Scilab Textbook Companion for

Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

by V. Del Toro1

Created by
Aditi Pohekar
Electrical Engineering
Electrical Engineering
IIT Bombay
College Teacher
Madhu N. Belur
Cross-Checked by
Mukul R. Kulkarni

May 19, 2016

1
Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,
http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and
Scilab codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion
Project” section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description

Title: Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

Author: V. Del Toro

Publisher: Prentice - Hall International

Edition: 2

Year: 2009

ISBN: 9780132475525

1
 Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)

For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3
means a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents

List of Scilab Codes 4

1 The Fundamental laws of Electrical Engineering 5

2 The circuit elements 6

3 Elementary network theory 13

4 Circuit differential equations Forms and Solutions 19

5 Circuit dynamics and forced responses 20

6 The laplace transform method of finding circuit solutions 22

7 Sinusoidal steady state response of circuits 23

9 Semiconductor electronic devices 31

11 Binary logic Theory and Implimentation 34

12 Simplifying logical functions 36

15 Magnetic circuit computations 37

16 Transformers 41

18 The three phase Induction motor 47

19 Computations of Synchronous Motor Performance 50

20 DC machines 52

23 Principles of Automatic Control 56

24 Dynamic behaviour of Control systems 57

List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1 force between two like charges in free space . . . . . . 5

Exa 2.1.a Determine the current flow and voltage drop across the
resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 2.1.b Determine the current flow and voltage drop across
each
resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 2.1.c Repeat parts A and B with the voltage source replaced
by a current source of 1A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 2.2 From the given list of resistors choose a suitable
resistor
which can carry a current of 300mA . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 2.3 Find the resistance of the round copper conductor hav-
ing the given specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 2.4 Find the resistance of the round copper conductor hav-
ing the given specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 2.5 Find the time variation of the voltage drop appearing
across the inductor terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 2.6 Find the time variation of the capacitor voltage . . . . 10
Exa 2.7 Find A actual value of the voltage gain of the opamp
circuit B ideal value of the voltage gain C percent error 11
Exa 2.8 Design a non inverting opamp circuit of voltage gain 4 11
Exa 2.9 Find the input resistance of an inverting opamp circuit
with voltage gain of 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 3.1 for the given circuit calculate the current flowing from
the voltage source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 3.2 Calculate the potential difference across terminals bc . 13
Exa 3.3 Determine the equivalent series circuit . . . . . . . . . 14
Exa 3.4 Value of E for which power dissipation in R5 is 15W R5
is 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Exa 3.8 Find current flowing through all the branches of the
circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Exa 3.12 Find A current flowing through Rl B valye of Rl for
which the power transfer is maximum and the
maximum
power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 3.13 Find the current flowing through R2 by using Nortons
current source equivalent circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 4.3 Determine the operational driving point impedances
ap-
pearing at terminals ad and dg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 5.2 Find the expression for the current flowing through the
circuit and the total energy dissipated in the resistor . 20
Exa 6.1 Find the laplace transform of the given pulse . . . . . 22
Exa 7.1 Find the average value of the given periodic function . 23
Exa 7.2 Determine the power factor and average power
delivered
to the circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 7.3 Find the expression for the sum of i1 and i2 . . . . . . 24
Exa 7.4 Find the effective value of the resultant current . . . . 24
Exa 7.5 Find the time expression for the resultant current . . . 25
Exa 7.6 Find the value of the given expression . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 7.7 Find A value of steady state current and the relative
phase angle C magnitude and phase of voltage drops
appearing across each element D average power E
power
factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 7.8 Find the equivalent impedance appearing between
points
a and c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exa 7.9 Find the current which flows through branch Z3 . . . 28
Exa 7.10 Find the current in the Z3 branchby using the Nodal
method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 7.11 Find the current flowing through Z3 by using
Thevinins
theoram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 9.2 Find the values of self bais source resistance and drain
load resistance at Q point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 9.3 Find A midband frequency current gain of the first
stage
 B bandwidth of the first stage amplifier . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 11.1 Determine th decimal equivalents of the binary
numbers
A 101 B 11011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Exa 11.2 Determine the decimal equivalent of A octal number
432
B hexadecimal number C4F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Exa 11.3 Find the binary and octal equivalents of 247 . . . . . . 35
Exa 15.1 Find A magneto motive force B current C relative
per- miability and reluctance of each material 37
. . . . . . .
Exa 15.3 Find the mmf produced by the coil . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Exa 15.5 B Find the magnetic force exerted on the plunger . . . 40
Exa 16.1 Find A equivalent resistance and reactance referred to
both the sides B voltage drops across these in Volts and
in per cent of the rated winding voltage C Repeat B for
the low voltage side D equivalent leakage impedances
referred to both the sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Exa 16.2 Compute the 6 parameters of the equivalent circuit re-
ferred to the high and low sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Exa 16.3 For the transformer compute A efficiency B voltage reg-
ulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 18.1 Find A input line current and power factor B developed
electromagnetic torque C horse power output D 47
efficiency
Exa 19.1 Find A induced excitation voltage per phase B line cur-
rent C power factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 20.2 Caculate A electromagnetic torque B flux per pole C
rotational losses D efficiency E shaft laod . . . . . . . 52
Exa 20.3 Determine the new operating speed . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 20.4 find A motor speed B required pulse frequency C repeat
part A and B for the given ON time to cycle time ratio 54
Exa 23.1 Determine the new transfer gain and feedback factor . 56
Exa 24.2 find A dynamic response of the system B position lag
error C change in amplifier gain D damping ratio and
maximum percent overshoot E output gain factor for
maximum overshoot equal to 25percent . . . . . . . . 57
 Chapter 1

The Fundamental laws

of Electrical
Engineering

Scilab code Exa 1.1 force between two like charges in free space

1 E0 = 1/(36* pi *10^9) ; // p e r m i t i v i t y in free space

2 k = 4* pi * E0 ;
3 q1 = 1; // c h a r g e on t h e f i r s t p a r t i c l e i n c o u l o m b s
4 q2 = 1; // c h a r g e on t h e s e c o n d p a r t i c l e i n c o u l o m b s
5 d = 1; // d i s t a n c e b e tw e e n t h e p a r t i c l e s i n m e te r
6 F = ( q1 * q2 ) /( k * d ^2) ; // f o r c e b e tw e e n
t h e two p a r t i c l e si n
newtons
7
8 disp (F , ” f o r c e i n f r e e s p a c e b e t we en t h e two
p a r t i c l e s i s i n Newtons i s : ”)
 Chapter 2

The circuit elements

Scilab code Exa 2.1.a Determine the current flow and voltage drop
across the resistor

1 V = 1; // v o l t a g e s u p p l y
2 R = 10; // r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
3 I = V / R // c u r r e n t f l o w i n g through R
4 disp ( ” a ) ” )
5 disp (V , ” v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e r e s i s t o r ( i n v o l t s )=” )
6 disp (I , ” c u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e r e s i s t o r ( i
n amps ) =”)

Scilab code Exa 2.1.b Determine the current flow and voltage drop
across each resistor

1 V = 1; // v o l t a g e s u p p l y
2 R1 = 10; // f i r s t r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
3 R2 = 5; // r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e s e c o n d r e s i s t o r
4 Vr1 = V * ( R1 /( R1 + R2 ) ); // v o l t a g e a c r o s s R1
5 Vr2 = V - Vr1 ; // v o l t a g e a c r o s s R2
6 Ir = Vr1 / R1 ; // c u r r e n t f l o w i n g through R
 7
8 disp ( Vr1 , ” v o l t a g ea c r o s s t h e f i r s t r e s i s t o r ( i
n v o l t s )=”)
9 disp ( Vr2 , ” v o l t a g ea c r o s s t h e s e c o n d r e s i s t o r ( i
n v o l t s )=”)
10 disp ( Ir , ” c u r r e n t f l o w i n g through the
r e s i s t o r ( i n amps ) =”)

Scilab code Exa 2.1.c Repeat parts A and B with the voltage source re-
placed by a current source of 1A

1 // c − a
2 R1 = 10; // f i r s t r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
3 I = 1; // c u r r e n t s o u r c e
4 V = I* R1 ; // v o l t a g e a c r o s s R
5 disp ( ” c − a ) ” )
6 disp (V , ” v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e r e s i s t o r ( i n v o l t s )=” )
7 disp (I , ” c u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e r e s i s t o r ( i
n amps ) =”)
8
9 // c − b
10 Vr1 = I * R1 ; // v o l t a g e a c r o s s R1
11 Vr2 = I * R2 ; // v o l t a g e a c r o s s R2
12 disp ( ” c − b ) ” )
13 disp ( Vr , ” v o l t a g ea c r o s s t h e r e s i s t o r ( i n v o l t s )=” )
14 disp (I , ” c u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e r e s i s t o r ( i
n amps ) =”)

Scilab code Exa 2.2 From the given list of resistors choose a suitable re-
sistor which can carry a current of 300mA

1 R = 100; // r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
2 I = 0.3; // c u r r e n t i n amps
3 P = I ^2 * R ; // power
4 // power specification of
the resistors availablei
n the s t o c k
5 Pa = 5;
6 Pb = 7.5;
7 Pc = 10;
8
9 if Pa > P then
10 disp ( ”we s h o u l select resisto a ”)
11 en d r
12 if d
13 Pb > P then select b”)
14 en disp ( ”we s h o u l resisto
15 if d r
16 d select c ”)
17 en Pc > P then
disp ( ”we s h o u l resisto
d r
d

Scilab code Exa 2.3 Find the resistance of the round copper conductor
having the given specifications

1 L = 1; // l e n g t h o f t h e c o p p e r w i r e i n m e t e r s
2 A = 1 * 10^ -4; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e w i r
e i nmeter s q u a r e
3 rho = 1.724 * 10^ -8; // r e s i s t i v i t y o f c o p p e r i n
ohm meter
4 R = rho *L / A ; // r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e w i r e i n ohm
5
6 disp (R , ” r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e w i r e ( i n ohms )=” )

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Find the resistance of the round copper conductor
 having the given specifications

1 // 1 i n c h e s = 0 . 0 2 5 4 m eter s
2 // 1
f o o t = 0 . 3 0 4 8 m eter s
3 d =0 .1 *0 .0254 ; // d i a m e t e r o f t h e w i r e i n m e te r s
4 L =10 *0 .304 8 ; // l e n g t h o f th e w i r e in m eters
5 = 1.724 *10^ -8; // r e s i s t i v i t y o f t h e w i r e i n
rho
− ohm meter
6 A = pi *( d /2) ^2; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e w i r e
7 R = rho * L/ A ; // r e s i s t a n c e o f the wire i n ohm
8 disp (R , ” r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e w i r e ( i n ohm )=” )

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Find the time variation of the voltage drop
appearing across the inductor terminals

1 L = 0.1; // i n d u c t a n c eo f t h e c o i l i n henry
2 t1 = [0 :0 .00 1 :0 .1 ];
3 t2 = [0 .101 :0 .0 01 :0 .3
];
4 t3 = [0 .301 :0 .0 01 :0 .6
];
5 t4 = [0 .601 :0 .0 01 :0 .7
];
6 t5 = [0 .701 :0 .0 01 :0 .9
]
7 // c u r r e n t v a r i a t i o n as a f u n c t i o n o f t ime
8 i1 = 100* t1 ;
9 i2 = ( -50* t2 ) + 15;
10 i3 = -100* sin ( pi *( t3 -0.3) /
0.3) ;
11 i4 = (100* t4 ) - 60;
12 i5 = ( -50* t5 ) + 45;
13
14 t = [ t1 , t2 , t3 , t4 , t5 ];
15 i = [ i1 , i2 , i3 , i4 , i5 ];
16 plot (t , i )
17
18 dt = 0.001;
19 di = diff ( i);
20 V = L* di / dt ; // v o l t a g e dr o p appearin
g across th e i n d u c t o r terminal
s
21 Tv = [0 :0 .001 :0 .89 9 ];
22 plot ( Tv , V , ” g r e e n ” )

Scilab code Exa 2.6 Find the time variation of the capacitor voltage

1 C = 0.01; // c a p a c i t a n c eo f t h e c a p a c i t o r i n F a r a d s
2 t1 = [0 :0 .0 01 :0 .1 ];
3 t2 = [0 .10 1 :0 .0 01 :0 .3 ];
4 t3 = [0 .30 1 :0 .0 01 :0 .6 ];
5 t4 = [0 .60 1 :0 .0 01 :0 .7 ];
6 t5 = [0 .70 1 :0 .0 01 :0 .9 ]
7 // c u r r e n t v a r i a t i o n as a f u n c t i o n o f t ime
8 i1 = 100* t1 ;
9 i2 = ( -50* t2 ) + 15;
10 i3 = -100* sin ( pi *( t3 -0.3) /0.3) ;
11 i4 = (100* t4 ) - 60;
12 i5 = ( -50* t5 ) + 45;
13
14 t = [ t1 , t2 , t3 , t4 , t5 ];
15 i = [ i1 , i2 , i3 , i4 , i5 ];
16 plot (t , i )
17
18 // v o l t a g e a c r o s s the c a p a c i t o ras a f u n c t i o n o
f t ime
19 V1 = (1/ C )* integ rate ( ’ 10 0 ∗ t ’ , ’ t ’ ,0 , t1 );
20 V2 = (1/ C )* integ rate ( ’ ( −50∗ t ) +15 ’ , ’ t ’ ,0.101 , t2 );
21 V3 = (1/ C )* integ rate ( ’ −100∗ s i n ( %pi ∗ ( t − 0 . 3 ) / 0 . 3 ) ’ , ’ t ’
,0.301 , t3 );
22 V4 = (1/ C )* integ rate ( ’ ( 1 0 0 ∗ t ) − 60 ’ , ’ t ’ ,0.601 , t4 );
23 V5 = (1/ C )* integ rate ( ’ ( −50∗ t ) + 45 ’ , ’ t ’ ,0.701 , t5 );
24 V = [ V1 , V2 , V3 , V4 , V5 ];
25
26 plot (t , V , ” g r e e n ” )
 Scilab code Exa 2.7 Find A actual value of the voltage gain of the opamp
circuit B ideal value of the voltage gain C percent error

1 // a
2 Ri = 1;
3 Rf = 39;
4 A = 10^5; // open l o o p g a i n o f t h e op −amp
5 G = A /(1 + ( A * Ri /( Ri + Rf ) )) ; // a c t u a l voltag
e gain o f the circui
t
6 disp ( ” a ” )
7 disp (G , ” a c t u a l v o l t a g e o f t h e c i r c u i t =” )
8
9 // b
10 G1 = 1 + ( Rf / Ri ); //v o l t a g e g a i n o f t h e c i r c u i
t with i n f i n i t e open l o o p g a i n
11 disp ( ”b ” )
12 disp ( G1 , ” f o r i d e a l c a s e t h e v o l t a g e g a i n =” )
13
14 // c
15 er = (( G1 - G)/ G ) *100; // p e r c e n t e r r o r
16 disp ( ” c ” )
17 disp ( er , ” p e r c e n t error of t h ei d e a l
value compared to the actual valu
e=”)

Scilab code Exa 2.8 Design a non inverting opamp circuit of voltage
gain 4

1 G = 4; // v o l t a g e g a i n o f t h e c i r c u i t
2 r = G -1; // r a t i o o f t h e r e s i s t a n c e s i n t h e non −
i n v e r t i n gop−amp c i r c u i t
3 disp (r , ” Rf / Ri =” )
4 // R e s u l t :
5 //A s u i t a b l e c h o i c e f o r R1 i s 10K, Hence Rf = 30K

Scilab code Exa 2.9 Find the input resistance of an inverting opamp
cir- cuit with voltage gain of 4

1 G = 4;
2 r = G; // r a t i o o f t h e r e s i s t a n c e s i n t h e i n v e r t i n
g op
− amp c i r c u i t
3 disp (r , ” Rf / Ri ” )
4 // R e s u l t ;
5 //A s u i t a b l e c h o i c e f o r Rf=30K and R1=7 . 5K
6 // t h e r e f o r e i n p u t r e s i s t a n c e R1 = 7 . 5K

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

 Chapter 3

Elementary network theory

Scilab code Exa 3.1 for the given circuit calculate the current flowing
from the voltage source

1 V = 100; // v o l a t a g e s u p p l y i n v o l t s
2 Rs = 40; // r e s i s t a n c e i n s e r i e s i n ohms
3 // p a r a l l e l r e s i s t a n c e si n ohms
4 Rp1 = 33.33 ;
5 Rp2 = 50;
6 Rp3 = 20;
7 Rpinv = (1/ Rp1 ) +(1/ Rp2 ) +(1/ Rp3 ); // r e c i p r o c a l
ofequivalent resistance i
n parallel
8 Req = Rs + (1/ Rpinv ) ;
9 I = V / Req ; // c u r r e n t f l o w i n g fr om the v o
ltage s o u r c e i n amps
10 disp (I , ” c u r r e n t f l o w i n g from t h e v o l t a g e s o u r c e ( i
n amps ) = ”)

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Calculate the potential difference across terminals bc

1 V = 100; // v o l a t a g e s u p p l y i n v o l t s
 2 Rs = 40; // r e s i s t a n c e i n s e r i e s i n ohms
3 // p a r a l l e l r e s i s t a n c e si n ohms
4 Rp1 = 33.33 ;
5 Rp2 = 50;
6 Rp3 = 20;
7 Rpinv = (1/ Rp1 ) +(1/ Rp2 ) +(1/ Rp3 ); // r e c i p r o c a l
ofequivalent resistance i
n parallel
8 Rp = 1/ Rpinv ; // e q u i v a l e n t e s i s t a n c e i n p a r a l l e l
9 Vbc = V *( Rp /( Rs + Rp ) ); //p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c
eacross bc
10 disp ( Vbc , ” p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s bc = ” )

Scilab code Exa 3.3 Determine the equivalent series circuit

1 // r e s i s t a n c e si n ohms
2 R1 = 25;
3 R2 = 300;
4 R3 = 80;
5 R4 = 30;
6 R5 = 60;
7
8 Rcd = R5 * R4 /( R5 + R4 );
9 Rbd1 = Rcd + R3 ;
10 Rbd = Rbd1 * R2 /( Rbd1 + R2 );
11 Req = Rbd + R1 ; // e q u i v a l e n t resistance
12 disp ( Req , ” e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e = ”)

Scilab code Exa 3.4 Value of E for which power dissipation in R5 is 15W
R5 is 15

1 // r e s i s t a n c e si n ohms
2 R1 = 25;
3 R2 = 300;
 4 R3 = 80;
5 R4 = 30;
6 R5 = 60;
7
8 P5 = 15; // power d i s s i p a t e d i n R5 ( i n wa tt )
9
10 I5 = sqrt ( P5 / R5 ); // c u r r e n t flowing
t h r o u g h R5
V5 == R5
11 Vcd
12 // v; o //
V5*;I5 l t av go el t aa gc re oa sc sr cd
o s s R5
13
14 I4 = Vcd / R4 ; // c u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h R4
15 Icd = I5 + I4 ; // c u r r e n t flowing t h r o u g h cd
16
17 Vbd = ( Icd * R3 )+ Vcd ; // v o l t a g e a c bd
ross
18 Ibd = ( Vbd / R2 )+ Icd ; // c u r r e n t bd
through
19
20 V1 = R1 * Ibd ; // v o l t a g e a c r o s s R1
21
22 E = V1 + Vbd ;
23 disp (E , ”E = ” )
24
25 // R e s u l t : Value o f E f o r which power d i s s i p a t i o ni
n R i s15W = 200V

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in This

code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in This code can be
 downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 3.8 Find current flowing through all the branches of
the circuit

1 // mesh e q u a t i o n s :
2 // 60 ∗ I 1 − 20 ∗ I 2 = 20
3 // −20∗ I 1 + 80 ∗ I 2 = −65
4
5 R = [60 -20; -20 80];
6 E = [120; -65];
7 I = inv ( R)* E;
8 I1 = I (1 ,:) ; // c u r r e n tf l o w i n g i n f i r s t mesh
9 I2 = I (2 ,:) ; // c u r r e n tf l o w i n g i n s e c o n d mesh
10
11 Ibd = I1 - I2 ; // c u r r e n t f l o w i n g through branch
bd
12 Iab = I1 ; // c u r r e n tf l o w i n g t h r o u g h b r a n c h ab
13 Icb = - I2 ; // c u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h b r a n c h cb
14
15 disp ( Ibd , ” c u r r e n t f l o w i n g through b r a n c h bd =
”)
16 disp ( Iab , ” c u r r e n tf l o w i n g t h r o u g h b r a n c h ab = ” )
17 disp ( Icb , ” c u r r e n tf l o w i n g t h r o u g h b r a n c h cb = ” )

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in This

code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in This code can be
 downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 3.12 Find A current flowing through Rl B valye of Rl for
which the power transfer is maximum and the maximum power

1 // a
2 // c i r c u i t p a r a m e te r s
3 E1 = 120;
4 R1 = 40;
5 R2 = 20;
6 R3 = 60;
7
8 Voc = E1 * R2 /( R2 + R1 ); // open circui
t vo l t ag ea pp e ar i n g at t e r m
inal 1
9 Ri = R3 + ( R1 * R2 /( R1 + R2 )) ; // e q u i v a l e n t resis
tancelooking into the network
from terminal pair
01
10
11 function I = Il ( Rl )
12 I = Voc /( Ri + Rl ) // c u r r e n t t h r o u g h Rl
13 endfunction
14
15 Il1 = Il (10) ; // Rl = 10 ohm
16 Il2 = Il (50) ; // Rl = 50 ohm
17 Il3 = Il (200) ; // Rl = 200 ohm
18
19 disp ( ” a ” )
20 disp ( Il1 , ” I l ( Rl = 10ohm ) = ” )
21 disp ( Il2 , ” I l ( Rl = 50ohm ) = ” )
22 disp ( Il3 , ” I l ( Rl = 200 ohm ) = ” )
23
24 // b
25 // f o r maximum power Rl = Ri
26 Rl = Ri ;
27 Plmax = ( Voc /(2* Ri )) ^2 * Ri ; // maximum power t o Rl
28 disp ( ”b ” )
29 disp ( Plmax , ”maximum power t o Rl ( i n Watt ) = ” )

Scilab code Exa 3.13 Find the current flowing through R2 by using
Nor- tons current source equivalent circuit

1 // c i r c u i t p a r a m e te r s
2 // v o l t a g e s o u r c e s
3 E1 = 120;
4 E2 = 65;
5 // r e s i s t a n c e s
6 R1 = 40;
7 R2 = 11;
8 R3 = 60;
9
10 I = ( E1 / R1 ) + ( E2 / R3 ); // norton ’ s current s
ource
11 Req = R1 * R3 /( R1 + R3 ); // e q u i v a l e n t resistance
12
13 I2 = I * Req /( Req + R2 ); // c u r r e n t flowing
t h r o u g h R2
14
15 disp ( I2 , ” c u r r e n t flowing t h r o u g h R2 = ” )

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in This code

can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

 Chapter 4

Circuit differential equations

Forms and Solutions

Scilab code Exa 4.3 Determine the operational driving point

impedances appearing at terminals ad and dg

1 // ad
2 Zab = complex (1 , -0.5) ; // i m p e d a n c e a p p e a r i n g a c r o s
sterminals ab
3 Zbg = complex (1) ; // i m p e d a n c e a p p e a r i n g a c r o s
sterminals bg
4 Zbcd = complex (2+1 ,2) ; // i m p e d a n c e a p p e a r i n g a c r o s
sterminals bcd
5 Zad = Zab + ( Zbg * Zbcd /( Zbg + Zbcd )); //
impedance a p p e a r i n g across termin
als ad
6 disp ( Zad , ” im p ed a n c e a p p e a r i n g a c r o s s t e r m i n a l s ad
= ”)
7
8 // dg
9 Zdg = Zbg + ( Zab * Zbcd /( Zab + Zbcd )); //
impedance a p p e a r i n g across terma
inals dg
10 disp ( Zdg , ” im p ed a n c e a p p e a r i n g a c r o s s t e r m i n a l s dg
= ”)
 Chapter 5

Circuit dynamics and

forced responses

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

Scilab code Exa 5.2 Find the expression for the current flowing through
the circuit and the total energy dissipated in the resistor

1 C = 10*10^ -6 ; // c a p a c i t a n c e ( i n f a r a d s )
2 R = 0 .2 *10 ^6 ; // r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
3 Vi = 40; // i n i t i a l v o l t a g e o f t h e c a p a c i t o r ( i
nvolts)
4 Wc = (1/2) * C* Vi ^2; // e n e r g y s t o r e d i n the c a p a c i
tor
5 // c u r r e n t f l o w i n g i n c i r c u i t as a f u n c t i o n o f t ime
i ( t ) = 2∗10ˆ −4∗ exp(− t / 2 )
6 // power d i s s i p a t e di n the r e s i s t o r = R∗ i ˆ2
7 Wr = integrate ( ’R∗4∗10ˆ −8∗ exp (− t ) ’ , ’ t ’ ,0 ,100)
8 disp ( Wc , ” e n e r g y stored in the ca
p a c i t o r ( i n J o u l e s ) = ”)
9 disp ( Wr , ” e n e r g y dissipated in the r
esistor (in Joules
) = ”)

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in This

code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in This code can

be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in This code can be down-

loaded from the website wwww.scilab.in This code can be downloaded from

the website wwww.scilab.in This code can be downloaded from the website

wwww.scilab.in
 Chapter 6

The laplace transform method

of finding circuit solutions

Scilab code Exa 6.1 Find the laplace transform of the given pulse

1 function F = laplace (s , T1 , T2 )
2 // p u l s e :
3 // f = u ( t − T1 ) − u ( t T2 )
4 F = integrate ( ’ exp (− s t ) ’ , ’ t ’ ,T1 , T2 ); // l a p l a
c e t r a n s f o r m − o f the p u l s e
5 endfunction ∗
 Chapter 7

Sinusoidal steady state

response of circuits

Scilab code Exa 7.1 Find the average value of the given periodic function

1 Vm = 2; // a s s u m p t i o n
2 // a v e r a g e v a l u e o f the f u n c t i o n
3 // v ( t ) = Vm∗ a l p h a /( %pi / 3 ) f o r 0 <= a l p h a <= %pi /3
4 // = Vm f o r %pi /3 <= a l p h a <= %pi /2
5 Vav = (2/ pi )* integrate ( ’Vm ∗ a l p h a ( 3 / %pi ) ’ , ’ a l p h a ’
,0 , pi /3) + (2/ pi )* integ rate ( ’Vm ∗ alpha/alph
a ’ , ’ a l p h a ’ , pi /3 , pi /2) ;
6 disp ( Vav )

Scilab code Exa 7.2 Determine the power factor and average power
deliv- ered to the circuit

1 theta = pi /6; // p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e b e t we e n c u r r e n
t and v o l t a g e
2 pf = cos ( theta ); // power f a c t o r
3 disp ( pf , ” power f a c t o r = ” )
 4
5 Vm = 170; // peak v o l t a g e
6 Im = 14 .14; // pea k c u r r e n t
7
8 Pav = Vm * Im * pf /2; // a v e r a g e power deliv
ered to the c i r c u i t
9 disp ( Pav , ” a v e r a g e power d e l i v e r e d to the ci
rcuit = ”
)

Scilab code Exa 7.3 Find the expression for the sum of i1 and i2

1 // l e t s assume th a t i 1 and i 2 a r e s t a t i o n a r yand the

c o o r d i n a t esystem i s r o t a t i n g with an
angular
frquency o f w . And i 1 l i e s − on the x
axis ( i . e . making an a n g l e − of 0 d
e g r e e with the x axis)
2 theta = pi /3; // p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e b e t we e n i 1 and i 2 ;
3 I1 = 10* sqrt (2) ; // peak v a l u e o f i 1
4 I2 = 20* sqrt (2) ; // peak v a l u e o f i 2
5 I = sqrt ( I1 ^2 + I2 ^2 + 2* I1 * I2 * cos ( theta ) ); //
pea k v a l u e of the r e s u l t a n t curr
ent
6
7 phi = atan ( I2 * sin ( theta ) /( I1 + I2 * cos ( theta ) )) ; //
phase d i f f e r e n c ebetween th e r e s u l t a n t and i 1 ( i
nr a d i a n s )
8 disp (I , ” peak v a l u e o f t h e r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t = ” )
9 disp ( phi , ” p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e b e t we e n t h e r e s u l t a n t and
i 1 = ”)
10 // r e s u l t : i = I s i n ( wt + phi )

Scilab code Exa 7.4 Find the effective value of the resultant current
1 I1 = 10; // pea k v a l u e o f i 1
2 I2 = 20; // pea k v a l u e o f i 2
 3 theta = pi /3; // p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e b e t we e n i 1 and i 2
4 // complex r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the two c u r r e n t s
5 i1 = complex (10) ;
6 i2 = complex (20* cos ( pi /3) ,20* sin ( pi /3) );
7
8 i = i1 + i2 ; // r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t
9 I = sqrt ( real ( i) ^2 + imag ( i) ^2) ; // c a l c u l a t i n g
t h e peak v a l u e o f th e r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t by u s i
n g i t s r e a l and i m a g i n a r y p a r t s
10 phi = atan ( imag ( i )/ real ( i ) ); // c a l c u l a t i g t h e
p h a s e o f the r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t by u s i n g i t s r e a l
and
imaginaryparts
11 disp (i , ” r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t = ” )
12 disp (I , ” peak v a l u e o f t h e r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t = ” )
13 disp ( phi , ” p h a s e o f t h e r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t = ” )
14 // r e s u l t : i = I s i n ( wt + phi )

Scilab code Exa 7.5 Find the time expression for the resultant current

1 I1 = 3; // peak valu of i1
e
2 I2 = 5; // peak v a l u o f i 2
e
3 I3 = 6; // peak v a l u o f i 3
e
4 theta1 = pi /6; // p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n i 2 and i 1
5 theta2 = -2* pi /3; // p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e b e t we e n i 3 and
i1
6 // complex r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the currents
7 i1 = complex (3) ;
8 i2 = complex (5* cos ( pi /6) ,5* sin ( pi /6) );
9 i3 = complex (6* cos ( -2* pi /3) ,6* sin ( -2* pi /3) );
10
11 i = i1 + i2 + i3 ; // r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t
12 I = sqrt ( real ( i) ^2 + imag ( i) ^2) ; // c a l c u l a t i n g
t h e peak v a l u e o f th e r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t by u s i
 n g i t s r e a l and i m a g i n a r y p a r t s
13 phi = atan ( imag ( i)/ real ( i) ); // c a l c u l a t i g the phase
 o f the r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t by u s i n g its re
a l and i m a g i n a r y p a r t s
14 disp (I , ” peak v a l u e o f t h e r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t = ” )
15 disp ( phi , ” p h a s e o f t h e r e s u l t a n t c u r r e n t = ” )
16 // r e s u l t : i = I s i n ( wt + phi )

Scilab code Exa 7.6 Find the value of the given expression

1 // f i n d V∗ Z1 / Z2
2 V = complex (45* sqrt (3) , -45) ;
3 Z1 = complex (2.5* sqrt (2) , 2.5* sqrt (2) );
4 Z2 = complex (7.5 , 7.5* sqrt (3) );
5 // we have to f i n d V∗ Z1 / Z2
6 Z = V* Z1 / Z2 ;
7 d i s p ( Z , ” V∗ Z 1 / Z 2 = ” )

Scilab code Exa 7.7 Find A value of steady state current and the
relative phase angle C magnitude and phase of voltage drops appearing
across each element D average power E power factor

1 // a
2 f = 60; // f r e q u e n c y o f the volatge source
3 V = complex (141) ; // v o l t a g e s u p p l y V = 141 s i n ( wt )
4 R = 3; // r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e c i r c u i t
5 L = 0 .0106 ; // i n d u c t a n c eo f t h e c i r c u i t
6 Z = complex (R ,2* pi * f * L); // im p e d a n c e of the circui
t
= R + jwL
7 i = V / Z ; // c u r r e n t
8 I = sqrt ( real ( i ) ^2 + imag (i) ^2) ; // c a l c u l a t i n g
the peak v a l u e o f th e c u r
r e n t by u s i n g its real and
imaginary parts
 9 phi = atan ( imag ( i)/ real ( i) ); // c a l c u l a t i g the
pha s e o f the resultant c
u r r e n t by u s i n g i t s r e a l and
imaginary parts
10 disp ( ” a ” )
11 disp (I , ” e f f e c t i v e v a l u e o f t h e s t e a d y s t a t e c u r r e n t
= ”)
12 disp ( phi , ” r e l a t i v e p h a s e a n g l e = ” )
13
14 // b
15 // e x p r e s s i o n f o r the instantaneo
us current can be w r i t t e n as
16 // i = I s i n ( wt + phi )
17
18 // c
19 R = complex (3) ;
20 vr = V* R/ Z ; // v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e r e s i s t o r
21 Vr = sqrt ( real ( vr ) ^2 + imag ( vr ) ^2) ; // pea k v
a l u eo f the voltage across the r
esistor
22 phi1 = atan ( imag ( vr )/ real ( vr ) ); // p h a s e of
the v o l t a g e a c r o s s the r e
sistor
23
24 vl = V - vr ; // v o l t a g e across the i n d u c t o r
25 Vl = sqrt ( real ( vl ) ^2 + imag ( vl ) ^2) ; // peak v
a l u eo f the voltage across the i
nductor
26 phi2 = atan ( imag ( vl )/ real ( vl )) ; // p h a s e of
the v o l t a g e a c r o s s the i n
ductor
27 disp ( ” c ” )
28 disp ( Vr , ” e f f e c t i v e v a l u e o f t h e v o l t a g e dr o p a c r o s
s the r e s i s t o r = ”)
29 disp ( phi1 , ” p h a s e o f t h e v o l t a g e d r op a c r o s s t h
e r e s i s t o r = ”)
30 disp ( Vl , ” e f f e c t i v e v a l u e o f t h e v o l t a g e dr o p a c r o s
s the i n d u c t o r = ”)
31 disp ( phi2 , ” p h a s e o f t h e v o l t a g e d r op a c r o s s t h
 e i n d u c t o r = ”)
32
33 // d
34 Pav = V * I * cos ( phi ); // a v e r a g e power dissipate
d by
 the c i r c u i t
35 disp ( ”d ” )
36 disp ( Pav , ” a v e r a g e power dissipated
by t h e c i r c u i t = ”)
37
38 // e
39 pf = cos ( phi ); // power f a c t o r
40 disp ( ” e ” )
41 disp ( pf , ” power f a c t o r = ” )

Scilab code Exa 7.8 Find the equivalent impedance appearing between
points a and c

1 // im p edan ces i n th e c i r c u i t
2 Z1 = complex (10 ,10) ;
3 Z2 = complex (15 ,20) ;
4 Z3 = complex (3 , -4) ;
5 Z4 = complex (8 ,6) ;
6
7 Ybc = (1/ Z2 ) +(1/ Z3 ) +(1/ Z4 ); // a d m i t t a n c e o f
the p a r a l l e l comb
ination
8 Zbc = (1/ Ybc ); // i m p e d a n c e o f t h e p a r a l l e
lcombination
9
10 Z = Z1 + Zbc ; // e q u i v a l e n t impedance of
the circuit
11
12 disp (Z , ” e q u i v a l e n tim p ed a n c e o f t h e c i r c u i t = ”)

Scilab code Exa 7.9 Find the current which flows through branch Z3

1 V1 = complex (10) ;
2 V2 = complex (10* cos (- pi /3) ,10* sin (- pi /
 3) );
3 Z1 = complex (1 ,1) ;
 4 Z2 = complex (1 , -
1) ; 5 Z3 = complex
(1 ,2) ; 6
7 // by mesh a n a l y s i s we g e t the f o l l o w i n ge q u a t i o n s :
8 // I 1 ∗ Z11 − I 2 Z12 = V1
9 // −I 1 ∗ Z21 + I 2∗Z22 = V2 ; where I 1 and I 2 a r e the
c u r r r e∗ n t s f l o w i n g i n th e f i r s t and se co n d meshes
r e−spectively
10 Z11 = Z1 + Z1
;
11 Z12 = Z1 + Z2
;
12 Z21 = Z12
;
13 Z22 = Z2 + Z2
;
14
15 // the mesh e q u a t i o n s can be r e p r e s e n t e d in
the
∗ m atrix form as I Z = V
16 Z = [ Z11 , - Z12 ; -Z21 , Z22 ]; // impedance ma tr i x
17 V = [ V1 ; - V2 ]; // v o l t a g e m atrix
18 I = inv (Z )* V; // c u r r e n t m a t r i x = [ I 1 ; I 2 ]
19
20 I1 = I (1 ,:) ; // I 1 = f i r s t row o f I m a t r i x
21 I2 = I (2 ,:) ; // I 1 = s e c o n d row o fI m a t r i x
22
23 Ibr = I1 - I2 ; // c u r r e n t flowing t h r o u g h Z3
24
25 disp ( Ibr , ” c u r r e n tf l o w i n g t h r o u g h Z3 = ” )

Scilab code Exa 7.10 Find the current in the Z3 branchby using the
Nodal method

1 V1 = complex (10) ;
2 V2 = complex (10* cos (- pi /3) ,10* sin (- pi /3) );
3 Z1 = complex (1 ,1) ;
4 Z2 = complex (1 , -
1) ; 5 Z3 = complex
(1 ,2) ;
6 // By a p p l i n g the n o d a l a n a l y s i s we g e t th e f o l l o w i n g
 equation:
7 // Va ( ( 1 / Z1 ) +(1/ Z2 ) +(1/ Z3 ) ) = ( V1/ Z1 ) + ( V2/ Z2 )
8
9 Y = (1/ Z1 ) +(1/ Z2 ) +(1/ Z3 );
10 Va = (1/ Y ) *(( V1 / Z1 ) + ( V2 / Z2 ) ); // v o l t a g e o f node a
11
12 Ibr = Va / Z3 ; // c u r r e n t f l o w i n g t h r o u g h Z3
13
14 disp ( Ibr , ” c u r r e n tf l o w i n g t h r o u g h Z3 = ” )

Scilab code Exa 7.11 Find the current flowing through Z3 by using
Thevinins theoram

1 V1 = complex (10) ;
2 V2 = complex (10* cos (- pi /3) ,10* sin (- pi /
3) );
3 Z1 = complex (1 ,1) ;
4 Z2 = complex (1 , -1) ;
5 Z3 = complex (1 ,2) ;
6
7 Zth = Z3 + ( Z1 * Z2 /( Z1 + Z2 )) ; // thevinin resist
ance
8
9 I = ( V1 - V2 )/( Z1 + Z2 ); // c u r r e n t f l o w i n g through
the c i r c u i t when R3 i s not c o n n e c te d
10 Vth = V1 - I * Z1 ; // t h e v i n i n v o l t a g e
11
12 Ibr = Vth / Zth ; // c u r r e n t flowing t h r o u g h Z3
13
14 disp ( Ibr , ” c u r r e n tf l o w i n g t h r o u g h Z3 = ” )
 Chapter 9

Semiconductor electronic
devices

Scilab code Exa 9.2 Find the values of self bais source resistance and
drain load resistance at Q point

1 // Q u i e s c e n t p o i n t
2 Idq = 0 .0034 ; // d r a i n c u r r e n t
3 Vdq = 15; // d r a i n v o l t a g e
4 Vgq = 1; // g a t e v o l t a g e
5
6 Vdd = 24; // d r a i n s u p p l y v o l t a g e
7
8 Rs = Vgq / Idq ;
9 disp ( Rs , ” The v a l u e of self bais source r
e s i s t a n c e i s ( i n ohm) : ”)
10
11 Rd = ( Vdd - Vdq )/ Idq ;
12 disp ( Rd , ” The v a l u e of drain load
r e s i s t a n c e i s ( i n ohm) : ”)
 Scilab code Exa 9.3 Find A midband frequency current gain of the first
stage B bandwidth of the first stage amplifier

1 // a
2 // t r a n s i s t o r p a r a m e te r s
3 R2 = 0 .625;
4 hie = 1.67;
5 Rb = 4.16;
6 Rl = 2.4;
7 Roe = 150;
8
9 Cc = 25 * 10^ -6;
10 rBB = 0.29;
11 rBE = 1.375 ;
12 Cd = 6900 * 10^ -12;
13 Ct = 40 * 10^ -12;
14 gm = 0 .032;
15
16 Req = ( Rl * Roe ) /( Rl + Roe );
17 hfe = 44;
18 a = 1 + ( R2 / Req );
19 b = 1 + ( hie / Rb );
20 Aim = - hfe /( a* b); // mid band f r e q u e n c y g
ain
21 disp ( ” a ” )
22 disp ( Aim , ” The mid band f r e q u e n c y gain of
t h e f i r s t s t a g e o f the c i r c u i t i s : ”)
23
24 // b
25 Tl = 2* pi *( Req + R2 )* Cc *(10 ^3 ) ;
26 Fl = 1/ Tl ;
27
28 Rp = ( Req * R2 )/( Req + R2 );
29 C = Cd + Ct *(1 + gm * Rp *10^3) ;
30 d = Rb + hie ;
31 e = rBE * ( Rb + rBB )* 10^3 * C ;
32 Fh = d /(2* pi * e);
33
34 BW = Fh - Fl ;
35 disp ( ”b ” )
36 disp ( BW , ” The ba ndwidth o f t h e f i r s t s t a g
eamplifier i n Hz i s : ”)
 Chapter 11

Binary logic Theory and

Implimentation

Scilab code Exa 11.1 Determine th decimal equivalents of the binary

num- bers A 101 B 11011

1 // a
2 N2 = ’ 101 ’ ; // b i n a r y o r d e r e d s e q u e n c e
3 N = bin 2 dec ( N2 ); // d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f N2
4 disp ( ” a ” )
5 disp (N , ” d e c i m a le q u i v a l e n t o f 101 = ” )
6
7 // b
8 N2 = ’ 11011 ’ ; // b i n a r y o r d e r e d sequence
9 N = bin 2 dec ( N2 ); // d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f N2
10 disp ( ”b ” )
11 disp (N , ” d e c i m a le q u i v a l e n t o f 11 0 1 1 = ” )

Scilab code Exa 11.2 Determine the decimal equivalent of A octal

number 432 B hexadecimal number C4F
 1 // a
2 N8 = ’ 432 ’ ; // o c t a l number
3 N = oct2 dec ( N8 ); // d e c i m a l representatio
n o f N8
4 disp ( ” a ” )
5 disp (N , ” d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f 432 = ” )
6
7 // b
8 N16 = ’ C4F ’ ; // h e x a d e c i m a l number
9 N = hex2 dec ( N16 ); // d e c i m a l representat
ion o f N16
10 disp ( ”b ” )
11 disp (N , ” d e c i m a l e q u i v a l e n t o f C4F = ” )

Scilab code Exa 11.3 Find the binary and octal equivalents of 247

1 N = 247;
2 N2 = dec2 bin ( N ); // b i n a r y equivalent of N
3 N8 = dec2 oct ( N); // o c t a l e q u i v a l e n t o f N
4 disp ( N2 , ” b i n a r y equivalent of 247 = ” )
5 disp ( N8 , ” o c t a l e q u i v a l e n t o f 247 = ” )
Chapter 12

Simplifying logical functions

This code can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in This code

can be downloaded from the website wwww.scilab.in This code can be down-

loaded from the website wwww.scilab.in

 Chapter 15

Magnetic circuit computations

Scilab code Exa 15.1 Find A magneto motive force B current C relative
permiability and reluctance of each material

1 // a
2 phi = 6*10^ -4; // g i v e n m a g n e t i c f l u x ( i n Wb)
3 A = 0.001 ; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a ( i n m e te r s q u a r e )
4 B = phi / A ; //
5 Ha = 10; // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y of mate
rial a needed to e s t a b l i s h the g i v e n
m agn etic flux
6 Hb = 77; // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y o f m a t e r i a l b
7 Hc = 270; // m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y o f m a t e r i a l c
8 La = 0.3; // a r c l e n g t o f m a t e r i a ( i n m ete r
h al s)
9 Lb = 0.2; // a r c l e n g t o f m a t e r i b ( i n m eter s )
h al
10 Lc = 0.1; // a r c l e n g t o f m a t e r i c ( i n m eters )
h al
11
12 F = Ha * La + Hb * Lb + Hc * Lc ; // m a gn e t o m o t i v e f o r c e
13 disp ( ” a ” )
14 disp (F , ” m a g n e to m o ti v e f o r c e n e e d e d t o e s t a b l i s h a
f l u x o f 6∗10ˆ −4( i n At ) = ”)
15
16 // b
17 N = 100; // no . o f t u r n s
18 I = F / N ; // c u r r e n t i n amps
19 disp ( ”b ” )
20 disp (I , ” c u r r e n t t h a t must be made t o f l o w t h r o u g h
the c o i l ( i n amps ) = ”)
21
22 // c
23 MU0 = 4* pi *10^ -7;
24 MUa = B/ Ha ; // p e r m e a b i l i t o f m a t e r i a a
y l
25 MUb = B/ Hb ; // p e r m e a b i l i t o f m a t e r i a b
y l
26 MUc = B/ Hc ; // p e r m e a b i l i t o f m a t e r i a c
y l
27
28 MUra = MUa / MU0 // r e l a t i v e permeabili of materi
a
29 MUrb = ; MUb / // r e l a t i v e typermeab of almat e
b
30 MUrc = MU0 ; // r e l a t i v e ility of rial
c
MUc / MU0 permeabili materi
; ty al
31
32 Ra = Ha * La / phi ; // r e l u c t a n c o f m a t e r i a
e al
33 Rb = Hb * Lb / phi ; // r e l u c t a n c o f m a t e r i b
e al
34 Rc = Hc * Lc / phi ; // r e l u c t a n c o f m a t e r i c
e al
35
36 disp ( ” c ” )
37 disp ( MUra , ” r e l a t i v p e r m e a b i l i o f m a t e r i a a = ”)
e ty l
38 disp ( MUrb , ” r e l a t i v p e r m e a b i l i o f m a t e r i a b = ”)
e ty l
39 disp ( MUrc , ” r e l a t i v p e r m e a b i l i o f m a t e r i a c = ”)
e ty l
40 disp ( Ra , ” r e l u c t a n c o f m a t e r i a a = ”)
e l
41 disp ( Rb , ” r e l u c t a n c o f m a t e r i a b = ”)
e l
42 disp ( Rc , ” r e l u c t a n c o f m a t e r i a c = ”)
e l

Scilab code Exa 15.3 Find the mmf produced by the coil

1 mu0 = 4* pi *10^ -7;

2 A = 0 .0025 ; // c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e c o i l
3 // d i m e n s i o n s o f the c o i l ( i n m e te r s )
4 Lg = 0.002; // a i r gap l e n g t h ( i n m e t e r s )
 5 Lbd = 0.025 ;
6 Lde = 0.1;
7 Lef = 0.025 ;
8 Lfk = 0.2;
9 Lbc = 0.175 ;
10 Lcab = 0.5;
11
12 Lbghc = 2*( Lbd + Lde + Lef + ( Lfk /2) ) - Lg ; // l e n
g t h o f the ferromagnetic materia
l involved here
13
14 phig = 4*10^ -4; // a i r gap f l u x ( i n Wb)
15 Bg = phig / A ; // a i r gap f l u x d e n s i t y ( i n t e s l a )
16 Hg = Bg / mu0 ; // f e i l d i n t e n s i t y o f t h e a i r gap
17 mmfg = Hg * Lg ; //mmf p r o d u c e d i n t h e a i r gap ( i n At )
18
19 Bbc = 1.38 ; // f l u x d e n s i t y c o r r e s p o n d i n g to
caststeel
20
21 Hbghc = 125; // f i e l d i n t e n s i t y c o r r e s p o n d i n g to
f l u x d e n s i t yo f 0 . 1 6 T i n the s t e
el
22 mmfbghc = Hbghc * Lbghc ; // mmf c o r r e s p o n d i n g to
bghc
23
24 mmfbc = mmfg + mmfbghc ; //mmf a c r o s s path bc
25 Hbc = mmfbc / Lbc ;
26 phibc = Bbc * A ; // f l u x p roduced i n bc
27
28 phicab = phig + phibc ; // t o t a l f i u x e x i s t i n g i n l e
g
cab
29 Bcab = phicab /0 .00375 // f l u x d e n s i t y
;
30 Hcab = 690;
31 mmfcab = Hcab * Lcab ; //mmf i n l e g c ab
32
33 mmf = mmfbc + mmfcab ; //mmf p r o d u c e d by t h e c o i l
34
35 disp ( mmf , ”mmf p r o d u c e d by t h e c o i l ( i n At ) = ” )
 Scilab code Exa 15.5 B Find the magnetic force exerted on the plunger

1 // b
2 mu0 = 4* pi *10^ -7 ;
3 // p l u n g e r magnet d i m e n s i o n s ( i nm ete r s )
4 x = 0.025 ;
5 h = 0.05;
6 a = 0.025 ;
7 g = 0 .00125
;
8
9 mmf = 1414; // ( i n At )
10
11 F = pi *a* mu0 *( mmf ^2) *( h ^2) *(1/( x + h) ^2) /g;
// magnitude o f the force
12 disp (F , ” m a gn i t u de o f t h e f o r c e ( i n Newtons ) = ” )
 Chapter 16

Transformers

Scilab code Exa 16.1 Find A equivalent resistance and reactance

referred to both the sides B voltage drops across these in Volts and in per
cent of the rated winding voltage C Repeat B for the low voltage side D
equivalent leakage impedances referred to both the sides

1 // a
2 V1 = 1100; // h i g h e r v o l t a g e
3 V2 = 220; // l o w e r v o l t a g e
4 a = V1 / V2 ; // t u r n s r a t i o
5 r1 = 0.1; // h i g h v o l t a g e w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
6 x1 = 0.3; // h i g h v o l t a g e l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e ( i n ohms )
7 r2 = 0.004; // low v o l t a g e w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms
)
8 x2 = 0.012; // low v o l t a g e l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e ( i n ohms )
9
10 Re1 = r1 + ( a ^2)* r2 ; // e q u i v a l e n t wi ndi ng
r e s i s t a n c e r e f e r r e d to th e primary s i d e
11 Xe1 = x1 + ( a ^2)* x2 ; // e q u i v a l e n tl e a k a g r e a c t a n c
e e
r e f e r r e d to the primary s i d e
12 Re2 = ( r1 / a ^2) + ; // e q u i v a l e n t
r2 w in di ng
r e s i s t a n c e r e f e r r e d to th e secondary side
13 Xe2 = ( x1 / a ^2) + x2 ; // e q u i v a l e n tl e a k a g r e a c t a n c
e e
r e f e r r e d to the secondary side
14
15 disp ( ” a ” )
16 disp ( Re1 , ” e q u i v a l e n t winding resistance
r e f e r r e dto the p rim ary s i d e ”)
17 disp ( Xe1 , ” e q u i v a l e n t leakage reactance
r e f e r r e dto the primary s i d e ”)
18 disp ( Re2 , ” e q u i v a l e n t winding resistance
r e f e r r e d to the s e c o n d a r y s i d e ”)
19 disp ( Xe2 , ” e q u i v a l e n t leakage reactance
r e f e r r e d to the secondary si
d e ”)
20
21 // b
22 P = 100; // power ( i n kVA)
23 I21 = P *1000 / V1 ; // p r i m a r yw i n d i n g c u r r e n t r a t i n g
24 Vre1 = I21 * Re1 ; // e q u i v a l e n t resista
nce d r op (involt
s)
25 VperR1 = Vre1 *100/ V1 ; // % e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n
c e drop
26
27 Vxe1 = I21 * Xe1 ; // e q u i v a l e n t reactan
ce dr o p (involt
s)
28 VperX1 = Vxe1 *100/ V1 ; // % e q u i v a l e n t reactan
ce d r op
29
30 disp ( ”b ” )
31 disp ( Vre1 , ” e q u i v a l e n t resistance
d r op expressed i n terms o
f p rim ary quantities(in v o l t s ) = ”)
32 disp ( VperR1 , ”% e q u i v a l e n t resistance
dr o p e x p r e s s e d i n terms of primary q
u a n t i t i e s = ”)
33 disp ( Vxe1 , ” e q u i v a l e n t reactance
d r op expressed i n terms o
f p rim ary q u a n t i t i e s ( i nv o l t s ) =”)
34 disp ( VperX1 , ”% e q u i v a l e n t reactance
dr o p e x p r e s s e d i n terms of p rim ary
 q u a n t i t i e s = ”)
35
36 // c
37 I2 = a* I21 ; // s e c o n d a r yw i n d i n g c u r r e n t r a t i n g
38 Vre2 = I2 * Re2 ; // e q u i v a l e n t resista
nce dr o p (involt
s)
39 VperR2 = Vre2 *100/ V2 ; // % e q u i v a l e n t r e s i s t a n c e
 drop
40
41 Vxe2 = I2 * Xe2 ; // e q u i v a l e n t r e a c t a n c e d r op ( i
n volts
)
42 VperX2 = Vxe2 *100/ V2 ; // % e q u i v a l e n t reactan
ce d r op
43
44 disp ( ” c ” )
45 disp ( Vre2 , ” e q u i v a l e n t resistance
d r op e x p r e s s e d i n terms o
f secondary q u a n t i t i e s ( i nv o l t s ) = ”)
46 disp ( VperR2 , ”% e q u i v a l e n t resistan
c e dr o p e x p r e s s e d i n terms of seconda
r y q u a n t i t i e s = ”)
47 disp ( Vxe2 , ” e q u i v a l e n t reactance
d r op e x p r e s s e d i n terms o
f secondary q u a n t i t i e s ( i nv o l t s ) =”)
48 disp ( VperX2 , ”% e q u i v a l e n t reactanc
e dr o p e x p r e s s e d i n terms of seconda
r y q u a n t i t i e s = ”)
49
50 // d
51 Ze1 = complex ( Re1 , Xe1 ); // e q u i v a l e n t l e a
k a g e impedance referred to the
primary
52 Ze2 = Ze1 / a ; // e q u i v a l e n t leakage
impedance r e f e r r e d to the
secondary
53
54 disp ( ”d ” )
55 disp ( Ze1 , ” e q u i v a l e n t leakage im p ed a n c e r
eferred to the primary = ”)
56 disp ( Ze2 , ” e q u i v a l e n t leakage im p ed a n c e r
eferred to the s e c o n d a r y = ”)
 Scilab code Exa 16.2 Compute the 6 parameters of the equivalent
circuit referred to the high and low sides

1 Pl = 396; // w a t t m e t e r r e a d i n g on open c i r c u i t t e s t
2 Vl = 120; // v o l t m e t e r r e a d i n g on open c i
rcuit test
3 Il = 9.65; // ammeter r e a d i n g o open c i r c u i t t e s t
4 a = 2400 /120 ; // t u r n s ratio
 5
6 theata = acos ( Pl /( Vl * Il ) ); // p h a s e d i f f e r e n c
e between v o l t a g e and current
7 Irl = Il * cos ( theata ); // r e s i s t i v e p a r t o f Im
8 Ixl = Il * sin ( theata ); // r e a c t i v e part o f Im
9
10 rl = Vl / Irl ; // low v o l t a g e w i n d i n g r e s i s t a n c e
11 rh = ( a ^2)* rl; // r l on th e h i g h s i d e
12 xl = Vl / Ixl ; // m a g n e t i z i n g reactance ref
e r r e d to the l o w e r s i d e
13 xh = ( a ^2) * xl ; // c o r r e s p o n d i n g h i gh s i d e value
14
15 Ph = 810; // w a t t m e t e r r e a d i n g on s h o r t c i r c u i t t e s t
16 Vh = 92; // v o l t m e t e r r e a d i n g on short ci
rcuit test
17 Ih = 20.8; // ammeter r e a d i n g ons h o r t c i r c u i t t e s t
18
19 Zeh = Vh / Ih ; // e q u i v a l e n t im p e a d a n c e r e f
e r r e d to the h i g h e r s i d e
20 Zel = Zeh /( a ^2) ; // e q u i v a l e n t impedance r
eferred to the lower side
21 Reh = Ph /( Ih ^2) ; // e q u i v a l e n t resistance
referred to the higher si
de
22 Rel = Reh /( a ^2) ; // e q u i v a l e n t resistance
referred to the lower si
de
23 Xeh = sqrt (( Zeh ^2) - ( Reh ^2) ); // e q u i v a l
entreact ance r e f e r r e d to the
higher side
24 Xel = Xeh /( a ^2) ; // e q u i v a l e n t reactance
referred to the lower si
de
25
26 disp ( Zeh , ” e q u i v a l e n t im p e a d a n c e r e f
e r r e d to the h i g h e r side = ”)
27 disp ( Zel , ” e q u i v a l e n t im p ed a n c e r e f e r r e d t o
the l o w e r s i d e = ”)
28 disp ( Reh , ” e q u i v a l e n t resistance ref
 e r r e d to the h i g h e r s i d e = ”)
29 disp ( Rel , ” e q u i v a l e n t resistance ref
e r r e d to the l o w e r s i d e = ”)
30 disp ( Xeh , ” e q u i v a l e n t reactance referred to
the
 h i g h e r s i d e = ”)
31 disp ( Xel , ” e q u i v a l e n t reactance referred
to the lowerside=
”)

Scilab code Exa 16.3 For the transformer compute A efficiency B

voltage regulation

1 // a
2 P = 50; // power r a t i n g ( i n kVA)
3 Ph = 810; // w a t t m e t e r r e a d i n g on s h o r t c i r c u i t t e s t
4 Pl = 396; // w a t t m e t e r r e a d i n g on open c i r c u i t t e s t
5 Ih = 20.8; // ammeter r e a d i n g on s h o r t c i r c u i t t e s t
6 pf = 0.8; // power f a c t o r = 0 . 8 l a g g i n g
7
8 losses = ( Ph + Pl ) /1000 ; // l o s s e si n kW
9 outputP = P* pf ; // o u t p u t power
10 inputP = outputP + losses ; // i n p u tpower
11
12 efficiency = outputP / inputP ;
13 disp ( ” a ” )
14 disp ( efficiency , ” e f f i c i e n c y = ” )
15
16 // b
17 Xeh = 4; // e q u i v a l e n tr e a c t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o the
higherside
18 Reh = 1.87; // e q u i v a l e n tr e s i s t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o the
h i g h e rs i d e
19 Zeh = complex ( Reh , Xeh ); // e q u i v a l e n t
im peda nce r e f e r r e d to th e h i
gher side
20 ih = complex ( Ih * pf , - Ih * sqrt (1 - ( pf ^2) ) );
21 V1 = 2400 + Zeh * ih ; // p r i m a r y v o l t a g e
22
23 v olta ge Re gu lation = ( real ( V1 ) -2400) *10 0 /2400 ;
// p e r c e n t voltage regulation
24 disp ( ”b ” )
25 disp ( voltage Regulation , ” p e r c e n t voltage r
e g u l a t o n = ”)
 Chapter 18

The three phase

Induction motor

Scilab code Exa 18.1 Find A input line current and power factor B
devel- oped electromagnetic torque C horse power output D efficiency

1 // a
2 V1 = 440/ sqrt (3) ;
3 s = 0.025 ; // s l i p
4 r1 = 0.1;
5 r2 = 0.12;
6 x1 = 0.35;
7 x2 = 0.4;
8
9 z = complex ( r1 + r2 /s , x1 + x2 );
10 i2 = V1 / z ; // i n p u t line current
11 I2 = sqrt ( real ( i2 ) ^2 + imag ( i2 ) ^2) ; // m a g n i tu d e
ofinput li
ne current
12 disp ( ” a ” )
13 disp ( i2 , ” i n p u tl i n e c u r r e n t = ” )
14
15 i1 = complex (18* cos ( -1.484) , 18* sin ( -1.484) );
// m a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t
16 I1 = sqrt ( real ( i1 ) ^2 + imag ( i1 ) ^2) ; // m a g n i tu d e o f
 magnetizing current
17 i = i1 + i2 ; // t o t a lc u r r e n t drawn from t h e v o l t a g
esource
18 I = sqrt ( real ( i ) ^2 + imag ( i ) ^2) ; // m a gn i t u d e
oftotal c
urrent
19 theta = atan ( imag ( i )/ real ( i ) ); // p h a s e d i f f e r e n
c e between current and vol
tage
20 pf = cos ( theta ); // power f a c t o r
21 disp ( pf , ” power f a c t o r = ” )
22 if theta >= 0 then
23 disp ( ” l e a d i n g ” )
24 else disp ( ” l a g g i n g ” )
25 end
26
27 // b
28 f = 60; // h e r t z
29 ns = 1800;
30 ws = 2* pi * ns / f ; // s t a t o r angular velocity
31 Pg = 3* I2 ^2* r2 / s ; // power
32 T = Pg / ws ; // d e v e l o p e d electromagnetic
torque
33 disp ( ”b ” )
34 disp (T , ” d e v e l o p e d electromagneic −
torque ( i n Newton meter )
= ”)
35
36 // c
37 Prot = 950; // r o t a t i o n a l l o s s e s ( i n w a t t s )
38 Po = Pg *(1 - s ) - Prot ; // o u t p u t power
39 HPo = Po /746; // o u t p u t h o r s e power
40 disp ( ” c ” )
41 disp ( HPo , ” o u t p u t h o r s e power = ” )
42
43 // d
44 Pc = 1200; // c o r e l o s s e s ( i n W)
45 SCL = 3* I ^2* r1 ; // s t a t o r copper loss
46 RCL = 3* I2 ^2* r2 ; // r o t a r copper loss
47 loss = Pc + SCL + RCL + Prot ; // t o t a ll o s s e s
48 Pi = real (3* V1 * i); // i n p u t power
49 efficiency = 1 - ( loss / Pi );
50 disp ( efficiency , ” e f f i c i e n c y = ” )
 Chapter 19

Computations of Synchronous
Motor Performance

Scilab code Exa 19.1 Find A induced excitation voltage per phase B line
current C power factor

1 // a
2 efficiency = 0.9;
3 Pi = 200 *746 / eff iciency ; // i n p u t power
4 x = 11; // r e a c t a n c e o f t h e motor
5 V1 = 2300/ sqrt (3) ; // v o l t a g er a t i n g
6 delta = 15* pi /180; // power a n g l e
7 Ef = Pi * x /(3* V1 * sin ( delta )) ; // t h e in
ducedexcitation voltage per
phase
8 disp ( ” a ” )
9 disp ( Ef , ” t h e i n d u c e d e x c i t a t i o n v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e
= ”)
10
11 // b
12 z = complex (0 , x ); // im p e d a n c e o f t h e motor
13 ef = complex ( Ef * cos (- delta ) , Ef * sin (- delta ) );
14
15 Ia = ( V1 - ef )/ z ; // a r m a t u r e current
16 disp ( ”b ” )
17 disp ( Ia , ” a rm a t u r c u r r e n t = ” )
18
19 // c
20 theata = atan ( imag ( Ia )/ real ( Ia )) ; // p h a s e d i f f e r e
n c e between I a and V1
21 pf = cos ( theata ); // power f a c t o r
22
23 disp ( ” c ” )
24 disp ( pf , ” power f a c t o r = ” )
25
26 if sin ( theata ) > 0 then
27 disp ( ” l e a d i n g ” )
28 else
29 disp ( ” l a g g i n g ” )
30 end
 Chapter 20

DC

machines

Scilab code Exa 20.2 Caculate A electromagnetic torque B flux per pole C
rotational losses D efficiency E shaft laod

1 // a
2 Vt = 230; // ( i n v o l t s )
3 Ia = 73; // a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ( i n amps )
4 If = 1.6; // f e i l d c u r r e n t ( i n amps )
5 Ra = 0.188; // a r m a t u r e c i r c u i t r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
6 n = 1150; // r a t e d s p e e d o f t h e r o t o r ( i n rpm )
7 Po = 20 *746 ; // output power ( i n watts )
8
9 Ea = Vt - ( Ia * Ra ); // a r m a t u r e v o l t a g e
10 wm = 2* pi * n /60; // r a t e d sp eed o f the r o t o
r
sec) ( i n rad /
11 T = Ea * Ia / wm ; // e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e
12
13 disp ( ” a ” )
14 disp (T , ” e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c t o r q u e = ” )
15
16 // b
17 a = 4; // no . o f p a r a l l e l a r m a t u r e p a t h s
18 p = 4; // no . o f p o l e s
19 z = 882; // no . o f a r m a t u r e c o n d u c t o r s
20 flux = Ea *60* a /( p* z * n); // f l u x per p o l e ( i n Wb)
21
22 disp ( ”b ” )
23 disp ( flux , ” f l u x p e r p o l e = ” )
24
25 // c
26 Prot = ( Ea * Ia ) - Po ; // r o t a t i o n a l loss(in wa tt )
27 disp ( ” c ” )
28 disp ( Prot , ” r o t a t i o n a l l o s s e s = ” )
29
30 // d
31 losses = Prot + ( Ia ^2 * Ra ) + ( Vt * If ) ;
32 Pi = ( Ea * Ia ) + ( Ia ^2 * Ra ) + ( Vt * If ); // i
n p u t power
33 efficiency = 1 - ( losses / Pi );
34
35 disp ( ”d ” )
36 disp ( efficiency , ” e f f i c i e n c y = ” )

Scilab code Exa 20.3 Determine the new operating speed

1 // f i n a l f l u x = 0 . 8∗ i n i t i a l f l u x
2 Ia1 = 73; // i n i t i a l a r m a t u r e c u r r e n t ( i n amps )
3 Vt = 230; // ( i n v o l t s )
4 Ra = 0.188; // a r m a t u r e c i r c u i t r e s i s t a n c e
5 n1 = 1150; // i n i t i a l r o t o r s p e e d ( i n rpm )
6 Ea1 = 216.3 ; // i n i t i a l a r m a t u r e v o l t a g e
7
8 Ia2 = (1 /0 .8 ) * Ia1 ; // f i n a l a r m a t u r ec u r r e n t
9 Ea2 = Vt - ( Ia2 * Ra ); // f i n a l armature voltag
e
10
11 n2 = ( Ea2 / Ea1 ) *(1 /0 .8 ) * n1 ; // f i n a l rotor sp eed
12
13 disp ( n2 , ” f i n a l r o t o r s p e e d ( i n rpm ) = ” )
 Scilab code Exa 20.4 find A motor speed B required pulse frequency C
repeat part A and B for the given ON time to cycle time ratio

1 // a
2 rop = 0.4; // r a t i o o f ON t i m e T0 t o c y c l e t i m e Tp
3 Vb = 550; // r a t e d t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e o f t h e dc motor
4 Ia = 30; // c u r r e n t drawn by t h e motor ( i n amps )
5 Ra = 1; // a r m a t u r e c i r c u i t r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohms )
6 ts = 5.94; // t o r q u e and s p e e d p a r a m e t e r o f t h e motor
( i n N−m/A)
7
8 Vm = rop * Vb ; // a v e r a g e value o f the
armature
t e r m i n a lv o l t a g e
9 Ea = Vm - ( Ia * Ra ); // i n d u c e d armature
voltage
10
11 wm = Ea / ts ; // motor s p e e d ( i n r a d / s )
12 disp ( ” a ” )
13 disp ( wm , ” motor s p e e d ( i n r a d / s ) = ” )
14
15 // b
16 delta I = 5; // c h a n g e o f armature c u r r e n t d u r i n the
g
ON p e r i o d
17 La = 0.1; // a r m a t u r e win din g i n d u c t a n c e ( i n H)
18 To = La * delta I /( Vb Ea ); //ON t i m e
-
19 Tp = To / rop ; // c y c l t ime
e
20
21 f = 1/ Tp ; // r e q u i r e d pulses per sec on d
22 disp ( ”b ” )
23 disp (f , ” r e q u i r e d p u l s e s p e r s e c o n d = ” )
24
25 // c
26 rop = 0.7; // new r a t i o o f ON t i m e T0 t o c y c l e t
ime Tp
27 Vm = rop * Vb ; // a v e r a g e v a l u e o f the armature
 t e r m i n a lv o l t a g e
28 Ea = Vm - ( Ia * Ra ); // i n d u c e d armature voltag
e
29
30 wm = Ea / ts ; // motor s p e e d ( i n r a d / s )
31 disp ( ” c ” )
32 disp ( wm , ” motor s p e e d w i t h To/Tp e q u a l t o 0 . 7 ( i n r a d
/ s ) = ”)
33
34 To = La * delta I /( Vb - Ea ); //ON t i m e
35 Tp = To / rop ; // c y c l et i m e
36
37 f = 1/ Tp ; // r e q u i r e d pulses per sec on d
38 disp (f , ” r e q u i r e d p u l s e s p e r s e c o n d w i t h To/Tp e q u a
l to 0 . 7 = ”)
 Chapter 23

Principles of Automatic
Control

Scilab code Exa 23.1 Determine the new transfer gain and feedback factor

1 delta Gi = 420 - 380; // v a r i a t i o n i n the w

i th o u t f e e d b a c k gain
2 Gi = 400; // w i t h o u tf e e d b a c k g a i n
3 T = 400; // t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n o f t h e c l o s e d l o o
p system
4 // ( v a r i a t i o n i n T) /T = ( change i n G) /G ∗ ( 1 / 1+H G)
=0.02
5 // 1 + H∗G = R
6 R = ( delta Gi / Gi ) /0.02;
7
8 G = T * R; // new d i r e c t t r a n s m i s s i o ng a i n with
feedback
9 H = ( G/ T - 1) / G ; // f e e d b a c k f a c t o r
10
11 disp (G , ” new d i r e c t t r a n s m i s s i o ng a i n w i t h f e e d b a c k
= ”)
12 disp (H , ” f e e d b a c kf a c t o r s = ” )
 Chapter 24

Dynamic behaviour of
Control systems

Scilab code Exa 24.2 find A dynamic response of the system B position
lag error C change in amplifier gain D damping ratio and maximum
percent overshoot E output gain factor for maximum overshoot equal to
25percent

1 // a
2 // p ar am et er v a l u e s
3 Kp = 0.5; //V/ r a d
4 Ka = 100; //V/V
5 Km = 2*10^ -4 ; // lb − f t /V
6 F = 1.5*10^ -4; // l b − f t / r a d / s
7 J = 10^ -5 // s l u g − f t ˆ2
8
9 K = Kp* Ka* Km ; // l o o p p r o p o t i o n a l g a i n
10 dr = F /(2* sqrt ( K * J ) ); // dampingr a t i o
11 wn = sqrt ( K/ J );
12 ts = 5/( dr * wn );
13 wd = wn * sqrt (1 - dr ^2) ; // f r e q u e n c y a t whic h
damped o s c i l l a t i o n s occur
14 disp ( ” a ” )
15 disp ( wd , ” damped o s c i l l a t i o n s o c c u r a t a f r e q u e n c y
= ”)
16 disp ( dr , ” damping r a t i o = ” )
17
18 // b
19 Tl = 10^ -3; // l o a d d i s t u r b a n c e( l b − f t )
20 e = Tl / K; // p o s i t i o n l a g e r r o r
21 disp ( ”b ” )
22 disp (e , ” p o s i t i o n l a g e r r o r ( i n r a d ) = ” )
23
24 // c
25 KaNew = ( e /0 .025 ) * Ka ; // new l o o p g a i n
26 disp ( ” c ” )
27 disp ( KaNew , ” new l o o p g a i n f o r which t h e p o s i t i o n l a
gerror is e q u a l to 0 . 0 2 5 rad = ”)
28
29 // d
30 drNew = F /(2* sqrt ( Kp * Ka New * Km * J ) ); // new
damping r a t i o
31 disp ( ”d ” )
32 disp ( drNew , ” new damping r a t i o = ” )
33
34 // e
35 // f o r a maximum o v e r s h o o t of 25% ,( F + Qo) / 2 ∗ s q r t
(K
∗ J)=0.4
36 Qo = (0 .4 *2 * sqrt ( Kp * Ka New * Km * J )) - F ;
37 Ko = Qo /( Ka New * K ) ; // o u t p u t gain factor
38 disp ( ” e ” )
39 disp ( Ko , ” o u t p u t g a i n f a c t o r = ” )