Mobile phone

“Cell Phone” redirects here. For the film, see Cell Phone as smartphones.
(film). The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by
“Handphone” redirects here. For the film, see Handphone
John F. Mitchell[1][2] and Martin Cooper of Motorola
(film). in 1973, using a handset weighing c. 4.4 lbs (2 kg).[3]
In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commer-
cially available handheld mobile phone. From 1983 to
2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to
over seven billion, penetrating 100% of the global pop-
ulation and reaching the bottom of the economic pyra-
mid.[4] In 2014, the top mobile phone manufacturers were
Samsung, Nokia, Apple, and LG.[5]

1 History
Main article: History of mobile phones
A handheld mobile radio telephone service was en-

Evolution of mobile phones, through early smartphone

A mobile phone is a telephone that can make and re-

ceive calls over a radio frequency carrier while the user
is moving within a telephone service area. The radio fre-
quency link establishes a connection to the switching sys-
tems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access
to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Most
modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network
architecture, and therefore mobile telephones are often
Martin Cooper of Motorola made the first publicized handheld
also called cellular telephones or cell phones. In addi- mobile phone call on a prototype DynaTAC model on April 4,
tion to telephony, modern mobile phones support a va- 1973. This is a reenactment in 2007.
riety of other services, such as text messaging, MMS,
email, Internet access, short-range wireless communica- visioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In
tions (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gam- 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for
ing, and photography. Mobile phones which offer these a “pocket-size folding telephone with a very thin car-
and more general computing capabilities are referred to bon microphone”. Early predecessors of cellular phones

1
2 2 FEATURES

included analog radio communications from ships and by Motorola in 1973. The first commercial automated
trains. The race to create truly portable telephone de- cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Tele-
vices began after World War II, with developments tak- graph and Telephone in 1979. This was followed in 1981
ing place in many countries. The advances in mobile tele- by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Tele-
phony have been traced in successive “generations”, start- phone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and
ing with the early “0G” (zeroth generation) services, such Sweden.[6] Several other countries then followed in the
as Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service and its suc- early to mid-1980s. These first-generation (1G) systems
cessor, the Improved Mobile Telephone Service. These could support far more simultaneous calls, but still used
“0G” systems were not cellular, supported few simultane- analog technology.
ous calls, and were very expensive. In 1991, the second-generation (2G) digital cellular tech-
nology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the
GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector
as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G net-
work operators.
Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was
launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA
standard.[7] This was followed by 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo
3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access
(HSPA) family, allowing UMTS networks to have higher
data transfer speeds and capacity.
By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point,
3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth
of bandwidth-intensive applications, such as streaming
media.[8] Consequently, the industry began looking to
data-optimized fourth-generation technologies, with the
promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over exist-
ing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available
technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard, of-
fered in North America by Sprint, and the LTE standard,
first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.

2 Features
Main article: Mobile phone features
See also: Smartphone

All mobile phones have a variety of features in common,

but manufacturers seek product differentiation by adding
functions to attract consumers. This competition has led
to great innovation in mobile phone development over the
past 20 years.
The common components found on all phones are:

• A battery, providing the power source for the phone

functions.
• An input mechanism to allow the user to interact
with the phone. The most common input mecha-
nism is a keypad, but touch screens are also found
in most smartphones.
• A screen which echoes the user’s typing, displays
The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. First commercially available text messages, contacts and more.
handheld cellular mobile phone, 1984.
• Basic mobile phone services to allow users to make
The first handheld mobile cell phone was demonstrated calls and send text messages.
2.3 SIM card 3

• All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account 2.3 SIM card
to be swapped among devices. Some CDMA de-
vices also have a similar card called a R-UIM. Main articles: Subscriber Identity Module and
Removable User Identity Module
• Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some GSM feature phones require a small microchip called
satellite phone devices are uniquely identified by
an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
number.

Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature

phones, and offer basic telephony. Handsets with more
advanced computing ability through the use of native
software applications became known as smartphones.
Several phone series have been introduced to address
specific market segments, such as the RIM BlackBerry
focusing on enterprise/corporate customer email needs,
the Sony-Ericsson 'Walkman' series of music/phones and
'Cyber-shot' series of camera/phones, the Nokia Nseries
of multimedia phones, the Palm Pre, the HTC Dream and
the Apple iPhone.

2.1 Sound quality

In sound quality, smartphones and feature phones vary

little. Some audio-quality enhancing features, such as
Voice over LTE and HD Voice, have appeared and are
often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality
can remain a problem with both, as this depends not so Typical mobile phone SIM card
much on the phone itself, as on the quality of the network
and, in long distance calls, the bottlenecks/choke points a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card, in order to
met along the way.[9][10] As such, for long-distance calls function. The SIM card is approximately the size of a
even features such as Voice over LTE and HD Voice may small postage stamp and is usually placed underneath the
not improve things. In some cases smartphones can im- battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores
prove audio quality even on long-distance calls, by using the service-subscriber key (IMSI) and the Kᵢ used to
a VoIP phone service, with someone else’s WiFi/internet identify and authenticate the user of the mobile phone.
connection.[11] The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply
removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and
inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband
telephony device, provided that this is not prevented by
2.2 Text messaging
a SIM lock.
Main article: SMS The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich smart
card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the Finnish wireless
network operator Radiolinja.
The most commonly used data application on mobile
phones is Short Message Service (SMS) text messaging.
The first SMS message was sent from a computer to a 2.4 Multi-card hybrid phones
mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first person-
to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland A hybrid mobile phone can hold up to four SIM cards.
in 1993. SIM and R-UIM cards may be mixed together to allow
The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was both GSM and CDMA networks to be accessed.
launched in Finland in 2000, and subsequently many From 2010 onwards, such phones became popular in In-
organizations provided “on-demand” and “instant” news dia and Indonesia and other emerging markets,[12] and
services by SMS. this was attributed to the desire to obtain the lowest on-net
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) was introduced in calling rate. In Q3 2011, Nokia shipped 18 million of its
2001. low-cost dual SIM phone range in an attempt to make up
4 5 USE OF MOBILE PHONES

for lost ground in the higher-end smartphone market.[13] momentum across the region at the expense of Nokia.
In India, Nokia’s market share dropped significantly to
around 31% from 56% in the same period. Its share was
2.5 Kosher phones displaced by Chinese and Indian vendors of low-end mo-
bile phones.[18]
There are Jewish orthodox religious restrictions which, by
some interpretations, standard mobile telephones over- In Q1 2012, according to Strategy Analytics, Samsung
step. To deal with this problem, some rabbinical or- surpassed Nokia, selling 93.5 million units as against
ganizations have recommended that phones with text- Nokia’s 82.7 million units. In 2012 Standard & Poor’s
messaging capability not be used by children.[14] Phones downgraded Nokia to “junk” status, at BB+/B, with neg-
with restricted features are known as kosher phones and ative outlook due to high loss and an expected further
have rabbinical approval for use in Israel and elsewhere by decline owing to insufficient growth in Lumia smart-
observant Orthodox Jews. Although these phones are in- phone sales to offset a rapid decline in revenue from
tended to prevent immodesty, some vendors report good Symbian-based smartphones that was forecast for subse-
sales to adults who prefer the simplicity of the devices. quent quarters.[19]
Some phones are approved for use by essential workers In Q3 2014, the top ten manufacturers were Samsung
(such as health, security and public service workers) on (20.6%), Nokia (9.5%), Apple Inc. (8.4%), LG (4.2%),
the sabbath, even though the use of any electrical device Huawei (3.6%), TCL Communication (3.5), Xiaomi
is generally prohibited during this time.[15] (3.5%), Lenovo (3.3%), ZTE (3.0%) and Micromax
(2.2%).[20]

3 Mobile phone operators • Note: Vendor shipments are branded shipments and ex-
clude OEM sales for all vendors

Other manufacturers outside the top five include TCL

Communication, Lenovo, Sony Mobile Communica-
tions, Motorola. Smaller current and past players include
Karbonn Mobile, Audiovox (now UTStarcom), BenQ-
Siemens, BlackBerry, Casio, CECT, Coolpad, Fujitsu,
HTC, Just5, Intex, Kyocera, Lumigon, Micromax
Mobile, Mitsubishi Electric, Modu, NEC, Neonode,
Openmoko, Panasonic, Palm, Pantech Wireless Inc.,
Growth in mobile phone subscribers per country from 1980 to Philips, Qualcomm Inc., Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Sierra
2009.
Wireless, SK Teletech, Soutec, Trium, Toshiba, and Vi-
Main article: Mobile phone operator dalco.

The world’s largest individual mobile operator by number

of subscribers is China Mobile, which has over 500 mil- 5 Use of mobile phones
lion mobile phone subscribers.[16] Over 50 mobile opera-
tors have over ten million subscribers each, and over 150
5.1 General
mobile operators had at least one million subscribers by
the end of 2009.[17] In 2014, there were more than seven
billion mobile phone subscribers worldwide, a number
Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants 1997-2014
that is expected to keep growing. 140

Developed
120
Developing

World

4 Manufacturers 100

80

See also: List of best-selling mobile phones and List of 60

mobile phone makers by country

40

20

Prior to 2010, Nokia was the market leader. However,

since then competition has emerged in the Asia Pacific 0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014*

region, from brands such as Micromax, Nexian and i-

Mobile, which have chipped away at Nokia’s market Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants. 2014 figure is
share. Android-powered smartphones have also gained estimated.
5.2 Smartphones 5

Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, such phones among their members. There are obvious
as keeping in touch with family members, for conducting economic benefits, but often familial customs and
business, and in order to have access to a telephone in the traditional gender roles play a part.[29] It is common
event of an emergency. Some people carry more than one for a village to have access to only one mobile phone,
mobile phone for different purposes, such as for business perhaps owned by a teacher or missionary, which is
and personal use. Multiple SIM cards may be used to take available to all members of the village for necessary
advantage of the benefits of different calling plans. For calls.[30]
example, a particular plan might provide for cheaper local
calls, long-distance calls, international calls, or roaming.
5.2 Smartphones
The mobile phone has been used in a variety of diverse
contexts in society. For example:
Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
• A study by Motorola found that one in ten mo- 90

bile phone subscribers have a second phone that 80

Developed
70
Developing
is often kept secret from other family members. 60 World

These phones may be used to engage in such activ- 50

ities as extramarital affairs or clandestine business 40

30
dealings.[23] 20

10

• Some organizations assist victims of domestic vio- 0

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014*
lence by providing mobile phones for use in emer-
gencies. These are often refurbished phones.[24]
Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.[31]
• The advent of widespread text-messaging has re-
sulted in the cell phone novel, the first literary genre Smartphones have a number of distinguishing features.
to emerge from the cellular age, via text messaging The International Telecommunication Union measures
to a website that collects the novels as a whole.[25] those with Internet connection, which it calls Active
• Mobile telephony also facilitates activism and pub- Mobile-Broadband subscriptions (which includes tablets,
lic journalism being explored by Reuters and etc.). In the developed world, smartphones have now
Yahoo![26] and small independent news companies overtaken the usage of earlier mobile systems. However,
such as Jasmine News in Sri Lanka. in the developing world, they account for only 20% of
mobile telephony.
• The United Nations reported that mobile phones
have spread faster than any other form of technol-
ogy and can improve the livelihood of the poorest 5.3 For distributing content
people in developing countries, by providing access
to information in places where landlines or the In- In 1998, one of the first examples of distributing and sell-
ternet are not available, especially in the least devel- ing media content through the mobile phone was the sale
oped countries. Use of mobile phones also spawns a of ringtones by Radiolinja in Finland. Soon afterwards,
wealth of micro-enterprises, by providing such work other media content appeared, such as news, video games,
as selling airtime on the streets and repairing or re- jokes, horoscopes, TV content and advertising. Most
furbishing handsets.[27] early content for mobile phones tended to be copies of
legacy media, such as banner advertisements or TV news
• In Mali and other African countries, people used to highlight video clips. Recently, unique content for mobile
travel from village to village to let friends and rela- phones has been emerging, from ringtones and ringback
tives know about weddings, births and other events. tones to mobisodes, video content that has been produced
This can now be avoided in areas with mobile phone exclusively for mobile phones.
coverage, which are usually more extensive than ar-
In 2006, the total value of mobile-phone-paid media con-
eas with just land line penetration.
tent exceeded Internet-paid media content and was worth
[32]
• The TV industry has recently started using mobile US$31 billion. The value of music on mobile phones
phones to drive live TV viewing through mobile was worth US$9.3 billion in 2007, and gaming was worth
apps, advertising, social TV, and mobile TV. [28]
It over US$5 billion in 2007.[33]
is estimated that 86% of Americans use their mo-
bile phone while watching TV.
5.4 While driving
• In some parts of the world, mobile phone sharing is
common. It is prevalent in urban India, as families Main article: Mobile phones and driving safety
and groups of friends often share one or more mobile Mobile phone use while driving is common but contro-
6 5 USE OF MOBILE PHONES

Mobile payment system

In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide

mobile banking services, which may include the abil-
ity to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text mes-
sage. Kenya’s M-PESA mobile banking service, for ex-
A sign along Bellaire Boulevard in Southside Place, Texas
(Greater Houston) indicating restrictions on mobile phone use ample, allows customers of the mobile phone operator
while driving. Safaricom to hold cash balances which are recorded on
their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn
from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets lo-
versial. Being distracted while operating a motor vehi- cated throughout the country, and can be transferred elec-
cle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents; be- tronically from person to person and used to pay bills to
cause of this, many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mo- companies.
bile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portu-
Branchless banking has also been successful in South
gal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free use of a
Africa and the Philippines. A pilot project in Bali was
mobile phone is banned. In other countries including the
launched in 2011 by the International Finance Corpora-
UK and France and in many U.S. states, only handheld
tion and an Indonesian bank, Bank Mandiri.[35]
phone use is banned, while hands-free use is permitted.
Another application of mobile banking technology is
Due to the increasing complexity of mobile phones, they
Zidisha, a US-based nonprofit micro-lending platform
are often more like mobile computers in their available
that allows residents of developing countries to raise small
uses. This has introduced additional difficulties for law
business loans from Web users worldwide. Zidisha uses
enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one
mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments,
usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is
transferring funds from lenders in the United States to
more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and
borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile phones and
hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld
can use the Internet.[36]
use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of
the mobile phone is being used simply by looking at the Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998
driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using when two Coca-Cola vending machines in Espoo were
their device illegally for a phone call when, in fact, they enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea
were using the device legally, for example, when using the spread and in 1999, the Philippines launched the coun-
phone’s incorporated controls for car stereo or satnav. try’s first commercial mobile payments systems with mo-
bile operators Globe and Smart.
A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of mobile phone use
while cycling and its effects on behaviour and safety.[34] Some mobile phones can make mobile payments via
direct mobile billing schemes, or through contactless
payments, if the phone and the point of sale support
5.5 Mobile banking and payments near field communication (NFC).[37] Enabling contact-
less payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones re-
Main articles: Mobile banking and Mobile payment quires the co-operation of manufacturers, network oper-
See also: Branchless banking and Contactless payment ators and retail merchants.[38][39][40]
 7

5.6 Tracking and privacy human animals and in humans. The majority of this re-
search shows no definite causative relationship between
See also: Cellphone surveillance and Mobile phone exposure to mobile phones and harmful biological effects
tracking in humans. This is often paraphrased simply as the bal-
ance of evidence showing no harm to humans from mo-
Mobile phones are commonly used to collect location bile phones, although a significant number of individual
data. While the phone is turned on, the geographical studies do suggest such a relationship, or are inconclusive.
location of a mobile phone can be determined easily Other digital wireless systems, such as data communica-
(whether it is being used or not) using a technique known tion networks, produce similar radiation.
as multilateration to calculate the differences in time for On 31 May 2011, the World Health Organization stated
a signal to travel from the mobile phone to each of several that mobile phone use may possibly represent a long-term
cell towers near the owner of the phone.[41][42] health risk,[48][49] classifying mobile phone radiation as
The movements of a mobile phone user can be tracked by “possibly carcinogenic to humans” after a team[50] of sci-
their service provider and, if desired, by law enforcement entists reviewed studies on mobile phone safety. The
agencies and their governments. Both the SIM card and mobile phone is in category 2B, which ranks it alongside
the handset can be tracked.[41] coffee and other possibly carcinogenic substances.[51][52]

China has proposed using this technology to track the Some recent studies have found an association between
commuting patterns of Beijing city residents.[43] In the mobile phone use and certain kinds of brain and sali-
UK and US, law enforcement and intelligence services vary gland tumors. Lennart Hardell and other authors of
use mobile phoness to perform surveillance operations. a 2009 meta-analysis of 11 studies from peer-reviewed
They possess technology that enables them to activate the journals concluded that cell phone usage for at least ten
microphones in mobile phones remotely in order to listen years “approximately doubles the risk of being diagnosed
to conversations which take place near the phone.[44][45] with a brain tumor on the same ('ipsilateral') side of the
head as that preferred for cell phone use”.[53]
One study of past mobile phone use cited in the report
5.7 Thefts showed a “40% increased risk for gliomas (brain can-
cer) in the highest category of heavy users (reported av-
According to the Federal Communications Commission, erage: 30 minutes per day over a 10‐year period)".[54]
one out of three robberies involve the theft of a cellular This is a reversal of the study’s prior position that can-
phone. Police data in San Francisco show that half of cer was unlikely to be caused by cellular phones or their
all robberies in 2012 were thefts of cellular phones. An base stations and that reviews had found no convincing
online petition on Change.org, called Secure our Smart- evidence for other health effects.[49][55] However, a study
phones, urged smartphone manufacturers to install kill published 24 March 2012 in the British Medical Journal
switches in their devices to make them unusable if stolen. questioned these estimates, because the increase in brain
The petition is part of a joint effort by New York Attorney cancers has not paralleled the increase in mobile phone
General Eric Schneiderman and San Francisco District use.[56] Certain countries, including France, have warned
Attorney George Gascón, and was directed to the CEOs against the use of mobile phones by minors in particular,
of the major smartphone manufacturers and telecommu- due to health risk uncertainties.[57]
nication carriers.[46]
On Monday, 10 June 2013, Apple announced that it
would install a kill switch on its next iPhone operating 7 Future evolution
system, due to debut in October 2013.[47]
Main article: 5G

6 Health effects 5G is a technology and term used in research papers

and projects to denote the next major phase in mo-
Main article: Mobile phone radiation and health bile telecommunication standards beyond the 4G/IMT-
Further information: Mobile phones on aircraft Advanced standards. The term 5G is not officially used in
any specification or official document yet made public by
The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health telecommunication companies or standardization bodies
is the subject of recent interest and study, as a result of such as 3GPP, WiMAX Forum or ITU-R. New standards
the enormous increase in mobile phone usage through- beyond 4G are currently being developed by standardiza-
out the world. Mobile phones use electromagnetic radi- tion bodies, but they are at this time seen as under the 4G
ation in the microwave range, which some believe may umbrella, not for a new mobile generation.
be harmful to human health. A large body of research Deloitte is predicting a collapse in wireless performance
exists, both epidemiological and experimental, in non- to come as soon as 2016, as more devices using more and
8 11 REFERENCES

more services compete for limited bandwidth for their 10 See also
operation.[58]

11 References
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8 Environmental impact
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10 13 EXTERNAL LINKS

[58] “Wireless performance will collapse, prices rise: De- • Ling, Rich, The Mobile Connection: the Cell Phone’s
loitte”. theregister.co.uk. Impact on Society, 2004 ISBN 1-55860-936-9
[59] “The Secret Life Series - Environmental Impacts of Cell • Ling, Rich and Pedersen, Per, eds. Mobile Commu-
Phones”. Inform, Inc. Retrieved 4 February 2014. nications: Re-negotiation of the Social Sphere, 2005
ISBN 1-85233-931-4
[60] “E-waste research group, Facts and figures”. Griffith Uni-
versity. Retrieved 3 December 2011. • Home page of Rich Ling
[61] “Mobile Phone Waste and The Environment”. Aussie Re- • Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Communication: Essays
cycling Program. Retrieved 3 December 2011. on Cognition and Community, 2003
[62] “Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?". The • Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Learning: Essays on Phi-
Daily Telegraph. 27 September 2011.
losophy, Psychology and Education, 2003
[63] “Children of the Congo who risk their lives to supply our
• Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Democracy: Essays on
mobile phones”. The Guardian. 7 December 2012.
Society, Self and Politics, 2003

• Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. A Sense of Place: The Global and

12 Further reading the Local in Mobile Communication, 2005

• Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Understanding: The

• Agar, Jon, Constant Touch: A Global History of the Epistemology of Ubiquitous Communication, 2006
Mobile Phone, 2004 ISBN 1-84046-541-7
• Plant, Dr. Sadie, on the mobile – the effects of mobile
• Ahonen, Tomi, m-Profits: Making Money with 3G telephones on social and individual life, 2001
Services, 2002, ISBN 0-470-84775-1
• Rheingold, Howard, Smart Mobs: The Next Social
• Ahonen, Kasper and Melkko, 3G Marketing 2004, Revolution, 2002 ISBN 0-7382-0861-2
ISBN 0-470-85100-7
• Singh, Rohit (April 2009). Mobile phones for devel-
• Fessenden, R. A. (1908). “Wireless Telephony”. opment and profit: a win-win scenario (PDF). Over-
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smith- seas Development Institute. p. 2.
sonian Institution: 161–196. Retrieved 7 August
2009.

• Glotz, Peter & Bertsch, Stefan, eds. Thumb Culture:

13 External links
The Meaning of Mobile Phones for Society, 2005
• Media related to Mobile phones at Wikimedia Com-
• Goggin, Gerard, Global Mobile Media (New York: mons
Routledge, 2011), p. 176. ISBN 978-0415469180
• How Cell Phones Work at HowStuffWorks
• Jain, S. Lochlann. “Urban Errands: The
Means of Mobility”. Journal of Consumer • “The Long Odyssey of the Cell Phone”, 15 photos
Culture 2:3 (November 2002) 385–404. with captions from Time magazine
doi:10.1177/146954050200200305. • Cell Phone, the ring heard around the world—a
video documentary by the Canadian Broadcasting
• Katz, James E. & Aakhus, Mark, eds. Perpetual
Corporation
Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Pub-
lic Performance, 2002

• Kavoori, Anandam & Arceneaux, Noah, eds. The

Cell Phone Reader: Essays in Social Transformation,
2006

• Kennedy, Pagan. Who Made That Cellphone?, The

New York Times, 15 March 2013, p. MM19

• Kopomaa, Timo. The City in Your Pocket, Gaudea-

mus 2000

• Levinson, Paul, Cellphone: The Story of the World’s

Most Mobile Medium, and How It Has Transformed
Everything!, 2004 ISBN 1-4039-6041-0
 11

14 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

14.1 Text
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Phobia, CardinalDan, CrZTgR, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, DecadeMan, Jc7919, Echosmoke, Black Kite, Lights, Buttin, X!, Flikes123,
Dragonvulture, LeeColleton, Hellno2, Shiggity, The stripy penguine, Hammersoft, VolkovBot, Traf22, CWii, Science4sail, SimplyCell-
Phone, Leebo, Jeff G., Indubitably, Dmaonk, Mathteacher1729, Majoreditor, Bovineboy2008, Soliloquial, Helplessstar88207~enwiki,
Blaze The Movie Fan, Aesopos, Gracemusante, Cacolantern, Philip Trueman, WalrusMan118, RPlunk2853, FluffyWyld2, Trenwith,
Martinevans123, Isaac Sanolnacov, Drunkenmonkey, Blendus, RiSeLing, TXiKiBoT, Prieplauka, Newtown11, Eve Hall, SethFreeman,
Thepulse2007, Mettler, Aghibner, SK hockey fan, Graavy, Anonymous Dissident, Funky Monkey 2000, Kishonti~enwiki, Tangerineduel,
WikipedianYknOK, Qxz, Piperh, RMWLLC, Warrush, Anna Lincoln, Aeharding, Lradrama, Melsaran, Kovianyo, CanOfWorms, Bagle,
Abdullais4u, Canaima, LeaveSleaves, Edgar187, Raryel, Darkkaangel, Tim9798, PDFbot, Cremepuff222, Maxim, ARUNKUMAR P.R,
C-M, Bkbroiler, Tri400, Shifter95, Sses401, Vladsinger, Jensgram, Aron.Foster, Graymornings, Poopyunderwear1, Gracenotes’ left sock,
Synthebot, Altermike, Saramarie8789, Falcon8765, Hg5131, Richtom80, RMW42, Vchimpanzee, MyronAub, Sesshomaru, Unused0030,
Runarreistrup, Amalia07, Rboxer, Agape25, Superdude444, Doc James, AlleborgoBot, Nagy, Symane, PGWG, Pc9889, Cheesecake13,
PRChinaMan, Wwwwhite, Fearthisname, Jackky, Red, D. Recorder, Hmwith, Redoggy101, Marioblooper, Kbrose, DenverF666, Jim-
mayoy007, The Random Editor, Biscuittin, 3e solutions, Darkieboy236, Markomiha, SieBot, Froztbyte, Whiskey in the Jar, Smlowe5, Ce-
leste67, Thennessey8910, Anhimgr8, Augustus Rookwood, YonaBot, Scarian, Jevo90, Luboogers25, Malcolmxl5, Ellbeecee, Loveshoes,
Ashayh, Ypps~enwiki, Hertz1888, Jack Merridew, Iveschavira, Luisa Yeom, Da Joe, Caltas, Karlson753, Twinkler4, Shochin, DIAMOND
LOVE2007, RJaguar3, Lcfuentes, CurranH, Feoray, Gravitan, LeadSongDog, Cbird09, Infodriveway, Bhagwatkumar, Nummer29, Wheel-
spins13, Dllew1, Blake3522, Archers princess, Jrfireboy2, Cocomaxwater, Flyer22 Reborn, Chromaticity, Tiptoety, Radon210, Sms-
masters, Larek, TheThingy, Glenibaby06, Stumbler7, Nopetro, Eamclellan, Exrev, Jnottingham13, JetLover, Undead Herle King, Au-
reliusweb, Jimthing, Jimblobodob, Guildwarsplayar, Istaro, Oxymoron83, Kkgorykid, Sammygooders, Faradayplank, AngelOfSadness,
14.2 Images 13

Physik, Editor91, Peter k john, Lightmouse, Tomi T Ahonen, Kd24, Macy, Sacon, Wrmscomet, Ooza, Spitfire19, Schmidty247, Corre-
ogsk, LonelyMarble, StaticGull, Martycell, Cyfal, Kdevin, Mygerardromance, Realm of Shadows, Thedarkcookie, Immy92, Vig vimarsh,
Dust Filter, Altzinn, MichaelIvan, Petete333, Klaus100, Kelan19, Dabomb87, Superbeecat, Florentino floro, Cutiepie 10129, Princess
habibu, Daveruzius, Adnanp, C0nanPayne, Tomahiv, Vonones, Perspective Vortex, Explicit, Mcarrieri, Falcon-eagle2007, Anthony060708,
Cactuscake, Faithlessthewonderboy, Loren.wilton, Sfan00 IMG, Tanvir Ahmmed, Elassint, ClueBot, Admiral Norton, Schaea, Press-
foraction, Cpljwlusmc, Stinkehund, PipepBot, Snigbrook, Badger Drink, Foxj, LondonBVE2, The Thing That Should Not Be, Cell-
fire1, Gpermant, TherionPhusikos, Rjd0060, Tsomas214, Cambrasa, EoGuy, Royalgam, Figarema, P0mbal, Frmorrison, SecretDisc,
Phone2phonee, Klabber, CounterVandalismBot, Leodmacleod, Shaliya waya, Niceguyedc, Blanchardb, Harland1, Argonistic professor,
Klabber1, Xjohnjohnx, Bob bobato, Neverquick, Volleyballspider, Danaeb, Michaelmoran, Namazu-tron, Glaurio2000, Amirul2008,
Mmark089, MrTobe, Silverbackwireless, Mr. Laser Beam, Thewhoissuperb24, AcademicallyIntelligent, D10025g, 123456789abcde-
fghi, DragonBot, SteveRamone, SapientiaSativa, Pc on whee1s, Gimli007~enwiki, Excirial, KihakuNoSenshi, Iloveulikeafatkidlovescake,
Congolese fufu, Fireflyfan1, Ashirv, Dan373, Rodgersmas214, Resoru, Smartfunda, Mas214Kapinga, Daymas214, John Nevard, ZHU-
MAS214, Jeffwashere, Smallmas214, Estirabot, Lartoven, TUMAS214, Lunchscale, Jotterbot, Chirag Patil, Okiefromokla, Promethean,
Pokespot, GuffasBorgz7, JamieS93, Gbvjcczxhb, RayquazaDialgaWeird2210, Mgw89, Dekisugi, Dnaphd, Gundersen53, Queenmeg-
meg, Nukeless, Careida, Nedim.sh, Sallicio, Ottawa4ever, Polly, ChrisHodgesUK, Swingout, Orionrulesallpeeps, Sudhir.rao, Thingg, Er-
ror −128, Quinn111, Aitias, Volodimir~enwiki, Versus22, Teleomatic, Dana boomer, Mshadowsbabywoo, Xman4sho, Djk3, Katanada,
David Chiam, Chuuplo, Johnuniq, SoxBot III, Apparition11, SF007, ClanCC, Ginbot86, DumZiBoT, InternetMeme, Loo4, Dairyqueen8,
XLinkBot, Mattthistle, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, Gwandoya, Rror, Duncan, Mitch Ames, SilvonenBot, NellieBly, Ericloewe, Saw-
ickin, Sweetpoet, Noctibus, Pcpersons, NHJG, Zodon, Cooljc~enwiki, Catgirl, Sk8erking85, Sassygirl101leahu, Supercool277, Websi7,
Thatguyflint, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Speer320, Schesnais, Vandalism bot1, Jcfan710, Witysmartone, Bluejm2, Willking1979, AVand, Some
jerk on the Internet, DOI bot, Alex1city, Ente75, Kiy765630, Fgnievinski, Pjjafc, Orangesbob, Nibbles249, Pieman196, Monkeysocks2,
Ja2ck2ie2, Mohamedhp, Battleboom13, Naughtyshakil, CanadianLinuxUser, Rj1200, NjardarBot, Ka Faraq Gatri, Cst17, MrOllie, Austin-
nielson, Belmond, CarsracBot, Thom443, Ccacsmss, Lalalosurr, Glane23, DoraXplorer, Mathu321, Bloopasareverykool, Buddha24,
Favonian, Jasper Deng, West.andrew.g, Tyw7, Livni, Ssseeeaaan, Deathspawn the suicidal, Numbo3-bot, Wikinoob123, Theking17825,
Evildeathmath, Cylover, Sinadoom, Tide rolls, Ghustaff0809010, Verbal, Krano, Nuberger13, Aadieu, QuadrivialMind, Gail, Wire-
less friend, Abracadabration, Narayan, Jackelfive, Chaldor, Luckas-bot, HikaruTora, Yobot, Fonboozles, Walter.Geo, Geroldorules69ers,
Tohd8BohaithuGh1, JSimmonz, Cflm001, Specious, Donfbreed, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, GOR42, KamikazeBot, IW.HG, South Bay, Tem-
podivalse, OregonD00d, Retro00064, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Bctwriter, Lilduff2008, 1exec1, IRP, Galoubet, Pyrrhus16,
ISquishy, JackieBot, Majikboom, Solidsandie, Flewis, Bluerasberry, Limideen, B2031919, Rtyq2, Crockie422, Citation bot, IRKAIN2,
Lisamcghee87, GACHealth, Syberiyxx, Patentideas, Glevinso, Frankenpuppy, Neurolysis, ArthurBot, Quebec99, Bobbyjoe101, Speed-
stick76, Rosenblattl, Xqbot, ManningBartlett, Bjorn Elenfors, Transity, Dockfish, Addihockey10, Capricorn42, Termininja, Robot85,
Khajidha, GenQuest, TheWeakWilled, Repsrule, GrandKokla, JascalX, , Tomwsulcer, Connshearer, Handshaines, Karthik6129,
Wiki2contrib, Shahzad11, GrouchoBot, Burstorange, Waffleboy666, 0wnag34life, Ute in DC, Wizardist, Kopieto, Mark Schierbecker,
SassoBot, Karghazini, Southberry, Kcdtsg, KMoore175, Catstuffer1, Kennny27, Yoganate79, Eckerslike, Connerc 11, LyleHoward, Shad-
owjams, Kyle Hardgrave, Bluesoju, Taka76, Klapouchy, FreeKnowledgeCreator, GliderMaven, FrescoBot, Akuvar, Kat081685, Chrss-
chm, Tobby72, GEBStgo, Tiramisoo, JuniperisCommunis, Varundbest10, Troglo, Austria156, DivineAlpha, Wireless Keyboard, Ham-
burgerRadio, Avani089, Elvisforpresident, Citation bot 1, Zhwn24, Tonyupward, Ryannie1991, Rsolero, Nokia ST, Cpflieger, I dream
of horses, Seals9889, Robert A. Maxwell, LittleWink, Chatfecter, The Arbiter, Toomuchcash, Angstorm, Dneubert, Tinton5, Cooltwig,
PSUdesigner, Vincenzo 90, Jamesinderbyshire, Phoenix7777, Sajalkdas, Jirka.h23, FoxBot, Mjs1991, VEO15, TobeBot, Yunshui, Drive-
MySol, Lionslayer, Lotje, Ladiesman2215, Extra999, Olliecracknell, Aoidh, David Hedlund, Crysb, Lambanog, Trinary M01, Jamiespinks,
Iloveyourfaceman, MegaSloth, FelixtheMagnificent, H.ehsaan, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Northwestern guy, Renault555, Horshamknowsbest,
Maryjaneadams, Lacastrian, Meeghaman, RjwilmsiBot, Anotherskinnykid, Scoreymjp, Vtstarin, Bokorember, NameIsRon, Ripchip Bot,
Carnell robison, Pioneer valley, Realglobalist, Carolynlowe, Caster33, Lopifalko, Rubinl88, Esibun, Powerkeys, Chapy26, BobbyChrist-
mas, Zaeriuraschi, Glamour girl1994, Bo789789, Becritical, Spidey9995, Stinkyindian, Northwesternep15, EmausBot, John of Reading,
Repiceman89, WikitanvirBot, Ghostofnemo, Ever388, Emmalewis1, Karagirl25, Rusty Sheklelfurd, Dewritech, Qjawls2030, Modou 1990,
Yt95, GoingBatty, Cicely5, G&CP, Zachanders, Wikipelli, Americanhaute, Evanh2008, Kkm010, Listmeister, Udvarias, Checkingfax,
Acategory, Jack Sebastian, Arunj 001, Idh0854, Samgj127, Pyro721, Unreal7, Alex Neman, Hamiltha, Palosirkka, Gsarwa, Rangoon11,
ChuispastonBot, Wakebrdkid, Targaryen, DJDunsie, Ksmit139, Georgy90, Woolfy123, Diamondland, ResearchRave, Mikhail Ryazanov,
Emma23 K, Jwhimmelspach, ClueBot NG, Jnorton7558, W.Kaleem, Matthiaspaul, Gilderien, Daveduv, David O. Johnson, Singhma-
hendra20, Theimmaculatechemist, DieSwartzPunkt, Mesoderm, ScottSteiner, Ivan345garcia, Yev121, Abcd888, Nigs12345, Zackaback,
Chacha15, Funkymonkey1997, Aurelie Branchereau-Giles, Joshb094, Joshb09444, Theopolisme, Mobileready, Utgard~enwiki, Helpful
Pixie Bot, GGink, FtDesoto, Julietlewis, Roshanamila, Ceekee, පසිඳු කාවින්ද, Webzoneme123, Phonenotebook, Nomam123123123,
Skaldragon, Gob Lofa, Tyagirl100, Pine, Smart1954, Kndimov, Northamerica1000, RobLandau, AvocatoBot, Davidiad, Bobultranerd,
Architect101, NNU-01-05100137, Rsamahamed, Infernovatomic, Ddavid2005, Shirudo, Russianamerican1, Cynival, BattyBot, Bagoto,
RichardMills65, SchreibStang, Cyberbot II, Brimur05, Khazar2, Froekenjul, Harpsichord246, MilanAD, HuntersMoon22, BrightStarSky,
Katiewiltshire, Dexbot, Aditya Mahar, Blobbie244, CuriousMind01, KarinaJ son, Lugia2453, Kskhh, Kevin12xd, Reatlas, Gabby Merger,
Karthikeyan KC, Polytope4d, Seqqis, Zalunardo8, Petemclaren, Ryenocerous, Sahildhiman27091999, Andrewlyly, Thevideodrome, Spy-
glasses, Melody Lavender, Gokul.gk7, Saiful7, MameTozhio, Publiususa, Meteor sandwich yum, Lagoset, CyHack, Monkbot, Soloism,
Dannywong1190, Filedelinkerbot, P-123, Qwertyxp2000, Amarkowitz1, Bpmeller, Wiki.wonder.56, GeorginaMat, Maodit, Kaufmanitay,
Morlvi, Junaid sipra, KasparBot, Bmb8aq, Ishaque.mohammed8 and Anonymous: 2609

14.2 Images
• File:2007Computex_e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/2007Computex_
e21Forum-MartinCooper.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Rico Shen Original artist: Rico Shen
• File:Active_mobile_broadband_subscriptions_2007-2014.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/
Active_mobile_broadband_subscriptions_2007-2014.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Chris55
• File:DynaTAC8000X.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/DynaTAC8000X.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DynaTAC8000X.jpg Original artist: Redrum0486
• File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-
sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
14 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Mobile_payment_01.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Mobile_payment_01.jpg License: CC

BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: HLundgaard
• File:Mobile_phone_evolution.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Mobile_phone_evolution.jpg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Anders
• File:Mobile_phone_map_1980-2009.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Mobile_phone_map_
1980-2009.gif License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Michael Hale
• File:Mobile_phone_subscribers_1997-2014_ITU.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Mobile_phone_
subscribers_1997-2014_ITU.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Chris55
• File:NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/
NocellphonesSouthsidePlaceTX.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: WhisperToMe
• File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
• File:Sidewalk_electronics_repair_in_Hong_Kong.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Sidewalk_
electronics_repair_in_Hong_Kong.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Victorgrigas
• File:Telecom-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Typical_cellphone_SIM_cards.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Typical_cellphone_SIM_
cards.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kirk
• File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk · contribs),
based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

14.3 Content license

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