sillat/julkaisut/drilledpiles_03.pdf
and some other web side

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