TOPIC 1: FORMULAE, EQUATIONS AND AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1 A (1) (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2(a) Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 Ignore state symbols, if given (1)
2(b) 1.90/ 65 = 0.029 moles 2.9 x 10-2 mole (1)
2(c) 0.029 moles 2.9 x 10^-2 moles (1)
2(d) (65 + 35.5 + 35.5) x 0.029 = 3.944 g Allow 3.95 g (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 4 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(a) 0.50 × 50 ÷ 1000 = 0.025 mol (1) 2.5  10–2 mol (1)
3(b) 0.025 ÷ 2 = 0.0125 mol (1) 1.25  10–2 mol (1)
3(c) excess = 0.0125 × 1.2 = 0.015 (1) (2)
molar mass of CuO = 63.5 + 16.0 = 79.5
mass = 0.015 × 79.5 = 1.19(25) g (1)
3(d) 63.5 + (2 × 35.5) + (2 × 18.0) = 170.5 (1) (1)
3(e) expected yield = 0.0125 × 170.5 = 2.13 (1) 2.13125 (2)
% yield = (1.81 ÷ 2.13) × 100 = 85.0% (1) 84.9% if 2.13125 used

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 (Total for Question 3 = 7 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(a) Simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms of each element in a (1)
compound
4(b) O = 100 – 30.4 = 69.6% (1) (3)
N: 30.4 ÷ 14.0 = 2.17 O: 69.6 ÷ 16.0 = 4.35 (1)
N: 1 O: 2
NO2 (1)
4(c) factor = 92.0 ÷ 46.0 = 2 (1)
molecular formula is N2O4 (1)

(Total for Question 4 = 5 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5(a) B (1) (1)
5(b) (Bright) Yellow Neither accept pale yellow nor cream (1)
5(c) 0.04 (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 3 marks)

TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT =20 MARKS

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TOPIC 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1(a) Subatomic Position in the Relative Relative Award one mark for each correct row. (3)
particle atom mass charge
proton nucleus 1 +1

neutron nucleus 1 0

electron energy levels/shells 1 –1

1840
Accept ‘Around the nucleus’.

1(b) The total number of protons and neutrons (in the nucleus) of an atom. (1)
(1)

(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2 C (1) (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(a) An explanation that makes reference to the following: Do not accept answers given in terms of (2)
atomic (proton) number and mass

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 ● atoms with the same number of protons (and electrons) (1) number.
● different number of neutrons (1)
3(b) (24  0.7895) + (25  0.0980) + (26  0.1125) (1) Correct answer, with no working shown, (2)
= 24.32 (1) gains full marks.
Or {(24 x 78.95) + (25 x 9.80) X (26 x 11.25)} / 100 = 24.32 Answer must be written to two decimal
places.
3(c) C (1) (1)

(Total for Question 3 = 5 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(a) Award one mark for each correct (2)
diagram.
s- orbital; look for 3-dimensional axes.
Accept p-orbital ‘dumbell/lobes’ in any
axial orientation.

s-orbital (1) p-orbital (1)

4(b) The energy needed to remove an electron from mole of gaseous Or other letter or chemical symbol (2)
atoms to form one mole of singly charged gaseous ions. (1) State symbols must be correct
X(g) → X+(g) + e– (1)

(Total for Question 4 = 4 marks)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
5 C (1) (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(a) Decreases No marks awarded for ‘decreases’. (2)
An explanation that makes reference to the following (going down the Both required for the marks.
group):
● the energy of the subshell from which the electron is removed
increases (1)
● the atomic radius increases and the amount of shielding
increases (1)
6(b) B (1) (1)

(Total for Question 6 = 3 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7 D (1) (1)

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
8 A (1) (1)

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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TOPIC 3: BONDING AND STRUCTURE

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1 A(1) (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2(a) A (1) (1)
2(b) D (1) (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 2 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3 1 mark for each correct line. (4)

Substance Formula Structure Solubility

ammonia NH3 simple covalent soluble
C macromolecular
graphite insoluble
(giant covalent)
potassium KCl
giant ionic soluble
chloride
calcium Ca giant metallic soluble

(Total for Question 3 = 4 marks)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4 Electrostatic forces of attraction (1) between: Accept: sea of electrons/mobile electrons (3)
● positive (magnesium) ions (1)
● and delocalised electrons (1)

(Total for Question 4 = 3 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5(a) Dative covalent bond/coordinate bond (1) (3)
Lone pair of electrons on N in ammonia (1)
Shared with vacant orbital on H+ ion (1)
5(b) Tetrahedral (1) (2)
109.5° (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 5 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(a) CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 + HCl (1) Ignore state symbols. (1)
6(b) Both molecules contain polar bonds but the bond polarities cancel in (1)
tetrachloromethane. (1)
6(c) Answer describes one of these methods for a maximum of three If the answer involves solubility, check (3)
marks: that the observations match the choice of

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Testing solubility in a polar solvent, e.g. solvent used.
● add to a polar solvent (1)
● if the polar solvent is named correctly (1)
● correct observation, e.g. miscible/dissolves/no separate layers (1)

Testing solubility in a non-polar solvent, e.g.

● add to a non-polar solvent (1)
● if the non-polar solvent is named correctly (1)
● correct observation – e.g. immiscible/does not dissolve / two
separate layers (1)

Testing a stream of liquid with a charged rod, e.g.

● charge a rod or balloon (1)
● pass a stream of each liquid past the charged object (1)
● correct observation – e.g. deflected if polar/not deflected if non-
polar (1)

(Total for Question 6 = 5 marks)

TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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TOPIC 4: INTRODUCTORY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND ALKANES

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1 D (1) (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2 A (1) (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(a) (Free) radical substitution (1) (1)
3(b) Br2 → 2•Br (1) Br2 → •Br + •Br (1)
3(c) C2H6 + •Br → •CH2CH3 + HBr (1) (2)
•CH2CH3 + Br2 → CH3CH2Br + •Br (1)
3(d) (Termination step between two radicals) Correct equation required for one mark. (1)
•CH2CH3 + •CH2CH3 → C4H10 (1)
3(e) (Fractional) distillation (1) (1)

(Total for Question 3 = 6 marks)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4(a) Contains only hydrogen (H) and carbon(C) (1) (1)
4(b) CnH2n+2 (1) (1)
4(c)(i) Same number of atoms of each element but arranged differently in Other equivalent wording acceptable (1)
space. (1)
4(c)(ii) Isomer 1: 2-methylpentane (1) (2)
Isomer 2: 2,2-dimethylbutane (1)
4(c)(iii) One of the following: All bonds must be shown in full. (1)

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 (Total for Question 4 = 7 marks)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
5(a) C12H26 → C8H18 + 2C2H4 (1) (1)
5(b) Homolytic fission (1) (1)
5(c) Reforming (1) (1)
5(d) (1)

(1)

(Total for Question 5 = 4 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(a) 2C8H18 + 17O2 = 8C + 8CO2 + 18H2O Equation must be correctly balanced (1)

6(b) Hydrogen / H2 (1) (1)

(Total for Question 6 = 2 marks)

TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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TOPIC 5: ALKENES

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1 C (1) (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2 Chloroethene (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3 C (1) (1)

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(a) E-3-methylpent-2-ene (1) (1)
4(b) Add bromine water/bromine solution. (1) Accept: add acidified potassium (2)
Both observations needed for the second mark: manganate(VII)
● no change/stays orange-brown with cyclohexane If above, no change/stays purple.
● becomes colourless with substance in (a) (1) If above, goes colourless/brown with (a).

(Total for Question 4 = 3 marks)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
5(a) (1)

5(b)(i) 2-bromopropane (1) Do not accept bromopropane. (1)

5(b)(ii) The Br– does not need to have a lone (3)
pair of electrons but it must have a full
negative charge.

● Arrow from C=C bond to H on HBr and from H–Br bond to Br (1)
● Correct structure of secondary carbocation (1)
● Arrow from Br– ions towards the + on the carbocation (1)
5(b)(iii) Electrophilic addition (1) Both words required for one mark. (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 6 marks)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
6(a) (4)

Polymer Monomer

Polythene Ethene (1)

Polypropylene Propene (1)

PTFE Tetrafluoroethene (1)

(polytetrafluoroethene)

Polystyrene Phenylethene (1)

(Total for Question 6 = 4 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7(a) Advantage, one of: Accept other sensible answers. (2)
• Energy production (1)
• Little solid waste left after incineration (1) One advantage and one disadvantage
must be given for both marks.
Disadvantage, one of:
• Release of greenhouse gases (1)
• Release of toxic gases (1)
• Air pollution (1)

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7(b) Recycling (1) (2)
Biodegradation (1)

(Total for Question 7 = 4 marks)

TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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TOPIC 6: ENERGETICS
Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
1(a) Heat energy change measured at constant pressure (1) (1)
1(b) Enthalpy change/energy change/heat change when one mole of a (3)
substance (1) is formed from its elements (1) at 298 K/25°C/a stated
temperature and 100 kPa/1 atm pressure. (1)
1(c) Both value and explanation required for one mark: (1)
● 0/zero
● because it is an element in its standard state / defined as 0 (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 5 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2(a) ∆rH = –1411 + (–286) – (–1560) (1) First mark can be gained from a correct (2)
= –137 kJ mol –1
(1) cycle.
Both sign and value must be correct.

2(b)(i) Enthalpy change when one mole of a covalent bond in the gaseous (2)
state is broken (1) averaged over a range of compounds. (1)

2(b)(ii) bonds broken: (C=C + 4  C–H + H–H) = 612 + 1652 + 436 = 2700 (3)
(1)
bonds formed: (C–C + 6  C–H) = 347 + 2478 = 2825 (1)
∆rH = 2700 – 2825 = –125 kJ mol–1 (1)

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2(c) Mean bond energies are not equal to the actual bond enthalpies for (1)
the reactants and product/vary with the environment. (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3 A (1) (1)

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4(a) 0.72  60.0 = 0.012 mol (1) 1.2  10–2 (1)
4(b) heat energy absorbed = 100  4.18  22.4 = 9363 J (1) (1)
4(c) energy absorbed = 9363  (1000  0.012) = 780 kJ mol–1 (1) (2)
enthalpy change of combustion = –780 kJ mol–1 (1) Accept: 4(b)  (1000  answer a(a))
4(d) % uncertainty = 100  (2020 – 780)  2020 = 61.4% (1) Accept: 100  (2020 – answer 4(c)) 
2020 (1)
4(e) B (1) (1)

(Total for Question 4 = 6 marks)

TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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TOPIC 7: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1 C (1) (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2(a) C (1) (1)
2(b) B (1) (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 2 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3(a) London forces (1) Accept: temporary dipole-induced dipole (1)
forces/dispersion forces
Do not accept: dipole–dipole/permanent
dipole–dipole
3(b) There is a large difference in electronegativity between N and H (1) Accept: N is very electronegative. (3)
Permanent dipole N–H (1) Do not accept: + and – on the wrong
The lone pair of electrons on N attracts H/forms bonds with H (1) atoms, or idea of full charges

3(c) Intermolecular forces in ammonia are stronger than those in (1)

methane/ ammonia also has hydrogen bonding/ hydrogen bonds are
stronger than London forces. (1)

(Total for Question 3 = 5 marks)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4 Accept ‘H’ bond between either ‘O’ and (2)
‘H’ of H2S or ‘S’ and ‘H’ of H2O.

OR

(2)

(Total for Question 4 = 2 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5(a)(i) London forces (1) (1)
5(a)(ii) London forces (1), hydrogen bonding and permanent dipole–dipole (2)
forces (1)
5(b) Ethoxyethane: since there is no hydrogen bonding then there is no (4)
solubility in water. Forces of attraction are weak between water and

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 ethoxyethane so no hydrogen bonding and polar molecule. The only
forces of attraction between ethoxyethane molecules are London
forces (1). These are very weak and therefore methane has a very
low boiling temperature. This is because very little energy is required
to overcome them (1).
Butan-1-ol: In addition to London forces, butan-1-ol molecules have
intermolecular permanent dipole–permanent dipole forces and
hydrogen bonds. It can form hydrogen bonds with water and is
therefore soluble in water (1). The hydrogen bonds are stronger than
London forces. This means that the overall intermolecular attraction is
greater in butan-1-ol than in ethoxyethane and therefore it has a
higher boiling point(1).

(Total for Question 5 = 7 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6 Hydrogen bonding is present in all the alcohols. However, as chain (3)
length increases, London forces increase. (1) This means that the
longer the chain, the greater the total intermolecular forces and
therefore the more energy that is needed to separate the molecules. (1)
This increases the boiling point. (1)

(Total for Question 6 = 3 marks)

TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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TOPIC 8: REDOX CHEMISTRY AND GROUPS 1, 2 AND 7

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1 B (1) (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2 C (1) (1)

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
3 Chlorine is both (simultaneously) oxidised and reduced. (1) (3)
● from 0 in Cl2 to –1 in HCl (1)
● from 0 in Cl2 to +1 in HClO (1)

(Total for Question 3 = 3 marks)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
4(a) Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (1) 14/6/2/7 (1)
4(b) Fe2+ → Fe3+ +e– (1) (1)
4(c) MnO4– + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+ (2) Award one mark for correct species on (2)
each side.
Award one mark for correct balancing.

(Total for Question 4 = 4 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5 B (1) (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(a) Both correct colours required for one mark: (1)
● calcium chloride – red/orange red/yellow red/brick red Do not allow crimson.
● barium chloride – green/pale green/light green/apple green (1) Do not allow blue-green.

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6(b) Electrons absorb energy and are promoted into higher energy levels. Reject the idea of ionisation. (2)
(1)
Light is emitted when the electrons return (to their ground states). (1)
6(c) Add a few drops of hydrochloric acid, followed by a few drops of Accept nitric acid and barium nitrate (2)
barium chloride solution. (1) solution.
Calcium sulfate will form a white precipitate (of barium sulfate) but
calcium carbonate will not. (1)
Or add a few drops of hydrochloric acid to calcium carbonate Accept ‘bubbles’.
solution. (1) Effervescence will be seen with calcium carbonate
solution(1)
No reaction with calcium sulphate.

(Total for Question 6 = 5 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7(a) 2NaNO3 → 2NaNO2 + O2 (1) Accept balanced multiples or fractions of (2)
2Mg(NO3)2 → 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2 (1) these equations.
Ignore state symbols, if given.

(Total for Question 7 = 2 marks)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
8(a) Chlorine acts as an oxidising agent because it gains electrons (from Both oxidising agent and correct (1)
magnesium). (1) explanation are required for one mark.
8(b) 3Cl2 + 6NaOH → 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O (1) 3/6/5/–/3 (1)
Accept correct multiples or fractions.
Ignore state symbols, if present.
8(c) Both observations required for one mark: (1)
● colourless/ pale brown to (dark) brown
● (top layer) is purple/ violet (1)

(Total for Question 8 = 3 marks)

TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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TOPIC 9: INTRODUCTION TO KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIA

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1(a) It is a substance that speeds up/ changes rate of reaction (1) (2)
without being used up/chemically changed. (1)
1(b) Minimum energy (1) (that colliding particles must have) for a reaction (2)
to happen (1)
1(c) Catalyst provides an alternative reaction route/pathway (1) with a (2)
lower activation energy. (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
2(a)(i) Peak of the curve indicated (1) (1)
2(a)(ii) Second line should have these features: Lines must only cross once and must not (2)
● starts at origin with peak displaced to the right (1) touch the horizontal axis.
● peak lower than the original (1) Check that the areas under the curves
are approximately the same.
2(b) At higher temperatures: Accept: greater rate/frequency of (2)
● reactant particles have more energy/move faster (1) collisions
● more molecules have the activation energy or more (1) Accept: greater proportion/fraction of
molecules

(Total for Question 2 = 5 marks)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
3 Line with a lower peak (1) Line should be at the same heights as (1)
the reactants and products in the original.

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4 Rate of forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reaction. (1) Reject any idea that the reactions stop at (2)
Concentrations remain constant. (1) equilibrium.
Reject any idea that the concentrations
are the same as each other.

(Total for Question 4 = 2 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5 D (1) (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
6(a) Homogeneous because all the reactants and products are in the No marks awarded if the answer is (1)
same state/phase. (1) ‘heterogeneous’.

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6(b) iron (1) (1)
6(c)(i) The equilibrium shifts in the direction of the fewest molecules/moles (1)
of gas. (1)
6(c)(ii) Any two sensible and relevant suggestions for 1 mark each, for (2)
example:
● strong equipment/containers needed
● high maintenance costs
● a lot of energy needed to pump the gases to a high pressure
● high insurance costs

(Total for Question 6 = 5 marks)

TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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TOPIC 10: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: HALOGENOALKANES, ALCOHOLS AND SPECTRA

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
1 A (1) (1)

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
Phosphoric Acid (1)
2(a) (2)
Heating (1)

2(b)(i) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + PCl5 (1) → CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl + HCl + POCl3 (2)

(1)
2(b)(ii) Phosphoryl chloride (1) (2)
Hydrogen chloride (1)
2(b)(iii) Electrophilic addition (1) Both words required for one mark. (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 7 marks)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
3(a) CH3CH2CH2OH + [O] → CH3CH2CHO + H2O (1) Do not accept: CH3CH2COH as the (1)
product
3(b) Add Fehling’s solution or Benedict’s solution (and heat). (1) Accept: add Tollens’ reagent. (2)
Both observations needed for the second mark:
● no change/ stays blue with product from propan-1-ol If above, no change/ stays colourless.
● red/ orange/ brown precipitate with product from propan-2-ol (1) If above, silver mirror/ black precipitate
forms.

(Total for Question 3 = 3 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
4 A (1) (1)

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
5 D (1) (1)

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark
number
6(a) C (1) (1)
6(b) B (1) (1)

(Total for Question 6 = 2 marks)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

number
7(a) 60 (1) (1)
7(b) ethanoic acid (1) (2)
CH3COOH (1) Accept the displayed formula.
7(c) CH3+ (1) Must have the positive charge for the
mark. (1)
7(d) O–H group (1) (1)

(Total for Question 7 = 5 marks)

TOTAL FOR ASSESSMENT = 20 MARKS

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