Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific

Research
University of Babylon
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

Pile-foundation Analysis and Design

A Research
Submitted to Department of Civil Engineering College of
Engineering, University of Babylon, which is part of the
requirements for obtaining a bachelor’s degree B.S.C in Civil
engineering

By

Mohammed Abbas Madlul

Banin Laith Kazem

Supervised By
Prof.Dr. Abdul-Hassan Kh. Al-Shukur
2023 A.D
1444A.H
 Certification
I certify that the preparation of this research with
(Pile-foundation Analysis and Design) was
submitted by the two students (Mohammed Abbas
Madlul and Banin Laith Kazem) under my
supervision in the Department of Civil Engineering,
College of Engineering - University of Babylon, and it
is part of the requirements for obtaining a bachelor's
degree.

Supervisor signature
Name: Prof.Dr. Abdul-Hassan Kh. Al-Shukur
Data:
 Abstract
The theory of this type of foundation depends on transferring
the loads of the building from a level close to the surface of the
ground
To the surface suitable for foundation at great depths, in the
absence of such a suitable surface at great depths
Close.
This may depend some of them on the theory of direct friction,
as any length of material that knocks in any soil
(Except for water) are given friction directly proportional to
the length extended in the ground.
 CONTENT
No. Subjects Page

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 General 1
1.2 Piles 3
1.3 Types of Piles 3
1.3.1 Large displacement piles (driven types). 3
1.3.2 Large displacement piles (driven and cast-in-place types). 3
1.3.3 Small displacement piles. 4
1.3.4 Replacement piles. 4
1.4 Using sheet piles. 7
Chapter Two: Design of Piles
2.1 General 9
2.2 Design requirements. 9
2.3 Designing reinforced concrete piles for lifting after fabrication. 10

Chapter Three: Piles capacity

3.1 Pile Capacity 19
3.1.1 Static analysis. 21
3.1.2 Dynamic analysis. 21
3.1.3 Load tests on pile. 21
3.1.4 Penetration tests. 21
3.2 Bearing capacity of pile groups 26
3.3 Calculate of bearing capacity of pile group (Qug) 27
3.4 Design of Pile Caps. 30
3.4.1 Introduction 32
3.4.2 Configurations of Pile Caps. 33
3.4.3 Design of Pile Caps Pile caps. 33
3.4.3.1 Design using the conventional Method 33
3.4.3.2 Finite Element Analysis of Pile Caps 38
3.4.3.3 Design using The Strut and Tie Method 39
References
Chapter one

Introduction
1.1 General:
Deep foundations are employed when the soil strata immediately beneath the
structure are not capable of supporting the load with tolerable settlement or
adequate safety against shear failure. Merely extending the level of support to the
first hard stratum is not sufficient, although this is a common decision that is
reached. Instead, the deep foundation must be engineered in the same way as the
shallow foundation so that the soil strata below remain safe and free of deleterious
settlement.
- Two general forms of deep foundation are recognized:
1. Pile foundation
2. Pier, caisson or well foundation.
Piles are columnar elements in a foundation which have the function of
transferring load from the superstructure through weak compressible strata or
through water, onto stiffer or more compact and less compressible soils or onto
rock. They may be required to carry uplift loads when used to support tall
structures subjected to overturning forces from winds or waves. Piles used in
marine structures are subjected to lateral loads from the impact of berthing ships
and from waves. Combinations of vertical and horizontal loads are carried where
piles are used to support retaining walls, bridge piers and abutments, and
machinery foundations.

1
2
1.2 piles:
Function of piles Piles are columnar elements in a foundation which have
the function of transferring load from the superstructure through weak
compressible strata or through water , onto stiffer or more compact and less
compressible soils or onto rock . They may be required to carry uplift loads when
used to support tall structures subjected to overturning forces from winds or waves.
Piles used in marine structures are subjected to lateral loads from the impact of
berthing ships and from waves. Combinations of vertical and horizontal loads are
carried where piles are used to support retaining walls, bridge piers and abutments,
and machinery foundations.

1.3 Types of piles:

1.3.1 Large displacement piles (driven types).
(1) Timber (round or square section, jointed or continuous).
(2) Precast concrete (solid or tubular section in continuous or jointed units).
(3) Pre-stressed concrete (solid or tubular section).
(4) Steel tube (driven with closed end).
(5) Steel box (driven with closed end).
(6) Fluted and tapered steel tube.
(7) Jacked-down steel tube with closed end .
(8) Jacked-down solid concrete cylinder.

1.3.2 Large displacement piles (driven and cast-in-place types).

(1) Steel tube driven and withdrawn after placing concrete.
(2) Steel tube driven with closed end, left in place and filled with reinforced
concrete.

3
(3) Precast concrete shell filled with concrete.
(4) Thin-walled steel shell driven by withdraws able mandrel and then filled with
concrete.
(5) Rotary displacement auger and screw piles.
(6) Expander body.

1.3.3 Small displacement piles.

(1) Precast concrete (tubular section driven with open end).
(2) Pre-stressed concrete (tubular section driven with open end).
(3) Steel H-section.
(4) Steel tube section (driven with open end and soil removed as required).
(5) Steel box section (driven with open end and soil removed as required).

1.3.4 Replacement piles.

(1) Concrete placed in hole drilled by rotary auger, baling, grabbing, airlift or
reverse circulation methods (bored and cast-in-place).
(2) Tubes placed in hole drilled as above and filled with concrete as necessary.
(3) Precast concrete units placed in drilled hole.
(4) Cement mortar or concrete injected into drilled hole.
(5) Steel sections placed in drilled hole.
(6) Steel tube drilled down.

1.3.1 Driven displacement piles.

1.3.1.1 Timber piles.
In many ways, timber is an ideal material for piling. It has a high strength to
weight ratio, it is easy to handle, it is readily cut to length and trimmed after
driving, and in favorable conditions of exposure durable species have an almost

4
indefinite life. Timber piles used in their most economical form consist of round
untrimmed logs which are driven butt uppermost. The traditional British practice
of using squared timber may have become established because of the purchase for
piling work of imported timber which had been squared for general structural
purposes in the sawmills of the country of origin. The practice of squaring the
timber can be detrimental to its durability since it removes the outer sapwood
which is absorptive to creosote or some other liquid preservative. The less
absorptive heartwood is thus exposed and instead of a pile being encased by a thick
layer of well-impregnated sapwood, there is only a thin layer of treated timber
which can be penetrated by the hooks or slings used in handling the piles or
stripped off by obstructions in the ground.

Figure 1 Protecting timber piles from decay (a) By precast concrete upper section above water level (b)
By extending pile cap below water level.

5
1.3.1.2 Precast concrete piles.
Precast concrete piles have their principal use in marine and river structures,
i.e. in situations where the use of driven and cast-in-place piles is impracticable or
uneconomical. For land structures uncounted precast concrete piles are frequently
more costly than driven and casting-place types for two main reasons:
(1) Reinforcement must be provided in the precast concrete pile to withstand the
bending and tensile stresses which occur during handling and driving. Once the
pile is in the ground, and if mainly compressive loads are carried, the majority of
this steel is redundant.
(2) The precast concrete pile is not readily cut down or extended to suit variations
in the level of the bearing stratum to which the piles are driven.

1.3.1.3 Jointed precast concrete piles.

The disadvantages of having to adjust the lengths of precast concrete piles
either by cutting off the surplus or casting on additional lengths to accommodate
variations in the depth to a hard bearing stratum will be evident. These drawbacks
can be overcome by employing jointed piles in which the adjustments in length can
be made by adding or taking away short lengths of pile which are jointed to each
other by devices capable of developing the same bending and tensile resistance as

6
the main body of the pile.

1.3.1.4 Steel piles.

Steel piles have the advantages of being robust, light to handle, capable of
carrying high compressive loads when driven on to a hard stratum, and capable of
being driven hard to a deep penetration to reach a bearing stratum or to develop a
high frictional resistance, although their cost per metre run is high compared with
precast concrete piles. They can be designed as small displacement piles, which is
advantageous in situations where ground heave and lateral displacement must be
avoided.
Types of steel piles include plain tubes, box-sections, box piles built up from sheet
piles, H-sections, and tapered and fluted tubes.

1.4 Using sheet pile:

Pilings are used to transfer the load from the upper structure through a weak
compressive layer or through water to a strong or less compressive soil or to rock.
It can use the uplift forces to support high structures that are exposed to
overturning forces from winds or waves. Pilings are used in marine installations
exposed to horizontal villages resulting from ship shocks at mooring and waves.
The pillars are also often exposed to vertical and horizontal loads, as is the case in
retaining walls, bridge abutments, and others.

7
 Chapter Two
Design of piles

2.1 General:

8
 Design of a pile foundation involves solving the complex problem of
transferring loads from the structure through the piles to the under- lying soil. It
involves the analysis of a structure-pile system, the analysis of a soil-pile system,
and the interaction of the two systems, which is highly nonlinear. Close
cooperation between the structural engineers and geotechnical engineers is
essential to the development of an effective design. This chapter addresses the
criteria, procedures, and parameters necessary for the analysis and design of pile
foundations.
2.2 Design requirements.
Piles must be designed to withstand stresses caused during their installation,
and subsequently when they function as supporting members in a foundation
structure. Stresses due to installation occur only in the case of piles driven as
preformed elements. Such piles must be capable of withstanding bending stresses
when they are lifted from their fabrication bed and pitched in the piling rig. They
are then subjected to compressive, and sometimes to tensile, stresses as they are
being driven into the ground, and may also suffer bending stresses if they deviate
from their true alignment. Piles of all types may be subjected to bending stresses
caused by eccentric loading, either as a designed loading condition or as a result of
the pile heads deviating from their intended positions. Differential settlement
between adjacent piles or pile groups can induce bending moments near the pile
heads as a result of distortion of the pile caps or connecting beams.
In addition to guidance on structural design and detailing, matters of relevance to
the design of piled foundations in EC2 (BS EN 1992-1-1: 2004) include the
following:
(1) Dimensional tolerances of cast-in-place piles (see Table 4.9).
(2) Partial factors for the ultimate limit state of materials.

9
(3) The influence of soil–structure interaction caused by differential settlement.
(4) Strength classes of concrete and reinforcement cover for various exposure
conditions.
(5) Slenderness and effective lengths of isolated members.
(6) Punching shear and reinforcement in pile caps.
(7) Limits for crack widths and.
(8) Minimum reinforcement for bored piles.

2.3 Designing reinforced concrete piles for lifting after fabrication.

The reinforcement of piles to withstand bending stresses caused by lifting
has to be considered only in the case of precast reinforced (including prestressed)
concrete piles. Bending takes place when the piles are lifted from their horizontal
position on the casting bed for transportation to the stacking area. The most severe
stresses thus occur at the time when the concrete is immature. Timber piles in
commercially available lengths which have a cross-sectional area sufficiently large
to withstand driving stresses will not be overstressed if they are lifted at the normal
picking-up points. Splitting could occur if attempts were to be made to lift very
long piles fabricated by splicing together lengths of timber, but there is no
difficulty in designing spliced joints so that the units can be assembled and bolted
together while the pile is standing vertically in the leaders of the piling frame.
Again, steel piles with a cross-sectional area capable of withstanding driving
stresses and of sufficient thickness to allow for corrosion losses will not fracture
when lifted in long lengths from the horizontal position in the fabrication yard.
Reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete piles have a comparatively low

10
resistance to bending, and the stresses caused during lifting may govern the amount
of longitudinal reinforcing steel needed. The static bending moments induced by
lifting and pitching piles at various points on their length are shown in Table 7.1.
These considerations are principally concerned with piles cast on the project site
using the techniques described in Section 2.2.2. In the UK, driven precast concrete
piles usually consist of the proprietary jointed types described in Section 2.2.3.
These are factory-made with specially designed facilities for handling and
transport. The design charts in Figure 7.2a to d show the bending moments due to
self-weight which are induced when square piles of various cross-sectional
dimensions are lifted from the head or center (pick-up point A as in Figure 7.1g
and h), from a point one-third of the length from the head (pick-up point B as in
Figure 7.1d), and from points one-fifth of the length from the head and toe (pick-
up point C as Figure 7.1a).

11
Characteristic strength of 40 N/mm2 has been used with a characteristic strength
for the reinforcement of 250 N/mm2, and 40 mm cover to the link steel. It is
desirable to limit the steel stresses to 250 N/mm2 when determining ultimate
resistance moments. This will ensure that a 4 bar reinforcement arrangement
complies with Table 3.30 of BS 8110: Part 1 regarding maximum spacing
requirements, that is, 300 mm assuming no redistribution. If a characteristic
strength of 460 N/mm2 were to be used, the maximum allowable bar spacing
becomes 160 mm, thus requiring an 8 bar arrangement.

12
13
2.4 Designing piles to resist driving stresses.
It is necessary to check the adequacy of the designed strength of a pile to
resist the stresses caused by the impact of the piling hammer. Much useful data to
aid the estimation of driving stresses came from the research of Glanville et al.
(7.1) They embedded stress recorders in piles to measure the magnitude and
velocity of the stress wave induced in the pile by blows from the hammer. The
tests showed that the stress wave travels from the head to the toe of the pile and is
partly reflected from there to return to the head. If the pile is driven onto a hard
rock, the sharp reflection of the wave at the toe can cause a compressive stress at
the point which is twice that at the head, but when long piles are driven into soil of
low resistance, the tensile stress wave is reflected, causing tension to develop in the
pile. It can be shown from simple impact theory that the magnitude of the stress
wave depends mainly on the height of the drop. This is true for a perfectly elastic

14
pile rebounding from an elastic material at the toe. In practice there is plastic
yielding of the soil beneath the toe, and the pile penetrates the soil by the amount
described as the ‘permanent set’. The weight of the hammer is then important in
governing the length of the stress wave and hence the efficiency of the blow in
maintaining the downward movement of the pile.
It is important to note that in many instances the soil resistance to driving will be
higher than the value of ultimate bearing capacity as calculated for the purpose of
determining the allowable pile load. This is because calculations for ultimate
bearing capacity are normally based on average soil parameters. Where soil
strength data are scanty it is necessary to assume conservative parameters.
However, when considering resistance to driving, the possible presence of soil
layers stronger than the assumed average must be taken into account. Hence, when
assessing driving stresses it is advisable to make a separate calculation of ultimate
bearing capacity based on soil strength values higher than the average. Also, in
cases where negative skin friction is added to the working load, the soil strata
within which the drag-down is developed will provide resistance to driving at the
installation stage. Methods of recording hammer blows and measurements of
temporary compression and set as described in Section 11.3.1 are useful as a means
of site control of driving operations, but they are not helpful for determining
stresses caused in the pile body by hammer impact. A widely used method of
calculating driving stresses is based on the stress-wave theory developed by
Smith(7.2). The pile is divided into a number of elements in the form of rigid
masses. Each mass is represented by a weight joined to the adjacent element by a
spring as shown in the case of modelling a pile carrying an axial compression load
in Figure 4.29. The hammer, helmet, and packing are also represented by separate
masses joined to each other and to the pile by springs. Shaft friction is represented
by springs and dashpots attached to the sides of the masses (Figure 4.29) which can

15
exert upward or downward forces on them. The end-bearing spring can act only in
compression. The resistance of the ground at toe is assumed to act as a resisting
force to the downward motion of the pile when struck by the hammer. Friction on
the pile shaft acts as a damping force to the stress wave as determined from the
side springs and dashpots. For each blow of the hammer and each element in the
hammer–pile system, calculations are made to determine the displacement of the
element, the spring compression of the element, the force exerted by the spring, the
accelerating force and the velocity of the element in a given interval of time. This
time interval is selected in relation to the velocity of the stress wave and a
computer is used to calculate the successive action of the weights and springs as
the stress wave progresses from the head to the toe of the pile. The output of the
computer is the compressive or tensile force in the pile at any required point
between the head and toe. The input to the computer comprises the following data:
(1) Length of pile.
(2) Material of pile 380 Structural design of piles and pile groups.
(3) Weight per unit length of pile.
(4) Weight and fall of hammer (or rated energy per hammer blow).
(5) Efficiency of hammer.
(6) Weight of helmet, packing, and any dolly or follower used.
(7) Elastic modulus of packing and of any dolly used.
(8) Elastic modulus of pile.
(9) Coefficient of restitution of packing (and dolly if used).
(10) Elastic compression (quake) of soil.
(11) Damping properties of soil.
(12) Required ultimate driving resistance.

16
Chapter Three

Pile Capacity

17
3.1 Pile Capacity
The ultimate bearing capacity of a pile is the maximum load which it can carry
without failure or excessive settlement of the ground. The allowable load on a pile
is the load which can be imposed upon it with an adequate margin of safety; it may
be the ultimate load divided by a suitable factor of safety, or the load at which the
settlement reaches the allowable value. The bearing capacity of a pile depends
primarily on the type of soil through which and/ or on which it rests, and on the
method of installation. It also depends upon the cross-section and length of the
pile.

The pile shaft is a structural column that is fixed at the point and usually restrained
at the top. The elastic stability of piles, or their resistance against buckling, has
been investigated both theoretically and by load tests (Bjerrum, 1957). Both theory
and experience demonstrate that buckling rarely occurs because of the effective
lateral support of the soil; it may occur only in extremely slender piles in very soft
clays or in piles that extend through open air or water.

Therefore, the ordinary pile in sand or clay may be designed as though it were a
short column. The pile transfers the load into the soil in two ways. Firstly, through
the tip-in compression, termed "end-bearing" or "point-bearing"; and, secondly, by
shear along the surface, termed "skin friction". If the strata through which the pile
is driven are weak, the tip resting on a hard stratum transfers most part of the load
by end-bearing; the pile is then said to be an end bearing pile. Piles in
homogeneous soils transfer the greater part of their load by skin friction, and are
then called friction piles; however, nearly all piles develop both end-bearing and
skin friction.
- The following is the classification of the methods of determining pile capacity:

18
3.1.1 Static analysis.
3.1.2 Dynamic analysis.
3.1.3 Load tests on pile.
3.1.4 Penetration tests.

The first two are theoretical approaches and the last two are field or practical
approaches.

19
3.1.1static analysis
Determination of the Bearing Capacity of Individual Pile:
The Ultimate Bearing Capac of Piles (Qult), is Generally Represented by the
formula.

20
21
22
23
3.2 Bearing capacity of pile groups:
 The piles shall be placed in groups so that the center of the pile group aligns
with the column gm. carried by this group.
 The distance (S=fc : fc) between centers of piles should satisfy the
following:
Practically taken
S=2.5 → 3
𝑆 ≮ 3 𝐷𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 → 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑆 ≮ 2 𝐷𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 → 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒
 In case the center of the group matches the g.C of the column, it is:
Pt
No. of pile = Qall of pile

3.3 Calculate of bearing capacity of pile group (Qug)

24
25
26
27
3.4 Design of Pile Caps.
3.4.1 Introduction
Piles are structural members used to transmit surface loads to lower levels in
the soil mass. This transfer could be made by a vertical distribution of the load
along the pile shaft or by a direct application of the load to a lower stratum through
the pile base. A direct load application is made by an end-bearing pile as shown in
Fig. 5.27a and a vertical distribution of the load is made using a friction pile as
shown in Fig. 5.27b.In general, most piles carry loads as a combination of side
resistance and point bearing except when the pile penetrates an extremely soil to a
solid base.

28
Piles are commonly used for the following purposes:
 To carry the superstructure loads into or through a soil stratum.
 To resist uplift such as for basement rafts below the water - table.
 To resist overturning such as for tower legs subjected lateral loads.
 To control settlements in case the structure is underlain by a highly
compressible stratum.

29
3.4.2 Configurations of Pile Caps.
Unless a single pile is used, a cap is necessary to spread the vertical and
horizontal loads and any overturning moments to all the piles in the group. Pile
caps take different shapes according to the number of piles used as shown in Fig.
5.28. The pile cap has a reaction that is a series of concentrated loads at the
locations of the piles. The acting loads on the pile cap includes the column loads
and moments, any soil overlying the cap (if it is below the ground surface), and the
weight of the cap.

30
3.4.3 Design of Pile Caps Pile caps.
Pile caps may be designed using one of the following methods:
1. Conventional design method.
2. Finite element method.
3. Strut and Tie method
3.4.3.1 Design using the conventional Method.
Step1: Determine the load of each pile.
For a concentrically loaded pile cap, the load per pile is given by :

Step 2: One - way shear strength of pile – caps.

The critical section is located at d / 2 from the face of the column; where d is
the depth of the pile cap.

31
With reference to Fig 5.29, the computation of the one - way shear on any section
through a footing supported on piles shall be in accordance with the following:
The entire reaction from any pile whose center is located D / 2 or more outside the
critical section shall be considered (case (a)).
The reaction of the pile is neglected if the pile center is located at ɸ/ 2 or more
inside the critical section, case (b).
For intermediate positions of pile center, the portion of the pile reaction to be
considered as producing shear on the section shall be based on straight line
interpolation between full value at ɸ/2 outside the section and zero value at ɸ/2
inside the section, case (c).

32
Step 3: Two - way (Punching) shear strength of pile caps
The calculation of the punching load for a pile cap is minimally addressed in
the literature. The ECP 203 does not give explicit procedure for calculating the
punching load for pile caps. In this text, an approximate procedure is proposed. It

33
should be emphasized, however, that such an approximate procedure does not
reflect actual complicated behavior. Consider the pile cap shown in Fig. 5.30. The
critical section for punching is located at d/2 from the face of the column. It will
be assumed that parts of the piles located inside the punching perimeter shall
participate in reducing the punching load. Referring to Fig. 5.30, the punching load
can be calculated as follows:

34
where q cup is the punching shear strength provided by concrete; ( a / b ) is the
ratio of long side to short side of column , a = 4 , 3 , and 2 for interior , edge , and
corner columns , respectively , d is the effective shear depth of the pile cap
( average flexural depth in the two directions), U is the perimeter of the critical
section, and FA is the concrete compressive strength. Check of punching should
be performed around the individual pile.
Step 4: Design for Flexure
The ECP 203 requires the critical section for flexure to be taken at the face
of the column as shown in Fig. 5.31. Pile caps must be reinforced in two
perpendicular directions. In most cases, an isolated centrally-loaded pile cap
supporting a single column needs only bottom eccentrically loaded pile caps and
pile caps supporting more than one column might need top reinforcement as well.
The minimum cover for the reinforcement is 70 mm (concrete cast against soil).

35
3.4.3.2 Finite Element Analysis of Pile Caps.
The number of piles can be determined using the procedure mentioned in
step 1 of the conventional method. Pile cap bending moments can be obtained
using the FEM. Such a procedure can be carried out using commercially available
computer programs. It should be mentioned, however, that one-way shear and
punching shear can’t be obtained from such an analysis. One-way shear punching
shear calculations should be made according to the procedures mentioned in the
conventional method. The pile cap is modeled using shell elements while the piles
are modeled using spring elements as shown in Fig. 5.32. Due to the fact that pile
caps are usually thick, the use of shell elements that do not consider the effect of
shear deformation is not advisable. Past experience, however, proved that the use
of ordinary (thin) shell elements is adequate for design purposes. Deign moments
should be calculated at the face of the column. It is a common practice to calculate
the constant spring of piles based on the permissible settlement of the pile during
the pile load test. In other words, the pile spring constant K pile is calculated as
follows:

36
3.4.3.3 Design using The Strut and Tie Method.
The Egyptian Code ECP 203 allows the use of the Strut - and - Tie method
for designing pile caps. The structural action of a four - pile group is shown in Fig.
5.33. The pile cap is a special case of a deep beam and can be idealized as a space
truss with four compression struts transferring load from the column to the piles,
and four tension ties equilibrating the outward components of the compression
struts. The tension ties have constant force in them and must be anchored to the
full horizontal tie force outside the intersection of the pile and the compression
strut. Hence, bars must either extend a distance equal to the anchorage length past
the centerlines of the piles, or they must be hooked outside this point. For the pile
cap shown in Fig. 5.33, the total tie force in one direction can be calculated from
the triangular force shown.

37
38
Example 1

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References
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structure in West London, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers,
Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 156, 2003, pp. 177–81.
1.2 RAISON, C. A. North Morcambe Terminal, Barrow: pile design for seismic
conditions, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical
Engineering, Vol. 137, 1999, pp. 149–63.
1.3 MARSH, E. and CHAO, W. T. The durability of steel in fill soils and
contaminated land, Corus Research, Development & Technology, Swindon
Technology Centre, Report No. STC/CPR OCP/CKR/0964/2004/R, 2004.
1.4 A corrosion protection guide for steel bearing piles in temperate climates,
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monitoring and control, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers,

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Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 113, 1995, pp. 157–65.
1.10 Building Research Establishment. The ‘RuFUS Project’ Handbook and
Conference Proceedings on the Re-use of foundations, CRC, London, 2006
1.11 GLANVILLE,W. G., GRIME, G., and DAVIES, W. W. The behaviour of
reinforced concrete piles during driving, Journal of the Institution of Civil
Engineers, Vol. 1, 1935.
1.12 SMITH, E. A. L. Pile driving analysis by the wave equation, Journal of the
Soil Mechanics Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 86, No. SM4,
1960, pp.
1.13 GOBLE, G. G., RAUSCHE, F., and LIKINS, G. E. Jr, The analysis of pile
driving – A state of art, Proceedings of the International Seminar on the
Appplication of Stress Wave Theory on Piles, Stockhoem, 1980, A. A. Balkema,
Rotterdam, 1981.
1.14 Pile Group Base (CPGB) which analyzes a rigid base slab or pile cap for pile
loads determined by CPGA.
1.15 Pile Group Flexible (CPGF) which extends the capability of CPGA to account
for the flexibility of the base slab or pile cap.

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