A mobile phone or mobile (also called cellphone and handphone[1]) is an electronic device

used for mobile telecommunications (mobile telephone, text messaging or data transmission)
over a cellular network of specialized base stations known as cell sites. Mobile phones differ
from cordless telephones, which only offer telephone service within limited range, e.g. within a
home or an office, through a fixed line and a base station owned by the subscriber and also from
satellite phones and radio telephones. As opposed to a radio telephone, a cell phone offers full
duplex communication, automates calling to and paging from a public land mobile network
(PLMN), and handoff (handover) during a phone call when the user moves from one cell (base
station coverage area) to another. Most current cell phones connect to a cellular network
consisting of switching points and base stations (cell sites) owned by a mobile network operator.
In addition to the standard voice function, current mobile phones may support many additional
services, and accessories, such as SMS for text messaging, email, packet switching for access to
the Internet, gaming, Bluetooth, infrared, camera with video recorder and MMS for sending and
receiving photos and video, MP3 player, radio and GPS. The concept of a handheld phone was
Martin Cooper's brainchild, and with the help of his Motorola team, the first handset was born in
1973 weighing in at two kilos.[2]

The International Telecommunication Union estimated that mobile cellular subscriptions

worldwide would reach approximately 4.6 billion by the end of 2009. Mobile phones have
gained increased importance in the sector of Information and communication technologies for
development in the 2000s and have effectively started to reach the bottom of the economic
pyramid.[3]

History

Mobile car phone, 1964

Main article: History of mobile phones

Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessenden's invention and
shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use
of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held mobile radio devices
have been available since 1973. A patent for the first wireless phone as we know today was
issued in US Patent Number 3,449,750 to George Sweigert of Euclid, Ohio on June 10, 1969.

In 1960, the world’s first partly automatic car phone system Mobile System A (MTA)|MTA was
launched in Sweden. MTA phones were consisted of vacuum tubes and relays, and had a weight
of 40 kg. In 1962, a more modern version called Mobile System B (MTB) was launched, which
was a push-button telephone, and which used transistors in order to enhance the telephone’s
calling capacity and improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the MTD version was launched,
opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.[4][5]

Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive is considered to be the inventor of the first
practical mobile phone for hand-held use in a non-vehicle setting, after a long race against Bell
Labs for the first portable mobile phone. Cooper is the first inventor named on "Radio telephone
system" filed on October 17, 1973 with the US Patent Office and later issued as US Patent
3,906,166;[6] other named contributors on the patent included Cooper's boss, John F. Mitchell,
Motorola's chief of portable communication products, who successfully pushed Motorola to
develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use outside the home,
office or automobile and participated in the design of the cellular phone.[7][8] Using a modern, if
somewhat heavy portable handset, Cooper made the first call on a hand-held mobile phone on
April 3, 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.[9]

Analog cellular telephony (1G)

Main article: 1G

The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by
NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network
had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nation-wide 1G
network.

The second launch of 1G networks was the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone
(NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1981.[10]. NMT was the first mobile
phone network featuring international roaming.

Several countries then followed in the early 1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada. The
first 1G network launched in the USA was Chicago based Ameritech in 1983 using the famous
first hand-held mobile phone Motorola DynaTAC.

Digital mobile communication (2G)

Main articles: 2G, 2.5G, and 2.75G

The first "modern" network technology on digital 2G (second generation) cellular technology
was launched by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Group) in 1991 in Finland on the GSM standard
which also marked the introduction of competition in mobile telecoms when Radiolinja
challenged incumbent Telecom Finland (now part of TeliaSonera) who ran a 1G NMT network.

Wideband mobile communication (3G)

An early 3G handset
Main article: 3G

In 2001 the first commercial launch of 3G (Third Generation) was again in Japan by NTT
DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard.[11]

One of the newest 3G technologies to be implemented is High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

(HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in
the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows
networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data
transfer speeds and capacity.

Handsets

A Nokia phone with box.

A printed circuit board inside a mobile phone

There are several categories of mobile phones, from basic phones to feature phones such as
musicphones and cameraphones. There are also smartphones, the first smartphone was the Nokia
9000 Communicator in 1996 which incorporated PDA functionality to the basic mobile phone at
the time. As miniaturisation and increased processing power of microchips has enabled ever
more features to be added to phones, the concept of the smartphone has evolved, and what was a
high-end smartphone five years ago, is a standard phone today. Several phone series have been
introduced to address a given market segment, such as the RIM BlackBerry focusing on
enterprise/corporate customer email needs; the SonyEricsson Walkman series of musicphones
and Cybershot series of cameraphones; the Nokia Nseries of multimedia phones, the Palm Pre
the HTC Dream and the Apple iPhone.

Features

Main articles: Mobile phone features and Smartphone

Mobile phones often have features extending beyond sending text messages and making voice
calls, including call registers, GPS navigation, music (MP3) and video (MP4) playback, RDS
radio receiver, alarms, memo and document recording, personal organiser and personal digital
assistant functions, ability to watch streaming video or download video for later viewing, video
calling, built-in cameras (1.0+ Mpx) and camcorders (video recording), with autofocus and flash,
ringtones, games, PTT, memory card reader (SD), USB (2.0), infrared, Bluetooth (2.0) and WiFi
connectivity, instant messaging, Internet e-mail and browsing and serving as a wireless modem
for a PC, and soon will also serve as a console of sorts to online games and other high quality
games. Some phones also include a touchscreen.

Nokia and the University of Cambridge are demonstrating a bendable cell phone called the
Morph.[12]

See also: Videophone, for UMTS-type mobile phones employing simultaneous video and
audio

Software and applications

The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging, with 74%
of all mobile phone users as active users (over 2.4 billion out of 3.3 billion total subscribers at
the end of 2007). SMS text messaging was worth over 100 billion dollars in annual revenues in
2007 and the worldwide average of messaging use is 2.6 SMS sent per day per person across the
whole mobile phone subscriber base (source Informa 2007). The first SMS text message was
sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first person-to-person SMS
from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.

The other non-SMS data services used by mobile phones were worth 31 billion dollars in 2007,
and were led by mobile music, downloadable logos and pictures, gaming, gambling, adult
entertainment and advertising (source: Informa 2007). The first downloadable mobile content
was sold to a mobile phone in Finland in 1998, when Radiolinja (now Elisa) introduced the
downloadable ringing tone service. In 1999 Japanese mobile operator NTT DoCoMo introduced
its mobile internet service, i-Mode, which today is the world's largest mobile internet service and
roughly the same size as Google in annual revenues.
The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000. Mobile news
services are expanding with many organisations providing "on-demand" news services by SMS.
Some also provide "instant" news pushed out by SMS. Mobile telephony also facilitates activism
and public journalism being explored by Reuters and Yahoo![13] and small independent news
companies such as Jasmine News in Sri Lanka.

Companies are starting to offer mobile services such as job search and career advice. Consumer
applications are on the rise and include everything from information guides on local activities
and events to mobile coupons and discount offers one can use to save money on purchases. Even
tools for creating websites for mobile phones are increasingly becoming available.

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in
Espoo were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually the idea spread and in 1999 the
Philippines launched the first commercial mobile payments systems, on the mobile operators
Globe and Smart. Today mobile payments ranging from mobile banking to mobile credit cards to
mobile commerce are very widely used in Asia and Africa, and in selected European markets.
For example in the Philippines it is not unusual to have one's entire paycheck paid to the mobile
account. In Kenya the limit of money transfers from one mobile banking account to another is
one million US dollars. In India paying utility bills with mobile gains a 5% discount. In Estonia
mobile phones are the most popular method of paying for public parking.

Power supply

Mobile phone charging service in Uganda

Mobile phones generally obtain power from rechargeable batteries. There are a variety of ways
used to charge cell phones, including USB, portable batteries, mains power (using an AC
adapter), cigarette lighters (using an adapter), or a dynamo. In 2009, wireless charging became a
reality, and the first wireless charger was released for consumer use.[14]

Standardization of Micro-USB connector for charging

Starting from 2010, many mobile phone manufacturers have agreed to use the Micro-USB
connector for charging their phones.[15] The mobile phone manufacturers who have agreed to this
standard include:
  Apple
 LG
 Motorola
 Nokia
 Research In Motion
 Samsung
 Sony Ericsson

On 17 February 2009, the GSM Association announced[16] that they had agreed on a standard
charger for mobile phones. The standard connector to be adopted by 17 manufacturers in the
Open Mobile Terminal Platform including Nokia, Motorola and Samsung is to be the micro-USB
connector (several media reports erroneously reported this as the mini-USB). The new chargers
will be much more efficient than existing chargers. Having a standard charger for all phones,
means that manufacturers will no longer have to supply a charger with every new phone.

In addition, on 22 October 2009 the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announced

that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charger Solution its "energy-efficient one-
charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution", and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface,
UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating — up to three times more
energy-efficient than an unrated charger."[17]

Charger efficiency

The world's five largest handset makers introduced a new rating system in November 2008 to
help consumers more easily identify the most energy-efficient chargers

The majority of energy lost in a mobile phone charger is in its no load condition, when the
mobile phone is not connected but the charger has been left plugged in and using power. To
combat this in November 2008 the top five mobile phone manufacturers Nokia, Samsung, LG
Electronics, Sony Ericsson and Motorola set up a star rating system to rate the efficiency of their
chargers in the no-load condition. Starting at zero stars for >0.5 W and going up to the top five
star rating for <0.03 W (30 mW) no load power.

A number of semiconductor companies offering flyback controllers, such as Power Integrations

and CamSemi, now claim that the five star standard can be achieved with use of their product.
Battery

Formerly, the most common form of mobile phone batteries were nickel metal-hydride, as they
have a low size and weight. lithium ion batteries are sometimes used, as they are lighter and do
not have the voltage depression that nickel metal-hydride batteries do. Many mobile phone
manufacturers have now switched to using lithium-polymer batteries as opposed to the older
Lithium-Ion, the main advantages of this being even lower weight and the possibility to make the
battery a shape other than strict cuboid. Mobile phone manufacturers have been experimenting
with alternative power sources, including solar cells and Coca Cola.[18]

SIM card

Main article: Subscriber Identity Module

Typical mobile phone SIM card

In addition to the battery, GSM mobile phones require a small microchip, called a Subscriber
Identity Module or SIM Card, to function. Approximately the size of a small postage stamp, the
SIM Card is usually placed underneath the battery in the rear of the unit, and (when properly
activated) stores the phone's configuration data, and information about the phone itself, such as
which calling plan the subscriber is using. When the subscriber removes the SIM Card, it can be
re-inserted into another phone that is configured to accept the SIM card[19] and used as normal.

Each SIM Card is activated by use of a unique numerical identifier; once activated, the identifier
is locked down and the card is permanently locked in to the activating network. For this reason,
most retailers refuse to accept the return of an activated SIM Card.

Those cell phones that do not use a SIM Card have the data programmed in to their memory.
This data is accessed by using a special digit sequence to access the "NAM" as in "Name" or
number programming menu. From here, one can add information such as a new number for the
phone, new Service Provider numbers, new emergency numbers, change their Authentication
Key or A-Key code, and update their Preferred Roaming List or PRL. However, to prevent
someone from accidentally disabling their phone or removing it from the network, the Service
Provider puts a lock on this data called a Master Subsidiary Lock or MSL.

The MSL also ensures that the Service Provider gets payment for the phone that was purchased
or "leased". For example, the Motorola RAZR V9C costs upwards of CAD $500. Depending on
the carrier, such a phone may be available for as little as $200. The difference is paid by the
customer in the form of a monthly bill. If the carrier did not use an MSL, then they may lose the
$300–$400 difference that is paid in the monthly bill, since some customers would cancel their
service and take the phone to another carrier.

The MSL applies to the SIM only so once the contract has been completed the MSL still applies
to the SIM. The phone however, is also initially locked by the manufacturer into the Service
Providers MSL. This lock may be disabled so that the phone can use other Service Providers
SIM cards. Most phones purchased outside the US are unlocked phones because there are
numerous Service Providers in close proximity to one another or have overlapping coverage. The
cost to unlock a phone varies but is usually very cheap and is sometimes provided by
independent phone vendors.

Having an unlocked phone is extremely useful for travelers due to the high cost of using the
MSL Service Providers access when outside the normal coverage areas. It can cost sometimes up
to 10 times as much to use a locked phone overseas as in the normal service area, even with
discounted rates. T-Mobile will provide a SIM unlock code to account holders in good standing
after 90 days according to their FAQ.

For example, in Jamaica, an AT&T subscriber might pay in excess of US$1.65 per minute for
discounted international service while a B-Mobile (Jamaican) customer would pay US$0.20 per
minute for the same international service. Some Service Providers focus sales on international
sales while others focus on regional sales. For example, the same B-Mobile customer might pay
more for local calls but less for international calls than a subscriber to the Jamaican national
phone C&W (Cable & Wireless) company. These rate differences are mainly due to currency
variations because SIM purchases are made in the local currency. In the US, this type of service
competition does not exist because some of the major Service Providers do not offer Pay-As-
You-Go services. [Needs Pay-As-You-Go references, rumored T-Mobile, Verizon provide one,
AT&T does not as of 12/2008]

Mobile phones in society

Market share
Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants 1997–2007

The world's largest individual mobile operator is China Mobile with over 500 million mobile
phone subscribers. The world's largest mobile operator group by subscribers is UK based
Vodafone. There are over 600 mobile operators and carriers in commercial production
worldwide. Over 50 mobile operators have over 10 million subscribers each, and over 150
mobile operators have at least one million subscribers by the end of 2009 (source wireless
intelligence).

LG Sony
Sour Nok Samsu Motor Othe Referen
Date Electron Ericss
ce ia ng ola rs ces
ics on

Q3/20 37.8 20.6 [20]

IDC 21.0% 11.0% 4.9% 4.7%
09 % %

Gartn Q4/20 36.4 24.7 [21]

19.5% 10.1% 4.8% 4.5%
er 09 % %

In mobile phone handsets, in Q3/2009, Nokia was the world's largest manufacturer of mobile
phones, with a global device market share of 37.8%, followed by Samsung (21.0%), LG
Electronics (11.0%), Sony Ericsson (4.9%) and Motorola (4.7%). These manufacturers
accounted for over 80% of all mobile phones sold at that time.[22]

Other manufacturers include Apple Inc., Audiovox (now UTStarcom), Benefon, BenQ-Siemens,
CECT, HTC Corporation, Fujitsu, Kyocera, Mitsubishi Electric, NEC, Neonode, Panasonic,
Palm, Matsushita, Pantech Wireless Inc., Philips, Qualcomm Inc., Research In Motion Ltd.
(RIM), Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Siemens, Sendo, Sierra Wireless, SK Teletech, T&A Alcatel,
Huawei, Trium, Toshiba and Vidalco. There are also specialist communication systems related to
(but distinct from) mobile phones.

Media

The mobile phone became a mass media channel in 1998 when the first ringtones were sold to
mobile phones by Radiolinja in Finland. Soon other media content appeared such as news,
videogames, jokes, horoscopes, TV content and advertising. In 2006 the total value of mobile
phone paid media content exceeded internet paid media content and was worth 31 Billion dollars
(source Informa 2007). The value of music on phones was worth 9.3 Billion dollars in 2007 and
gaming was worth over 5 billion dollars in 2007.[23]

The mobile phone is often called the Fourth Screen (if counting cinema, TV and PC screens as
the first three) or Third Screen (counting only TV and PC screens).[weasel  words] It is also called the
Seventh of the Mass Media (with Print, Recordings, Cinema, Radio, TV and Internet the first
six). Most early content for mobile tended to be copies of legacy media, such as the banner
advertisement or the TV news highlight video clip. Recently unique content for mobile has been
emerging, from the ringing tones and ringback tones in music to "mobisodes," video content that
has been produced exclusively for mobile phones.

The advent of media on the mobile phone has also produced the opportunity to identify and track
Alpha Users or Hubs, the most influential members of any social community. AMF Ventures
measured in 2007 the relative accuracy of three mass media, and found that audience measures
on mobile were nine times more accurate than on the internet and 90 times more accurate than on
TV.[original research?]

Uses
Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, including keeping in touch with family
members, conducting business, and having access to a telephone in the event of an emergency.

Organizations that aid victims of domestic violence may offer a cell phone to potential victims
without the abuser's knowledge. These devices are often old phones that are donated and
refurbished to meet the victim's emergency needs.[24]

Child predators have taken advantage of cell phones to secretly communicate with children
without the knowledge of their parents or teachers.[25]

The advent of widespread text messaging has resulted in the cell phone novel; the first literary
genre to emerge from the cellular age via text messaging to a website that collects the novels as a
whole.[26] Paul Levinson, in Information on the Move (2004), says "...nowadays, a writer can
write just about as easily, anywhere, as a reader can read" and they are "not only personal but
portable".

Multiple phones
Individuals may have multiple cell phones for separate purposes, such as for business and
personal use. Multiple phones (or multiple SIM cards) may be used to take advantage of the
benefits of different calling plans—a particular plan might provide cheaper local calls, long-
distance calls, international calls, or roaming. A study by Motorola found that one in ten cell
phone subscribers have a second phone that often is kept secret from other family members.
These phones may be used to engage in activities including extramarital affairs or clandestine
business dealings.[27]

Sharing

Cell phone sharing is a phenomenon which exists around the world. It is prevalent in urban India,
as families and groups of friends often share one or more mobiles among their members. Two
types of sharing which exist are "conspicuous" and "stealthy" sharing. An example of
conspicuous sharing takes place when someone calls the friend of the person they are trying to
reach in hopes of being able to talk to that individual; stealthy sharing occurs when an individual
uses another's cell phone without their knowledge. Phone sharing does not only take place
because of its economic benefits, but also often due to familial customs and traditional gender
roles.[28]

Another example of cell phone sharing occurs in Burkina Faso. There it is not uncommon for a
village to only have access to one cell phone. This cell phone is typically owned by a person who
is not natively from the village, such as a teacher or missionary. Although the cell phone is the
sole property of one individual, it is the expectation that other members of the village are
allowed to use the cell phone to make necessary calls. Although some may consider this a
burden, it can actually be an opportunity to engage in reciprocal obligations. This type of cell
phone sharing is an important for the small villages in Burkina Faso because it allows them to
keep up with the expectations of the globalizing world.[29]

Privacy
Cell phones have numerous privacy issues associated with them, and are regularly used by
governments to perform surveillance.

Law enforcement and intelligence services in the UK and the US possess technology to remotely
activate the microphones in cell phones in order to listen to conversations that take place nearby
the person who holds the phone.[30][31]

Mobile phones are also commonly used to collect location data. The geographical location of a
mobile phone can be determined easily (whether it is being used or not), using a technique
known multilateration to calculate the differences in time for a signal to travel from the cell
phone to each of several cell towers near the owner of the phone.[32][33]

Restriction on usage
There exists a growing body within the scientific community which believes mobile phone use
represents a long-term health risk, particularly to young children. Certain countries, including
France, restrict the use and sale of cell phones to minors for this reason. The telecommunications
insdustry rejects such claims, claming there is no proof of long-term adverse health effects.
Groups of scientists, however, such as the U.S. - based group "Bioinitiative (see
www.bioinitiative.org) argue that because mobile phone use is recently-introduced technology,
long-term 'proof' has been impossible - and use should be restricted, or monitored closely, while
the technology is still new. The very first generation of cell-phone users, for example, are only
now entering middle-age. Studies in Europe, for example, are only now emerging which link
long-term cell phone use to brain tumours. Other studies link cell-phone use to child-diabetes,
concentration difficulty, and sleep disorders.

Use while driving

Main article: Mobile phones and driving safety

Mobile phone use while driving is common but controversial. Being distracted while operating a
motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accident. Because of this, many
jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and
Singapore ban both hand-held and hands-free use of a mobile phone whilst many other
countries –including the UK, France, and many US states– ban hand-held phone use only,
allowing hands-free use.

Due to the increasing complexity of mobile phones –often more like mobile computers in their
available uses– it has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials in being
able to tell one usage from another as drivers use their devices. This is more apparent in those
countries who ban both hand-held and hands-free usage, rather those who have banned hand-held
use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the mobile phone is being used simply
by visually looking at the driver. This can mean that drivers may be stopped for using their
device illegally on a phone call, when in fact they were not; instead using the device for a legal
purpose such as the phones' incorporated controls for car stereo or satnav usage – either as part
of the cars' own device or directly on the mobile phone itself.
Cases like these can often only be proved otherwise by a check of the mobile operators phone
call records to see if a call was taking place during the journey concerned. Although in many
countries the law enforcement official may have stopped the driver for a differing offence, for
example, for lack of due care and attention in relation to their driving.

Schools

Some schools limit or restrict the use of mobile phones. Schools set restrictions on the use of
mobile phones because of the use of cell phones for cheating on tests, harassment and bullying,
causing threats to the schools security, distractions to the students and facilitating gossip and
other social activity in school. Many mobile phones are banned in school locker room facilities,
public restrooms and swimming pools due to the built-in cameras that most phones now feature.
A recently published study has reviewed the incidence of mobile phone use while cycling and its
effects on behaviour and safety.[34]

Future evolution: Broadband Fourth generation (4G)

Main article: 4G

The recently released 4th generation, also known as Beyond 3G, aims to provide broadband
wireless access with nominal data rates of 100 Mbit/s to fast moving devices, and 1 Gbit/s to
stationary devices defined by the ITU-R[35] 4G systems may be based on the 3GPP LTE (Long
Term Evolution) cellular standard, offering peak bit rates of 326.4 Mbit/s. It may perhaps also be
based on WiMax or Flash-OFDM wireless metropolitan area network technologies that promise
broadband wireless access with speeds that reaches 233 Mbit/s for mobile users. The radio
interface in these systems is based on all-IP packet switching, MIMO diversity, multi-carrier
modulation schemes, dynamic channel assignment (DCA) and channel-dependent scheduling. A
4G system should be a complete replacement for current network infrastructure and is expected
to be able to provide a comprehensive and secure IP solution where voice, data, and streamed
multimedia can be given to users on a "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at much higher data rates
than previous generations. Sprint in the US has claimed its WiMax network to be "4G network"
which most cellular telecoms standardization experts dispute repeatedly around the world.
Sprint's 4G is seen as a marketing gimmick as WiMax itself is part of the 3G air interface. The
officially accepted, ITU ratified standards-based 4G networks are not expected to be
commercially launched until 2011.

Comparison to similar systems

Car phone 
A type of telephone permanently mounted in a vehicle, these often have more powerful
transmitters, an external antenna and loudspeaker for hands free use. They usually
connect to the same networks as regular mobile phones.
Cordless telephone (portable phone) 
Cordless phones are telephones which use one or more radio handsets in place of a wired
handset. The handsets connect wirelessly to a base station, which in turn connects to a
conventional land line for calling. Unlike mobile phones, cordless phones use private
base stations (belonging to the land-line subscriber), which are not shared.
Professional Mobile Radio 
Advanced professional mobile radio systems can be very similar to mobile phone
systems. Notably, the IDEN standard has been used as both a private trunked radio
system as well as the technology for several large public providers. Similar attempts have
even been made to use TETRA, the European digital PMR standard, to implement public
mobile networks.
Radio phone 
This is a term which covers radios which could connect into the telephone network.
These phones may not be mobile; for example, they may require a mains power supply,
or they may require the assistance of a human operator to set up a PSTN phone call.
Satellite phone 
This type of phone communicates directly with an artificial satellite, which in turn relays
calls to a base station or another satellite phone. A single satellite can provide coverage to
a much greater area than terrestrial base stations. Since satellite phones are costly, their
use is typically limited to people in remote areas where no mobile phone coverage exists,
such as mountain climbers, mariners in the open sea, and news reporters at disaster sites.
IP Phone 
This type of phone delivers or receives calls over internet, LAN or WAN networks using
VoIP as opposed to traditional CDMA and GSM networks. In business, the majority of
these IP Phones tend to be connected via wired Ethernet, however wireless varieties do
exist. Several vendors have developed standalone WiFi phones. Additionally, some
cellular mobile phones include the ability to place VoIP calls over cellular high speed
data networks and/or wireless internet.[36]