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Mobile phone

A mobile phone (or cellphone[a]) is a portable

telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio
frequency link while the user is moving within a
telephone service area, as opposed to a fixed-location
phone (landline phone). The radio frequency link
establishes a connection to the switching systems of a
mobile phone operator, which provides access to the
public switched telephone network (PSTN). Modern
mobile telephone services use a cellular network
architecture and therefore mobile telephones are called
cellphones (or "cell phones") in North America. In
addition to telephony, digital mobile phones support a
variety of other services, such as text messaging,
multimedia messaging, email, Internet access (via LTE,
5G NR or Wi-Fi), short-range wireless communications
(infrared, Bluetooth), satellite access (navigation,
messaging connectivity), business applications,
payments (via NFC), multimedia playback and Two decades of evolution of mobile phones,
streaming (radio, television), digital photography, and from a 1992 Motorola 8900X-2 to the 2014
video games. Mobile phones offering only basic iPhone 6 Plus
capabilities are known as feature phones (slang:
"dumbphones"); mobile phones which offer greatly
advanced computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.[1]

The first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by Martin Cooper of Motorola in New York City
on 3 April 1973, using a handset weighing c. 2 kilograms (4.4 lbs).[2] In 1979, Nippon Telegraph and
Telephone (NTT) launched the world's first cellular network in Japan.[3] In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x
was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile
phone subscriptions grew to over seven billion; enough to provide one for every person on Earth.[4] In
the first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone developers worldwide were Samsung, Apple and
Huawei; smartphone sales represented 78 percent of total mobile phone sales.[5] For feature phones
as of 2016, the top-selling brands were Samsung, Nokia and Alcatel.[6]

Mobile phones are considered an important human invention as it has been one of the most widely
used and sold pieces of consumer technology.[7] The growth in popularity has been rapid in some
places, for example in the UK the total number of mobile phones overtook the number of houses in
1999.[8] Today mobile phones are globally ubiquitous,[9] and in almost half the world's countries, over
90% of the population own at least one.[10]

History

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A handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early

stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed
a patent for a "pocket-size folding telephone with a very thin carbon
microphone". Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio
communications from ships and trains. The race to create truly portable
telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking
place in many countries. The advances in mobile telephony have been
traced in successive "generations", starting with the early zeroth-
generation (0G) services, such as Bell System's Mobile Telephone Service
and its successor, the Improved Mobile Telephone Service. These 0G
systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, and were
very expensive.

The first handheld cellular mobile phone was Martin Cooper of Motorola,
demonstrated by John F. Mitchell[11][12] and Martin shown here in a 2007
reenactment, made the first
Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing
publicized handheld mobile
2 kilograms (4.4 lb).[2] The first commercial
phone call on a prototype
automated cellular network (1G) analog was launched
DynaTAC model on 3 April
in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone in
1973.
1979. This was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous
launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)
system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden.[13] Several other countries
then followed in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation (1G) systems could
support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology. In
1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile
phone.

In 1991, the second-generation (2G) digital cellular technology was launched in

The Motorola Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the
DynaTAC 8000X. sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators. The
In 1983, it GSM standard is a European initiative expressed at the CEPT ("Conférence
became the first
Européenne des Postes et Telecommunications", European Postal and
commercially
Telecommunications conference). The Franco-German R&D cooperation
available
demonstrated the technical feasibility, and in 1987 a Memorandum of
handheld cellular
Understanding was signed between 13 European countries who agreed to launch a
mobile phone.
commercial service by 1991. The first version of the GSM standard had 6,000
pages. The IEEE and RSE awarded to Thomas Haug and Philippe Dupuis the
2018 James Clerk Maxwell medal for their contributions to the first digital mobile telephone
standard.[14] In 2018, the GSM was used by over 5 billion people in over 220 countries. The GSM (2G)
has evolved into 3G, 4G and 5G. The standardisation body for GSM started at the CEPT Working
Group GSM (Group Special Mobile) in 1982 under the umbrella of CEPT. In 1988, ETSI was
established and all CEPT standardization activities were transferred to ETSI. Working Group GSM
became Technical Committee GSM. In 1991, it became Technical Committee SMG (Special Mobile
Group) when ETSI tasked the committee with UMTS (3G). In addition to transmitting voice over
digital signals, 2G network introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages then
expanding to Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and mobile internet with theoretical maximum
transfer speed of 384 kbit/s (48 kB/s).

In 2001, the third-generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA
standard.[15] This was followed by 3.5G or 3G+ enhancements based on the high-speed packet access
(HSPA) family, allowing UMTS networks to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. 3G is able
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to provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to

smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers. This
ensures it can be applied to mobile Internet access, VoIP, video
calls, and sending large e-mail messages, as well as watching
videos, typically in standard-definition quality.

By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks

would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive
applications, such as streaming media.[16] Consequently, the
Dupuis and Haug during a GSM
industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation (4G)
meeting in Belgium, April 1992
technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-
fold over existing 3G technologies. The first publicly available LTE
service was launched in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera, in 2009. In
the 2010s, a 4G technology has found diverse applications across
various sectors, showcasing its versatility in delivering high-speed
wireless communication, such as mobile broadband, internet of
things (IoT), fixed wireless access, and multimedia streaming
(including music, video, radio, and television).

Deployment of fifth-generation (5G) cellular networks

commenced worldwide in 2019. The term "5G" was originally used
in research papers and projects to denote the next major phase in Personal Handy-phone System
mobile telecommunication standards beyond the 4G/IMT- mobiles and modems, 1997–2003
Advanced standards. The 3GPP defines 5G as any system that
adheres to the 5G NR (5G New Radio) standard. 5G can be
implemented in low-band, mid-band or high-band millimeter-wave, with download speeds that can
achieve gigabit-per-second (Gbit/s) range, aiming for a network latency of 1 ms. This near-real-time
responsiveness and improved overall data performance are crucial for applications like online gaming,
augmented and virtual reality, autonomous vehicles, IoT, and critical communication services.

Types

Smartphone

Smartphones have a number of distinguishing

features. The International Telecommunication
Union measures those with Internet
connection, which it calls Active Mobile-
Broadband subscriptions (which includes
tablets, etc.). In the developed world,
smartphones have now overtaken the usage of
earlier mobile systems. However, in the
developing world, they account for around 50% Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100
of mobile telephony. inhabitants[17]

Feature phone

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Feature phone is a term typically used as a retronym to describe mobile phones which are limited in
capabilities in contrast to a modern smartphone. Feature phones typically provide voice calling and
text messaging functionality, in addition to basic multimedia and Internet capabilities, and other
services offered by the user's wireless service provider. A feature phone has additional functions over
and above a basic mobile phone, which is only capable of voice calling and text messaging.[18][19]
Feature phones and basic mobile phones tend to use a proprietary, custom-designed software and
user interface. By contrast, smartphones generally use a mobile operating system that often shares
common traits across devices.

Infrastructure
The critical advantage that modern cellular networks have over
predecessor systems is the concept of frequency reuse allowing
many simultaneous telephone conversations in a given service
area. This allows efficient use of the limited radio spectrum
allocated to mobile services, and lets thousands of subscribers
converse at the same time within a given geographic area.

Former systems would cover a service area with one or two

powerful base stations with a range of up to tens of kilometres
(miles), using only a few sets of radio channels (frequencies). Once
Cellular networks work by only
these few channels were in use by customers, no further customers
reusing radio frequencies (in this
could be served until another user vacated a channel. It would be
example frequencies f1-f4) in non
impractical to give every customer a unique channel since there
adjacent cells to avoid interference
would not be enough bandwidth allocated to the mobile service.
As well, technical limitations such as antenna efficiency and
receiver design limit the range of frequencies a customer unit could use.

A cellular network mobile phone system gets its name from dividing the service area into many small
cells, each with a base station with (for example) a useful range on the order of a kilometre (mile).
These systems have dozens or hundreds of possible channels allocated to them. When a subscriber is
using a given channel for a telephone connection, that frequency is unavailable for other customers in
the local cell and in the adjacent cells. However, cells further away can re-use that channel without
interference as the subscriber's handset is too far away to be detected. The transmitter power of each
base station is coordinated to efficiently service its own cell, but not to interfere with the cells further
away.

Automation embedded in the customer's handset and in the base stations control all phases of the
call, from detecting the presence of a handset in a service area, temporary assignment of a channel to
a handset making a call, interface with the land-line side of the network to connect to other
subscribers, and collection of billing information for the service. The automation systems can control
the "hand off" of a customer handset moving between one cell and another so that a call in progress
continues without interruption, changing channels if required. In the earliest mobile phone systems
by contrast, all control was done manually; the customer would search for an unoccupied channel and
speak to a mobile operator to request connection of a call to a landline number or another mobile. At
the termination of the call the mobile operator would manually record the billing information.

Mobile phones communicate with cell towers that are placed to give coverage across a telephone
service area, which is divided up into 'cells'. Each cell uses a different set of frequencies from
neighboring cells, and will typically be covered by three towers placed at different locations. The cell
towers are usually interconnected to each other and the phone network and the internet by wired
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connections. Due to bandwidth limitations each cell will have a maximum number of cell phones it
can handle at once. The cells are therefore sized depending on the expected usage density, and may be
much smaller in cities. In that case much lower transmitter powers are used to avoid broadcasting
beyond the cell.

In order to handle the high traffic, multiple towers can be set up in the same area (using different
frequencies). This can be done permanently or temporarily such as at special events or in disasters.
Cell phone companies will bring a truck with equipment to host the abnormally high traffic.

Capacity was further increased when phone companies implemented digital networks. With digital,
one frequency can host multiple simultaneous calls.

Additionally, short-range Wi-Fi infrastructure is often used by smartphones as much as possible as it

offloads traffic from cell networks on to local area networks.

Hardware
The common components found on all mobile phones are:

A central processing unit (CPU), the processor of phones. The CPU is a microprocessor
fabricated on a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip.
A battery, providing the power source for the phone functions. A modern handset typically uses a
lithium-ion battery (LIB), whereas older handsets used nickel–metal hydride (Ni–MH) batteries.
An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone. These are a keypad for feature
phones, and touch screens for most smartphones (typically with capacitive sensing).
A display which echoes the user's typing, and displays text messages, contacts, and more. The
display is typically either a liquid-crystal display (LCD) or organic light-emitting diode (OLED)
display.
Speakers for sound.
Subscriber identity module (SIM) cards and removable user identity module (R-UIM) cards.
A hardware notification LED on some phones

Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones and offer basic telephony. Handsets
with more advanced computing ability through the use of native software applications are known as
smartphones.

Central processing unit

Mobile phones have central processing units (CPUs), similar to those in computers, but optimised to
operate in low power environments.

Mobile CPU performance depends not only on the clock rate (generally given in multiples of hertz)[20]
but also the memory hierarchy also greatly affects overall performance. Because of these problems,
the performance of mobile phone CPUs is often more appropriately given by scores derived from
various standardized tests to measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications.

Display

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One of the main characteristics of phones is the screen. Depending on the device's type and design,
the screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone displays
have an aspect ratio of 16:9, but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017.

Screen sizes are often measured in diagonal inches or millimeters; feature phones generally have
screen sizes below 90 millimetres (3.5 in). Phones with screens larger than 130 millimetres (5.2 in)
are often called "phablets." Smartphones with screens over 115 millimetres (4.5 in) in size are
commonly difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot reach the entire screen
surface; they may need to be shifted around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the
other, or used in place with both hands. Due to design advances, some modern smartphones with
large screen sizes and "edge-to-edge" designs have compact builds that improve their ergonomics,
while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in phones that have larger screen sizes whilst
maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9 displays.[21][22][23]

Liquid-crystal displays are the most common; others are IPS, LED, OLED, and AMOLED displays.
Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by Wacom
and Samsung,[24] and Apple's "3D Touch" system.

Sound

In sound, smartphones and feature phones vary little. Some audio-quality enhancing features, such as
Voice over LTE and HD Voice, have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones. Sound
quality can remain a problem due to the design of the phone, the quality of the cellular network and
compression algorithms used in long-distance calls.[25][26] Audio quality can be improved using a
VoIP application over WiFi.[27] Cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a
speakerphone feature and talk to a person on the phone without holding it to their ear. The small
speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an
audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear.

Battery

The average phone battery lasts two–three years at best. Many of the wireless devices use a Lithium-
Ion (Li-Ion) battery, which charges 500–2500 times, depending on how users take care of the battery
and the charging techniques used.[28] It is only natural for these rechargeable batteries to chemically
age, which is why the performance of the battery when used for a year or two will begin to deteriorate.
Battery life can be extended by draining it regularly, not overcharging it, and keeping it away from
heat.[29][30]

SIM card

Mobile phones require a small microchip called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card, in order to
function. The SIM card is approximately the size of a small postage stamp and is usually placed
underneath the battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores the service-subscriber key
(IMSI) and the Ki used to identify and authenticate the user of the mobile phone. The SIM card allows
users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into
another mobile phone or broadband telephony device, provided that this is not prevented by a SIM
lock. The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the
Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja.

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A hybrid mobile phone can hold up to four SIM cards, with a phone
having a different device identifier for each SIM Card. SIM and R-UIM
cards may be mixed together to allow both GSM and CDMA networks to
be accessed. From 2010 onwards, such phones became popular in
emerging markets,[31] and this was attributed to the desire to obtain the
lowest calling costs.

When the removal of a SIM card is detected by the operating system, it

may deny further operation until a reboot.[32]

Software
Typical mobile phone mini-
SIM card
Software platforms

Feature phones have basic software platforms. Smartphones have

advanced software platforms. Android OS has been the best-
selling OS worldwide on smartphones since 2011.

Mobile app

A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile

device, such as a smartphone. The term "app" is a shortening of
the term "software application".
Android smartphones
Messaging

A common data application on mobile phones is Short Message

Service (SMS) text messaging. The first SMS message was sent
from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK while the
first person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in
Finland in 1993. The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS,
was launched in Finland in 2000,[33] and subsequently many
organizations provided "on-demand" and "instant" news services
by SMS. Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) was introduced in
March 2002.[34] A text message (SMS)

Application stores

The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized
manufacturer-hosted online distribution for third-party applications (software and computer
programs) focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including video games,
music products and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended
on third-party sources providing applications for multiple platforms, such as GetJar, Handango,
Handmark, and PocketGear. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers
launched application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later renamed to the Google Play

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Store), RIM's BlackBerry App World, or Android-related app stores like Aptoide, Cafe Bazaar, F-
Droid, GetJar, and Opera Mobile Store. In February 2014, 93% of mobile developers were targeting
smartphones first for mobile app development.[35]

Sales

By manufacturer
Market share of top-five worldwide
As of 2022, the top five manufacturers worldwide were Samsung mobile phone vendors, Q2 2022
(21%), Apple (16%), Xiaomi (13%), Oppo (10%), and Vivo (9%).[36] Strategy
Rank Manufacturer Analytics
History report[36]
From 1983 to 1998, Motorola was market leader in mobile phones. 1 Samsung 21%
Nokia was the market leader in mobile phones from 1998 to
2 Apple 16%
2012.[37] In Q1 2012, Samsung surpassed Nokia, selling 93.5
million units as against Nokia's 82.7 million units. Samsung has 3 Xiaomi 13%
retained its top position since then. 4 Oppo 10%

Aside from Motorola, European brands such as Nokia, Siemens 5 Vivo 9%

and Ericsson once held large sway over the global mobile phone Others 31%
market, and many new technologies were pioneered in Europe. By
2010, the influence of European companies had significantly Note: Vendor shipments are
decreased due to fierce competition from American and Asian branded shipments and exclude
OEM sales for all vendors.
companies, to where most technical innovation had shifted.[38][39]
Apple and Google, both of the United States, also came to dominate
mobile phone software.[38]

By mobile phone operator

The world's largest individual mobile operator by number of subscribers is China Mobile, which has
over 902 million mobile phone subscribers as of June 2018.[40] Over 50 mobile operators have over
ten million subscribers each, and over 150 mobile operators had at least one million subscribers by
the end of 2009.[41] In 2014, there were more than seven billion mobile phone subscribers worldwide,
a number that is expected to keep growing.

Use
Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, such as keeping in touch with family members, for
conducting business, and in order to have access to a telephone in the event of an emergency. Some
people carry more than one mobile phone for different purposes, such as for business and personal
use. Multiple SIM cards may be used to take advantage of the benefits of different calling plans. For
example, a particular plan might provide for cheaper local calls, long-distance calls, international
calls, or roaming.

The mobile phone has been used in a variety of diverse contexts in society. For example:

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A study by Motorola found that one in ten

mobile phone subscribers have a second
phone that is often kept secret from other
family members. These phones may be
used to engage in such activities as
extramarital affairs or clandestine business
dealings.[42]
Some organizations assist victims of
domestic violence by providing mobile
phones for use in emergencies. These are
often refurbished phones.[43]
The advent of widespread text-messaging
has resulted in the cell phone novel, the first
literary genre to emerge from the cellular Mobile phone subscribers per 100 inhabitants. 2014 figure
age, via text messaging to a website that is estimated.
collects the novels as a whole.[44]
Mobile telephony also facilitates activism
and citizen journalism.
The United Nations reported that mobile phones have spread faster than any other form of
technology and can improve the livelihood of the poorest people in developing countries, by
providing access to information in places where landlines or the Internet are not available,
especially in the least developed countries. Use of mobile phones also spawns a wealth of micro-
enterprises, by providing such work as selling airtime on the streets and repairing or refurbishing
handsets.[45]
In Mali and other African countries, people used to travel from village to village to let friends and
relatives know about weddings, births, and other events. This can now be avoided in areas with
mobile phone coverage, which are usually more extensive than areas with just land-line
penetration.
The TV industry has recently started using mobile phones to drive live TV viewing through mobile
apps, advertising, social TV, and mobile TV.[46] It is estimated that 86% of Americans use their
mobile phone while watching TV.
In some parts of the world, mobile phone sharing is common. Cell phone sharing is prevalent in
urban India, as families and groups of friends often share one or more mobile phones among their
members. There are obvious economic benefits, but often familial customs and traditional gender
roles play a part.[47] It is common for a village to have access to only one mobile phone, perhaps
owned by a teacher or missionary, which is available to all members of the village for necessary
calls.[48]

Content distribution

In 1998, one of the first examples of distributing and selling media content through the mobile phone
was the sale of ringtones by Radiolinja in Finland. Soon afterwards, other media content appeared,
such as news, video games, jokes, horoscopes, TV content and advertising. Most early content for
mobile phones tended to be copies of legacy media, such as banner advertisements or TV news

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highlight video clips. Recently, unique content for mobile phones has been emerging, from ringtones
and ringback tones to mobisodes, video content that has been produced exclusively for mobile
phones.

Mobile banking and payment

In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide mobile

banking services, which may include the ability to transfer cash
payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's M-PESA mobile
banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile
phone operator Safaricom to hold cash balances which are
recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn
from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located
throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from Mobile payment system
person to person and used to pay bills to companies.

Branchless banking has also been successful in South Africa and the Philippines. A pilot project in Bali
was launched in 2011 by the International Finance Corporation and an Indonesian bank, Bank
Mandiri.[49]

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in
Espoo were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999, the
Philippines launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators
Globe and Smart.

Some mobile phones can make mobile payments via direct mobile billing schemes, or through
contactless payments if the phone and the point of sale support near field communication (NFC).[50]
Enabling contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones requires the co-operation of
manufacturers, network operators, and retail merchants.[51][52]

Mobile tracking

Mobile phones are commonly used to collect location data. While the phone is turned on, the
geographical location of a mobile phone can be determined easily (whether it is being used or not)
using a technique known as multilateration to calculate the differences in time for a signal to travel
from the mobile phone to each of several cell towers near the owner of the phone.[53][54]

The movements of a mobile phone user can be tracked by their service provider and, if desired, by law
enforcement agencies and their governments. Both the SIM card and the handset can be tracked.[53]

China has proposed using this technology to track the commuting patterns of Beijing city
residents.[55] In the UK and US, law enforcement and intelligence services use mobile phones to
perform surveillance operations.[56]

Hackers have been able to track a phone's location, read messages, and record calls, through
obtaining a subscribers phone number.[57]

While driving

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Mobile phone use while driving, including talking on the phone,

texting, or operating other phone features, is common but
controversial. It is widely considered dangerous due to distracted
driving. Being distracted while operating a motor vehicle has been
shown to increase the risk of accidents. In September 2010, the US
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by cell
phones. In March 2011, a US insurance company, State Farm
Insurance, announced the results of a study which showed 19% of
drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while A driver using two handheld mobile
driving.[58] Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones phones at once
while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal, and Singapore,
both handheld and hands-free use of a mobile phone (which uses a
speakerphone) is banned. In other countries, including the UK
and France and in many US states, only handheld phone use is
banned while hands-free use is permitted.

A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed

text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.[59] The scientific
literature on the dangers of driving while sending a text message
from a mobile phone, or texting while driving, is limited. A
simulation study at the University of Utah found a sixfold increase
in distraction-related accidents when texting.[60]

Due to the increasing complexity of mobile phones, they are often

more like mobile computers in their available uses. This has
introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials
when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers
using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban
both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban A sign in the US restricting cell
handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of phone use to certain times of day
the mobile phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. (no cell phone use between 7:30–
This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device 9:00 am and 2:00–4:15 pm)
illegally for a phone call when, in fact, they were using the device
legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls
for car stereo, GPS or satnav.

A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of mobile phone use while cycling and its effects on behaviour
and safety.[61] In 2013, a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using
their cellphones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four.[62] A study
conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and
problematic use of mobile phones, such as using mobile phones while driving.[63]

Accidents involving a driver being distracted by talking on a mobile phone have begun to be
prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the United Kingdom, from 27 February 2007,
motorists who are caught using a hand-held mobile phone while driving will have three penalty points
added to their license in addition to the fine of £60.[64] This increase was introduced to try to stem the
increase in drivers ignoring the law.[65] Japan prohibits all mobile phone use while driving, including
use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned hand-held cell phone use since 1 November 2009.

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Many states in the United States have banned texting on cell phones while driving. Illinois became the
17th American state to enforce this law.[66] As of July 2010, 30 states had banned texting while
driving, with Kentucky becoming the most recent addition on 15 July.[67]

Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the United States. This
database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of
mobile communication devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between
1992 when first law was passed, through 1 December 2010. The dataset contains information on 22
dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g.,
texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld), targeted populations, and exemptions.[68]

While walking

In 2010, an estimated 1500 pedestrians were injured in the US

while using a cellphone and some jurisdictions have attempted to
ban pedestrians from using their cellphones.[69][70] Other
countries, such as China and the Netherlands, have introduced
special lanes for smartphone users to help direct and manage
them.[71][72]

People using phones while walking

Health effects

There have been rumors that mobile phone use can cause cancer,
but this is a myth.[73]

Educational impact

A study by the London School of Economics found that banning mobile phones in schools could
increase pupils' academic performance, providing benefits equal to one extra week of schooling per
year.[74]

Electronic waste regulation

Studies have shown that around 40–50% of the environmental

impact of mobile phones occurs during the manufacture of their
printed wiring boards and integrated circuits.[75]

The average user replaces their mobile phone every 11 to 18

months,[76] and the discarded phones then contribute to
electronic waste. Mobile phone manufacturers within Europe are
subject to the WEEE directive, and Australia has introduced a
mobile phone recycling scheme.[77]
Scrapped mobile phones

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Apple Inc. had an advanced robotic disassembler and sorter called Liam specifically for recycling
outdated or broken iPhones.[78]

Theft

According to the Federal Communications Commission, one out of three robberies involve the theft of
a cellular phone. Police data in San Francisco show that half of all robberies in 2012 were thefts of
cellular phones. An online petition on Change.org, called Secure our Smartphones, urged smartphone
manufacturers to install kill switches in their devices to make them unusable if stolen. The petition is
part of a joint effort by New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman and San Francisco District
Attorney George Gascón and was directed to the CEOs of the major smartphone manufacturers and
telecommunication carriers.[79] On 10 June 2013, Apple announced that it would install a "kill switch"
on its next iPhone operating system, due to debut in October 2013.[80]

All mobile phones have a unique identifier called IMEI. Anyone can report their phone as lost or
stolen with their Telecom Carrier, and the IMEI would be blacklisted with a central registry.[81]
Telecom carriers, depending upon local regulation can or must implement blocking of blacklisted
phones in their network. There are, however, a number of ways to circumvent a blacklist. One method
is to send the phone to a country where the telecom carriers are not required to implement the
blacklisting and sell it there,[82] another involves altering the phone's IMEI number.[83] Even so,
mobile phones typically have less value on the second-hand market if the phones original IMEI is
blacklisted.

Conflict minerals

Demand for metals used in mobile phones and other electronics fuelled the Second Congo War, which
claimed almost 5.5 million lives.[84] In a 2012 news story, The Guardian reported: "In unsafe mines
deep underground in eastern Congo, children are working to extract minerals essential for the
electronics industry. The profits from the minerals finance the bloodiest conflict since the second
world war; the war has lasted nearly 20 years and has recently flared up again. For the last 15 years,
the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been a major source of natural resources for the mobile
phone industry."[85] The company Fairphone has worked to develop a mobile phone that does not
contain conflict minerals.

Kosher phones

Due to concerns by the Orthodox Jewish rabbinate in Britain that texting by youths could waste time
and lead to "immodest" communication, the rabbinate recommended that phones with text-
messaging capability not be used by children; to address this, they gave their official approval to a
brand of "Kosher" phones with no texting capabilities. Although these phones are intended to prevent
immodesty, some vendors report good sales to adults who prefer the simplicity of the devices; other
Orthodox Jews question the need for them.[86]

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In Israel, similar phones to kosher phones with restricted features exist to observe the sabbath; under
Orthodox Judaism, the use of any electrical device is generally prohibited during this time, other than
to save lives, or reduce the risk of death or similar needs. Such phones are approved for use by
essential workers, such as health, security, and public service workers.[87]

Culture and popularity

Mobile phones are considered an important human invention as it has been one of the most widely
used and sold pieces of consumer technology.[7][9] They have also become culturally symbolic. In
Japanese mobile phone culture for example, mobile phones are often decorated with charms. They
have also become fashion symbols at times.[88] The Motorola Razr V3 and LG Chocolate are two
examples of devices that were popular for being fashionable while not necessarily focusing on the
original purpose of mobile phones, i.e. a device to provide mobile telephony.[89]

Some have also suggested that mobile phones or smartphones are a status symbol.[90] For example a
research paper suggested that owning specifically an Apple iPhone was seen to be a status symbol.[91]

Text messaging, which are performed on mobile phones, has also led to the creation of 'SMS
language'. It also led to the growing popularity of emojis.[92]

See also
Camera phone
Telephones portal
Cellular frequencies
Customer proprietary network information Telecommunication
portal
Field telephone
List of countries by number of mobile phones in use Internet portal
Mobile broadband
Mobile Internet device (MID)
Mobile phone accessories
Mobile phones on aircraft
Mobile phone use in schools
Mobile technology
Mobile telephony
Mobile phone form factor
Optical head-mounted display
OpenBTS
Pager
Personal digital assistant
Personal Handy-phone System
Prepaid mobile phone
Two-way radio
Professional mobile radio
Push-button telephone
Rechargeable battery
Smombie

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Surveillance
Tethering
VoIP phone

Notes
a. Also named cellular phone, cell phone, handphone, hand phone or pocket phone, sometimes
shortened to simply mobile, cell, or just phone.

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6082504/http://www.sfexaminer.com/sanfrancisco/plea-urges-anti-theft-phone-tech/Content?oid=2
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Further reading
Agar, Jon, Constant Touch: A Global History of the Mobile Phone, 2004 ISBN 1-84046-541-7
Fessenden, R. A. (1908). "Wireless Telephony" (https://archive.org/details/WirelessTelephonyFess
enden). Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. The Institution: 161
(https://archive.org/details/WirelessTelephonyFessenden/page/n28)–196. Retrieved 7 August
2009.
Glotz, Peter & Bertsch, Stefan, eds. Thumb Culture: The Meaning of Mobile Phones for Society,
2005
Goggin, Gerard, Global Mobile Media (New York: Routledge, 2011), p. 176. ISBN 978-0-415-
46918-0
Jain, S. Lochlann (2002). "Urban Errands: The Means of Mobility" (http://joc.sagepub.com/cgi/repri
nt/2/3/385). Journal of Consumer Culture. 2: 385–404. doi:10.1177/146954050200200305 (https://
doi.org/10.1177%2F146954050200200305). S2CID 145577892 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/C
orpusID:145577892).
Katz, James E. & Aakhus, Mark, eds. Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk,
Public Performance, 2002
Kavoori, Anandam & Arceneaux, Noah, eds. The Cell Phone Reader: Essays in Social
Transformation, 2006
Kennedy, Pagan. Who Made That Cellphone? (https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/magazine/wh
o-made-that-cellphone.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171104211818/http://www.n
ytimes.com/2013/03/17/magazine/who-made-that-cellphone.html) 4 November 2017 at the
Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 15 March 2013, p. MM19
Kopomaa, Timo. The City in Your Pocket, Gaudeamus 2000
Levinson, Paul, Cellphone: The Story of the World's Most Mobile Medium, and How It Has
Transformed Everything!, 2004 ISBN 1-4039-6041-0
Ling, Rich, The Mobile Connection: the Cell Phone's Impact on Society, 2004 ISBN 1-55860-936-
9
Ling, Rich and Pedersen, Per, eds. Mobile Communications: Re-negotiation of the Social Sphere,
2005 ISBN 1-85233-931-4
Home page of Rich Ling (https://web.archive.org/web/20051105040744/http://www.richardling.co
m/)
Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Communication: Essays on Cognition and Community, 2003
Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Learning: Essays on Philosophy, Psychology and Education, 2003

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Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Democracy: Essays on Society, Self and Politics, 2003
Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. A Sense of Place: The Global and the Local in Mobile Communication, 2005
Nyíri, Kristóf, ed. Mobile Understanding: The Epistemology of Ubiquitous Communication, 2006
Plant, Sadie, on the mobile – the effects of mobile telephones on social and individual life (https://
web.archive.org/web/20141020080938/https://www.campussims.com/), 2001
Rheingold, Howard, Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution, 2002 ISBN 0-7382-0861-2
Singh, Rohit (April 2009). Mobile phones for development and profit: a win-win scenario (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20090416112051/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/opinions/12
8-mobile-phones-business-development-private-sector.pdf) (PDF). Overseas Development
Institute. p. 2. Archived from the original (http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications/opinion
s/128-mobile-phones-business-development-private-sector.pdf) (PDF) on 16 April 2009. Retrieved
5 April 2009.

External links
"How Cell Phones Work" (http://www.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone.htm) at HowStuffWorks
"The Long Odyssey of the Cell Phone" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070701050620/http://www.t
ime.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1636836_1389493,00.html), 15 photos with captions from
Time magazine
Cell Phone, the ring heard around the world (http://www.cbc.ca/doczone/episodes/cellphone-a-rin
g-heard-around-the-world) – a video documentary by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

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