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V SEMESTER CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE2302 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
NOTES OF LESSON
I UNIT – DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
Theorem of minimum Potential Energy
Potential energy is the capacity to do work due to the position of body. A body of weight ‘W’ held at a height ‘h’
possess energy ‘Wh’. Theorem of minimum potential energy states that “ Of all the displacements which satisfy the
boundary conditions of a structural system, those corresponding to stable equilibrium configuration make the
total potential energy a relative minimum”. This theorem can be used to determine the critical forces causing
instability of the structure.
Law of Conservation of Energy
From physics this law is stated as “Energy is neither created nor destroyed”. For the purpose of structural analysis, the
law can be stated as “ If a structure and external loads acting on it are isolated, such that it neither receive nor
give out energy, then the total energy of the system remain constant”. With reference to figure 2, internal energy is
expressed as in equation (9). External work done We = -0.5 P dL. From law of conservation of energy Ui+We =0. From
this it is clear that internal energy is equal to external work done.
Principle of Virtual Work:
Virtual work is the imaginary work done by the true forces moving through imaginary displacements or vice versa. Real
work is due to true forces moving through true displacements. According to principle of virtual work “ The total virtual
work done by a system of forces during a virtual displacement is zero”.
Theorem of principle of virtual work can be stated as “If a body is in equilibrium under a Virtual force system and
remains in equilibrium while it is subjected to a small deformation, the virtual work done by the external forces
is equal to the virtual work done by the internal stresses due to these forces”. Use of this theorem for computation
of displacement is explained by considering a simply supported bea AB, of span L, subjected to concentrated load P at
C, as shown in Fig.6a. To compute deflection at D, a virtual load P’ is applied at D after removing P at C. Work done is
zero a s the load is virtual. The load P is then applied at C, causing deflection C at C and D at D, as shown in Fig. 6b.
External work done We by virtual load P’ is . If the virtual load P’ produces bending moment M’, then the
internal strain energy stored by M’ acting on the real deformation d in element dx over the beam equation (14)
P' δ D
We 
2
U M'dθ
L L M' M dx
 dU i   ; Ui  
0 0 2 0 2 EI
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Where, M= bending moment due to real load P. From principle of conservation of energy We=Wi

P 'δ D L M'M dx
 
2 0 2 EI
P
A C D B

a
Fig.6a
x
L
P P’
C C D
D B
A

a
Fig.6b
x
L

If P’=1 then
L M' M dx
δD   (16)
0 EI
Similarly for deflection in axial loaded trusses it can be shown that n P' P dx
δ  (17)
0 AE
Where,
 = Deflection in the direction of unit load
P’ = Force in the ith member of truss due to unit load
P = Force in the ith member of truss due to real external load
n = Number of truss members
L = length of ith truss members.
Use of virtual load P’ = 1 in virtual work theorem for computing displacement is called
Unit Load Method

Castiglione’s Theorems:
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Castigliano published two theorems in 1879 to determine deflections in structures and redundant in statically
indeterminate structures. These theorems are stated as:

1st Theorem: “If a linearly elastic structure is subjected to a set of loads, the partial derivatives of total
strain energy with respect to the deflection at any point is equal to the load applied at that point”

U
 Pj j  1,2,..... N (18)
δ j
2nd Theorem: “If a linearly elastic structure is subjected to a set of loads, the partial derivatives of total
strain energy with respect to a load applied at any point is equal to the deflection at that point”

U
 δ j j  1,2,....... N (19)
Pj
The first theorem is useful in determining the forces at certain chosen coordinates. The conditions of equilibrium of
these chosen forces may then be used for the analysis of statically determinate or indeterminate structures. Second
theorem is useful in computing the displacements in statically determinate or indeterminate structures.
Betti’s Law:
It states that If a structure is acted upon by two force systems I and II, in equilibrium separately, the external
virtual work done by a system of forces II during the deformations caused by another system of forces I is equal
to external work done by I system during the deformations caused by the II system

I II

Fig. 7

A body subjected to two system of forces is shown in Fig 7. W ij represents work done by ith system of force on
displacements caused by jth system at the same point. Betti’s law can be expressed as Wij = Wji, where Wji represents
the work done by jth system on displacement caused by ith system at the same point.

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Trusses Two Dimensional Structures

ThreeDimensionalStructures

Conditions of Equilibrium and Static Indeterminacy

A body is said to be under static equilibrium, when it continues to be under rest after application of loads. During
motion, the equilibrium condition is called dynamic equilibrium. In two dimensional system, a body is in equilibrium
when it satisfies following equation.
Fx=0 ; Fy=0 ; Mo=0 ---1.1

To use the equation 1.1, the force components along x and y axes are considered. In three dimensional system
equilibrium equations of equilibrium are
Fx=0 ; Fy=0 ; Fz=0;
Mx=0 ; My=0 ; Mz=0; ----1.2

To use the equations of equilibrium (1.1 or 1.2), a free body diagram of the structure as a whole or of any part of
the structure is drawn. Known forces and unknown reactions with assumed direction is shown on the sketch while
drawing free body diagram. Unknown forces are computed using either equation 1.1 or 1.2
Before analyzing a structure, the analyst must ascertain whether the reactions can be computed using equations
of equilibrium alone. If all unknown reactions can be uniquely determined from the simultaneous solution of the
equations of static equilibrium, the reactions of the structure are referred to as statically determinate. If they cannot be
determined using equations of equilibrium alone then such structures are called statically indeterminate structures. If
the number of unknown reactions are less than the number of equations of equilibrium then the structure is statically
unstable.
The degree of indeterminacy is always defined as the difference between the number of unknown forces and the
number of equilibrium equations available to solve for the unknowns. These extra forces are called redundants.
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Indeterminacy with respect external forces and reactions are called externally indeterminate and that with respect to
internal forces are called internally indeterminate.
A general procedure for determining the degree of indeterminacy of two-dimensional structures are given below:
NUK= Number of unknown forces
NEQ= Number of equations available
IND= Degree of indeterminacy
IND= NUK - NEQ
Indeterminacy of Planar Frames
For entire structure to be in equilibrium, each member and each joint must be in equilibrium (Fig. 1.9)
NEQ = 3NM+3NJ
NUK= 6NM+NR
IND= NUK – NEQ = (6NM+NR)-(3NM+3NJ)
IND= 3NM+NR-3NJ ----- 1.3
Three independent reaction components
Free body diagram of Members and Joints

Degree of Indeterminacy is reduced due to introduction of internal hinge

NC= Number of additional conditions

NEQ = 3NM+3NJ+NC
NUK= 6NM+NR
IND= NUK-NEQ = 3NM+NR-3NJ-NC ------------1.3a
Indeterminacy of Planar Trusses
Members carry only axial forces
NEQ = 2NJ
NUK= NM+NR
IND= NUK – NEQ
IND= NM+NR-2NJ www.Vidyarthiplus.com
----- 1.4
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Indeterminacy of 3D FRAMES
A member or a joint has to satisfy 6 equations of equilibrium
NEQ = 6NM + 6NJ-NC
NUK= 12NM+NR
IND= NUK – NEQ
IND= 6NM+NR-6NJ-NC ----- 1.5
Indeterminacy of 3D Trusses
A joint has to satisfy 3 equations of equilibrium
NEQ = 3NJ
NUK= NM+NR
IND= NUK – NEQ
IND= NM+NR-3NJ ----- 1.6
Stable Structure:
Another condition that leads to a singular set of equations arises when the body or structure is improperly restrained
against motion. In some instances, there may be an adequate number of support constraints, but their arrangement
may be such that they cannot resist motion due to applied load. Such situation leads to instability of structure. A
structure may be considered as externally stable and internally stable.
Externally Stable:
Supports prevents large displacements
No. of reactions ≥ No. of equations
Internally Stable:
Geometry of the structure does not change appreciably
For
f) a 2D truss NM ≥ 2Nj -3 (NR ≥ 3)
For a 3D truss NM ≥ 3Nj -6 (NR ≥ 3)
Examples:
Determine Degrees of Statical indeterminacy and classify the structures

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a) NM=2; NJ=3; NR =4; NC=0

IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 2 + 4 – 3 x 3 -0 = 1
INDETERMINATE

b)

NM=3; NJ=4; NR =5; NC=2

IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 3 + 5 – 3 x 4 -2 = 0
DETERMINATE
c)
NM=3; NJ=4; NR =5; NC=2
IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 3 + 5 – 3 x 4 -2 = 0
DETERMINATE

d)

NM=3; NJ=4; NR =3; NC=0

IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 3 + 3 – 3 x 4 -0 = 0
DETERMINATE
e)

NM=1; NJ=2; NR =6; NC=2

IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 1 + 6 – 3 x 2 -2 = 1
INDETERMINATE
f)

NM=1; NJ=2; NR =5; NC=1

IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 1 + 5 – 3 x 2 -1 = 1
INDETERMINATE

NM=1; NJ=2; NR =5; NC=1

IND=3NM+NR-3NJ-NC
IND=3 x 1 + 5 – 3 x 2 -1 = 1
INDETERMINATE
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Each support has 6 reactions

NM=8; NJ=8; NR =24; NC=0
IND=6NM+NR-6NJ-NC
IND=6 x 8 + 24 – 6 x 8 -0 = 24
INDETERMINATE

Each support has 3 reactions

NM=18; NJ=15; NR =18; NC=0
IND=6NM+NR-6NJ-NC
IND=6 x 18 + 18 – 6 x 15 = 36
INDETERMINATE

Truss
NM=2; NJ=3; NR =4;
IND=NM+NR-2NJ
IND= 2 + 4 – 2 x 3 = 0
DETERMINATE

Truss
NM=14; NJ=9; NR =4;
IND=NM+NR-2NJ
IND= 14+ 4 – 2 x 9 = 0

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Truss
NM=11; NJ=6; NR =4;
IND=NM+NR-2NJ
IND= 11 + 4– 2 x 6 = 3
INDETERMINATE

Degree of freedom or Kinematic Indeterminacy

Members of structure deform due to external loads. The minimum number of parameters required to uniquely
describe the deformed shape of structure is called “Degree of Freedom”. Displacements and rotations at various
points in structure are the parameters considered in describing the deformed shape of a structure. In framed structure
the deformation at joints is first computed and then shape of deformed structure. Deformation at intermediate points
on the structure is expressed in terms of end deformations. At supports the deformations corresponding to a reaction
is zero. For example hinged support of a two dimensional system permits only rotation and translation along x and
y directions are zero. Degree of freedom of a structure is expressed as a number equal to number of free
displacements at all joints. For a two dimensional structure each rigid joint has three displacements as shown in

In case of three dimensional structure each rigid joint has six displacement.
• Expression for degrees of freedom
1. 2D Frames: NDOF = 3NJ – NR NR 3
2. 3D Frames: NDOF = 6NJ – NR NR 6
3. 2D Trusses: NDOF= 2NJ – NR NR 3
4. 3D Trusses: NDOF = 3NJ – NR NR 6

Where, NDOF is the number of degrees of freedom

In 2D analysis of frames some times axial deformation is ignored. Then NAC=No. of axial condition is deducted
from NDOF

Examples:
1.2 Determine Degrees of Kinermatic Indeterminacy of the structures given below

a)

Extensible Inextensible
NJ=2; NR =3; NAC=1 NJ=2; NR =3;
NDOF=3NJ-NR NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NDOF=3 x 2 – 3= 3 (1, 2, 2) NDOF=3 x 2 – 3-1= 2 (1, 2)
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b)

Inextensible
NJ=4; NR =5; NAC=2
Extensible NDOF=3NJ-NR-NAC
NJ=4; NR =5; NDOF=3 x 4 – 5-2= 5
NDOF=3NJ-NR (1, 21, 23 , 3 y2)
NDOF=3 x 4 – 5= 7
(1, 21, 23 3 ,y2,e1,e2)

A Truss
NJ=6; NR =3;
NDOF=2NJ-NR
NDOF=2 x 6 – 3 = 9

NJ=6; NR =4;
NDOF=2NJ-NR
NDOF=2 x 6 – 4 = 8
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Stress-Strain Graph

Virtual Work

Virtual work is defined as the following line integral

where

C is the path or curve traversed by the object, keeping all constraints satisfied;

is the force vector;

is the infinitesimal virtual displacement vector.

Virtual work is therefore a special case of mechanical work. For the work to be called virtual, the motion undergone by the
system must be compatible with the system's constraints, hence the use of a virtual displacement.

One of the key ideas of Lagrangian mechanics is that the virtual work done by the constraint forces should be zero. This is a
reasonable assumption, for otherwise a physical system might gain or lose energy simply by being constrained (imagine a
bead on a stationary hoop moving faster and faster for no apparent reason)!

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The idea of virtual work also plays a key role in interpreting D'Alembert's principle:

Equilibrium of forces (“staic” treatment)

virtual work produced by inertia force

virtual work rpoduced by net applied force.

Note:

Requirements on :

- compatible with the kinematic constraints, but otherwise arbitrary

- instantaneous

- increasingly small

For a single body Bi :

For a system of n bodies B: www.Vidyarthiplus.com

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“Lagrange form of d’Alembert’s Principle”

This formalism is convenient, as the constraint (non-working) loads disappear. (forces, torques) → where
iis the vector of independent degrees-of-freedom.

Example (i)

The motivation for introducing virtual work can be appreciated by the following simple example from statics of particles.
Suppose a particle is in equilibrium under a set of forces Fxi, Fyi, Fzi i = 1,2,...n:

Multiplying the three equations with the respective arbitrary constants δx, δy, δz :

(b)

When the arbitrary constants δx, δy, δz are thought of as virtual displacements of the particle, then the left-hand-sides of (b)
represent the virtual work. The total virtual work is:

(c)

Since the preceding equality is valid for arbitrary virtual displacements, it leads back to the equilibrium equations in (a). The
equation (c) is called the principle of virtual work for a particle. Its use is equivalent to the use of many equilibrium equations.
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Applying to a deformable body in equilibrium that undergoes compatible displacements and deformations, we can find the
total virtual work by including both internal and external forces acting on the particles. If the material particles experience
compatible displacements and deformations, the work done by internal stresses cancel out, and the net virtual work done
reduces to the work done by the applied external forces. The total virtual work in the body may also be found by the volume

integral of the product of stresses and virtual strains :

Thus, the principle of virtual work for a deformable body is:

This relation is equivalent to the set of equilibrium equations written for the particles in the deformable body. It is valid
irrespective of material behaviour, and hence leads to powerful applications in structural analysis and finite element analysis.

Now consider a block on a surface

Applying formula (c) gives:

leads to

Observe virtual work formalism leads directly to Newton’s equation of motion in the kinematically allowable direction.

Example (ii) www.Vidyarthiplus.com

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Two bodies connected by a rotary joint.

Virtual wotk produced by these constranit loads:

drop out of the expression!

By assuming the contributions to virtual work produced by all forces in and an all system elements, the constraint loads
disappear.

For multi-body system, the derivation of the equatios of motion now becomes much more simple.

Example 1:

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Note: Internal forces do no work since these forces are always equal and opposite.

Example 2

The physical quantity work is defined as the product of force times a conjugate displacement, i.e., a displacement in the
same direction as the force we are considering. We are familiar with real work, i.e., the product of a real force and a real
displacement, i.e., a force and a displacement that both actually occur. The situation is illustrated in Part 1 of the following
figure:

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We can extend the concept of real work to a definition of virtual work, which is the product of a real force and a conjugate
displacement, either real or virtual. In Part 2 of the example shown above, we assume that the cantilever column loaded with
force P undergoes a virtual rotation of magnitude  at its base. We compute the virtual work corresponding to this virtual
displacement by summing the products of real forces times conjugate virtual displacements.

For this calculation, we must introduce unknown sectional forces at those locations where we have cut the structure to create
the virtual displacement. In the example shown above, therefore, we have introduced bending moment at the base, Mb. For
completeness, we would also have to introduce a shear force V and an axial force N at the base of the column, but, as we
shall see, there is no component of virtual displacement conjugate to these forces. They have therefore not been shown in
the example.

We calculate the virtual displacements of the structure corresponding to all known and unknown forces. For a rotation  at
the base, horizontal translation of the tip of the cantilever is  · L. We then multiply force times displacement and sum these
products to obtain the following expression for virtual work corresponding to the assumed virtual displacement:

U = P · L ·  – Mb · 

We treat the virtual work done by force Mb as negative since the direction of Mb as drawn is opposite to the direction of the
virtual rotation .

The principle of virtual work states that a system of real forces is in equilibrium if and only if the virtual work performed by
these forces is zero for all virtual displacements that are compatible with geometrical boundary conditions.

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For the example given in the previous subsection, this implies that the virtual work of the simple cantilever, U, must be zero
for the system to be in equilibrium:

U = P · L ·  – Mb ·  = 0

Since  is nonzero, it follows that Mb = P · L, which is precisely the familiar expression for bending moment at the base of a
cantilever loaded with force P at its tip.

A more general mathematical statement of the principle of virtual work is as follows:

Let Qi be a set of real loads acting on a given structure

Let Ri be the corresponding real support reactions
Let Mi, Vi, and Ni be the sectional forces (bending moment, shear, and axial force) introduced at the locations where the
structure has been cut to allow it to undergo a virtual displacement.

Let Qi, Ri, Mi, Vi, and Ni be virtual displacements compatible with the geometrical boundary conditions and conjugate to
the forces defined previously.

Then the structure is in equilibrium if and and only if:

(Qi · Qi) + (Ri · Ri) + (Mi · Mi) + (Vi · Vi) + (Ni · Ni) = 0

Williot diagram
The Williot diagram is a graphical method to obtain an approximate value for displacement of a structure which
submitted to a certain load. The method consists of, from a graph representation of a structural system, representing the
structure's fixed vertices as a single, fixed starting point and from there sequentially adding the neighbouring vertices'
relative displacements due to strain

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II-UNIT-MOVING LOADS AND INFLUENCE LINES

In engineering, an influence line graphs the variation of a function (such as the shear felt in a structure member) at a
specific point on a beam or truss caused by a unit load placed at any point along the structure.[1][2][3][4][5] Some of the
common functions studied with influence lines include reactions (the forces that the structure’s supports must apply in
order for the structure to remain static), shear, moment, and deflection. Influence lines are important in the designing
beams and trusses used in bridges, crane rails, conveyor belts, floor girders, and other structures where loads will move
along their span.[5] The influence lines show where a load will create the maximum effect for any of the functions
studied.

Influence lines are both scalar and additive.[5] This means that they can be used even when the load that will be applied
is not a unit load or if there are multiple loads applied. To find the effect of any non-unit load on a structure, the ordinate
results obtained by the influence line are multiplied by the magnitude of the actual load to be applied. The entire
influence line can be scaled, or just the maximum and minimum effects experienced along the line. The scaled
maximum and minimum are the critical magnitudes that must be designed for in the beam or truss.

In cases where multiple loads may be in effect, the influence lines for the individual loads may be added together in
order to obtain the total effect felt by the structure at a given point. When adding the influence lines together, it is
necessary to include the appropriate offsets due to the spacing of loads across the structure. For example, if it is known
that load A will be three feet in front of load B, then the effect of A at x feet along the structure must be added to the
effect of B at (x – 3) feet along the structure—not the effect of B at x feet along the structure Many loads are distributed
rather than concentrated. Influence lines can be used with either concentrated or distributed loadings. For a concentrated
(or point) load, a unit point load is moved along the structure. For a distributed load of a given width, a unit-distributed
load of the same width is moved along the structure, noting that as the load nears the ends and moves off the structure
only part of the total load is carried by the structure. The effect of the distributed unit load can also be obtained by
integrating the point load’s influence line over the corresponding length of the structures.

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When designing a beam or truss, it is necessary to design for the scenarios causing the maximum expected reactions,
shears, and moments within the structure members in order to ensure that no member will fail during the life of the
structure. When dealing with dead loads (loads that never move, such as the weight of the structure itself), this is
relatively easy because the loads are easy to predict and plan for. For live loads (any load that will be moved during the
life of the structure, such as furniture and people), it becomes much harder to predict where the loads will be or how
concentrated or distributed they will be throughout the life of the structure.

Influence lines graph the response of a beam or truss as a unit load travels across it. The influence line allows the
designers to discover quickly where to place a live load in order to calculate the maximum resulting response for each of
the following functions: reaction, shear, or moment. The designer can then scale the influence line by the greatest
expected load to calculate the maximum response of each function for which the beam or truss must be designed.
Influence lines can also be used to find the responses of other functions (such as deflection or axial force) to the applied
unit load, but these uses of influence lines is less common.

Influence Lines

The major difference between shear and moment diagrams as compared to influence lines is that shear and bending
moment diagrams show the variation of the shear and the moment over the entire structure for loads at a fixed position. An
influence line for shear or moment shows the variation of the function at one section cause by a moving load.

Influence lines for functions of deterministic structures consists of a set of straight lines. The shape of influence lines for
truss members are a bit more deceptive.

What we have looked at is quantitative influence lines. These have numerical values and can be computed. Qualitative
influence lines are based on a principle by Heinrich Müller Breslau, which states:

" The deflected shape of a structurewww.Vidyarthiplus.com

represents to some scale the influence line for a function such as reaction,
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shear or moment, if the function in question is allowed to act through a small distance. "

In other words, is that the structure draws its own influence lines from the deflection curves. The shape of the influence
lines can be created by deflecting the location in question by a moment, or shear or displacement to get idea of the
behavior of the influence line. Realizing that the supports are zero values or poles.

Müller's principle for statically determinate structures is useful, but for indeterminated structures it is of great value. You
can get an idea of the behavior of the shear and moment at a point in the beam.

Using influence lines to calculate values

From the previous examples of a twenty foot beam for the reactions, shear, and moment. We can use the values from the
influence lines to calculate the shear and moment at a point.

RAy =  (Fi)* Value of the influence line of RAy @ location of the force
V11 =  (Fi)* Value of the influence line of V11 @ location of the force
M11 =  (Fi)* Value of the influence line of M11 @ location of the force

If we are looking at the forces due to uniform loads over the beam at point. The shear or moment is equal to the area under
the influence line times the distributed load.

RAy =  (wi)* Area of the influence line of RAy over which w covers
V11 =  (wi)* Area of the influence line of V11 over which w covers
M11 =  (wi)* Area of the influence line of M11 over which w covers

For moving set of loads the influence lines can be used to calculate the maximum function. This can be done by moving
the loads over the influence line find where they will generate the largest value for the particular point.
Panels or floating floor

The method can be extend to deal with floor joist and floating floors in which we deal with panels, which are simple beam
elements acting on the floor joist.

You will need to find the fore as function of the intersection. You are going to find the moment and the shear as you move
across the surface of the beam.

An example problem is used to show how this can be used to find the shear and moment at a point for a moving load. This
technique is similar to that used in truss members.

Methods for constructing influence lines

There are three methods used for constructing the influence line. The first is to tabulate the influence values for multiple
points along the structure, then use those points to create the influence line. The second is to determine the influence-
line equations that apply to the structure, thereby solving for all points along the influence line in terms of x, where x is
the number of feet from the start of the structure to the point where the unit load is applied. The third method is called
the Müller-Breslau principle. It creates a qualitative influence line. This nfluence line will still provide the designer with
an accurate idea of where the unit load will produce the largest response of a function at the point being studied, but it
cannot be used directly to calculate what the magnitude that response will be, whereas the influence lines produced by
the first two methods can.
Influence-line equations

It is possible to create equations defining the influence line across the entire span of a structure. This is done by solving
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for the reaction, shear, or moment at the point A caused by a unit load placed at x feet along the structure instead of a
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specific distance. This method is similar to the tabulated values method, but rather than obtaining a numeric solution,
the outcome is an equation in terms of x.[5]

It is important to understanding where the slope of the influence line changes for this method because the influence-line
equation will change for each linear section of the influence line. Therefore, the complete equation will be a piecewise
linear function which has a separate influence-line equation for each linear section of the influence line.[5]

Müller-Breslau Principle
The Müller-Breslau Principle can be utilized to draw qualitative influence lines, which are directly proportional to the
actual influence line.”[2] Instead of moving a unit load along a beam, the Müller-Breslau Principle finds the deflected
shape of the beam caused by first releasing the beam at the point being studied, and then applying the function (reaction,
shear, or moment) being studied to that point. The principle states that the influence line of a function will have a scaled
shape that is the same as the deflected shape of the beam when the beam is acted upon by the function.
In order to understand how the beam will deflect under the function, it is necessary to remove the beam’s capacity to
resist the function. Below are explanations of how to find the influence lines of a simply supported, rigid beam

 When determining the reaction caused at a support, the support is replaced with a roller, which cannot
resist a vertical reaction. Then an upward (positive) reaction is applied to the point where the support
was. Since the support has been removed, the beam will rotate upwards, and since the beam is rigid, it
will create a triangle with the point at the second support. If the beam extends beyond the second support
as a cantilever, a similar triangle will be formed below the cantilevers position. This means that the
reaction’s influence line will be a straight, sloping line with a value of zero at the location of the second
support.

 When determining the shear caused at some point B along the beam, the beam must be cut and a roller-
guide (which is able to resist moments but not shear) must be inserted at point B. Then, by applying a
positive shear to that point, it can be seen that the left side will rotate down, but the right side will rotate
up. This creates a discontinuous influence line which reaches zero at the supports and whose slope is
equal on either side of the discontinuity. If point B is at a support, then the deflection between point B
and any other supports will still create a triangle, but if the beam is cantilevered, then the entire
cantilevered side will move up or down creating a rectangle.

 When determining the moment caused by at some point B along the beam, a hinge will be placed at point
B, releasing it to moments but resisting shear. Then when a positive moment is placed at point B, both
sides of the beam will rotate up. This will create a continuous influence line, but the slopes will be equal
and opposite on either side of the hinge at point B. Since the beam is simply supported, its end supports
(pins) cannot resist moment; therefore, it can be observed that the supports will never experience
moments in a static situation regardless of where the load is placed.

The Müller-Breslau Principle can only produce qualitative influence lines. This means that engineers can use it to
determine where to place a load to incur the maximum of a function, but the magnitude of that maximum cannot be
calculated from the influence line. Instead, the engineer must use statics to solve for the functions value in that loading
case.

For example, the influence line for the support reaction at A of the structure shown in Figure 1, is found by applying a
unit load at several points (See Figure 2) on the structure and determining what the resulting reaction will be at A. This
can be done by solving the support reaction YA as a function of the position of a downward acting unit load. One such
equation can be found by summing moments at Support B.

Figure 1 - Beam structure for influence line example

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Figure 2 - Beam structure showing application of unit load

MB = 0 (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)

-YA(L)+1(L-x) = 0
YA = (L-x)/L = 1 - (x/L)

The graph of this equation is the influence line for the support reaction at A (See Figure 3). The graph illustrates that if
the unit load was applied at A, the reaction at A would be equal to unity. Similarly, if the unit load was applied at B, the
reaction at A would be equal to 0, and if the unit load was applied at C, the reaction at A would be equal to -e/L.

Figure 3 - Influence line for the support reaction at A

Once an understanding is gained on how these equations and the influence lines they produce are developed, some
general properties of influence lines for statically determinate structures can be stated.

1. For a statically determinate structure the influence line will consist of only straight line segments between
critical ordinate values.
2. The influence line for a shear force at a given location will contain a translational discontinuity at this location.
The summation of the positive and negative shear forces at this location is equal to unity.
3. Except at an internal hinge location, the slope to the shear force influence line will be the same on each side of
the critical section since the bending moment is continuous at the critical section.
4. The influence line for a bending moment will contain a unit rotational discontinuity at the point where the
bending moment is being evaluated.
5. To determine the location for positioning a single concentrated load to produce maximum magnitude for a
particular function (reaction, shear, axial, or bending moment) place the load at the location of the maximum
ordinate to the influence line. The value for the particular function will be equal to the magnitude of the
concentrated load, multiplied by the ordinate value of the influence line at that point.
6. To determine the location for positioning a uniform load of constant intensity to produce the maximum
magnitude for a particular function, place the load along those portions of the structure for which the ordinates to
the influence line have the same algebraic sign. The value for the particular function will be equal to the
magnitude of the uniform load, multiplied by the area under the influence diagram between the beginning and
ending points of the uniform load.

There are two methods that can be used to plot an influence line for any function. In the first, the approach described
above, is to write an equation for the function being determined, e.g., the equation for the shear, moment, or axial force
induced at a point due to the application of a unit load at any other location on the structure. The second approach,
which uses the Müller Breslau Principle, can be utilized to draw qualitative influence lines, which are directly
proportional to the actual influence line.

The following examples demonstrate how to determine the influence lines for reactions, shear, and bending moments of
beams and frames using both methods described above.

For example, the influence line for the support reaction at A of the structure shown in Figure 1, is found by applying a
unit load at several points (See Figure 2) onwww.Vidyarthiplus.com
the structure and determining what the resulting reaction will be at A. This
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can be done by solving the support reaction YA as a function of the position of a downward acting unit load. One such
equation can be found by summing moments at Support B.

Figure 1 - Beam structure for influence line example

Figure 2 - Beam structure showing application of unit load

MB = 0 (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)

-YA(L)+1(L-x) = 0
YA = (L-x)/L = 1 - (x/L)

The graph of this equation is the influence line for the support reaction at A (See Figure 3). The graph illustrates that if
the unit load was applied at A, the reaction at A would be equal to unity. Similarly, if the unit load was applied at B, the
reaction at A would be equal to 0, and if the unit load was applied at C, the reaction at A would be equal to -e/L.

Figure 3 - Influence line for the support reaction at A

problem statement

Draw the influence lines for the reactions YA, YC, and the shear and bending moment at point B, of the simply supported
beam shown by developing the equations for the respective influence lines.

Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze

 Reaction YA

The influence line for a reaction at a support is found by independently applying a unit load at several points on the
structure and determining, through statics, what the resulting reaction at the support will be for each case. In this
example, one such equation for the influence line of YA can be found by summing moments around Support C.

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Figure 2 - Application of unit load

MC = 0 (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)

-YA(25)+1(25-x) = 0
YA = (25-x)/25 = 1 - (x/25)

The graph of this equation is the influence line for YA (See Figure 3). This figure illustrates that if the unit load is
applied at A, the reaction at A will be equal to unity. Similarly, if the unit load is applied at B, the reaction at A will be
equal to 1-(15/25)=0.4, and if the unit load is applied at C, the reaction at A will be equal to 0.

Figure 3 - Influence line for YA, the support reaction at A

The fact that YA=1 when the unit load is applied at A and zero when the unit load is applied at C can be used to quickly
generate the influence line diagram. Plotting these two values at A and C, respectively, and connecting them with a
straight line will yield the the influence line for YA. The structure is statically determinate, therefore, the resulting
function is a straight line.

 Reaction at C

The equation for the influence line of the support reaction at C is found by developing an equation that relates the
reaction to the position of a downward acting unit load applied at all locations on the structure. This equation is found
by summing the moments around support A.

Figure 4 - Application of unit load

MA = 0 (Assume counter-clockwise positive moment)

YC(25)-1(x) = 0
YC = x/25

The graph of this equation is the influence line for YC. This shows that if the unit load is applied at C, the reaction at C
will be equal to unity. Similarly, if the unit load is applied at B, the reaction at C will be equal to 15/25=0.6. And, if the
unit load is applied at A, the reaction at C will equal to 0.

Figure 5 - Influence line for the reaction at support C

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The fact that YC=1 when the unit load is applied at C and zero when the unit load is applied at A can be used to quickly
generate the influence line diagram. Plotting these two values at A and C, respectively, and connecting them with a
straight line will yield the the influence line for YC. Notice, since the structure is statically determinate, the resulting
function is a straight line.

 Shear at B

The influence line for the shear at point B can be found by developing equations for the shear at the section using
statics. This can be accomplished as follows:

a) if the load moves from B to C, the shear diagram will be as shown in Fig. 6 below, this demonstrates that the shear at
B will equal YA as long as the load is located to the right of B, i.e., VB = YA. One can also calculate the shear at B from
the Free Body Diagram (FBD) shown in Fig. 7.

Figure 6 - Shear diagram for load located between B and C

Figure 7 - Free body diagram for section at B with a load located between B and C

b) if the load moves from A to B, the shear diagram will be as shown in Fig. 8, below, this demonstrates that the shear at
B will equal -YC as long as the load is located to the left of B, i.e., VB = - YC. One can also calculate the shear at B from
the FBD shown in Fig. 9.

Figure 8 - Shear diagram for load located between A and B

Figure 9 - Free body diagram for section at B with a load located between A and B

The influence line for the Shear at point B is then constructed by drawing the influence line for YA and negative YC.
Then highlight the portion that represents the sides over which the load was moving. In this case, highlight the the part
from B to C on YA and from A to B on -YC. Notice that at point B, the summation of the absolute values of the positive
and negative shear is equal to 1.

Figure 10 - Influence line for shear at point B www.Vidyarthiplus.com

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 Moment at B

The influence line for the moment at point B can be found by using statics to develop equations for the moment at the
point of interest, due to a unit load acting at any location on the structure. This can be accomplished as follows.

a) if the load is at a location between B and C, the moment at B can be calculated by using the FBD shown in Fig. 7
above, e.g., at B, MB = 15 YA - notice that this relation is valid if and only if the load is moving from B to C.

b) if the load is at a location between A and B, the moment at B can be calculated by using the FBD shown in Fig. 9
above, e.g., at B, MB = 10 YC - notice that this relation is valid if and only if the load is moving from A to B.

The influence line for the Moment at point B is then constructed by magnifying the influence lines for YA and YC by 15
and 10, respectively, as shown below. Having plotted the functions, 15 YA and 10 YC, highlight the portion from B to C
of the function 15 YA and from A to B on the function 10 YC. These are the two portions what correspond to the correct
moment relations as explained above. The two functions must intersect above point B. The value of the function at B
then equals (1 x 10 x 15)/25 = 6. This represents the moment at B if the load was positioned at B.

Figure 11 - Influence line for moment at point B

Influence Lines | Index of Examples | CCE Homepage

Influence Lines
Qualitative Influence Lines using the Müller Breslau Principle

 Müller Breslau Principle

The Müller Breslau Principle is another alternative available to qualitatively develop the influence
lines for different functions. The Müller Breslau Principle states that the ordinate value of an influence
line for any function on any structure is proportional to the ordinates of the deflected shape that is
obtained by removing the restraint corresponding to the function from the structure and introducing a
force that causes a unit displacement in the positive direction.

Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze

For example, to obtain the influence line for the support reaction at A for the beam shown in Figure 1,
above, remove the support corresponding to the reaction and apply a force in the positive direction that
will cause a unit displacement in the direction of YA. The resulting deflected shape will be proportional
to the true influence line for this reaction. i.e., for the support reaction at A. The deflected shape due to
a unit displacement at A is shown below. Notice that the deflected shape is linear, i.e., the beam rotates
as a rigid body without any curvature. This is true only for statically determinate systems.

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Figure 2 - Support removed, unit load applied, and resulting influence line for support reaction at A
Similarly, to construct the influence line for the support reaction YB, remove the support at B and apply
a vertical force that induces a unit displacement at B. The resulting deflected shape is the qualitative
influence line for the support reaction YB.

Figure 3 - Support removed, unit load applied, and resulting influence line for support reaction at B
Once again, notice that the influence line is linear, since the structure is statically determinate.
This principle will be now be extended to develop the influence lines for other functions.

 Shear at s
To determine the qualitative influence line for the shear at s, remove the shear resistance of the beam at
this section by inserting a roller guide, i.e., a support that does not resist shear, but maintains axial
force and bending moment resistance.

Figure 4 - Structure with shear capacity removed at s

Removing the shear resistance will then allow the ends on each side of the section to move
perpendicular to the beam axis of the structure at this section. Next, apply a shear force, i.e., Vs-R and
Vs-L that will result in the relative vertical displacement between the two ends to equal unity. The
magnitude of these forces are proportional to the location of the section and the span of the beam. In
this case,
Vs-L = 1/16 x 10 = 10/16 = 5/8
Vs-R = 1/16 x 6 = 6/16 = 3/8
The final influence line for Vs is shown below.

Figure 5 - Influence line for shear at s

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 Shear just to the left side of B

The shear just to the left side of support B can be constructed using the ideas explained above. Simply
imagine that section s in the previous example is moved just to the left of B. By doing this, the
magnitude of the positive shear decreases until it reaches zero, while the negative shear increases to 1.

Figure 6 - Influence line for shear just to the left of B

 Shear just to the right side of B

To plot the influence line for the shear just to the right side of support B, Vb-R, release the shear just to
the right of the support by introducing the type of roller shown in Fig. 7, below. The resulting deflected
shape represents the influence line for Vb-R. Notice that no deflection occurs between A and B, since
neither of those supports were removed and hence the deflections at A and B must remain zero. The
deflected shape between B and C is a straight line that represents the motion of a rigid body.

Figure 7 - Structure with shear capacity removed at just to the right of B and the resulting influence
line

 Moment at s
To obtain a qualitative influence line for the bending moment at a section, remove the moment restraint
at the section, but maintain axial and shear force resistance. The moment resistance is eliminated by
inserting a hinge in the structure at the section location. Apply equal and opposite moments
respectively on the right and left sides of the hinge that will introduce a unit relative rotation between
the two tangents of the deflected shape at the hinge. The corresponding elastic curve for the beam,
under these conditions, is the influence line for the bending moment at the section. The resulting
influence line is shown below.

Figure 8 - Structure with moment capacity removed at s and the resulting influence line
The values of the moments shown in Figure 8, above, are calculated as follows:
a. when the unit load is applied at s, the moment at s is YA x 10 = 3/8 x 10 = 3.75
(see the influence line for YA, Figure 2, above, for the value of YA with a unit load applied at s)
b. when the unit load is applied at C, the moment at s is YA x 10 = -3/8 x 10 = -3.75
(again, see the influence line for YA for the value of YA with a unit load applied at C)
Following the general properties of influence lines, given in the Introduction, these two values are
plotted on the beam at the locations where the load is applied and the resulting influence line is
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 Moment at B
The qualitative influence line for the bending moment at B is obtained by introducing a hinge at
support B and applying a moment that introduces a unit relative rotation. Notice that no deflection
occurs between supports A and B since neither of the supports were removed. Therefore, the only
portion that will rotate is part BC as shown in Fig. 9, below.

Figure 9 - Structure with moment capacity removed at B and the resulting influence line

 Shear and moment envelopes due to uniform dead and live loads
The shear and moment envelopes are graphs which show the variation in the minimum and maximum
values for the function along the structure due to the application of all possible loading conditions. The
diagrams are obtained by superimposing the individual diagrams for the function based on each
loading condition. The resulting diagram that shows the upper and lower bounds for the function along
the structure due to the loading conditions is called the envelope.
The loading conditions, also referred to as load cases, are determined by examining the influence lines
and interpreting where loads must be placed to result in the maximum values. To calculate the
maximum positive and negative values of a function, the dead load must be applied over the entire
beam, while the live load is placed over either the respective positive or negative portions of the
influence line. The value for the function will be equal to the magnitude of the uniform load, multiplied
by the area under the influence line diagram between the beginning and ending points of the uniform
load.
For example, to develop the shear and moment envelopes for the beam shown in Figure 1, first sketch
the influence lines for the shear and moment at various locations. The influence lines for Va-R, Vb-L, Vb-
R, Mb, Vs, and Ms are shown in Fig. 10.

Figure 10 - Influence lines

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These influence lines are used to determine where to place the uniform live load to yield the maximum
positive and negative values for the different functions. For example;

Figure 11 - Support removed, unit load applied, and resulting influence line for support reaction at A

uniform load is applied on the beam from A to B (load case 1)

Figure 12 - Load case 1

f a uniform load is placed on the
beam from B to C (load case 2)

Figure 13 - Load case 2

 maximum positive value of the shear at the right of support A

 maximum positive moment Ms

 maximum positive value of the shear at the right of support B

 maximum negative moments at support B and Ms

 maximum positive reaction at B

 maximum negative shear on the left side of B

Figure 14 - Load case 3

Load case 4 is required for the maximum positive shear force at section s
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Figure 15 - Load case 4

Figure 16 - Load case 5

To develop the shear and moment envelopes, construct the shear and moment diagrams for each load
case. The envelope is the area that is enclosed by superimposing all of these diagrams. The maximum
positive and negative values can then be determined by looking at the maximum and minimum values
of the envelope at each point.
Individual shear diagrams for each load case;

Figure 17 - Individual shear diagrams

Superimpose all of these diagrams together to determine the final shear envelope.

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Figure 18 - Resulting superimposed shear envelope

Individual moment diagrams for each load case;

Figure 19 - Individual moment diagrams

Superimpose all of these diagrams together to determine the final moment envelope.

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Figure 20 - Resulting superimposed moment envelope

Influence Lines | Index of Examples | CCE Homepage

Influence Lines
Qualitative Influence Lines for a Statically Determinate Continuous
Beam

problem statement

Draw the qualitative influence lines for the vertical reactions at the supports, the shear and moments at sections s1 and
s2, and the shear at the left and right of support B of the continuous beam shown.

Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze

 Reactions at A, B, and C

Qualitative influence lines for the support reactions at A, B, and C are found by using the Müller Breslau Principle for
reactions, i.e., apply a force which will introduce a unit displacement in the structure at each support. The resulting
deflected shape will be proportional to the influence line for the support reactions.

The resulting influence lines for the support reactions at A, B, and C are shown in Figure 2, below.

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Figure 2 - Influence lines for the reactions at A, B, and C

Note: Beam BC does not experience internal forces or reactions when the load moves from A to h. In other words,
influence lines for beam hC will be zero as long as the load is located between A and h. This can also be explained by
the fact that portion hC of the beam is supported by beam ABh as shown in Figure 3, below.

Figure 3 - Beam hC supported by beam ABh

Therefore, the force Yh required to maintain equilibrium in portion hC when the load from h to C is provided by portion
ABh. This force, Yh, is equal to zero when the load moves between A an h, and hence, no shear or moment will be
induced in portion hC.

 Shear and moment at section S1 and S2

To determine the shear at s1, remove the shear resistance of the beam at the section by inserting a support that does not
resist shear, but maintains axial force and bending moment resistance (see the inserted support in Figure 4). Removing
the shear resistance will allow the ends on each side of the section to move perpendicular to the beam axis of the
structure at this section. Next, apply shear forces on each side of the section to induce a relative displacement between
the two ends that will equal unity. Since the section is cut at the midspan, the magnitude of each force is equal to 1/2.

Figure 4 - Structure with shear capacity removed at s1 and resulting influence line

For the moment at s1, remove the moment restraint at the section, but maintain axial and shear force resistance. The
moment resistance is eliminated by inserting a hinge in the structure at the section location. Apply equal and opposite
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the deflected shape at the hinge. The corresponding elastic curve for the beam, under these conditions, is the influence
line for the bending moment at the section.

Figure 5 - Structure with moment capacity removed at s1 and resulting influence line

The value of the moment shown in Figure 5, above, is equal to the value of Ra when a unit load is applied at s1,
multiplied by the distance from A to s1. Ms1 = 1/2 x 4 = 2.

The influence lines for the shear and moment at section s2 can be constructed following a similar procedure. Notice that
when the load is located between A and h, the magnitudes of the influence lines are zero for the shear and moment at s1.
The was explained previously in the discussion of the influence line for the support reaction at C (see Figures 2 and 3).

Figure 6 - Structure with shear capacity removed at s2 and resulting influence line

Figure 7 - Structure with moment capacity removed at s2 and resulting influence line

 Shear at the left and right of B

Since the shear at B occurs on both sides of a support, it is necessary to independently determine the shear for each side.

To plot the influence line for Vb-L, follow the instructions outlined above for plotting the influence line for the shear at
s1. To construct the shear just to the left of support B, imagine that the section s1 has been moved to the left of B. In this
case, the positive ordinates of the influence line between A and B will decrease to zero while the negative ordinates will
increase to 1 (see Figure 8).

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Figure 8 - Structure with shear capacity removed at the left of B and the resulting influence line

The influence line for the shear forces just to the right of support B, Vb-R, is represented by the resulting deflected shape
of the beam induced by shear forces acting just to the right of support B. Notice that the portion of the beam from B to h
moves as a rigid body (see explanation in the Simple Beam with a Cantilever example) while the influence line varies
linearly from h to C. This is due to the fact that the deflection at C is zero and the assumption that the deflection of a
statically determinate system is linear.

Figure 9 - Structure with shear capacity removed at the right of B and the resulting influence line

Influence Lines | Index of Examples | CCE Homepage

Influence Lines
Calculation of Maximum and Minimum Shear Force and Moments on a
Statically Determinate Continuous Beam

problem statement

Determine the resulting forces for RA, RB, RC, Ms1, Vs1, Ms1, Vs2, VBL, and VBR under a uniform live load of 2 k/ft and a
uniform dead load of 3 k/ft for the beam below.
note: influence lines for this beam are developed in the Statically Determinate Continuous Beam example.

Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze

 Influence lines

From the Continuous Beam with a Hinge example, the required influence lines for the structure are:

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 Calculate forces

In order to calculate the forces due to uniform dead and live loads on a structure, a relationship between the influence
line and the uniform load is required. Referring to Figure 2, each segment dx, of a uniform load w, creates an equivalent
concentrated load, dF = w dx, acting a distance x from an origin.

From the general properties for influence lines, given in the introduction, it is known that the resulting value of the
function for a force acting at a point is equivalent to the magnitude of the force, dF, multiplied by the ordinate value, y,
of the influence line at the point of application.

Figure 2 - Equivalent concentrated load

In order to determine the effect of the uniform load, the effect of all series loads, dF, must be determined for the beam.
This is accomplished by integrating y dF over the length of the beam, i.e., w y dx = w y dx. The integration of y
dx equal to the area under the influence line. Thus, the value of the function caused by a uniform load is equal to the
magnitude of the uniform load multiplied by the area under the influence line diagram.

In order to find the resulting minimum and maximum values for the reactions, shears, and moments required, create a
table which contains the resulting positive and negative values for the areas enclosed by the influence lines for each
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function. The effect of the dead load is determined by multiplying the net area under the influence line by the dead load.
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For the live load, multiply the respective positive and negative areas by the live load, yields to the positive and negative
forces, respectively. The resulting maximum and minimum forces for dead load plus the effects of positive and negative
live loads are then found by adding the respective values.

The resulting forces due to a uniformly distributed dead load = 3 k/ft and a live load = 2 k/ft applied to the beam above,
are as follows:

Positive area Negative area Force Positive Negative Maximum Minimum

under the under the Net due to force due to force due to force force
Force influence line influence line area DL LL LL (DL+LL) (DL-LL)
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
RA 4 -1 3 9 8 -2 17 7
RB 10 - 10 30 20 - 50 30
RC 3 - 3 9 6 - 15 9
MS1 8 -4 4 12 16 8 28 4
VS1 1 -2 -1 -3 2 4 -1 -7
MS2 4.5 - 4.5 13.5 9 - 22.5 13.5
VS2 0.75 -0.75 - - 1.5 -1.5 1.5 -1.5
VB-R 5 - 5 15 10 - 25 15
VB-L - 5 -5 -15 - 10 -15 -25

Column IV = Column II + Column III

Column V = Dead Load * Column IV
Column VI = Live Load * Column II
Column VII = Live Load * Column III
Column VIII = Column V + Column VI
Column IX = Column V + Column VII

Influence Lines | Index of Examples | CCE Homepage

Influence Lines
Qualitative Influence Lines and Loading Patterns for an Multi-span
Indeterminate Beam

The Müller Breslau Principle, used previously to draw the influence lines for statically determinate structures, can also
be extended to define the influence lines for indeterminate structures. This principle simply states that the influence line
for a function is proportionally equivalent to the deflected shape of the structure when it undergoes a displacement as a
result of the application of the function.

For indeterminate structures, an understanding of how complex structures deflect and react when acted upon by a force
is required in order to draw accurate diagrams.

 Influence lines for reactions

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To determine the influence line for the support reaction at A, the Müller Breslau Principle requires the removal of the
support restraint and the application of a positive unit deformation at this point that corresponds to the direction of the
force. In this case, apply a unit vertical displacement in the direction of YA.

Figure 1 - Structure with support reaction removed, unit deformation applied, and resulting influence line

The resulting deflected shape, due to the application of the unit deformation, is then proportionally equivalent to the
influence line for the support reaction at A. Notice that in statically indeterminate structures, the deflected shape is not a
straight line, but rather a curve. The ordinates of the deflected shape decrease as the distance increases from the point of
application of the unit deformation.

Similarly, for the other support reactions, remove the support restraint and apply a unit deformation in the direction of
the removed restraint. For example, the influence line for the support reaction at C is obtained by removing the reaction
at C and applying a unit displacement in the vertical direction at C. The resulting deflected shape is a qualitative
representation of the influence line at RC (see Figure 2).

Figure 2 - Structure with support reaction removed, unit deformation applied, and resulting influence line

Influence lines for the remaining support reactions are found in a similar manner.

 Influence lines for shears

For shear at a section, using the Müller Breslau Principle, the shear resistance at the point of interest is removed by
introducing the type of support shown in Figure 3, below. Shear forces are applied on each side of the section in order to
produce a relative displacement between the two sides which is equal to unity. The deflected shape of the beam under
these conditions will qualitatively represent the influence line for the shear at the section. Notice that unlike the
statically determinate structure, the magnitude of the shear force on the right and left can not easily be determined.

Figure 3 - Structure with shear carrying capacity removed at section S1, deformations applied, and resulting influence line

 Influence lines for moments

For the moment at a section, using the Müller Breslau Principle, the moment resistance at the point of interest is
removed by introducing a hinge at the section as shown in Figure 4, below. Then a positive moment that introduces a
relative unit rotation is applied at the section. The deflected shape of the beam under these conditions will qualitatively
represent the influence line for the moment at the section.
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Figure 4 - Structure with moment capacity removed at section S1, unit rotation applied, and resulting influence line

For the moment at a support, the moment resistance is again removed by inserting a hinge at the support. This hinge
only prevents the transfer of moments, so the vertical translation remains fixed due to the support. By applying negative
moments that induces a relative rotation of unity at this section, a deflected shape is generated. Again, this deflected
shape qualitatively represents the influence line for the moment at a support.

Figure 5 - Structure with moment capacity removed at support B, unit rotation applied, and resulting influence line

 Loading cases for moment and shear envelopes

Using the influence lines found above, illustrate the loading cases needed to calculate the maximum positive and
negative RA, RC, MB, VS1, and MS1.

The load cases are generated for the maximum positive and negative values by placing a distributed load on the spans
where the algebraic signs of the influence line are the same. i.e., to get a maximum positive value for a function, place a
distributed load where the influence line for the function is positive.

Figure 6 - Multi-span structure

Load case for maximum positive reaction at support A

Figure 7 - Maximum positive reaction at support A

Load case for maximum negative reaction at support A

Figure 8 - Maximum negative reaction at support A

Load case for maximum positive reaction at support C

Figure 9 - Maximum positive reaction at support C

Load case for maximum negative reaction at support C

Figure 10 - Maximum negative reaction at support C

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Load case for maximum positive moment at support B

Figure 11 - Maximum positive moment at support B

Load case for maximum negative moment at support B

Figure 12 - Maximum negative moment at support B

Load case for maximum positive shear at s

Figure 13 - Maximum positive shear at s

Load case for maximum negative shear at s

Figure 14 - Maximum negative shear at s

Load case for maximum positive moment at s

Figure 16 - Maximum positive moment at s

Load case for maximum negative moment at s

Figure 17 - Maximum negative moment at s

Influence Lines | Index of Examples | CCE Homepage

Influence Lines
Qualitative Influence Lines and Loading Patterns for an Indeterminate
Frame

problem statement

Using the Müller Breslau Principle, draw the influence lines for the moment and shear at the midspan of beam AB, and
the moment at B in member BC. Draw the loading cases to give the maximum positive moment at the midpsan of beam
AB, the maximum and minimum shear at the midspan of beam AB, and the maximum negative moment at B in member
BC in the indeterminate frame below.

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Figure 1 - Frame structure to analyze

 Influence lines

Influence line for moment at midspan of AB, and the loading case for maximum positive moment at this location.

The influence line for beam ABCD can be constructed by following the procedure outlined in the Multi-span
Indeterminate Beam example. To construct the rest of the influence line, make use of the fact that the angles between a
column and a beam after deformation must be equal to that before deformation. In this example, these angles are 90°.
Therefore, once the deflected shape of beam ABCD is determined, the deflected shape for the columns can be
constructed by keeping the angles between the tangent of the deflect shape of the beam and the column equal to 90° (see
Figure 2).

To get the maximum positive result for the moment, apply a distributed load at all locations where the value of the
influence line is positive (see Figure 3).

Figure 2 - Influence lines for moment at midspan of AB Figure 3 - Load case for maximum positive moment at midspan of AB

Influence line for shear at the midspan of member AB, and the load case for maximum positive shear at this location.

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Figure 4 - Influence lines for shear at midspan of AB

Figure 5 - Load case for maximum positive shear at midspan of AB Figure 6 - Load case for maximum negative shear at midspan of AB

Influence line for moment at B in member BC, and the load case for maximum negative moment at this location.

Figure 7 - Influence lines for moment at B Figure 8 - Load case for maximum positive moment at B

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III-UNIT ARCHES
THREE HINGED ARCHES

An arch is a curved beam in which horizontal movement at the support is wholly or partially prevented. Hence
there will be horizontal thrust induced at the supports. The shape of an arch doesn’t change with loading and therefore
some bending may occur.
Types of Arches
On the basis of material used arches may be classified into and steel arches, reinforced concrete arches, masonry
arches etc.,

On the basis of structural behavior arches are classified as :

Three hinged arches:- Hinged at the supports and the crown.

Hinged at the
crown

Rise

Springing
Span

Hinged at the
support

Two hinged arches:- Hinged only at the support

Rise
Rib of the arch

Span

Hinges at the
support

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The supports are fixed

A 3-hinged arch is a statically determinate structure. A 2-hinged arch is an indeterminate structure of degree of
indeterminancy equal to 1. A fixed arch is a statically indeterminate structure. The degree of indeterminancy is 3.

Depending upon the type of space between the loaded area and the rib arches can be classified as open arch or closed
arch (solid arch).
Analysis of 3-hinged arches
It is the process of determining external reactions at the support and internal quantities such as normal thrust,
shear and bending moment at any section in the arch.

Procedure to find reactions at the supports

Step 1. Sketch the arch with the loads and reactions at the support.
Apply equilibrium conditions namely  Fx  0,  Fy  0 and  M  0
Apply the condition that BM about the hinge at the crown is zero (Moment of all the forces either to the left or to the
right of the crown).
Solve for unknown quantities.
A 3-hinged arch has a span of 30m and a rise of 10m. The arch carries UDL of 0.6 kN/m on the left half of the span. It
also carries 2 concentrated loads of 1.6 kN and 1 kN at 5 m and 10 m from the ‘rt’ end. Determine the reactions at the
support. (sketch not given).
0.6 kN/m 1 kN 1.6 kN
C
5m 5m

h = 10m

HB = 4.275 A B HB = 4.275

VA = 7.35 L = 30m VB = 4.25

F  0
x

HA  HB  0
HA  HB ------ (1)

To find vertical reaction.

F  0
y

VA  VB  0.6 x 15 1  1.6
------ (2)
 11.6
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M  0A
 VB x 30  1.6 x 25  1 x 20  (0.6 x 15) 7.5  0

V B  4.25 kN

VA  4.25  11.6

A A  7.35 kN
To find horizontal reaction.
MC  0
 1x5  1.6x10  4.25 x15  H B x10  0

H B  4.275 kN

H A  4.275 kN
OR
MC  0
7.375x15  H A x10  (0.6x15)7.5

H A  4.275kN

H B  4.275kN

To find total reaction

VA = 7.35 kN RB VB = 4.25 kN

RA
A
A HB = 4.275 kN
A HA = 4.275 kN

R A  H A  VA
2 2

4.2752  7.352

 8.5kN

V 
 A  tan1  A   590.82
 HA 

R B  H B  VB  6.02kN
2 2

V 
 B  tan1  B   44.83
 HB 
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A 3-hinged parabolic arch of span 50m and rise 15m carries a load of 10kN at quarter span as shown in figure.
Calculate total reaction at the hinges.
10 kN
C

15 m

HA A B HB

12.5 m
VA 50 m VB

F  0
x

HA  HB
To find vertical reaction.
 Fy  0
V A VB  10 ------ (1)

M  0 A

 VB x 50  10 x 12.5  0

VB  2.5 kN VA  7.5 kN

To find Horizontal reaction

MC  0
VB  25  HB 15  0

To find total reaction.

VA = 7.5
VB = 4.25
RB
RA
A
A HA = 4.17 HB = 4.17

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H B  4.17 kN  H A

R A  4.172  7.5 2

R A  8.581kN

V 
 A  t an1  A   600.92
 HA 

R B  H A  VB
2 2

R B  4.861kN
V 
 B  t an1  B   300.94
 HB 

Problem: Determine the reaction components at supports A and B for 3-hinged arch shown in fig.

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C 180 kN
10 kN/m

2.5 m

HA A B HB
10 m
VA
2 .4 m

8m 6m
VB

To find Horizontal reaction

F  0
x

HA  HB  0
HA  HB ------ (1)

To find vertical reaction.

F  0
y

VA  VB  180  10 x 10
------ (2)
VA  VB  280

M  0 A

 VB x 24  H B x 2.4  180x 18  10 x 10 x 5  0

2.4H B  24VB   3740 ------ (3)

H B  10VB   1558.33

MC  0
 180 x 8  VB x 14  H B x 4.9  0

H B x 4.9  VB 14  1440 ------ (4)

 H B  2.857 VB  293 .87

Adding 2 and 3
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 10VB  2.857VB   1558.33 293.87

VB  177kN

VA  103kN

H B  10 x 177  1558.33

H B  211.67kN  H A
Problem: A symmetrical 3-hinged parabolic arch has a span of 20m. It carries UDL of intensity 10 kNm over the entire
span and 2 point loads of 40 kN each at 2m and 5m from left support. Compute the reactions. Also find BM, radial
shear and normal thrust at a section 4m from left end take central rise as 4m.

40 kN 40 kN 10 kN/m

M C
4m

2m 3m 20 m

 F 0
x
HA  HB  0
------ (1)
HA  HB

F 0
y

VA  VB  40  40 10 x 20  0
------ (2)
VA  VB  280

 M 0 A

 40 x 2  40 x 5  (10 x 20 )10  VB x 20  0

VB 114 kN

VA 166 kN

Mc  0
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 (10 x 10) 5  H B x 4  114x 10  0

H B 160kN

H A 160kN
VERTICAL

10 kN/m 40 kN
M 64.35 NORMAL
 = 25.64
160 kN HORIZONT
AL
y = 2.56
86 kN

4m REDIAL
160 kN 2m
166 kN
BM at M
= - 160 x 2.56
+ 166 x 4 – 40 x 2
- (10 x 4)2
= + 94.4 kNm
4hx
y L  x 
L2
4x4x4
 20  4
20 2
y  2.56m
4h
tan   L  2x 
L2
4x4
= 20  2 x 4
20 2
  250.64
Normal thrust = N = + 160 Cos 25.64
+ 86 Cos 64.36
= 181.46 kN
S = 160 Sin 25.64
- 86 x Sin 64.36
S = - 8.29 kN

IV UNIT SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

The slope deflection method is a structural analysis method for beams and frames introduced in 1915 by George A.
Maney.[1] The slope deflection method was widely used for more than a decade until the moment distribution method
was developed.

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By forming slope deflection equations and applying joint and shear equilibrium conditions, the rotation angles (or the
slope angles) are calculated. Substutituting them back into the slope deflection equations, member end moments are
readily determined.

Slope deflection equations

The slope deflection equations express the member end moments in terms of rotations angles. The slope deflection
equations of member ab of flexural rigidity EIab and length Lab are:

where θa, θb are the slope angles of ends a and b respectively, Δ is the relative lateral displacement of ends a and b. The
absence of cross-sectional area of the member in these equations implies that the slope deflection method neglects the
effect of shear and axial deformations.

The slope deflection equations can also be written using the stiffness factor and the chord

rotation :

Derivation of slope deflection equations

When a simple beam of length Lab and flexural rigidity E Iab is loaded at each end with clockwise moments Mab and Mba,
member end rotations occur in the same direction. These rotation angles can be calculated using the unit dummy force
method or the moment-area theorem.

Rearranging these equations, the slope deflection equations are derived.

Equilibrium conditions
Joint equilibrium

Joint equilibrium conditions imply that each joint with a degree of freedom should have no unbalanced moments i.e. be
in equilibrium. Therefore,

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Here, Mmember are the member end moments, Mf are the fixed end moments, and Mjoint are the external moments directly
applied at the joint.

Shear equilibrium

When there are chord rotations in a frame, additional equilibrium conditions, namely the shear equilibrium conditions
need to be taken into account.

DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS:

SLOPE DEFLECTION EQUATIONS

 General Case
 Stiffness Coefficients
 Stiffness Coefficients Derivation
 Fixed-End Moments
 Pin-Supported End Span
 Typical Problems
 Analysis of Beams
 Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway
 Analysis of Frames: Sidesway

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Slope – Deflection Equations

i P j k
w C
j

settlement = j

i P j
Mij w Mji

i

 j

2
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Degrees of Freedom

M


A B 1 DOF: 

L

P

A
B
C
2 DOF:  , 





















3
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Stiffness

kAA  kBA

A B
L

4EI
k AA 
L

2EI
k BA 
L

4
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kAB kBB

A B
L

4EI
k BB 
L

2EI
k AB 
L

5
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Fixed-End Forces
Fixed-End Moments: Loads
P

PL L/2 L/2 PL
8 8
L

P P
2 2

w
wL2 wL2
12 12
L
wL wL
2 2

6
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General Case i j k
P
w C
j

settlement = j

i P j
Mij w Mji

i

 j

7
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
P 
i w j 
Mij 
Mji
i
L settlement = j
 j

4EI 2EI  

 i  j  M Mji 
2EI
 i 
4EI
j
L L ij
L L
j
i
+
(MFij) (MFji)


settlement = j
+
P
w
(MFij)Load (MFji)Load

 
4EI 2EI 2EI 4EI
M ij  ( ) i  ( ) j  (M F ij )   (M F ij ) Load , M ji  ( ) i  ( ) j  (M F ji )   (M F ji ) Load 8
L L L L
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Equilibrium Equations

i P j k
w C
j

Mji Cj M
jk

Mji Mjk

 M j  0 :  M ji  M jk  C j  0

9
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Stiffness Coefficients

Mij i j Mji
L
j
i

4EI
kii  2EI
L k ji   i
L
1

+
2EI
kij 
L k jj 
4EI  j
L
1

10
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Matrix Formulation

4EI  2EI 
M ij  ( ) i  ( ) j  (M F ij )
L L
2EI  4EI 
M ji  ( ) i  ( ) j  (M F ji )
L L

 M ij  (4EI / L) (2EI / L)   iI  M ij 

F

M         F 
 ji  (2EI / L) (4EI / L)   j  M ji

k kij 
k    ii  
k ji k jj 






Stiffness Matrix

11
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
P 
i w j 
Mij 
Mji
i [M ]  [K ][ ]  [FEM ]
L
j j ([M ]  [FEM ])  [K ][ ]

[ ]  [K ]1[M ]  [FEM ]
Mij Mji
j
i
Fixed-end moment
+ Stiffness matrix matrix
(MFij) (MFji) 

[D] = [K]-1([Q] - [FEM])
+
P Displacement Force matrix
(MF ij)Load w (MFji) Load matrix

12
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Stiffness Coefficients Derivation: Fixed-End Support
Mi i Mj

Real beam
i j
L
Mi  M j Mi  M j
L L
L/3 M jL Mj
2EI EI
Conjugate beam
Mi
EI Mi L
 2EI

MiL L M j L 2L From (1) and (2);

 M ' i  0 :  ( )( )  ( )( )  0
2EI 3 2EI 3 4EI
Mi  ( ) i
M i  2M j    (1) L
2EI 
Mi L M jL Mj ( ) i
  Fy  0 :  i  ( )( )  0    (2) L
2EI 2EI 13
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Stiffness Coefficients Derivation: Pinned-End Support
Mi
i
Real beam
i j
j
L
Mi Mi
L L
2L
3
Conjugate beam
Mi
EI Mi L
i 2EI j

 M ' j  0 : (
M i L 2L 
)( )   i L  0   F y  0 : (
MiL ML
)  ( i )  j  0
2EI 3 3EI 2EI
 

ML
 i ( i )   MiL
3EI


j ( )
 6EI
MiL 3EI
i  1  ( )  M i 
3EI L 14
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Fixed end moment : Point Load
P Real beam Conjugate beam
A B

A L B
M M
M EI EI

M
EI ML
M 2EI

M
ML EI
P 2EI
PL2 PL PL2
16EI 4EI 16EI

ML ML 2 PL2 PL
  Fy  0 :     0, M 
2EI 2EI 16EI 8 15
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PL PL
8 L 8
P P
P/2
2 2

P/2
PL/8

-PL/8 -PL/8

-
-PL/8 -PL/16

-
-PL/16
-PL/8
PL/4  PL  PL PL PL
  
+ 16 16 4 8
16
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Uniform load
w Real beam Conjugate beam

A B
A L B
M M
M EI EI

M
EI ML
M 2EI

M
ML EI
2EI
wL3 wL2 wL3
w 24EI 8EI 24EI

ML ML 2 wL3 wL2
  Fy  0 :     0, M 
2EI 2EI 24EI 12 71
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Settlements
M
Mi = Mj Real beam Mj Conjugate beam EI
L
A B

Mi  M j  
M
L Mi  M j
M EI
L

M
EI ML
ML
2EI M
2EI
M EI







ML L ML 2L
 M B  0 :    ( )( )  ( )( )  0,
2EI 3 2EI 3
6EI
M  18
L2
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Pin-Supported End Span: Simple Case
P w
B
A
L
2EI  4EI 
4EI  2EI  A  B
A  B L L
L L
A
B
A + B

P
w
(FEM)AB (FEM)BA

A B
M AB  0  (4EI / L) A  (2EI / L) B  (FEM ) AB    (1)

M BA  0  (2EI / L) A  (4EI / L) B  (FEM ) BA    (2)

2(2)  (1) : 2M BA  (6EI / L) B  2(FEM ) BA  (FEM ) BA

(FEM ) BA
M BA  (3EI / L) B  (FEM ) BA 
2 19
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Pin-Supported End Span: With End Couple and Settlement
P w
MA
B
A
L 
2EI  4EI 
4EI  2EI 
A  B A  B
L L L L
A
B
A P B
w
(MF AB)load (M F BA)load

A B
(MF (MF BA) 
AB) B
A




4EI  2EI 
M AB  M A  A   B  (M AB
F
) load  (M ABF
)     (1)
L L
2EI  4EI 
M BA  A   B  (M BAF
) load  (M BA
F
)     (2)
L L
2(2)  (1) 3EI   1 1 M
E lim inate  A by : M BA   B  [(M BA
F
) load  (M AB F
) load ]  (M BA
F
)  A
2 L 2 2 2 20
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Fixed-End Moments
Fixed-End Moments: Loads
P

PL L/2 L/2 PL
8 8


P 


3PL
)] 
L/2 L/2 PL 1 PL
 ( )[(
8 2 8 16

wL2 wL2
12 12

wL2 1 wL 2
wL 2
 ( )[( )] 
12 2 12 8
21
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Typical Problem CB P2
P1 w

A C
B
L1 L2

wL2
PL P PL w wL2
12
8 8 12

L L

0
4EI  2EI  PL
M AB  A   B  0  1 1
L1 L1 8
0 PL
2EI  4EI 
M BA  A  B  0  1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4EI  2EI  P2 L2 wL2
M BC  B   C  0  
L2 L2 

8 12
0
 P2 L2 wL2
2
2EI  4EI 
M CB  B  C  0  
L2 L2 8 12
22
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CB P2
P1 w

A C
B
L1 L2

MBA CB M
BC

2EI  4EI  PL
M BA  A  B  0  1 1
L1 L1 8
2
4EI  2EI  P L wL
M BC  B   C  0  2 2  2
L2 L2 8 12

 M B  0 : C B  M BA  M BC  0  Solve for  B

23
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CB P2
P1 w
MBA
A C M
CB
B MBC
L1 L2

Substitute B in MAB, MBA, MBC, MCB


0 
4EI  2EI  PL
M AB  A   B  0  1 1
L1 L1 8
0 PL
2EI  4EI 
M BA  A  B  0  1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4EI  2EI  P2 L2 wL2
M BC  B   C  0  
L2 L2 

8 12
0
 P2 L2 wL2
2
2EI  4EI 
M CB  B  C  0  
L2 L2 8 12

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CB
P1 P2
w
MBA
MAB
MCB
A MBC C
Ay B Cy
L1 L2

By = ByL + ByR

B C
P1 P2
MBA MCB
MAB A B MBC

Ay ByL ByR Cy
L1 L2

25
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Example of Beams

Example 1

Draw the quantitative shear , bending moment diagrams and qualitative

deflected curve for the beam shown. EI is constant.

10 kN 6 kN/m

A C

4m 4m B 6m

27
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10 kN 6 kN/m

A C

4m 4m B 6m
PL P wL2 wL2
8 PL w
8 30 20
FEM
MBA MBC
[M] = [K][Q] + [FEM]

B
0
4EI  2EI  (10)(8)  M B  0 :  M BA  M BC  0
M AB  A  B 
8 8 8
 4EI 4EI  (6)(6 2 )
0
2EI 4EI  (10)(8) (  ) B 10  0
M BA   A  B  8 6 30
8 8 8
B 
2.4
0
4EI  2EI  (6)(6 2 ) EI
M BC  B  C 
6 6 30 Substitute B in the moment equations:
0 MAB = 10.6 kN•m, MBC = 8.8 kN•m
2EI  4EI  (6)(6) 2
M CB  B   C 
6 6 20 MBA = - 8.8 kN•m, MCB = -10 kN•m 28
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10 kN 6 kN/m
8.8 kN•m
10.6 kN•m
A C 10 kN•m
8.8 kN•m
4m 4m B 6m

MAB = 10.6 kN•m, MBC = 8.8 kN•m

MBA = - 8.8 kN•m, MCB= -10 kN•m 2m

10 kN 18 kN
6 kN/m
A B 8.8 kN•m B
10.6 kN•m
10 kN•m
8.8 kN•m
Ay = 5.23 kN ByL = 4.78 kN ByR = 5.8 kN Cy = 12.2 kN

29
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10 kN 6 kN/m
10.6 kN•m 10 kN•m
A C

5.23 kN 4m 4m B 6m 12.2 kN

4.78 + 5.8 = 10.58 kN

5.8
5.23
V (kN)
+ + x (m)
-
-
- 4.78

10.3 
-12.2

M 

(kN•m) +  x (m)
- - -
-10.6 -8.8 -10
2.4
 B 
EI
Deflected shape x (m)
30
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Example 2

Draw the quantitative shear , bending moment diagrams and qualitative

deflected curve for the beam shown. EI is constant.

10 kN 6 kN/m

A C

4m 4m B 6m

31
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10 kN 6 kN/m

A C

4m 4m B 6m
PL P wL2 wL2
8 PL w
8 30 20
FEM
[M] = [K][Q] + [FEM] 10
0 4EI
A 
2EI  (10)(8)
M AB  B     (1)
8 8 8
10
2EI  4EI  (10)(8)
M BA  A  B     (2)
8 8 8
4EI  2EI  0 (6)(6 2 )
M BC  B   C     (3)
6 6 30
2EI  4EI  0 (6)(6) 2
M CB  B   C     (4)
6 6 20
6EI 
2(2)  (1) : 2M BA   B  30
8
3EI
M BA   B  15    (5)
8 32
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MBA MBC

B
4EI  (6)(6 2) Substitute A and B in (5), (3) and (4):
M BC  B     (3)
6 30
2
MBA = - 12.19 kN•m
2EI  (6)(6)
M CB  B     (4)
6 20 MBC = 12.19 kN•m
3EI 
M BA   B  15    (5) MCB = - 8.30 kN•m
8
 M B  0 :  M BA  M BC  0

3EI 4EI (6)(6 2 )

(  ) B  15   0    (6)
8 6 30
7.488
 B 
EI
4EI  2EI 
Substitute  B in (1) : 0  A   B 10
8 8
 23.74
 A 
EI 33
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10 kN 6 kN/m
12.19 kN•m
A C 8.30 kN•m
12.19 kN•m
4m 4m B 6m

MBA = - 12.19 kN•m, MBC = 12.19 kN•m, MCB = - 8.30 kN•m

2m
10 kN 18 kN
6 kN/m
B
A B 12.19 kN•m
C
8.30 kN•m
12.19 kN•m
Ay = 3.48 kN ByL = 6.52 kN ByR = 6.65 kN Cy = 11.35 kN

34
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10 kN 6 kN/m

A C

3.48 kN 4m 4m B 6m 11.35 kN

6.52 + 6.65 = 13.17 kN

6.65
V (kN) 3.48
x (m)

- 6.52
-11.35
14
M
(kN•m) x (m)
-8.3
-12.2 7.49
 B 
EI
Deflected shape x (m)
 23.74
 A  35
EI
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Example 3

Draw the quantitative shear , bending moment diagrams and qualitative

deflected curve for the beam shown. EI is constant.

10 kN 4 kN/m

A C
2EI 3EI
B
4m 4m 6m

36
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10 kN 4 kN/m

A C
2EI 3EI
(10)(8)/8 B (4)(62)/12 (4)(62)/12
(10)(8)/8
4m 4m 6m

0 10
4(2EI )  2(2EI )  (10)(8)
M AB  A  B     (1)
8 8 8 10
2(2EI )  4(2EI )  (10)(8)
M BA  A  B     (2)
8 8 15 8
2(2)  (1) 3(2EI )  (3 / 2)(10)(8)
: M BA  B     (2a)
2 8 8
12
4(3EI )  (4)(6 2)
M BC  B     (3)
6 12

37
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10 kN 4 kN/m

A C
2EI 3EI
(3/2)(10)(8)/8 B (4)(62)/12 (4)(62)/12
4m 4m 6m

15
3(2EI )  (3 / 2)(10)(8)
M BA  B     (2a)
8 8
12
2
4(3EI )  (4)(6 )
M BC  B     (3)
6 12

 M BA  M BC  0 : 2.75EI B  12  15  3
 B  1.091/ EI

3(2 EI ) 1.091
M BA  ( ) 15  14.18 kN  m
8 EI
4(3EI ) 1.091
M BC  ( ) 12  14.18 kN  m
6 EI
2(3EI ) 
M CB   B 12  10.91 kN  m
6 38
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10 kN 4 kN/m

A C 10.91
2EI 14.18 14.18 3EI
B
4m 4m 6m

MBA = - 14.18 kN•m, MBC = 14.18 kN•m, MCB = -10.91 kN•m

10 kN 24 kN

A B 14.18 kN•m
140.18 kN•m 10.91 kN•m
C
Ay = 3.23 kN ByL = 6.73 kN ByR = 12.55 kN Cy = 11.46 kN

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10 kN 4 kN/m

A C 10.91 kN•m
2EI 3EI
3.23 kN B
4m 6m 11.46 kN
4m

6.77 + 12.55 = 19.32 kN

12.55
V (kN) 2.86
3.23
+ + x (m)
- -
-6.73 -11.46
12.91
M 5.53
(kN•m) + + x (m)
- -
-10.91
-14.18
B = 1.091/EI
Deflected shape x (m)

40
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Example 4

Draw the quantitative shear , bending moment diagrams and qualitative

deflected curve for the beam shown. EI is constant.

10 kN 12 kN•m 4 kN/m

A C
2EI 3EI
B
4m 4m 6m

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10 kN 12 kN•m 4 kN/m

A C
2EI 3EI
2
1.5PL/8 = 15 B wL /12 = 12 wL2/12 = 12
4m 4m 6m

3(2EI )   0 -3.273/EI
M BA   B  15    (1) 4(2EI )  2(3EI )  (10)(8)
8 M AB  A  B 
4(3EI ) 8 8 8
M BC   B  12    (2) 7.21
6 A  
EI 
2(3EI ) 
M CB   B 12    (3) 3.273
6 M BA  0.75EI ( ) 15  17.45 kN  m
12 kN•m EI
MBA MBA 3.273
M BC  2EI ( )  12  5.45 kN  m
EI
B MBC MBC 3.273
M CB  EI ( )  12  15.27 kN  m
EI
Jo int B :  M BA  M BC  12  0

 (0.75EI  15)  (2EI B  12)  12  0

3.273
B   42
EI
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3.273
M BA  0.75EI ( ) 15  17.45 kN  m
EI


3.273
M BC  2EI ( )  12  5.45 kN  m
EI
3.273
M CB  EI ( )  12  15.27 kN  m
EI

10 kN 24 kN
4 kN/m
A B 5.45 kN•m
17.45 kN•m
15.27 kN•m
C
2.82 kN 7.18 kN 10.36 kN 13.64 kN

10 kN 12 kN•m 4 kN/m

A C 15.27 kN•m
B
2.82 kN 13.64 kN
17.54 kN
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10 kN 12 kN•m 4 kN/m

A C 15.27 kN•m
2EI 3EI
B 7.21
2.82 kN 13.64 kN  A  
4m 17.54 kN EI
4m 6m
3.273
B  
10.36 EI

V (kN) 2.82
+ + 3.41 m x (m)
- -
-7.18
-13.64
11.28 7.98
M
(kN•m) + + x (m)
- -5.45 -
-17.45 -15.27

Deflected shape x (m)

 

 7.21  B 
3.273
 A 
EI EI
44
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Example 5

Draw the quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative

deflected curve for the beam shown. Support B settles 10 mm, and EI is
constant. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200x106 mm4.

10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
A C
2EI 3EI
10 mm
4m 4m 6m

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10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
A C
2EI 3EI
10 mm 6EI
4m 4m 6m
6EI A L2
L2 6EI 6EI
 L2 L2

 

PL P PL wL2 wL2
w
8 8 30 30
[FEM]load
-12
4(2EI )  2(2EI )  6(2EI )(0.01) (10)(8)
M AB  A  B      (1)
8 8 82 8
2(2EI )  4(2EI )  6(2EI )(0.01) (10)(8)
M BA  A  B      (2)
8 8 82 8
0
4(3EI )  2(3EI )  6(3EI )(0.01) (6)(6 2)
M BC  B  C  2
    (3)
6 6 0 6 30
2(3EI )  4(3EI )  6(3EI )(0.01) (6)(6) 2
M CB  B  C  2
    (4)
6 6 6 30 46
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10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
A C
2EI 3EI
10 mm
4m 4m 6m

4(2EI )  2(2EI )  6(2EI )(0.01) (10)(8)

M AB  A  B  2
    (1)
8 8 8 8
2(2EI )  4(2EI )  6(2EI )(0.01) (10)(8)
M BA  A  B      (2)
8 8 82 8
Substitute EI = (200x106 kPa)(200x10-6 m4) = 200x200 kN• m2 :

4(2EI )  2(2EI ) 
M AB  A   B  75  10    (1)
8 8
2(2EI )  4(2EI ) 
M BA  A   B  75  10    (2)
8 8
16.5
2(2)  (1) 3(2EI ) 
: M BA   B  75  (75 / 2) 10  (10 / 2) 12 / 2    (2a)
2 8
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10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
A C
2EI 3EI
10 mm
4m 4m 6m

MBA = (3/4)(2EI)B + 16.5

MBC = (4/6)(3EI)B - 192.8

+ MB = 0: - MBA - MBC = 0 (3/4 + 2)EIB + 16.5 - 192.8 = 0

MBA MBC B = 64.109/ EI

Substitute B in (1): A = -129.06/EI
B
Substitute A and B in (5), (3), (4):
MBA = 64.58 kN•m,

MBC = -64.58 kN•m

MCB = -146.69 kN•m
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10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
C 146.69 kN•m
A
64.58 kN•m 64.58 kN•m

4m 4m 6m

MBA = 64.58 kN•m,

MBC = -64.58 kN•m

MCB = -146.69 kN•m 2m

10 kN 18 kN
12 kN•m
64.58 kN•m 6 kN/m
64.58 kN•m
A B 146.69 kN•m
B C

Ay = 11.57 kN ByL = -1.57 kN ByR = -29.21 kN Cy = 47.21 kN

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10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m

A C 146.69 kN•m
2EI 3EI
11.57 kN B
47.21 kN
4m 4m 6m
A = -129.06/EI
1.57 + 29.21 = 30.78 kN B = 64.109/ EI
V (kN) 11.57
1.57 x (m)
+
-
-29.21
-47.21
58.29 64.58
12
M
+ x (m)
(kN•m)
-

-146.69
Deflected shape x (m)
10 mm
A = -129.06/EI B = 64.109/ EI 50
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Example 6

For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the slope-deflection
method to
(a)Determine all the slopes at supports
(b)Determine all the reactions at supports
(c)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape. (3 points)
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.

12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m

51
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12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
6 kN/m
6(32 )
 4.5 4.5
12
C MFw A
6(1.5  200  50)(0.01) C
32
0.01 m
 100 kN  m 100 kN  m
MF
A
4(2EI ) 
M CB  C    (1)
3
4(1.5EI )  2(1.5EI ) 
M CA  C   A  4.5  100    (2)
3 3
12
2(1.5EI )  4(1.5EI ) 
M AC  C   A  4.5  100    (3)
3 3


2(2)  (2) 3(1.5EI )  3(4.5) 100 12

: M CA  C       (2a)
2 3 2 2 2 52
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12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m

4(2EI ) 
M CB   C    (1)
3 

3(1.5EI )  3(4.5) 100 12

M CA  C       (2a)
3 2 2 2
• Equilibrium equation:
MCB MCA
M CB  M CA  0
(8  4.5)EI  3(4.5) 100 12 
C C    0
3 
2 2 2
15.06
 C   0.0015 rad

EI 

Substitute C in eq.(3)  2(1.5EI ) 15.06 4(1.5EI )  

12  ( )  A  4.5  100    (3)
3 EI 3
 34.22
 A   0.0034 rad
EI 53
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12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m

15.06  34.22
 C   0.0015 rad  A   0.0034 rad
EI EI
2(2EI )  2(2EI )  15.06
M BC  C  ( )  20.08 kN  m
3 3 EI
4(2EI )  4(2EI ) 15.06
M CB  C  ( )  40.16 kN  m
3 3 EI
20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m
B C
40.16  20.08
20.08 kN  20.08 kN
3
18 kN
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
54
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12 kN•m
6 kN/m
 C  0.0015 rad B A
C 1.5EI
 A  0.0034 rad 2EI 10 mm
3m 3m
20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m
B C
12 kN•m
20.08 kN 20.08 kN
6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
V (kN) 26.39
+ 8.39
x (m)
-

M (kN•m) -20.08
20.08 12
x (m)

-40.16
Deflected shape
 C  0.0015 rad
x (m)
 A  0.0034 rad 55
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Example 7

For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the

slope-deflection method to
(a)Determine all the slopes at supports
(b)Determine all the reactions at supports
(c)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.

12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m

56
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12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m



C EI C C
B 
 C C 6(1.5EI ) C 


4EI C

 EI
3 6 kN/m 
6(2EI ) C  4EI C 

3 2
3 4.5 6(32)
 4.5
C A 12
100 C
M BC 
2(2EI )  4EI 
C  C    (1) 6(1.5  200 
0.01 m
3 3 50)(0.01)
32
M CB 
4(2EI )  4EI 
C  C    (2) A  100 kN  m
3 3
4(1.5EI )  2(1.5EI ) 
M CA  C   A  EI C  4.5  100  (3)
3 3
12
2(1.5EI )  4(1.5EI ) 
M AC  C   A  EI C  4.5  100  (4)
3 3 C
2(3)  (4) 2 3(1. 5EI )  3
: M CA  
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EI 3(4.5) 12
  C    
2 2 100 2 (3a) 57
2

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12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
• Equilibrium equation: 18 kN
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
MBC MCB MCA
B C C A
Ay
By M BC  M CB M  12  18(1.5)  M CA  39
(C y ) CB  ( ) (C y ) CA  CA 
3 3 3
MCB MCA
M C  0 : M CB  M CA  0    (1*)
C y  0 : (C y ) CB  (C y ) CA  0    (2*)
C
(Cy)CB (Cy)CA

Substitute in (1*) 4.167 EI C  0.8333EI C  62.15    (5)

Substitute in (2*)  2.5EI C  3.167 EI C  101.75    (6)
From (5) and (6)  C  25.51 / EI  0.00255 rad  C  52.27 / EI  5.227 mm 58
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12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
• Solve equation
 25.51 Substitute C and C in (1), (2) and (3a)
 C   0.00255 rad
EI
M BC  35.68 kN  m


 52.27
 C   5.227 mm
EI M CB  1.67 kN  m
Substitute C and C in (4) M CA  1.67 kN  m
 2.86
 A   0.000286 rad
EI
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B A 
C 1.5EI
2EI 18(4.5) 12  35.68
B y  18  5.55 Ay 
3m 3m 6
 12.45 kN  5.55 kN
59
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12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
12.45 kN
3m 3m 5.55 kN

V (kN) 12.45 0.925 m

 C  0.00255 rad +
x (m)
 C  5.227 mm
-5.55
 A  0.000286 rad
M (kN•m) 14.57 12
1.67 +
x (m)
-

-35.68
Deflected shape  C  5.227 mm
x (m)
 C  0.00255 rad
 A  0.000286 rad
60
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Example of Frame: No Sidesway

61
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Example 6

For the frame shown, use the slope-deflection method to

(a) Determine the end moments of each member and reactions at supports
(b) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagram, and also draw the
qualitative deflected shape of the entire frame.

10 kN 12 kN/m
C
B 2EI
3m
3EI
40 kN

3m
A

1m 6m

62
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10 kN 36/2 = 18 12 kN/m
• Equilibrium equations
C
10
B 36 2EI 2
3m PL/8 = 30 (wL /12 ) =36 MBC
3EI
40 kN MBA
3m
A PL/8 = 30 10  M BA  M BC  0    (1*)

1m 6m Substitute (2) and (3) in (1*)

10  3EI B  30  54  0
• Slope-Deflection Equations
14   4.667
2(3EI )   B  
M AB   B  30    (1) (3EI ) EI
6
 4.667
4(3EI )  Substitute  B  in (1) to (3)
M BA   B  30    (2) EI
6
M  25.33 kN  m
AB
3(2EI ) 
M BC   B  36  18    (3) M BA  39.33 kN  m
6
M BC  49.33 kN  m
63
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10 kN 12 kN/m 20.58
C
10
-39.3
B 49.33 2EI -49.33
3m 39.33
3EI
40 kN MAB = 25.33 kN•m 27.7

3m MBA = -39.33 kN•m

A 25.33 -25.33
MBC = 49.33 kN•m
1m 6m Bending moment diagram
12 kN/m
B
B C
49.33
B = -4.667/EI
B
B 39.33 27.78 kN

40 kN

A 17.67 kN
Deflected curve
25.33 64
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Example 7

Draw the quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams and qualitative

deflected curve for the frame shown. E = 200 GPa.

25 kN
5 kN/m
B E
240(106) mm4 C 180(106)

5m
120(106) mm4 60(106) mm4

A D
3m 3m 4m

65
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25 kN
5 kN/m
PL/8 = 18.75 18.75
B E
240(106) mm4 C 180(106)
6.667+ 3.333 (wL2/12 ) = 6.667
5m
120(106) mm4 60(106) mm4

A D
3m 3m 4m

0 2(2EI )
B
4(2EI )
M AB   A 
5 5 M BA  M BC  0
0
2(2EI ) 4(2EI )
M BA   A  B  8 16 8
5 5  (  )EI B  ( )EI C  18.75    (1)
 5 6 6
4(4EI )  2(4EI ) 
M BC  B  C  18.75
6 6 M CB  M CD  M CE  0

2(4EI )  4(4EI ) 
M CB  B  C  18.75 8 16 3 9
( )EI B  (   )EI C  8.75    (2)
6 6 6 6 5 4
3(EI ) 
M CD  C  5.29
C 
2.86
5 From (1) and (2) :  B 
EI EI
3(3EI )
M CE   C  10 66
4
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Substitute B = -1.11/EI, c = -20.59/EI below

4(2EI ) 0 2(2EI )  MAB =  kN•m

M AB  A  B
5 5 
0
2(2EI )  4(2EI )  MBA = 8.46 kN•m
M BA  A  B
5 5
4(4EI )  2(4EI )  MBC = 8.46 kN•m
M BC  B   C  18.75
6 6

M CB 
2(4EI )  4(4EI ) 
B  C  18.75 MCB = 18.18 kN•m
6 6
3(EI )  MCD =  kN•m
M CD  C
5
3(3EI )  MCE = 16.44 kN•m
M CE   C  10
4

67
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MAB = -4.23 kN•m, MBA = -8.46 kN•m, MBC = 8.46 kN•m, MCB = -18.18 kN•m,
MCD = 1.72 kN•m, MCE = 16.44 kN•m
20 kN
25 kN
16.44 kN•m
2.54 kN B 3m 3m C 2.54 kN 2.54-0.34 C E 2.2 kN

8.46 kN•m =2.2 kN

18.18 kN•m
(25(3)+8.46-18.18)/6 14.12 kN (20(2)+16.44)/4 5.89 kN
= 10.88 kN = 14.11 kN

10.88 kN 14.12+14.11=28.23 kN
8.46 kN•m 1.72 kN•m
B B (1.72)/5 = 0.34 kN
(8.46 + 4.23)/5
= 2.54 kN
5m 5m

A 2.54 kN A 0.34 kN
4.23 kN•m
10.88 kN 28.23 kN
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24.18
14.11 1.29 m 2.33 m
10.88
1.18 m +
+ 0.78 m 3.46
+
1.72 +
-2.54 -
2.82 m -8.46 -
- -
-5.89 -8.46 - 1.18 m
- -14.12 -16.44
+
-18.18
1.67m
-2.54 0.34 + Moment diagram
4.23

Shear diagram
1.29 m 2.33 m
0.78 m

B = 5.29/EI 1.18 m

C = /EI
1.67m

Deflected curve
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Example 8

Determine the moments at each joint of the frame and draw the quantitative
bending moment diagrams and qualitative deflected curve . The joints at A and
D are fixed and joint C is assumed pin-connected. EI is constant for each member

3m
B C
1m
10 kN

3m

A D

71

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
• Overview 


C • Unknowns 
B 
1m 
10 kN B and 

• Boundary Conditions
3m
MDC A = D = 0
MAB
A Ax D D
x • Equilibrium Conditions
3m
- Joint B
Ay Dy
B

MBA MBC

M B  0 : M BA  M BC  0    (1*)

- Entire Frame

 Fx  0 : 10  Ax  Dx  0    (2*)
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

  
 MAB

(0.375EI) 

C 
B 
B C
1m
10 kN (0.375EI) 10 kN
(5.625)load
4m 4m
3m
(1.875)load (1/2)(0.375EI)
(0.375EI) A D
A D Ax Dx
(0.375EI) 
3m
• Slope-Deflection Equations MBA MDC

5.625 0.375EI
2(EI )  10(3)(12 ) 6EI  M B  0 :
M AB  B   2    (1)
4 42 4 (M AB  M BA )
5.625 0.375EI Ax 
4(EI )  10(32 )(1) 6EI 4
M BA  B  2
 2    (2) Ax  0.375EI B  0.1875EI  1.563    (5)
4 4 4
3(EI ) 
M BC  B    (3)
3  M C  0 :
 
1 
M DC  0.375EI  0.375EI  0.1875EI    (4) Dx 
M DC
 0.0468EI    (6)
2 4 73
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Equilibrium Conditions: • Solve equation

M BA  M BC  0    (1*) Substitute (2) and (3) in (1*)
10  Ax  Dx  0    (2*)
2EI B + 0.375EI   5.625 ----(7)
Slope-Deflection Equations: Substitute (5) and (6) in (2*)

2(EI ) 
M AB  B  5.625  0.375EI    (1)  0.375EI B  0.235EI  8.437    (8)
4

4(EI ) 
M BA   B  5.625  0.375EI    (2) From (7) and (8) can solve;
4
3(EI )   5.6 44.8
M BC   B    (3)  B   
3 EI EI

M DC  0.1875EI    (4)  5.6 44.8
Substitute B  and   in (1)to (6)
EI EI

Horizontal reaction at supports: MAB = 15.88 kN•m

Ax  0.375EI B  0.1875EI  1.563    (5) MBA = 5.6 kN•m
MBC = -5.6 kN•m
Dx  0.0468EI    (6) MDC = 8.42 kN•m
Ax = 7.9 kN
Dx = 2.1 kN
74
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B C
1m MAB = 15.88 kN•m, MBA = 5.6 kN•m,
10 kN
5.6 MBC = -5.6 kN•m, MDC = 8.42 kN•m,
Ax = 7.9 kN, Dx = 2.1 kN,
3m
15.88 8.42
A 7.9 kN D 2.1 kN
3m

5.6  = 44.8/EI  = 44.8/EI

5.6 C C
B B
7.8 B = -5.6/EI

A 15.88 D A D
8.42
Bending moment diagram Deflected curve 75
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Example 9

From the frame shown use the slope-deflection method to:

(a) Determine the end moments of each member and reactions at supports
(b) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagram, and also draw the
qualitative deflected shape of the entire frame.

B C pin

2 EI
10 kN
EI 2.5 EI 4m
2m
A D
4m 3m

76
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• Overview 

B  2EI
C´ • Unknowns 
BC 

B´ C  B and 
10 kN
EI 2.5EI 4m • Boundary Conditions
2m MDC
MAB
A Ax
D
Dx A = D = 0
Ay Dy
4m 3m • Equilibrium Conditions
- Joint B
B

MBA MBC

M B  0 : M BA  M BC  0    (1*)

- Entire Frame

 Fx  0 : 10  Ax  Dx  0    (2*)
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• Slope-Deflection Equation
C´
B  =  / cos 36.87° = 1.25 
5 BC
C´
B´ 2EI C  CD
10 kN 36.87° BC =  tan 36.87° = 0.75 
EI 2.5EI 4m 36.87°
2m C 
PL/8 = 5 D 

A
4m 3m 2(EI )
M AB   B  0.375EI  5    (1)


0.375EI 

4

(6)(2.5EI)(1.25)/(5)2 = 0.75EI 

B C´ BA B
4
´ C 3(2EI ) 

B´ M BC   B  0.2813EI    (3)
4

 
A 
D 
0.75EI (1/2) 0.75EI
6EI/(4) 2 = 0.375EI

C´ (6)(2EI)(0.75)/(4) 2 = 0.5625EI
0.5625EI 



B BC= 0.75 
B´ C
(1/2) 0.5625EI
78
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• Horizontal reactions
B 2 EI pin
C
10 kN
EI 2.5 EI 4m
2m
A D
4m 3m

MBC B C
MBA
MBC
B
MBC 4
10 kN
4
C
A Ax = (MBA+ MAB-20)/4 -----(5)
MAB Dx= (MDC-(3/4)MBC)/4 ---(6)
D
MDC
MBC/4 79
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Equilibrium Conditions: • Solve equations

M BA  M BC  0    (1*) Substitute (2) and (3) in (1*)
10  Ax  Dx  0    (2*)
2.5EI B  0.0938EI  5  0    (7)

Slope-Deflection Equation: Substitute (5) and (6) in (2*)

2(EI )  6EI
M AB  B  5  2     (1) 0.0938EI B  0.334EI  5  0    (8)
4 4
4(EI )    6EI From (7) and (8) can solve;
M BA  B  5  2    (2)
4 4 1.45  14.56
3(2EI )  3(2EI )(0.75)  B   
M BC  B  2
   (3) EI EI
4 4
1.45 14.56
3(2.5EI )(1.25) Substitute B  and   in (1)to (6)
M DC     (4) EI EI
52
Horizontal reactions at supports: MAB = 15.88 kN•m
(M BA  M AB  20) MBA = 5.6 kN•m
Ax     (5) MBC = -5.6 kN•m
4
MDC = 8.42 kN•m
3
M DC  M BC Ax = 7.9 kN
Dx  4    (6) Dx = 2.1 kN
4 80
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MAB = 11.19 kN•m

B 1.912 EI pin MBA = 1.91 kN•m
1.91
C MBC = -1.91 kN•m
10 kN
4m MDC = 5.46 kN•m
EI 2.5 EI
2m 11.19 kN•m
5.46 Ax = 8.28 kN•m
A 8.27 kN 1.73 Dx = 1.72 kN•m
D
0.478 kN 0.478 kN
4m 3m
 
1.91 B=1.45/EI
B B
1.91 C C

5.35 B=1.45/EI
5.46
A 11.19 A
D D

Bending-moment diagram Deflected shape

81
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Example 10

From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams, and
qualitative deflected curve.

20 kN/m 3m
B pin
C
3EI

3m 2EI
4EI 4m

A
D

82
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• Overview
  • Unknowns
B
B and 
20 kN/m C
3EI
• Boundary Conditions

A = D = 0
3m 2EI 4EI
4m
• Equilibrium Conditions

A - Joint B
[FEM]load D B
3m
MBA MBC

M B  0 : M BA  M BC  0    (1*)

- Entire Frame

 Fx  0 : 60  Ax  Dx  0    (2*)
83
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• Slope-Deflection Equation
3m  
B B C
6(2EI)/(3)2
20 kN/m C
3EI = 1.333EI 1.5EI
wL2/12 = 15
3m 2EI 4EI
4m
wL2/12 = 15 6(2EI)/(3) 2
= 1.333EI 6(4EI)/(4) 2
A A = 1.5EI
D (1/2)(1.5EI
[FEM]load

  

0   [FEM]

  
D
4(2EI ) 2(2EI ) 
M AB   A   B  15  1.333EI  1.333EI B  15  1.333EI ----------(1)
3 3 



0  
2(2EI ) 4(2EI ) 
M BA   A   B 15  1.333EI  2.667 EI B  15  1.333EI ----------(2)
3 3
3(3EI )   3EI
M BC  B B ----------(3)
3
0  
3(4EI ) 
M DC   D  0.75EI  0.75EI ----------(4)
4
84
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• Horizontal reactions

MAB

C
B  M B  0 :
1.5 m M BA  M AB  60(1.5)
60 kN Ax 
4m 3
Ax  1.333EI B  0.889EI  30    (5)
1.5 m
A
Ax D Dx + MC = 0:
MDC M DC
MBA Dx   0.188EI    (6)
4

85
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Equilibrium Conditions • Solve equation

M BA  M BC  0    (1*) Substitute (2) and (3) in (1*)

60  Ax  Dx  0    (2*)
5.667 EI B  1.333EI  15    (7)

Equation of moment Substitute (5) and (6) in (2*)



M AB  1.333EI B  15  1.333EI    (1) 1.333EI B 1.077EI  30    (8)



From (7) and (8), solve equations;
M BA  2.667 EI B  15  1.333EI    (2)
 5.51 34.67
M BC  3EI B    (3)  B  
EI EI
M DC  0.75EI    (4)  5.51 34.67
Substitute B  and   in (1)to (6)
EI EI
Horizontal reaction at support M AB  53.87 kN  m
M BA  16.52 kN  m
Ax  1.333EI B  0.889EI  30    (5) M BC  16.52 kN  m
M DC  26.0 kN  m
Dx  0.188EI    (6)
Ax = 53.48 kN
Dx = 6.52 kN 86
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B 3m
C
M AB  53.87 kN  m
16.52 kN•m
M BA  16.52 kN  m
3m M BC  16.52 kN  m
53.87 kN•m 4m M DC  26.0 kN  m

53.48 kN Ax = 53.48 kN
A 26 kN•m Dx = 6.52 kN
5.55 kN D
6.52 kN
5.55 kN
16.52  


16.52
B C B C

53.87
A

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Example

The statically indeterminate beam shown in the figure is to be analysed.

 Members AB, BC, CD have the same length .

 Flexural rigidities are EI, 2EI, EI respectively.
 Concentrated load of magnitude acts at a distance from the
support A.
 Uniform load of intensity acts on BC.
 Member CD is loaded at its midspan with a concentrated load of magnitude
.

In the following calcuations, clockwise moments and rotations are positive.

Degrees of freedom

Rotation angles θA, θB, θC, θD of joints A, B, C, D respectively are taken as the unknowns. There
are no chord rotations due to other causes including support settlement.

Fixed end moments

Fixed end moments are:

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Slope deflection equations

The slope deflection equations are constructed as follows:

Joint equilibrium equations

Joints A, B, C should suffice the equilibrium condition. Therefore

Rotation angles

The rotation angles are calculated from simultaneous equations above.

Member end moments

Substitution of these values back into the slope deflection equations yields the member end
moments (in kNm):

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e-Notes by H.P.Sudarshan, SSIT, Tumkur
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Chapter-2: Slope Deflection Method

Example: Analyze the propped cantilever shown by using slope defection method.
Then draw Bending moment and shear force diagram.

Solution: End A is fixed hence A =0

End B is Hinged hence B ≠0

Assume both ends are fixed and therefore fixed end moments are
w L2 w L2
FAB   , FBA  
12 12

The Slope deflection equations for final moment at each end are
MAB  FAB 
2EI
2A  B 
L
 w L2 2EI
  B  (1)
12 L
MBA  FBA 
2EI
2B  A 
L
w L2 4EI
  B  ( 2)
12 L

In the above equations there is only one unknown B .

To solve we have boundary condition at B;
Since B is simply supported, the BM at B is zero
ie. MBA=0.
w L2 4EI
 From equation (2) MBA   B  0
12 L
w L3
 EI B   - ve sign indicates the rotation is anticlockwise
48

Substituting the value of EI B in equation (1) and (2) we have end moments

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w L2 2  w L3  w L2
MAB         - ve sign indicates moment is anticlockwise
12 L  48  8
w L2 4  w L3 
MBA     0
12 L  48 

MBA has to be zero, because it is hinged.

Now consider the free body diagram of the beam and find reactions using
equations of equilibrium.

 MB  0
L
R A  L  MAB  w L
2
w L2 L 5
  w L   w L
8 2 8
5
 RA  w L
8
V 0
R A  RB  w L
5
RB  w L R A  w L wL
8
3
 wL
8
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Problem can be treated as

The bending moment diagram for the given problem is as below

The max BM occurs where SF=0. Consider SF equation at a distance of x from

right support

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3
SX   w L w X  0
8
3
X  L
8
3
Hence the max BM occurs at L from support B
8
2
3 3 w 3 
 Mmax  MX  w L  L   L
8 8 2 8 
9
 w L2
128

And point of contra flexure occurs where BM=0, Consider BM equation at a

distance of x from right support.
3 X2
MX  w LX w 0
8 2
3
X  L
4

For shear force diagram, consider SF equation from B

3
S X   w L w X
8
3
S X  0  SB   w L
8
5
SX  L  SA   w L
8

Example: Analyze two span continuous beam ABC by slope deflection method. Then
draw Bending moment & Shear force diagram. Take EI constant

Solution: Fixed end moments are:

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 Wab 2 100  4  22
FAB     44.44KNM
L2 62
Wa 2b 100  42  2
FBA     88.89KNM
L2 62
 w L2 20  52
FBC    41.67KNM
12 12
 w L2 20  52
FCB    41.67KNM
12 12

Since A is fixed A  0 , B  0, C  0,

Slope deflection equations are:

MAB  FAB 
2EI
2 A  B 
L
2EI
 44.44  B
6
1
 44.44  EI B      (1)
3
MBA  FBA 
2EI
2B   A 
L
2EI  2B
 88.89 
6
2
 88.89  EI B      ( 2)
3
MBC  FBC 
2EI
2B  C 
L
 41.67 
2EI
2B  C 
5
4 2
 41.67  EI B  EI C      (3 )
5 5
MCB  FCB 
2EI
2C  B 
L
 41.67 
2EI
2C  B 
5
4EI 2
 41.67  C  EI B      ( 4)
5 5
In all the above four equations there are only two unknown B and C . And

accordingly the boundary conditions are

i -MBA-MBC=0
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MBA+MBC=0
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ii MCB=0 since C is end simply support.
2 4 2
Now MBA  MBC  88.89  EI B 41.67  EI B  EI C
3 5 5
22 2
 47.22  EI B  EI C  0      (5)
15 5
2 4
MCB  41.67  EI B  EI C  0      (6)
5 5
Solving simultaneous equations 5 & 6 we get
EI B = – 20.83 Rotation anticlockwise.

EI C = – 41.67 Rotation anticlockwise.

Substituting in the slope definition equations

MAB = – 44.44 +  20.83  51.38 KNM
1
3
MBA = + 88.89 +  20.83   75.00 KNM
2
3
MBC = – 41.67+  20.83   41.67  75.00 KNM
4 2
5 5
MCB = + 41.67+  20.83   41.67  0
2 4
5 5

Reactions: Consider the free body diagram of the beam.

Find reactions using equations of equilibrium.

Span AB: ΣMA = 0 RB×6 = 100×4+75-51.38

 RB = 70.60 KN
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ΣV = 0 RA+RB = 100KN
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 RA = 100-70.60=29.40 KN
5
Span BC: ΣMC = 0 RB×5 = 20×5× +75
2
 RB = 65 KN

ΣV=0 RB+RC = 20×5 = 100KN

RC = 100-65 = 35 KN

Using these data BM and SF diagram can be drawn.

Max BM:
Span AB: Max BM in span AB occurs under point load and can be found
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Mmax=113.33-51.38 -
75  51.38  4  46.20 KNM
6
Span BC:Max BM in span BC occurs where shear force is zero or changes its
sign. Hence consider SF equation w.r.t C
35
Sx = 35-20x = 0 x  =1.75m
20
Max BM occurs at 1.75m from C

1.752
 Mmax = 35 × 1.75 – 20  = 30.625 KNM
2

Example: Analyze continuous beam ABCD by slope deflection method and then draw
bending moment diagram. Take EI constant.

Solution:

 A  0, B  0, C  0

Wab 2 100  4  22
FEMS FAB      - 44.44 KN M
L2 62
Wa 2b 100  42  2
FBA       88.88 KNM
L2 62
wL2 20  5 2
FBC     - 41.67 KNM
12 12
wL2 20  5 2
F CB      41.67 KNM
12 12
FCD  20  1.5  - 30 KN M

Slope deflection equations:

MAB FAB 
2EI
2A B   44.44  1 EI B - - - - - - - --  1
L 3
MBA FBA 
2EI
2B A   88.89  2 EI B - - - - - - - --  2
L 3
MBC FBC 
2EI
2B C   41.67  4 EI B  2 EI C - - - - - - - -  3
L 5 5
2EI
2C B   41.67  4 EI C  2 EI B
MCB FCB www.Vidyarthiplus.com - - - - - - - -  4
L 5 5
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MCD  30 KNM

In the above equations we have two unknown rotations B and C , accordingly the

boundary conditions are:

MBA MBC  0
MCB MCD  0
2 4 2
Now , MBA MBC  88.89  EI B 41.67  EI B  EI C
3 5 5
- - - - - - - -  5 
22 2
 47.22  EI B  EI C  0
15 5
4 2
And, MCB MCD  41.67  EI C  EI B 30
5 5
       6 
2 4
 11.67  EI B  EI C
5 5

Solving (5) and (6) we get

EI B  32.67 Rotation @ B anticlockwise

EI C  1.75 Rotation @ B clockw ise

Substituting value of EIB and EI C in slope deflection equations we have

MAB  44.44 
1
 32.67  61.00 KNM
2
MBA  88.89   32.67  67.11 KNM
2
3
MBC  41.67   32.67   1.75  67.11 KNM
4 2
5 5
MCB  41.67  1.75   32.67  30.00 KNM
4 2
5 5
MCD  30 KNM

Reactions: Consider free body diagram of beam AB, BC and CD as shown

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Span AB
RB 6  100  4  67.11  61
RB  67.69 KN
R A  100 RB  32.31 KN

Span BC
5
RC 5  20   5  30  67.11
2
RC  42.58 KN
RB  20  5 RB  57.42 KN

Maximum Bending Moments:

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Span AB: Occurs under point load
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 67.11 61 
Max  133.33  61   4  68.26 KNM 
 6 
Span BC: where SF=0, consider SF equation with C as reference

S X  42.58  20 x  0
42.58
x  2.13 m
20
2.132
 Mmax  42.58  2.13  20   30  15.26 KN M
2

Example: Analyse the continuous beam ABCD shown in figure by slope deflection
method. The support B sinks by 15mm.
Take E  200  105 KN / m2 and I  120  106 m4

Solution:

In this problem A =0, B  0, C  0,  =15mm

FEMs:
Wab 2
FAB   44.44 KNM
L2
Wa 2 b
FBA   88.89 KNM
L2
w L2
FBC    41.67 KNM
8
w L2
FCB   41.67 KNM
8

FEM due to yield of support B

For span AB:

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6EI
mab  mba   
L2
6  200 15
 2
 105  120  10  6   6 KNM
6 1000

For span BC:

6EI
mbc  mcb   
L2
6  200 15
 2
 105  120  10 6   8.64KNM
5 1000
Slope deflection equation
2EI 3
MAB  F AB  (2 A B  )
L L
6EI 
 F AB  2 A B   2
EI
L L
1
 - 44.44  EI B 6
3
- - - - - - - --  1
1
 50.44  EI B
3
2EI 6EI 
MBA  FBA  (2B  A )  2
L L
2
  88.89  EI B 6
3
- - - - - - - --  2
2
 82.89  EI B
3
2EI 6EI 
MBC  FBC  (2B C )  2
L L
 - 41.67  EI 2B C   8.64
2
5
- - - - - - - --  3 
4 2
 33.03  EI B  EI C
5 5
2EI 6EI 
MCB  FCB  (2C B )  2
L L
  41.67  EI 2C B   8.64
2
5
- - - - - - - --  4 
4 2
 50.31  EI C  EI B
5 5
MCD  30 KNM - - - - - - - --  5 

There are only two unknown rotations B and C . Accordingly the boundary conditions
are

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MBA MBC  0
MCB MCD  0
Now, MBA MBC  49.86  22 EI B  2 EI  C  0
15 5
2 4
MCB MCD  20.31  EI B  EI  C  0
5 5
Solving these equations we get
EI B  31.35 Anticlockw ise
EI C  9.71 Anticlockw ise
Substituting these values in slope deflections we get the final moments:

MAB  50.44 
1
 31.35  60.89 KNM
3
MBA  82.89   31.35  61.99 KNM
2
3
MBC  33.03   31.35   9.71  61.99 KNM
4 2
5 5
MCB  50.31   9.71   31.35  30.00 KNM
4 2
5 5
MCD  30 KNM

Consider the free body diagram of continuous beam for finding reactions

Reactions:

Span AB:
RB × 6 = 100 x 4 + 61.99 – 60.89
RB = 66.85
RA = 100 – RB
=33.15 KN
Span BC:
5
RB × 5 = 20 x 5 x + 61.99 – 30
2
RB = 56.40 KN
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=43.60 KN

Example: Three span continuous beam ABCD is fixed at A and continuous over B, C
and D. The beam subjected to loads as shown. Analyse the beam by slope deflection
method and draw bending moment and shear force diagram.

Solution:

Since end A is fixed A  0, B  0, c  0, D  0

FEMs:
Wl 60  4
FAB     - 30 KNM
8 8
Wl 60  4
FBA      30 KNM
8 8
M
FBC    12.5 KNM
4
M
FCB     12.5 KNM
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wl 2
10  42
FCD     - 13.3 3 KNM
12 12
w l2 10  42
FDC      13.33 KNM
12 12

Slope deflection equations:

2EI
M AB  F AB  2 A B 
L
 - 30 
2EI
0 B 
4
 - 30  0.5EI B - - - - - - - -  1
MBA  F BA 
2EI
2B  A 
L
 30 
2EI
2B 0
4
  30  EI B - - - - - - - --  2

MBC  F BC 
2EI
2B  C 
L
 12.5 
2EI
2B  C 
4
 12.5  EI B 0.5EI C - - - - - - - --  3
MCB  F CB 
2EI
2 C B 
L
 12.5 
2EI
2 C B 
4
 12.5  EI C 0.5 EI B - - - - - - - --  4
MCD  F CD 
2EI
2 C D 
L
 - 13.33 
2EI
2 C D 
4
 13.33  EI C 0.5EI D - - - - - - - - - -  5
MDC  F DC 
2EI
2D  C 
L
 13.33 
2EI
2D  C 
4
 13.33  0.5EI C  EI D - - - - - - - - - -  6

In the above Equations there are three unknowns, EI B ,EI C & EI D , accordingly the

boundary conditions are:

i MBA MBC  0
ii MCB MCD  0
iii MDC  0 ( hinged)

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MBA  MBC  0
30  EI B 12.5  EI B 0.5EI C  0
2EI B 0.5EI C 42.5  0        7

MCB MBC  0
 12.5  EI C 0.5EI B 13.33  EI C 0.5EI D  0
0.5EI B 2EI C 0.5EI D 0.83  0        8
MDC  0
13.33  0.5EI C EI D  0        9
By solving (7), (8) & (9), we get

EI B  24.04
EI C  11.15
EI D  18.90

By substituting the values of B, c and D in respective equations we get

MAB  30  0.5  24.04  42.02 KNM

MBA  30   24.04  5.96 KNM
MBC   12.5  - 24.04  0.5 11.15  - 5.96 KNM
MCB  12.5  11.15  0.5 24.04  11.63 KNM
MCD  13.33  11.15  0.5 18.90  11.63 KNM
MDC  13.33  0.511.15   18.90  0 KNM

Reactions: Consider the free body diagram of beam.

Beam AB:
60  2  5.96  42.02
RB   20.985 KN
4
 R A  60  RB  30.015 KN

Beam BC:
11.63  50  5.96
RC   13.92 KN
4
 RB  RC  13.92 KN  RB is dow nw ard

Beam CD:
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10  4  2  11.63
RD   17.09 KN
4
 RC  10  4  RD  22.91 KN

Example: Analyse the continuous beam shown using slope deflection method. Then
draw bending moment and shear force diagram.

Solution: In this problem A  0,  end A is fixed

FEMs:
w l2 10  82
FAB     - 53.33 KNM
12 12
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2
wl
FBA     53.33 KNM
12
Wl 30  6
FBC     - 22.50 KNM
8 8
WL
FCD     22.50 KNM
8

Slope deflection equations:

M AB  F AB 
2EI
2 A B 
L
2E  3I
 - 53.33  0 B 
8
- - - - - - - -  1
3
 - 53.33  EI B
4
MBA  F BA 
2EI
2B  A 
L
2E  3I
  53.33  2B 0
8
- - - - - - - -  2
3
 53.33  EI B
2

MBC  FBC 
2EI
2B  C 
L
 - 22.5 
2E2I
2B  C 
6
- - - - - - - -  3
4 2
 - 22.5  EI B  EI C
3 3

MCB  F CB 
2EI
2 C B 
L
  22.5 
2E2I
2 C B 
6
- - - - - - - -  4
4 2
  22.5  EI C  EI B
3 3

In the above equation there are two unknown B and C , accordingly the boundary

conditions are:
i MBA MBC 24  0
ii MCB  0
3 4 2
Now , MBA MBC 24  53.33  EI B 22.5  EI B  EI C 24
2 3 3
       5 
17 2
 54.83  EI B  EI C  0
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6 3
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4 2
and MCB  22.5  EI C  EI B  0
3 3
2 1
 EI C  11.25  EI B - - - - - - - - - --  (6)
3 3

Substituting in eqn. (5)

17 1
54.83  EI B 11.25  EI B  0
6 3
15
 44.58  EI B  0
6
44.58  6
 EI B    17.432 rotation anticlockw ise
15

 from equation (6)

3 
 11.25   17.432
1
EI C  
2 3 
 8.159 rotation anticlockwise

Substituting EI B  17.432 and EI C  8.159 in the slope deflection equation we get

Final Moments:
MAB  53.33  - 17.432  -66.40 KNM
3
4
MBA  53.33   17.432  27.18 KNM
3
2

MBC  22.5 
4
 17.432  2  8.159  51.18 KNM
3 3
MCB  22.5   8.159   ( 17.432)  0.00
4 2
3 3

Reactions: Consider free body diagram of beams as shown

Span AB:
27.18  66.40  10  8  4
RB   35.13 KN
8
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R A  10  8 RB  44.87 KN
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Span BC:
51.18  30  3
RB   23.53 KN
6
RC  30 RB  6.47 KN

Max BM

Span AB: Max BM occurs where SF=0, consider SF equation with A as origin

S x  44.87 - 10x  0
x  4.487 m
4.4872
M max  44.87  4.487  10   64  36.67 KNM
2
Span BC: Max BM occurs under point load
51.18
BC Mmax  45   19.41KN M
2

Example: Analyse the beam shown in figure. End support C is subjected to an

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anticlockwise moment of 12 KNM.
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Solution: In this problem A  0,  end is fixed

FEMs:
w l2 20  42
FBC     26.67 KNM
12 12
w l2
FCB     26.67 KNM
12

Slope deflection equations:

M AB  F AB 
2EI
2 A B 
L
 0
2E2I
0 B 
4
 EI B - - - - - - - --  1
MBA  F BA 
2EI
2B  A 
L
 0
2E2I
2B 0
4
 2EI B - - - - - - - --  2
MBC  F BC 
2EI
2B  C 
L
2E  1.5I
 - 26.67  2B  C 
4
- - - - - - - --  3
3 3
 - 26.67  EI B  EI C
2 4
MCB  F CB 
2EI
2 C B 
L
2E  1.5I
  26.67  2C B 
4
- - - - - - - --  4
3 3
  26.67  EI C  EI B
2 4
In the above equation there are two unknowns B and C , accordingly the boundary
conditions are
MBA MBC  0
MCB 12  0
3 3
Now , MBA MBC  2EI B 26.67  EI B  EI C
2 4
7 3
 EI B  EI C 26.67  0 - - - - - - - --  (5)
2 4
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3 3
and, MCB 12  26.67  EI C  EI B 12
2 4
3 3
 38.67  EI B  EI C  0 - - - - - - - --  (6)
4 2
From (5) and (6)
7 3
EI B  EI C 26.67  0
2 4
3 3
EI B  EI C 19.33  0
8 4
25
EI B 46  0
8
8
EI B  46   14.72
25
From (6)
2 
 38.67  14.72
3
EI C  
3 4 
 33.14 - ve sign indicates rotation anticlockwise

Substituting EI B and EI C is slope deflection equations

MAB  EI B  14.72 KNM

MBA  2EI B  2(14.72)  29.42 KNM

(14.72)   33.14   29.44 KNM

3 3
MBC  26.67 
2 4
3 3
MCB  26.67  ( 33.14)  (14.72)  12 KNM
2 4

Reaction: Consider free body diagrams of beam

Span AB: www.Vidyarthiplus.com

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14.72  29.44
RB   11.04 KN
4
R A  RB  11.04 KN
Span BC:
29.44  12  20  4  2
RB   50.36 KN
4
RC  20  4 RB  29.64 KN

Example: Analyse the simple frame shown in figure. End A is fixed and ends B & C are
hinged. Draw the bending moment diagram.

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Solution:
In this problem A  0, B  0, C  0, D  0,

FEMS:-
Wab 2 120  2  42
FAB      106.67 KNM
L2 62
Wa 2b 120  22  4
FBA    53.33 KNM
L2 62
w l2 20  42
FBC    26.67 KNM
12 12
w l2 20  42
FCB    26.67 KNM
12 12
WL 20  4
FCD    10 KNM
8 8
WL
FDB   10 KNM
8

Slope deflections are

MAB  FAB 
2EI
2A  B 
L
 106.67 
2E2I
B   106.67  2 EI B      (1 )
6 3
MBA  FBA 
2EI
2B  B 
L
 53.33 
2E2I
2B   53.33  4 EI B      (2 )
6 3
MBC  FCB 
2EI
2B  C 
L
 2B  C   26.67  EI B  EI C
2E 3I 3 3
 26.67       (3 )
4 2 2 4
MCB  FCB 
2EI
2C  B 
L
 2C  B   26.67  EI C  EI B
2E 3I 3 3
 26.67       (4 )
4 2 2 4
MBD  FBD 
2EI
2B  D 
L
 10 
2EI
2B  D   10  EI B  1 EI D      (5 )
4 2
MDB  FDB 
2EI
2D  B 
L
 10 
2EI
2D  B   10  EI D  1 EI B      (6 )
4 2

In the above equations we have three unknown rotations B , C , D accordingly we have

three boundary conditions. www.Vidyarthiplus.com
MBA  MBC  MBD  0
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MCB  0 Since C and D are hinged
MDB  0
Now
4 3 3 1
MBA  MBC  MBD  53.33  EI B  26.67  EI B  EI C  10  EI B  EI D
3 2 4 2
23 3 1
 36.66  EI B  EI C  EI D  0 - - - --  (7)
6 4 2
3 3
MCB  26.67  EI B  EI C  0 - - - --  (8)
4 2
1
MDB  10  EI B  EI D  0 - - - --  (9)
2

Solving equations 7, 8, & 9 we get

EI B  8.83
EI C  13.36
EI D  14.414
Substituting these values in slope equations
2
M AB   106.67  ( 8.83)  112.56 KNM
3
4
MBA  53.33  ( 8.83)  41.56 KNM
3
3 3
MBC  26.67  ( 8.3)  ( 13.36)  49.94 KNM
2 4
3 3
M CB  26.67  ( 13.36)  ( 8.83)  0
2 4
1
MBD  10  ( 8.83)  ( 14.414)  8.38 KNM
2
1
MDB  10  (14.414)  ( 8.83)  0
2

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Reactions: Consider free body diagram of each members

Span AB:
41.56  112.56  120  2
RB   28.17 KN
6
 R A  120  RB  91.83 KN

Span BC:
49.94  20  4  2
RB   52.485 KN
4
 RC  20  4  RB  27.515 KN

Column BD:
20  2  8.33
HD   7.92 KN
4
 HB  12.78 KN  HA  HD  20

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Example: Analyse the portal frame shown in figure and also drawn bending moment
and shear force diagram

Solution:
Symmetrical problem
- Sym frame + Sym loading
 A  0, B  0, C  0, D  0

FEMS

W 1ab2 W 2 cd2
FBC   
L2 L2
80  2  42 80  4  22
   - 106.67 KNM
62 62
Wa 2b W 2 c 2d
FCB     106.67 KNM
L2 L2

Slope deflection equations:

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MAB FAB 
2EI
2A B   0  2EI 0 B   1 EI B - - - - - - - -  1
L 4 2
MBA FBA 
2EI
2B A   0  2EI 2B 0  EI B - - - - - --  2
L 4
MBC FBC 
2EI
2B C 
L
(2B C )  106.67  EI B  EI C - - - - - -  3 
2E2I 4 2
 106.67 
6 3 3
MCB FCB 
2EI
2C B 
L
(2C B )  106.67  EI C  EI B - - - - - -  4 
2E2I 4 2
 106.67 
6 3 3
MCD FCD 
2EI
2C D 
L
- - - - - --  5 
2EI
0 (2C 0)  EI C
4
MDC FDC 
2EI
2D C 
L
- - - - - --  6 
2EI 1
0 (0 C )  EI C
4 2

In the above equation there are two unknown rotations. Accordingly the boundary
conditions are
MBA MBC  0
MCB MCD  0
7 2
Now MBA MBC  106.67  EI B  EI C  0 - - - - - --  (7)
3 3
2 7
MCB MCD  106.67  EI B  EI C  0 - - - - - --  (8)
3 3

Multiply by (7) and (8) by 2

49 14 
 746.69  EI B  EI C  0
3 3 
 subtracts
4 14
 213.34  EI B  EI C  0 
3 3 
45
- 960.03  EI B  0
3
3
EI B   960.03    64 Clockw ise
45

Using equation (7)

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3 7 
EI C     106.67  EI B 
2 3 
3 7 
-   106.67   64   64 Anticlockw ise
2 3 

Here we find B   C . It is obvious because the problem is symmetrical.

 Final moments are

64
M AB    32 KNM
2
MBA  64 KNM

64   64    64 KNM
4 2
MBC  106.67 
3 3
MCB  106.67  (  64)  64    64 KNM
4 2
3 3
MCD   64 KNM
1
MDC   64  -32 KNM
2

Consider free body diagram’s of beam and columns as shown

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By symmetrical we can write

RA  RB  60 KNM
RD  RC  80 KNM

Now consider free body diagram of column AB

Apply
 MB  0
HA  4  64  32
 HA  24 KN

Similarly from free body diagram of column CD

Apply
 MC  0
HA  4  64  32
 HD  24 KN

Check:
H  0
HA  HD  0
Hence okay

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Note: Since symmetrical, only half frame may be analysed. Using first three equations
and taking B   C

Example: Analyse the portal frame and then draw the bending moment diagram

Solution:
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This is a symmetrical frame and unsymmetrically loaded, thus it is an
unsymmetrical problem and there is a sway
Assume sway to right.
Here  A  0,D  0,B  0,D  0

FEMS:
Wab 2 80  5  32
FBC     56.25 KNM
L2 82
Wa 2b 80  52  3
FCB      93.75 KNM
L2 82

Slope deflection equations

2EI  3 
MAB F AB   2A B  
L  L 
2EI  3  1
- - - - - - - -  1
3
 0  0 B    EI B  EI 
4  4 2 8
2EI  3 
MBA FBA   2B A  
L  L 
2EI  3 
- - - - - - - -  2
3
 0  2B 0    EI B  EI 
4  4 8

MBC FBC 
2EI
2B C 
L
 56.25 
2EI
2B C   56.25  1 EI B  1 EI C - - - - - - - --  3 
8 2 4
MCB FCB 
2EI
2C B 
L
 93.75 
2EI
2C B   93.75  1 EI C  1 EI B - - - - - - - --  4 
8 2 4
2EI  3 
MCD FCD   2C D  
L  L 
2EI  3 
- - - - - - - --  5 
3
 0  2C 0    EI C  EI 
4  4 8
2EI  3 
MDC FDC   2D C  
L  L 
2EI  3  1
- - - - - - - --  6 
3
 0  0 C    EI C  EI 
4  4 2 8

In the above equation there are three unknowns B, C and  , accordingly the
boundary conditions are,

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MBA MBC  0    Jo int conditions

MCB MCD  0
HA HD  PH  0 - - -  Shear condition
MAB MBA MCD MDC
i.e,  0
4 4
 MAB MBA MCD MDC  0
3 1 1
Now , MBA MBC  EI B  EI   56.25  EI B  EI C  0
8 2 4
       7 
3 1 3
 56.25  EI B  EI C  EI   0
2 4 8
1 1 3
And, MCB MCD  93.75  EI C  EI B EI C  EI   0
2 4 8
       8 
1 3 3
 93.75  EI B  EI C  EI   0
4 2 8
1 3 3 3
And, MAB MBA MCD MDC  EI B  EI   EI B  EI   EI C  EI 
2 8 8 8
1 3
 EI C  EI 
2 8`
       9
3 3 3
 EI B  EI C  EI   0
2 2 2
From (9) EI   EI B EI C
Substitute in (7) & (8)

Eqn (7)

EI B  EI C  EI B EI C   0
3 1 3
 56.25 
2 4 8
  - - - - - --  10 
9 1
 56.25  EI B  EI C  0
8 8
Eqn(8)

EI B  EI C  EI B EI C   0
1 3 3
 93.75 
4 2 8
- - - - - - - - - -  11
1 9
 93.75  EI B  EI C  0
8 8

Solving equations (10) & (11) we get EI B  41.25

By Equation (10)
 9 
EI C  8  56.25  EI B 
 8 
 9 
 8  56.25  41.25  78.75
 8 
 EI   EI B EI C  41.25  78.75  37.5
Hence

EI B  41.25, EI www.Vidyarthiplus.com
C  78.75, EI   37.5
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Substituting these values in slope deflection equations, we have
1
M AB  41.25  3  37.5   34.69 KNM
2 8
3
MBA  41.25   37.5   55.31 KNM
8
1 1
MBC  56.25  41.25    78.75   55.31 KNM
2 4
1 1
M CB  93.75   78.75   41.75   64.69 KNM
2 4
3
M CD  78.75   37.5   64.69 KNM
8
1 3
MDC   78.75    37.5   25.31 KNM
2 8

Reactions: consider the free body diagram of beam and columns

Column AB:
34.69  55.31
HA   22.5 KN
4

Span BC:
55.31  64.69  80  3
RB   28.83 KN
8
 RC  80  RB  51.17

Column CD:
64.69  25.31
HD   22.5
4

Check:

ΣH = 0
HA + HD = 0
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22.5 – 22.5 = 0
Hence okay

Example: Frame ABCD is subjected to a horizontal force of 20 KN at joint C as shown

in figure. Analyse and draw bending moment diagram.

Solution:

Frame is Symmetrical and unsymmetrical loaded hence there is a sway. Assume

sway towards right

FEMS
F AB  FBA  FBC  FCB  FCD  FDC  0

Slope deflection equations are

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2EI  3 
MAB F AB   2 A  B  
L  L 
2EI  3 
  B  
3  3 

- - - - - - - --  1
2 2
 EI B  EI 
3 3
2EI  3 
MBA FBA   2B   A  
L  L 
2EI  3 
  2B  
3  3 

       2
4 2
 EI B  EI 
3 3
MBC  FBC 
2EI
2B C 
L

2EI
2B C 
4
 EI B 0.5 EI C - - - - - - - -  3 

MCB FCB 
2EI
2C B 
L

2EI
2C B 
4
 EI C 0.5 EI B - - - - - - - -  4 

2EI 3 
MCD FCD   2C  D  
L L 
2EI  3 
  2C  
3  3

       5 
4 2
 EI C  EI 
3 3
2EI  3 
MDC FDC  2   
L  L 
D C

2 EI  3 
  c  
3  3

- - - - - - - --  6 
2 2
 EI C  EI 
3 3

The unknown are B, ,C &  . Accordingly the boundary conditions are

I. MBA MBC  0
I I. MCB MCD  0
III . HA HD 20  0
MAB MBA MCD MDC
i.e,   20  0
3 3
MAB MBA MCD MDC 60  0
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4 2
Now MBA MBC  EI B  EI   EI B 0.5EI C
3 3
 EI B 0.5EI C  EI   0        7 
7 2
3 3
4 2
and MCB MCD  EI C 0.5EI B  EI C  EI 
3 3
 0.5EI B  EI C  EI   0        8 
7 2
3 3

2 2 4 2 4
and MAB MBA MCD MDC 60  EI B  EI   EI B  EI   EI C
3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2
 EI   EI C  EI   60
3 3 3
 2EI B 2EI C  EI   60  0        9
8
3

Solving (7).(8) & (9) we get

EI B  8.18,
EI  C  8.18,
EI   34.77

Substituting the value of B, C and  in slope deflection equations

MAB 
2
 8.18  2  34.77  17.73 KNM
3 3
MBA   8.18    34.77   12.27 KNM
4 2
3 3
MBC  0  8.18  0.5  8.18   12.27 KNM
MCB  0.5  8.18   8.18  12.27 KNM

MCD 
4
 8.18  2  34.77  12.27 KNM
3 3
MDC   8.18    34.77   17.73 KNM
2 2
3 3

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Reactions: Consider the free body diagram of the members

Member AB:
17.73  12.27
HA   10 KN
3
Member BC:

12.27  12.27
RC   6.135 KN
4
 RB  RC  6.135 KN - ve sign indicates direction of RB dow nw ards
Member CD:

 17.73  12.27
HD    10 KN - ve sign indicates the direction of HD is left to right
3

Check: ΣH = 0
HA + HD + P = 0
+10 + 10 – 20 = 0
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Hence okay
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Example: Analyse the portal frame subjected to loads as shown. Also draw bending
moment diagram.

The frame is symmetrical but loading is unsymmetrical. Hence there is a sway.

Assume sway towards right. In this problem A  0, B  0, C  0, D  0

FEMs:
w l2 10  42
FAB     - 13.33 KNM
12 12
w l2 10  42
FBA      13.33 KNM
12 12
wl 90  10
FBC     - 112.5 KNM
8 8
w l 90  10
FCB     112.5 KNM
8 8
Slope deflection equations:
2EI  3 
MAB  F AB   2 A B  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 - 13.33   0  B  
4  4
 - 13.33  0.5 EI B  0.375 EI  - - - - - - - --  1
2EI  3 
MBA  FBA   2B  A  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 13.33   2B 0  
4  4
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 13.33  EI B 0.375 EI  - - - - - - - --  2

MBC  F BC 
2EI
2B  C 
L
 - 112.5 
2E3I
2B  C 
10
 - 112.5  1.2EI B 0.6EI C - - - - - - - --  3
MCB  F CB 
2EI
2 C B 
L
  112.5 
2E3I
2 C B 
10
 112.5  1.2EI C 0.6 EI B - - - - - - - --  4
2EI  3 
MCD  F CD   2 C D  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  2 C 0  
4  4
 EI C  0.375 EI  - - - - - - - --  5
2EI  3 
MDC  FDC   2D  C  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  0  2 C  
4  4 
 0.5EI C  0.375 EI  - - - - - - - --  6

There are 3 unknow ns EI B, EI C and EI  , accordingly the boundary conditions are
MBA MBC  0
MCB MCD  0
HA HD 40  0
4
Here HA  4  MAB  MBA  10  4 
2
MAB  MBA  80
HA 
4
and HD 4 MCD MBC
MCD MDC
HD 
4
MAB  MBA  80 MCD MDC
   40  0
4 4
MAB  MBA MCD MDC 80  0

Now MBA + MBC = 0

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13.33EI B 0.375EI   112.5  1.2EI B 0.6EI C  0
2.2EI B  0.6EI C 0.375EI   99.17  0 - - - - - - - -  (7)
and MCB MDC  0 4  5 
112.5  1.2EI C 0.6EI B EI C 0.375EI   0
112.5  2.2EI C  0.6EI B 0.375EI   0 - - - - - - - -  (8)
also MAB MBA MCB MDC 80  0
 13.33  0.5EI B 0.375EI   13.33  EI B 0.375EI   EI C 0.375EI 
 0.5EI C 0.375EI   80  0
1.5EI B 1.5EI C -1.5EI   80  0 - - - - - - - --  (9)

By solving (7), (8) and (9) we get

EI B  72.65
EI  C  59.64
EI   66.34

Final moments:
MAB  13.33  0.572.65  0.375 66.34  -1.88 KNM
MBA  72.65  0.37566.34  61.10 KNM
MBC  112.5  1.272.65  0.6 59.64  61.10 KNM
MCB  112.5  1.2 59.64  0.672.65  84.52 KNM
MCD  59.64  0.375(66.34)  84.52 KNM
MDC  0.5( 59.64)  0.375(66.34)  54.70 KNM

Reactions: Consider the free body diagrams of various members

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Member AB:

61.10  1.88  10  4  2
HA 
4
 5.195 KN - ve sign indicates direction of HA is from right to left

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Member BC:
84.52  61.10  90  5
RC   47.34 KN
10
 RB  90  RC  38.34 KN

Member CD
84.54  54.7
HD   34.81 KN
4

Check
ΣH = 0
HA + HD +10 × 4 = 0
-5.20 - 34.81+ 40 = 0
Hence okay

Example: Analyse the portal frame and then draw the bending moment diagram

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Solution:

Since the columns have different moment of inertia, it is an unsymmetrical frame.

Assume sway towards right

FEMS:
WL 80  6
FBC     60 KNM
8 8
WL
FCB    60 KNM
8
Here A  0, D  0

Slope deflection equations

2EI  3 
MAB F AB   2A B  
L  L 
2EI  3  1
- - - - - - - -  1
3
 0  0 B    EI B  EI 
4  4 2 8
2EI  3 
MBA FBA   2B A  
L  L 
2EI  3 
- - - - - - - -  2
3
 0  2B 0    EI B  EI 
4  4 8

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MBC FBC 
2EI
2B C 
L
 60 
2E2I
2B C   60  4 EI B  2 EI C - - - - - - - --  3 
6 3 3
MCB FCB 
2EI
2C B 
L
 60 
2E2I
2C B   60  2 EI B  4 EI C - - - - - - - --  4 
6 3 3
2EI  3 
MCD FCD   2C D  
L  L 
2E2I  3 
- - - - - - - --  5 
3
 0  2C 0    2EI C  EI 
4  4  4
2EI  3 
MDC FDC   2D C  
L  L 
2E2I  3 
- - - - - - - --  6 
3
 0  0 C    EI C  EI 
4  4  4

In the above equation there are three unknowns B, C and  , accordingly the
boundary conditions are,

MBA MBC  0
MCB MCD  0    Jo int conditions
HA HD  0 - - -  Shear condition
MAB MBA MCD MDC
i.e,  0
4 4
 MAB MBA MCD MDC  0

3 4 2
Now , MBA MBC  EI B  EI   60  EI B  EI C  0
8 3 3
       7 
7 2 3
 60  EI B  EI C  EI   0
3 3 8

2 4 3
And, MCB MCD  60  EI B  EI C 2EI C  EI   0
3 3 4
       8 
2 10 3
 EI B  EI C  EI   60  0
3 3 4
1 3 3 3
And, MAB MBC MCD MDC  EI B  EI   EI B  EI   2EI C  EI 
2 8 8 4
3
 EI C  EI 
4
       9
3 9
 EI B 3EI C  EI   0
2 4
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4 3 
From (9) EI  
 EI B  3EI C 
9 2 
Substituting value of EI  in (7)

7 2 3 4  3 
EI B  EI C    EI B  3EI C   60  0
3 3 8 9  2 
7 2 1 1
EI B  EI C  EI B  EI C  60  0
3 3 4 2
  - - - - - --  10
25 1
EI B  EI C 60  0
12 6

Substituting value of EI  in (8)

2 10 3 4  3 
EI B  EI C    EI B  3EI C   60  0
3 3 8 9  2 
2 10 1
EI B  EI C  EI B  EI C  60  0
3 3 2
  - - - - - --  11
1 7
EI B  EI C 60  0
6 3

Solving (10) & (11) we get EI B =31.03

By Equation (11)
3 1 
EI C   EI B 60
7 6 
 27.3
Now

4 3 
EI    EI B  3EI C   16.55
9 2 
Now
EI B =31.03, EI C  27.3 , EI   16.55
Substituting these values in slope deflection equations,
The final moments are:
MAB  31.03   16.55  21.72 KNM
1 3
2 8
MBA  31.03   16.55  37.24 KNM
3
8
MBC  60  31.03   27.93  37.25 KNM
4 2
3 3
MCB  60  31.03   27.93  43.43 KNM
2 4
3 3
3
MCD  2( 27.93)  ( 16.55)  43.45 KNM
4
MDC  27.93   16.55  15.52 KNM
3
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Reactions: consider the free body diagram of beam and columns

Column AB:
37.25  21.72
HA   14.74 KN
4

Beam BC:
37.25  43.45  80  3
RB   38.97 KN
6
 RC  80  RB  41.03

Column CD:
43.45  15.52
HD   14.74 KN
4

Check:

ΣH = 0
HA + HD = 0
14.74-14.74=0

Hence okay

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Ex: Portal frame shown is fixed at ends A and D, the joint B is rigid and joint C is
hinged. Analyse the frame and draw BMD.

Solution:

FEM’s:
WL  80  6
FBC     60KNM
8 8
WL 80  6
FCB     60KNM
8 8
Here A  0, D  0, B  0, CB  0, CD  0

Since C is hinged member CB and CD will rotate independently. Also the frame
is unsymmetrical, will also have sway. Let the sway be towards right.

The slope deflections are:

2EI  3 
MAB  FAB   2 A  B  
L  L 
2EI  3 
0  0  B  
4  4
1 3
 EI B  EI       ( 1)
2 8
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2EI  3 
MBA  FBA   2B   A  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  2B  0  
4  4 
3
 EI B  EI   ( 2)
8
2EI  3 
MBC  FBC   2B  C  
L  L 

 60 
2E.2I
2B  CB 
6
4 2
 60  EI B  EI CB      (3 )
3 3
MCB  FCB 
2EI
2CB  B 
L
 60 
2E.2I
2CB  B 
6
4 2
 60  EI CB  EI B      (4 )
3 3
2EI  3 
MCD  FCD   2CD  D  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  2CD  0  
4  4 
3
 EI CD  EI   ( 5 )
8
2EI  3 
MDC  FDC   2D  CD  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  0  CD  
4  4 
1 3
 EI CD  EI   ( 6 )
2 8

In the above equations B, CB , CD and  are unknowns. According the boundary
conditions are

I. MBA+MBC = 0,
II. MCB = 0,
III. MCD = 0,
IV. HA+HD = 0
MAB  MBA MCD  MDC
i..e,  0
4 4

 MAB  MBA  MCD  MDC  0

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Now using the boundary conditions:
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3 4 2
MBA  MBC  EI B  EI   60  EI B  EI CB
8 3 3
7 2 3
 EI B  EI CB  EI   60  0  ( 7 )
3 3 8
2 4
MCB  EI B  EI CB  60  0  ( 8 )
3 3
3
MCD  EI CD  EI   0  ( 9 )
8
1 3 3 3 1 3
MAB  MBA  MCD  MDC  EI B  EI   EI B  EI   EI CD  EI   EI CD  EI   0
2 8 8 8 2 8
3 3 3
 EI B  EI CD  EI   0      ( 10 )
2 2 2
3
From ( 9 ) EI cD  EI       (11 )
8

Sub in ( 10 )
3 3 3  3
 MAB  MBA  MCD  MDC  EI B   EI    EI   0
2 2 8  2

3 15
 EI B  EI   0      ( 12 )
2 16
16 3 8
Equation (12) gives EI    EI B  EI B      ( 13 )
15 2 5

Substituting in Equation ( 7 )
7 2 3 8 
MBA  MBC  EI B  EI CB   EI B   60  0
3 3 8 5 
7 3 2
   EI B  EI CB  60
3 5 3
26 2
 EI B  EI CB  60  0      ( 14 )
15 3

Substituting in Equation ( 8 ) and multiplyin g equation (14) by 2 w e have

2 4
EI B  EI CB  60  0
3 3
52 4
EI B  EI CB  120  0
15 3
_____________________
42
 EI B  180  0
15
_____________________
15
EI B  180   64.29
42
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8 8
From(13) EI   EI B   64.29  102.864
5 5
3
From (11) EI CD  EI   38.574
8
3 7 3 
From (7) EI CB    EI B  EI   60 
2 3 8 
3 7 3 
   64.29   102.864  60 
2 3 8 
  77.165
EI B  64.29, EI CB  77.165, EI CD  38.57, EI   102.864

 Final Moments are

MAB 
1
64.29  3 102.864  6.42 KNM
2 8
 64.29  102.864  25.72 KNM
3
MBA
8
 60  64.29   77.165  25.72 KNM
4 2
MBC
3 3
 60   77.165  64.29  0
4 2
MCB
3 3
 38.574  102.864  0
3
MCD
8
 38.574  102.864  19.29 KNM
1 3
MDC
2 8

Reactions: Consider the free body diagram of various members

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Column AB:
25.72  6.42
HA   4.825 KN
4
Beam BC:
25.72  80  3 
RB   44.29 KN
6
RC  80  44.29  35.71 KN

Column CD:
19.28
HD   4.82 KN
4
Check:
ΣH = 0
HA+HD = 0
Hence okay.

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Example: Analyse the portal frame shown in figure the deflection method and then
draw the bending moment diagram

Fig

Solution:

The frame is unsymmetrical, hence there is a sway. Let the sway be towards
right.
A  0, B  0, C  0, D  0

FEMS:
20  52
FBC    41.67 KNM
12
20  52
FCB    41.67 KNM
12
FCE  15  2  30 KNM

Slope deflection equations

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2EI  3 
MAB F AB   2A B  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  0 B    0.5EI B 0.375EI  - - - - - - - -  1
4  4
2EI  3 
MBA FBA   2B A  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  2B 0    EI B 0.375EI  - - - - - - - -  2
4  4

MBC FBC 
2EI
2B C 
L
2E  1.5I
 41.67  2B C   41.67  1.2EI B 0.6EI C - - - - - - - --  3 
5
MCB FCB 
2EI
2C B 
L
2E  1.5I
 41.67  2C B   41.67  1.2EI C 0.6EI B - - - - - - - --  4 
5
2EI  3 
MCD FCD   2C D  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  2C 0    EI C 0.375EI  - - - - - - - --  5 
4  4
2EI  3 
MDC FDC   2D C  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  0 C    0.5EI C 0.375EI  - - - - - - - --  6 
4  4

In the above equation there are three unknowns B, C and  , accordingly the
boundary conditions are,

MBA MBC  0
MCB MCD MCE  0
HA HD  0
i.e, MAB MBA MCD MDC  0

Now,
MBA MBC  0
EI B 0.375EI   141.67  1.2EI B 0.6EI C  0
 2.2EI B 0.6EI C 0.375EI   41.67  0        7

And, MCB MCD  41.67  1.2EI C 0.6EI B EI C 0.375EI   30  0

 0.6EI B 2.2EI C 0.375EI   11.67  0        8

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 MAB MBC MCD MDC  0
0.5EI B 0.375EI   EI B 0.375EI   2EI C 0.375EI   0.5EI C 0.375EI   0
1.5EI B 1.5EI C 1.5EI   0        9
Solving the above equations
we get, EI B  23.98 , EI C  9.36, EI   14.62

Substituting these values in slope deflection equations, we have

MAB  0.523.98  0.37514.62  6.50 KNM
MBA  23.98  0.37514.62  18.50 KNM
MBC  41.67  1.223.98  0.6 9.36  18.51 KNM
MCB  41.67  1.2 9.36  0.623.98  44.83 KNM
MCD  9.36  0.375( 14.62)  14.84 KNM
MDC  0.5  9.36  0.375  14.62  10.16 KNM
MCE  30 KNM

Reactions: consider the free body diagram of beam and columns

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Column AB:
18.5  6.5
HA   6.25 KN
4

Span BC:
44.83  18.5  20  5  2.5
RC   55.27 KN
5
 RB  20  5  RC  44.73

Column CD:
10.16  14.84
HD   6.25
4

Check:

ΣH = 0
HA + HD = 0
Σ=0

Hence okay

Example: Analyse the portal frame shown and then draw bending moment diagram.

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Solution:

It is an unsymmetrical problem hence there is a sway be towards right

 A  0, B  0, C  0, D  0

FEMs:

w l2 20  52
FBC     - 41.67 KNM
12 12
w l2 20  52
FCB     41.67 KNM
12 12

Slope deflection equations:

2EI  3 
MAB  F AB   2 A B  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  0 B  
3  3 

- - - - - - - --  1
2 2
 EI B  EI 
3 3
2EI  3 
MBA  FBA   2B  A  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  2B 0  
3  3 

- - - - - - - --  2
4 2
 EI B  EI 
3 3

2EI  3 
MBC  FBC   2B  C  
L  L 
2E  1.5I
 - 41.67  2B  C 
5
- - - - - - - --  3
6 3
 - 41.67  EI B  EI C
5 5
2EI  3 
MCB  F CB   2 C B  
L  L 
2E  1.5I
 41.67  2 C B 0
5
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 41.67  1.2EI C 0.6 EI B - - - - - - - --  4
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2EI  3 
MCD  F CD   2 C D  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  2 C 0  
4  4
 EI C  0.375 EI  - - - - - - - - - -  5
2EI  3 
MDC  FDC   2D  C  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  0  C  
4  4 
 0.5EI C  0.375 EI  - - - - - - - - - -  6
In the above equations there are three unknown B, C and  and accordingly the
Boundary conditions are:

MBA MBC  0
MCB MCD  0
H A HD  0
M AB MBA MCD MDC
i.e  0
3 4
 4(M AB MBA )  3(MCD MDC )  0

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Now
MBA MBC  0
4 2 6 3
EI B  EI   EI B  EI C 41.67
3 3 5 5
3 2
2.53EI B  EI C  EI   41.67  0          (7)
5 3
MCB MCD  0
41.67  1.2EI C 0.6EI B EI C 0.375EI   0
41.67  2.2EI C 0.6EI B 0.375EI   0        (8)
MAB MBA MCD MDC
 0
3 4
2 2 4 2 
4  EI B  EI   EI B  EI  
3 3 3 3 
3 EI C 0.375EI   0.5EI C 0.375EI   0
8 8 16 8
EI B  EI   EI B  EI   4.5EI C 2.25EI   0
3 3 3 3
8EI B 4.5EI C 7.53EI   0        (9)

By solving (7), (8) and (9) we get

EI B  25.46
EI  C  23.17
EI   12.8

Final moments:
2 2
MAB   25.46   12.8  8.44 KNM
3 3
4 2
MBA   25.46   12.8  25.40 KNM
3 3
MBC   25.46    23.17  41.67  25.40 KNM
6 3
5 5
MCB  41.67  1.2  23.17  0.60 20.46  28.50 KNM
MCD  23.70  0.375 (12.80)  28.50 KNM
MDC  0.5  23.70  0.375  12.80  16.65 KNM

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Reactions: Consider the free body diagram

Member AB:

25.40  8.44
HA   11.28 KN
3

Member BC:

5
28.5  20.30  20  5 
RC  2  51.64 KN
2
 RB  20  5  51.64  48.36 KN

Member CD:

28.5  16.65
HD = = 11.28 KN
4

Check:
ΣH = 0
HA + HD = 0
Satisfied, hence okay

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Example: A portal frame having different column heights are subjected for forces as
shown in figure. Analyse the frame and draw bending moment diagram.

Solution:-

It is an unsymmetrical problem
 A  0, B  0, C  0, D  0 , hence there is a sway be towards right.

FEMs:
Wl 30  4
FAB     - 15 KNM
8 8
Wl 30  4
FBA      15 KNM
8 8
Wl 60  4
FBC     - 30 KNM
8 8
Wl 60  4
FCB      30 KNM
8 8
FCD = FDC = 0

Slope deflection equations:

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2EI  3 
MAB  FAB   2A B  
L  L 
2E 2I  3 
 - 15   0 B  
4  4
 - 15  EI B 0.75 EI  - - - - - - - -  1
2EI  3 
MBA  FBA   2B A  
L  L 
2E 2I  3 
 15   2B 0  
4  4
  15  2 EI B 0.75 EI  - - - - - - - -  2

MBC  FBC 
2EI
2B C 
L
2E  2I
 - 30  2B  C 
4
 - 30  2EI B EI C - - - - - - - --  3

MCB  FCB 
2EI
2C B 
L
2E  2I
 30  2C B 
4
 30  2EI C  EI B - - - - - - - --  4
2EI  3 
MCD  FCD   2C D  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  2 C 0  
3  3 

- - - - - - - --  5
4 2
 EI C  EI 
3 3
2EI  3 
MDC  FDC   2D C  
L  L 
2EI  3 
 0  0  C  
3  3 

- - - - - - - --  6 
2 2
 EI C  EI 
3 3

There are three unknowns, EI, B ,EI C & EI  , accordingly the Boundary conditions are

MBA MBC  0
MCB MCD  0
HA HD 30  0
MAB MBA 60 MCD MDC
i.e,   30  0
4 3
3MAB  MBA   4MCD  MDC   180  0
Now
MBA MBC  15  2EI B 0.75EI   30  2EI B EI C
 4EI B EIwww.Vidyarthiplus.com
C 0.75EI   15  0        7
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4 2
MCB MCD  30  2EI C EI B  EI C  EI 
3 3
       8 
10 2
 EI B  EI C  EI   30  0
3 3

3(MAB MBA )  4(MCD MDC )  180  3  15  EI B 0.75EI   15  2EI B 0.75EI  

4 2 2 2 
 4  EI C  EI   EI C  EI    180
3 3 3 3 
 9EI B 8EI C 9.833EI   180  0        9 
By solving (7), (8) & (9) we get

EI B  9.577
EI  C  7.714
EI   20.795
Substituting these values in the slope deflection equations we get

MAB  15  9.577  0.75 20.795  21.01 KNM

MBA  15  2 9.577  0.75 20.795  18.55 KNM
MBC  - 30  2 9.577  - 7.714  - 18.55 KNM
MCB  30  2  7.714  9.577  24.15 KNM

( 7.714)  20.795  24.15 KNM

4 2
MCD 
3 3
MDC  ( 7.714)  20.795  19.00 KNM
2 2
3 3

Reactions: Consider free body diagrams of the members

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Member AB:
18.55  21.01  30  2
HA   15.615 KN
4
-ve sign indicates the direction of HA is from right to left.
Member BC:
18.55  60  2  24.15
RB   28.60 KN
4
RC  60  RB  28.60  31.40 KN

Member CD:
19  24.15
HD   14.38 KN
3

Check:
ΣH = 0

HA + HD + 30 = 0

-15.62 – 14.38 + 30 = 0

Hence okay

Example: Analyse the frame using slope deflection method and draw the Bending
Moment Diagram.

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Solution: Assume sway towards right

It can be observed from figure in that direction of moments due to sway in

member AB are anticlockwise and that for member CD are clockwise. Wise shall be
taken to incorporate the same in the slope deflection equation.

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FEMS
w I2
FBC  
12
24  42
-  32 KNM
12
w I2
FCB    32 KN M
12
Here A D  0

Slope deflection equations are:

2EI  3 
MAB F AB   2 A B  
L  L 
2EI  3 
  B  
3  3 

- - - - - --  1
2 2
 EI B  EI 
3 3
2EI  3 
MBA FBA   2B  A  
L  L 
2EI  3 
  2B  
3  3 

     2
4 2
 EI B  EI 
3 3
MBC FBC 
2EI
2B C 
L
 32 
2E2I
2B C 
4
 32  2EI B EI C - - - - - - - --  3 

MCB FCB 
2EI
2C B 
L
 32 
2E2I
2C B 
4
 32  2EI C EI B - - - - - - - -  4 
2EI  3 
MCD FCD   2C D  
L  L 
2EI  3 
  2C  
3  3

     5 
4 2
 EI C  EI 
3 3

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2EI  3 
MDC FDC  2D C  L 
L  
2EI  3 
  C  
3  3 

- - - - - - - -  6 
2 2
 EI C  EI 
3 3

The unknown are B, ,C & Accordingly the boundary conditions are
MBA MBC  0
MCB MCD  0
HA HD 30  0
MAB MBA MCD MDC
i.e,   30  0
3 3
MAB MBA MCD MDC 90  0
4 2
Now , MBA MBC  EI B  EI   32  2EI B EI C
3 3
     7 
10 2
 EI B EI C  EI   32  0
3 3
4 2
MCB MCD  32  2EI C EI B  EI C  EI 
3 3
     8 
10 2
 EI B  EI C  EI   32  0
3 3

2 2 4 2 4
MAB MBA MCD MDC 90  EI B  EI   EI B  EI   EI C
3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2
 EI   EI C  EI   90
3 3 3
8
 2EI B 2EI C  EI   90
3
     9 
4
 EI B EI C  EI   45  0
3
From (7) & (9)
20 4
EI B 2EI C  EI   64  0
3 3
4
EI B EI C  EI   45  0
3

- - - - - --  10 
17
EI B 3EI C 109  0
3

By (8) and (9)

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20 4
2EI B  EI C  EI   64  0
3 3
4
EI B EI C  EI   45  0
3

- - - - - - - -  11
17
3EI B  EI C 109  0
3
By (10) & (11)
17
EI  B 3EI  C 109  0
3
27
EI  B 3EI  C 57.71  0
17
208
EI  B 166.71  0
17  3
166.71 17  3
EI B    40.88
208

From (10)
1 17 
EI  C  109  EI B   40.88
3 3 
From (9)
EI  
3
EI B EI C 45
4
 40.88   40.88   45  95.07
3
4
Thus EI B  40.88, EI C  40.88, EI   95.07
Substituting these values in slope deflection equations

MAB 
2
40.88  2 95.07  36.12 KNM
3 3
MBA  40.88   95.07   8.88 KNM
4 2
3 3
MBC  32  240.88    40.88   8.88 KNM
MCB  32  2 40.88   40.88   8.88 KNM

MCD 
4
 40.88  2 95.07  8.88 KNM
3 3
MDC   40.88   95.07   36.12 KNM
2 2
3 3

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To find the reaction consider the free body diagram of the frame

Reactions:

Column AB
8.88  36.12
HA   15 KN
3

Beam AB
4
 8.88  8.88  24  4 
RB  2  48 KN
4
 RC  24  4  48  48 KN

Column CD
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8.88  36.12
HD   15 KN
3

Check
ΣH = 0
HA + HD +P = 0
-15 – 15 + 30 = 0
Hence okay

V-UNIT MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

Advantages of Fixed Ends or Fixed Supports
1. Slope at the ends is zero.
2. Fixed beams are stiffer, stronger and more stable than SSB.
3. In case of fixed beams, fixed end moments will reduce the BM in each section.
4. The maximum defection is reduced.
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD -
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC PRINCIPLES
Introduction
(Method developed by Prof. Hardy Cross in 1932)
The method solves for the joint moments in continuous beams and
rigid frames by successive approximation
Statement of Basic Principles
Consider the continuous beam ABCD, subjected to the given loads,
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as shown in Figure below. Assume that only rotation of joints occur
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at B, C and D, and that no support displacements occur at B, C and
D. Due to the applied loads in spans AB, BC and CD, rotations occur at B, C and D.
150KN

In order to solve the problem in a successively approximating manner,

it can be visualized to be made up of a continued two-stage problems
viz., that of locking and releasing the joints in a continuous sequence.
The joints B, C and D are locked in position before any load is applied on the beam ABCD;
then given loads are applied on the beam. Since the joints of beam ABCD are locked in
position, beams AB, BC and CD acts as individual and separate fixed beams, subjected to
the applied loads; these loads develop fixed end moments.

In beam AB
Fixed end moment at A = -wl2/12 = - (15)(8)(8)/12 = - 80 kN.m
Fixed end moment at B = +wl2/12 = +(15)(8)(8)/12 = + 80 kN.m
In beam BC
Fixed end moment at B = - (Pab2)/l2 = - (150)(3)(3)2/62
= -112.5 kN.m
Fixed end moment at C = + (Pab2)/l2 = + (150)(3)(3)2/62
= + 112.5
In beam AB
Fixed end moment at C = -wl2/12 = - (10)(8)(8)/12 = - 53.33 kN.m
Fixed end moment at D = +wl2/12 = +(10)(8)(8)/12 = + 53.33kN.m
Since the joints B, C and D were fixed artificially (to compute the the fixed-end moments), now
the joints B, C and D are released and allowed to rotate. Due to the joint release, the joints rotate
maintaining the continuous nature of the beam. Due to the joint release, the fixed end moments
on either side of joints B, C and D act in the opposite direction now, and cause a net unbalanced
moment to occur at the joint.
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These unbalanced moments act at the joints and modify the joint moments at B, C and D,
according to their relative stiffnesses at the respective joints. The joint moments are distributed
to either side of the joint B, C or D, according to their relative stiffnesses. These distributed
moments also modify the moments at the opposite side of the beam span, viz., at joint A in span
AB, at joints B and C in span BC and at joints C and D in span CD. This modification is
dependent on the carry-over factor (which is equal to 0.5 in this case);
The carry-over moment becomes the unbalanced moment at the joints to which they are
carried over. Steps 3 and 4 are repeated till the carry-over or distributed moment becomes
small.
Sum up all the moments at each of the joint to obtain the joint moments.
SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS
In order to understand the five steps mentioned in section 7.3, some words need to be defined
and relevant derivations made.
7.3.1 Stiffness and Carry-over Factors
Stiffness = Resistance offered by member to a unit displacement or rotation at a point, for given
support constraint conditions

A clockwise moment MA is applied at A to produce a +ve bending in beam AB. Find A and MB.
Using method of consistent deformations

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Considering moment MB,

MB + MA + RAL = 0
MB = MA/2= (1/2)MA
Carry - over Factor = 1/2
7.3.2 Distribution Factor
Distribution factor is the ratio according to which an externally applied unbalanced moment M at
a joint is apportioned to the various members mating at the joint

M = MBA + MBC + MBD

 4 E I   4 E I   4 E I 
  1 1    2 2    3 3  B
 L1   L2   L3 
 K BA  K BC  K BD  B
M M
 B  
K BA  K BC  K BD   K
 K 
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M BA  K BA B   BA  M  ( D.F ) BA M
 
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Modified Stiffness Factor

The stiffness factor changes when the far end of the beam is simply-supported.

As per earlier equations for deformation, given in Mechanics of Solids text-books.

M AL
A 
3EI
M 3EI  3  4 EI 
K AB  A     
A L  4  L 
3
 ( K AB ) fixed
4

Solve the previously given problem by the moment distribution method

Fixed end moments

wl 2 (15)(8) 2
M AB   M BA     80 kN .m
12 12
wl (150)(6)
M BC   M CB     112.5 kN .m
8 8
wl 2 (10)(8) 2
M CD   M DC     53.333 kN .m
12 12

Stiffness Factors (Unmodified Stiffness

4 EI (4)(EI )
K AB  K BA    0.5 EI
L 8
4 EI (4)(EI )
K BC  K CB    0.667EI
L 6
 4 EI  4
K CD   www.Vidyarthiplus.com
EI  0.5 EI
 8  8
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Distribution Factors
K BA 0.5 EI
DFAB    0.0
K BA  K wall 0.5   ( wall stiffness)
K BA 0.5 EI
DFBA    0.4284
K BA  K BC 0.5 EI  0.667EI
K BC 0.667EI
DFBC    0.5716
K BA  K BC 0.5 EI  0.667EI
K CB 0.667EI
DFCB    0.5716
K CB  K CD 0.667EI  0.500EI
K CD 0.500EI
DFCD    0.4284
K CB  K CD 0.667EI  0.500EI
K DC
DFDC   1.00
K DC

Moment Distribution Table

Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
Distribution Factors 0 0.4284 0.5716 0.64 0.36 1
Computed end moments -80 80 -112.5 112.5 -53.33 53.33
Cycle 1
Distribution 13.923 18.577 -37.87 -21.3 -53.33
Carry-over moments 6.962 -18.93 9.289 -26.67 -10.65
Cycle 2
Distribution 8.111 10.823 11.122 6.256 10.65
Carry-over moments 4.056 5.561 5.412 5.325 3.128
Cycle 3
Distribution -2.382 -3.179 -6.872 -3.865 -3.128
Carry-over moments -1.191 -3.436 -1.59 -1.564 -1.933
Cycle 4
Distribution
Computation of Shear Forces 1.472 1.964 2.019 1.135 1.933
Carry-over moments 0.736 1.01 0.982 0.967 0.568
Cycle 5
Distribution -0.433 -0.577 -1.247 -0.702 -0.568

Summed up -69.44 100.69 -100.7 93.748 -93.75 0

moments
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