Wastewater Collection System

ENGR.ARSALAN HAMEED KHAN

MSc. Environmental Engineering(Sch)
BSc. Civil Engineering

0346-7314096
arsalanhameedkhan@gmail.com
http://asiancivilengineers.blogspot.com
COMPONENTS OF WASTEWATER ENGINEERING

 Collection system (network of sewer pipes)

 Disposal Works (sewage pumping stations,
outfalls)
 Treatment works (for rendering wastewater safe
for environment and life)

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER CONSUMPTION /SEWAGE GENERATION

 Size of City
 Small cities are expected to have low water consumption
 Limited demands
 Presence of Industries may increase the sewage production

 Population Characteristics

 Despite fixed water supply, wide variations in water

consumptions and sewage generation have been
observed in cities due
 Economic status of people (Same population - Water
usage and sewage production in posh and high valued
areas of cities will be more than suburban)
 More washing and bathing etc
 More watering of lawns Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan
 Industries and Commerce

 Presence of industries greatly effect the water demand

and WW generation. (large & more water using industries
more WW generation)
 No Direct relation (care must be taken in assessment )

 Climatic Conditions

 More water usage and thus wastage in hot season of the year
 Wastage even increase in clod areas due to usage of water
at faucets to prevent freezing of pipes

 Metering

 Metered service leads to careful water usage and thus

less sewage generation
 Unmetered service careless uses of water and thus more
sewage generation
Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan
 POPULATION FORECASTING

Population forecasting methods:

method to be adopted for a particular case depends
largely on the factors discussed in the methods, and the
selection is left to the discretion and intelligence of the
designer.

1. Arithmetic Increase Method

 Most applicable for large and established cities.

 Based on the assumption that the population increases
at a constant rate.

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

 dP/dt = ka

Pf - Pi = Kd(tf-ti)
Pf = Pi + ka (tf - ti)

Pf = Future Population
Pi = Present Population
tf = Future time at Pf
ti = Initial (present) time at Pi
Ka = Constant

Ka = (Pi-Pe) / (ti-te)

Where “Pe” and “te” are second last terms in the given data

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

 ii) Geometric Increase Method

based on the assumption that increase in population is

proportional to population i.e. percentage growth rate is
constant i.e.
dP/dt = kgP

ln Pf - ln Pi = Kg(tf-ti)

ln Pf = ln Pi + kg (tf - ti)

Pf = Future Population, Pi = Present Population

tf = Future time at Pf, ti = Initial (present) time at Pi
Kg = Constant
Also
Kg = (ln Pi – ln Pe) / (ti-te)
Where “Pe” and “te” are second last terms in the given data
  A graph is plotted from the available data, between time
and population.
 The curve is then smoothly extended upto the desired
year. This method gives very approximate results and
should be used along with other forecasting methods.

iv) Comparative Graphical Method (Curvilinear Method)

 This is graphical method and one city is compared with

the other cities.

 This method assumes that, if the curve of population

increase is plotted for a number of past decennial (10
years) periods, it may be extended by following the
tendencies apparent from the known portions.

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

 Plotting curves of cities (one or
more decades ago) had
reached the present population
of the city being studied.
 City “A”, is being studied is
plotted upto 1990, the years in
which it population was 51000.
 City “B” reached 51000 in 1950
and its curve is plotted from
1930 on. Similarly curves are
drawn for cities “C” and “D” and
“E” from the year in which they
reached city “A’s” 1990
population.
 Now city “A’s” curve can be
then be continues, allowing it
to be influenced by the rates of
growth of the larger cities.
 Larger cities chosen should
reflect condition as that are in
the city being studies.
Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan
vi) Incremental Increase Method

 GR is assumed to be progressively increasing or

decreasing, depending upon whether the average of the
incremental increases in the past is positive or negative.

 Population for a future decade is worked out by adding the

mean arithmetic increase to the last known population as in
the arithmetic increase method, and to this is added the
average of incremental increases, once for first decade,
twice for second and so on

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

v) Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
In this method, the average decrease in the percentage increase is
worked out, and is then subtracted from the latest percentage
increase to get the percentage increase of next decade.

 Local population and the country's population for the last four to five
decades is obtained (census records).
 Ratios of the local popu. to national popu. are calculated for these
decades.
 A graph is then plotted between time and these ratios, and extended
upto the design period to extrapolate the ratio corresponding to future
design year.
 This ratio is then multiplied by the expected national population at the
end of the design period, so as to obtain the required city's future
population.
Drawbacks:

 Depends on accuracy of national population estimate.

 Does not consider the abnormal or special conditions of popu. Shifts
(migrants)
Q1: Find out the population for year 2000 from the following data

Year 1930 1940 1950 1960 2000

Population 13000 15000 17000 20000 ? (Pf)

Q2 Estimate population in the year 2000 a) by Arithmetic method

and b) by Geometric method

Pf = ? , tf = 2000 , Pi = 310,000
Ti = 1980 te = 1970 Pe = 23700

Q3 A community has estimated population of 20 years which is equal to

35000 persons. The present population is 28000 persons and the
present average water consumption is 16x106 liters/day. The existing
water treatment plant has a design capacity of 5 million gallons per
day (MGD). Assuming an arithmetic rate of population growth
determine in what year the existing plant will reach its design
capacity. (1 Liter = 0.264 gallons)

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

Find out the population for year 2000 from the following data

Year 1930 1940 1950 1960 2000

Population 13000 15000 17000 20000 ? (Pf)

Solution:

Pf = ? , tf = 2000 , Pi = 20,000

ti = 1960

Pe = 17000

Ka = Ka = (Pi-Pe) / (ti-te) = (20000-17000) / (1960-1950)= 300

Pf = Pi + ka(tf-ti)

= 20,000 + 300 (2000-1960) = 32000

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

Example
Estimate population in the year 2000 a) by Arithmetic method
and b) by Geometric method
Pf = ? , tf = 2000 , Pi = 310,000
Ti = 1980 te = 1970 Pe = 23700
Sol
a) Arithmetic method
Ka = Ka = (Pi-Pe) / (ti-te)
(310,000-237000) / (1980-1970)=
7300
Pf = Pi + ka(tf - ti)
= 310000 + 7300 (2000 -1980) = 456000

b) Geometric method

Kg = Kg = (lnPi-lnPe) / (ti-te) (ln310,000-ln237000) / (1980-1970)

= 0.0268512
lnPf = lnPi + kg(tf-ti)
lnPf = ln310000 + 0.0268512 (2000-1980) = 456000
lnPf 12.644328 + 0.5370243 = 13.181352
Pf 530382
Q3 A community has estimated population of 20 years which is equal to
35000 persons. The present population is 28000 persons and the
present average water consumption is 16x106 liters/day. The existing
water treatment plant has a design capacity of 5 million gallons per day
(MGD). Assuming an arithmetic rate of population growth determine in
what year the existing plant will reach its design capacity. (1 Liter = 0.264
Sol: gallons)

Estimated population = 35000 persons

Present population = 28000 persons
Present Ave. water = 16x106 liters/day = 4.224x106 GPD
consumption
Existing capacity of = 5 MGD = 5x106 gallons/day
WTP
Present Excess capacity = 5x106 - 4.224x104 = 0.77x106 galon/day

Present per capita = 4.224x106/28000 = 150.86 gpcd

consumption
Population served by = 0.77x106 / 150.86 = 5143.94
the excess capacity
= 5144
Population GR = (35000 – 28000) / (20-0) = 350 person / Y
No. years to reach the = 5144/350 = 14.7 Years
design capacity
 SOME BASIC TERMS
 SEWAGE
It is the liquid waste or wastewater produced as a
result of water use.
 SEWER
 It is a pipe or conduit which carries sewage.
 It is generally closed but normally not flowing full.
 SEWERAGE
 It refers to the collection, treatment and disposal
of wastewater.
 Sewerage works or sewage works include all the
physical structures required for that collection,
treatment, and disposal.
 SOURCES OF WASTEWATER

 Domestic Sewage

It is wastewater from residential buildings, offices,

hotels and institutions etc.
 Industrial Waste
It includes the liquid discharges from industrial
processes.
 Storm Sewage
It include surface run off generated by rainfall and the
street wash.
NOTE: Sanitary Sewage refers to the combined
sewage from domestic and industrial sources
Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan
 TYPES OF SEWERS

 Sanitary Sewer
Sewer which carries sanitary sewage i.e.,
wastewater originating from a municipality
including domestic and industrial wastewater.

 Storm Sewer
It carries storm sewage including surface run off
and street washes and any other wastes which
may be discharged into the streets or onto the
ground..
 Combined Sewer

It carries both sanitary and storm sewage.

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan
 TYPES OF SEWERS (Cont…)

is a pipe conveying wastewater from an individual

structure to a common sewer or some other point
of disposal.
 Lateral Sewer

is a common sewer with no tributary flow except

from house sewers.

 Submain Sewer
collects flow from one or more laterals or house
sewers.
 Main/Trunk Sewer
collects flow from several submains as well as
lateral and house sewers
Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan
 Force Mains

are pressurized sewer lines which convey sewage

from a pumping station to another main or to a point
of treatment or disposal.

 Outfall Sewer
receives discharge from all collecting system and
convey it to the point of final disposal (e.g., a water
body etc)

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan
 TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEMS

1. SEPARATE SYSTEM

 If storm sewage is carried separately from domestic

and industrial wastewaters, the system is called
separate system.

 Separate systems are favored when:

 There is an immediate need for collection of

sanitary sewage but not for storm sewage.
 When sanitary sewage needs treatment but storm
sewage does not
 Costly construction and requires extra
maintenance
2. COMBINED SYSTEM:
 It is the system in which sewers carry both sanitary as well as
storm sewage.
 Combined system is favored when:
 Combined sewage can be disposed off without treatment.
 Both sanitary and storm sewage need treatment
 Streets are narrow and two separate sewers cannot be laid.
 Preferred in present construction except previously
constructed old combined sewers
 But in Pakistan combined sewers are preferred as sewage is
disposed of in Canals, rivers and for irrigation
3. PARTIALLY COMBINED SYSTEM:
 If some portion of storm or surface run off is allowed to be carried
along with sanitary sewage, the system is known as partially
combined system.

NOTE: In urban areas of developing countries, mostly partially

combined system is used.
 SEWAGE FLOW / QUANTITY

Domestic and industrial sewage is derived from water

supply, so it has a relationship with amount of water
consumption.
 It is generally reported that about 70-90% of the
total water supplied to a community becomes
wastewater.
 Sometimes, illicit drains and water use from
privately owned source produce quantities of
sewage larger than public water withdrawals.

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

 INFILTRATION: It is the water which enters the sewers form
ground through poor joints, cracked pipes, and the walls of the
manholes.

 Infiltration is non-existent in dry weather but increases during

rainy seasons.

 Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Lahore uses following

infiltration rates for the design of sewer system

Sewer Dia (mm) Infiltration

225 – 600 5 % of Average Sewage flow
>600 10 % of Average Sewage flow

 INFLOW: Inflow is the water which enters the sewers from

surface through perforated manhole covers, roof drains
connected to the sewers, and drains from the flooded cellars
etc.
Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan
Relation between Sewage Generation and Water Consumption

 Associated with water supply to the city/community.

 Following relation prevails among the water supply and sewage
generation.
 Around 70 – 130 % of the water consumed
 Higher percentage (130%) is
 As industries (wet processes) rely on private water sources
but discharge their effluent into municipal sewer system.
 Infiltration form poor joints and pipes laid under GWT.
Hence,

 No fixed Relation between sewage production and water supply.

 However generally it ranges from 70 – 90 % of the water
consumption.
 After taking into consideration the rate of infiltration, the
average rate of sewage flow equals the average rate of water
consumption.
 VARIATIONS IN SEWAGE FLOW

 Sewage flow rates vary by source and with time.

 Since sewers must be able to accommodate the
MAXIMUM RATE OF FLOW, the variation in
sewage flow need to be studied.

• Generally, Herman’s Formula is used to estimate

the ratio of maximum to average flow.

Where;
P = Population in thousand.
M = Peak Factor
Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan
 VARIATIONS IN SEWAGE FLOW (Cont….)

WASA Lahore considers the following relationship for sewer design

 VARIATIONS IN SEWAGE FLOW(Cont….)

MINIMUM RATE OF SEWAGE FLOW:

 Generally taken as 50 % of average sewage flow.

Minimum rates of flows are used in:
– Design of sewage pumping station
– To investigate the velocities in sewers during
low flow periods.

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

DESIGN PERIODS & USE OF SEWAGE FLOW DATA
i. Design of Sewer Systems:
 Period of design is “Indefinite” as the system is
designed to care for the maximum development of
the area.
 Qmax is used for design of sewers.
 Qmin is used to check velocities during low flows

ii Design of Sewage Pumping Station:

 Design period is usually 10 years.

 Rates of flow required are:
average daily, peak and minimum flow rates,
including infiltration.
Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan
iii. Design of Sewage Treatment Plants:

 Design period is usually 15 - 20 years.

 Rates of flow required are:
average daily, and peak flow both including infiltration.

iv. Lateral and Submains

Lateral and Submains are designed on the basis of

1500 lpcd + normal infiltration

v. Main, trunk and Outfall Sewers

Main, Trunk and Outfall sewers are designed on the

basis of 950 lpcd + Normal Infiltration + Industrial Waste
(if in large amounts)
Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan
Estimate the design flow for sanitary sewer serving 9000 people in an
area of 2.4 Km2 with an average water consumption of 500 lpcd. The
sewer is to be designed for 30 years and the design population was
estimated to be 2 times the present population per Km2. Assume
infiltration rate will be 10% of the average waste water flow. Add
industrial allowance at the rate of 3734 m3/km2/day.

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

Sol.
Population density = 9000/2.4 = 3750 persons/km2
Ultimate Popu. Density = 2x3750 = 7500 persons/Km2
after 30 yrs
Design Population = 2.4x7500 = 18000 persons
Ave.water Consumption = 500 lpcd
Domestic Sewage flow = 500 x 0.7 (70% is factor to convert
water consumption to
sewage flow)
Ave.daily Wastewater flow = 18000x350 = 6300000 liters per day
= 2.5 CFS
Peak factor for this flow = 3.1
Peak flow = 3.1x6300000 = 19530000 l/day
Infiltration 10% = 0.1x6300000 = 630000
Industrial wastewater flow = 3734x2.4 = 8961.6 m3/day
= 8961600 l/day
Design flow = 19530000 + 630000 +8961600
= 29121600 l/day = 29121.6 m3/day
Amount of Storm Sewage

Estimation of flow is the first step to design the Storm sewer.

Rainfall is the primary source of storm flow.

i) Rational Method

 All under use are based upon the use of rainfall data.
 Most widely used formula for urban areas, into 5 Km2,is
Rational formula.
 The total volume which fall upon an area “A” per unit time
under a rainfall of intensity “i” is

Q = iA

 A portion lost by evaporation, percolation and ponding.

 The portion lost is not constant, determined for different
conditions of temperature, soil moisture, and rainfall duration.

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

 The actual amount which appears as run off may then be
calculated from
Q = CiA
Where
C = Run off Coefficient

Run Off Coefficient

“C” for an area is not invariant, but tends to increase as the

rainfall continues.
 For impervioussurfaces
C = 1.75 t1/3 or
C = t / (8 + t)

These depends on duration of rainfall in minutes.

 For improved pervioussurfaces

C = 0.3 t / (20 + t)
Where “t” is the duration of the storm in minutes.
Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan
Average values of C commonly used for various surfaces

Sr.No 5ype of Surface Value of C

1 Water tight roof 0.70 – 0.95
2 Asphalt cement streets 0.85 – 0.90
3 Portland Cement Street 0.80 – 0.95
4 Paved Driveways and Walks 0.75 – 0.85
5 Gravel Driveways and Walks 0.15 – 0.30
6 Lawns
i) Sandy Soil with Slope of
a) 2% 0.05 – 0.10
b) 2-7% 0.10 – 0.15
c) > 7% 0.15 – 0.20
ii) Heavy Soil with Slope of
a) 2% 0.13 – 0.17
b) 2-7% 0.18 – 0.22
c) > 7% 0.25 – 0.35

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

 Some engineers use values of “C”

i. 0.7 – 0.9 for densely built areas (walled city of Lahore),

ii. 0.5 – 0.5 for well-built areas adjacent to densely built zones
(mall road),
iii. 0.25 to o.5 for residential areas with detached houses,
iv. 0.15 – 0.25 for suburban section with few buildings

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan

 Determine the run off coefficient for an area of 0.2 Km2. Out of this
3000 m2 is covered by buildings, 5000 m2 by paved driveways and
walks and 2000m2 by Portland cement streets. The remaining area is
flat, heavy soil, covered by grass lawns.
Sol:
Total area = 0.2 Km2
Select values of C for each type of area/surface form
given values and calculate percentage of land area for
each type
For roof C1 = (0.7 – 0.95)x (3000/200000) Use
ave. of (0.7-0.95)
= 0.012375
For driveways C2 = (0.75-0.85)x (5000/200000) = 0.02
& walks
For Portland C3 = (0.8 – 0.95)x(2000/200,000) = 0.00875
Cement Streets
For flat, heavy C4 = (0.13- = 0.1425
soil grass 0.17)x(190,000/200000)
lawns
Cave. = C1+C2+C3+C4 = 0.1836
 TIME OF CONCENTRATION
 The time required for the maximum runoff rate to develop is known
as the time of concentration and
 it is equal to a drop of water to run from the most remote point of
the drainage area to be drained to the point for which the runoff is
being estimated.
The time of concentration has two parts
i) Inlet Time:
It is the time required for the runoff to gain entrance into a sewer.
ii) Time of Flow:
It is the time taken by the storm sewage to flow from I1 to I2 (Figure).
Consider two areas “A” and “B” as shown in Figure.
 I1 is entrance for area “A” and
 I2 is entrance for area “B” and I1 I2 sewer line
 The water flows from A enters the sewer at I1 and that from
B at I2.
 The time of concentration at I2 is either the time of
concentration for area B or the inlet time plus the time of
flow from I1 to I2 , whichever is greater.
 The inlet time is time of concentration at I1,
 Time of flow is a function of the velocity in the line I1 – I2
and its length.
 The time of concentration for each sewer line is calculated
in a similar fashion.
 The time of Concentration will largely depends upon the
slope of the ground surface and slope of the sewer.
 Nomogram is also used to calculate the time of
concentration. In nomogram flow distance, type of surface
and slope are used to calculate time of concentration. This
procedure neglects effect of rainfall intensity, but is
adequate for most urban drainage project.
15. RAINFALLINTENSITY

 In determining rainfall intensity for use in the rational formula it must be

recognized that the shorter the duration, the greater the expected
average intensity will be.
 The critical duration - that which produces maximum runoff
 Max. run off will be that which is sufficient to produce flow from the entire
drainage area.
 Shorter periods will provide lower flows since the total areas not involved and
longer periods will provide lower average intensities.
 The storm sewer designer thus requires some relationship between duration
and expected intensity.
 Intensities vary in different parts of the country and curves or equation are
specific for the areas for which they were developed.
 Following equations of intensity – duration curves are often more
convenient.
i = A / (t +B) where
i = Intensity of rainfall (usually per hour)
t = Time of Conc. or critical duration of rainfall in minutes
A&B = Constant
A sewer line drains a single family residential area with C = 0.35.
The distance of the flow from the most remote point is 60 m over
ordinary grass with a slope of 4%. The area drained is 100,000 m2
and intensity-duration formula is i =5230 / (t +30)

Distance of flow = 60 m
Surface is ordinary grass = 4%
and slope

Consulting Nomogram = 15 min

we get “ t”
i = 5230/ (15+30)
= 116.22 mm/h
Q = CiA
0.35x(116.22/1000)x100000
4067.78 m3/h

Engr. Arsalan Hameed Khan