UNIT-II

INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Definition: - If the Laplace Transform of a function f ( t ) is f́ (s ) i.e., L { f ( t ) }= f́ (s) then

f ( t )=L−1 { f́ (s) } is called the Inverse Laplace Transform of f́ (s ).
Note: -
(i) Laplace Transform Converts the functions of time domain (t) into frequency domain(s).,
where as Inverse Laplace Transform converts the functions of frequency domain(s) into
time domain(t) .
(ii) Let L { f ( t ) }= f́ (s), where f ( t ) is assumed as piece- wise continuous function in every finite
interval 0 ≤ t ≤ a and of exponential order for t >a, then the ILT of f ( t ) is unique.
ILT of Elementary Functions:
1 −1 1
1. Since L { 1 }=
s
L
s
=1 {}
1 1
at
2. L { e }=
s−a
, s> a L
−1
s−a { }
=eat

1 1
−at
3. L { e } =
s+ a
, s>−a L
−1
s +a { }
=e−at

a 1 1
4. L { sin at }= 2 2
s +a
L
−1
2
s +a { }
2
= sin at
a
s s
5. L { cos at }= 2 2
s +a
L
−1

s +a2
2 { } =cos at

n! 1 1
n
6. L { t }= n+1 , if n ∈ z
s
+¿∨N ¿
L
−1

s n+1 { }
= t n if n∈ N
n!
Γ (n+1) 1 tn
{ n
}
7. L t = n+1 , if n>−1
s
L
−1
{ }
=
s n+1 Γ (n+1)
a 1 1
8. L {sinh at }=¿ 2 2 ¿
s −a
L
−1
{ }
2
s −a 2
= sinh at
a
s s
9. L {cosh at }=¿ 2 2 ¿
s −a
L
−1
{ }
s −a 2
2
=cosh at

Special formulae:
s 1
10. L ¿ L
−1
{ = t sin at
( s +a ) 2 a
2 2 2 }
s2−a2
11. L ¿ L
−1
{ ( s2 +a2 )
2
}
=t cos at

Properties of I.L.T:
1. Linearity:
L−1 [ a f´ ( s ) +b ǵ ( s ) ¿ ¿ a L−1 [ f́ ( s ) ] +b L−1 [ ǵ ( s ) ] ]
Example 1:

UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE

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3 5 1 1
L−1
[
s +1
+2
s−9 ]
=3. L−1 2 2 +5. L−1
s +1 [ ] s−9 [ ]
¿ 3. sin ⁡(t )+5. e 9 t [Using the formulae (4) and (2)]
Example 2:
36 2 s 1 s
[
L−1 4 + 2
s s +4 ] [ ]
=36 L−1 3+1 + 2 L−1 2 2
s
3
s +2 [ ]
t
¿ 36. +2. cos 2 t
3!
¿ 6 t 3+ 2.cos 2 t [Using the formulae (6) and (5)]
2. First Shifting Theorem:
If L−1 [ f́ ( s) ] =f (t ) then L−1 [ f́ ( s−a) ]=eat . f (t) and L−1 [ f́ (s+ a) ]=e−at . f (t)
Example 1:
2 1 1
L−1
[ ]
( s+ 2 ) 3
=2. L−1 3
{| }
s s → s+2
¿ 2. L−1 2 +1
s s→ s +2{ | }
−2 t t2
¿ 2. e . ¿ t 2 . e−2 t
2!
Example 2:
2
L−1 2
[
s −2 s+ 5 ]
=L−1 ¿ ¿ 2. L−1 ¿

t 1
¿ 2. L−1 ¿ ¿ 2. e . . sin 2t
2
t
¿ e . sin2 t
3. Shifting Theorem:
f ( t−a ) if t> a
{
If L−1 {f´ ( s ) }=e at then L−1 {e−as f́ ( s) } =g (t) where g ( t ) =
0 if t< a
1 if t >a
(or) L−1 {e−as f́ ( s) }=f ( t−a ) . H (t−a) where H ( t−a )= { 0 if t <a
Example1:
e−s 1
L−1 [ ]
√ s+1
Let f́ ( s )=
√ s+1
1 1
 f t =L [ f́ (s ) ]=L
( ) −1 −1

( s+1 ) [ ] [| ] 1
2
=L−1
s 2 s →(s +1)
1

By First Shifting Theorem (FST)

1 1

s2 [] [ ]
¿ e−t . L−1 1 =e−t . L−1 −1
s2
−1
+1

t2
−t
¿e .
−1
Γ
2
+1 ( )
UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE
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−1
1
e .t
√π
¿
−t 2

[()√]
Γ
2
= π

e−t
¿
√ πt
4. Change of Scale Property:
1 t
−1
If L−1 [ f́ ( s) ] =f (t ) then L [ f́ ( as)]= f
a a
,a> 0 ()
Example 1:
2 2 2 2
−1 s −1 −1 9 s −1 t t
If L
[ ( s 2+ 12)
2
]
=t cos t then show that L 2
( 9 s 2+ 1 ) 9
= cos
3 [ ] ()
t t t
Sol: Here f ( t )=t cost and a=3 ⟹ f
3
=
3
. cos
3 ()() ()
and

( 3 s )2−12
−1
L [ f́ ( as)]=L −1

[[
( 3 s )2+12 ]
2
]
1 t
¿ .f
a ()
a
1 t 1 t t t t
3 [ ( )] ( )
¿ . f
3
= .
3 3
cos
3
¿ . cos
9 3()
5. ILT of Derivatives:
dn
If L [ f́ ( s) ] =f (t ) then L
−1 −1
[ dsn ] n
f́ ( s) = (−1 ) . t n . f ( t ) n=1,2 , …

Example1:
1 1
Method1: L
−1
[ ( s−a )3
] [ |
=L
−1

s 2+1
2
s → s−a

t
( by FST ) = e at . ¿
2!
1 1
Method2: Let f́ ( s )=
s−a
−1
so that f ( t )=L [ f́ (s ) ]=L
−1
s−a
= eat [ ]
−1
2
∧d2
 d ( s−a ) 2
f́ ( s )= 2
f́ ( s )= 3
ds ds ( s−a )
n
−1 d
From formula L
ds n [ n
]
f́ ( s) = (−1 ) . t n . f ( t )

1 1 2
 L
−1
[
( s−a ) 3
=L−1 .
] [
2 ( s−a )3 ]
1 d2
2
2
ds [
¿ . L−1 2 ( f́ (s )) here n=2
]
t at
¿ e
2
UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE
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s t
Example5: Show that L
−1

[ 2
(s +a ) 2 2
] =
2a
sin at

1 1
Take f́ ( s )= 22 then
L−1 [ f́ ( s ) ]= sin at=f (t )
s +a a
d −1
and ds f́ ( s )= 2 2 2 .2 s
( s +a )
−1 d
Since L
ds [ ]
f́ (s) =−t . f ( t) ---- (1)

−1 d 1 −2 s s
Also L
−1 d
ds[ f́ (s) = L ] 2
ds s + a [ ( )] [
2
=L−1 2 2 2 =−2. L−1 2 2 2
(s +a ) ( s +a ) ] [ ] --- (2)

s
From (1) & (2) −2. L
−1

( s2 + a2 )
2
[ ]
=−tf ( t )

t
¿− . sin at
a
s t
L
−1

[= . sin at
( s 2 + a2 ) 2 a
2
]
s+ 3
−1
Example6: Find L tan
−1
[ ( )] 2
d x 1 1 a
d
tan −1 x=
1
& dx
tan −1
a
= () x 2
. = 2 2
a x +a
dx 1+ x 2 1+()a
d s+ 3 2

ds [ ( )]
tan −1
2
= 2
2 + ( s+3 )
2

d d s +3
L−1
ds [ ]
f́ ( s ) =−tf ( t ) ⟹ L−1
ds
tan−1
2
=−tf ( t )
[ ( )]
2 1
⟹L
−1
[
( s+3) + 22 2
]
=−tf ( t ) ⟹ 2 L−1 2 2
s +2 s → s+3
=−tf (t )
[ |
−3 t 1 −−e−3 t . sin 2t
(
⟹ 2. e . sin 2t =−tf ( t )  f ( t )=
2 ) t
6. Inverse Laplace Transform (ILT) of Integrals:
∞
−1
If L [ f́ ( s ) ]=f ( t ) then L ∫ f́ ( s ) ds =
−1

∞
s
∞
f (t )
t [ ]
. Here f́ ( s )=L { f ( t ) }

Similarly L
−1
[( ∫ ∫ f́ ( s ) ds
s s
) ds =
] f (t)
t2

[ ]
∞ ∞ ∞
−1
L
s
((
∫ ∫ ∫ f́ ( s ) ds
s s
)) ds ds =
f (t )
t3
∧so on …

UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE

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Example 1: Find L
∞
−1
[
∫ ( 1s − s+1 1 ) ds
s
] 1
Here f́ ( s )= −
1
s s +1
L−1 [ f́ ( s ) ]
−1
L
[
∫ f́ ( s ) ds =
s
] t
1 1 1
¿ . L−1 −
t s s+1 [ ]
1
¿ . [ 1−e−t ]
t
7. ILT of f́ ( s ) multiplied by s:
If L−1 [ f́ ( s) ] =f (t ) and f ( 0 )=0 then L−1 [ s . f́ (s ) ]=f ' (t)
Proof: L−1 [ f ' (t) ]=s f́ ( s )−f (0) by formula
¿ s f́ ( s )−0 if f ( 0 )=0
−1 ' d
 L [ s . f́ (s ) ]=f ( t )= f (t ).
dt
Note: Similarly L [ s f́ ( s) ]=f ' ' ( t ) if f ( 0 )=0∧f ' ( 0 )=0
−1 2

−1 n n dn ' ''
 L [ s . f́ (s ) ]=f ( t )∨ n f ( t ) if f ( 0 )=f ( 0 ) =f ( 0 )=…=f
(n−1)
( 0 )=0
dt
s
Example 1: Find L
−1

s −a2
2 [ ]
1 1
We know that L
−1
2
s −a 2 [= .sinh at
a ]
1
−1
Now L s .

s
[
1
2
1
s −a 2
=
d 1
dt a ] (
sinh at ) [ f ( t )= sinh at is 0
a
if t=0i . e . , f ( 0 )=0 ]
L
−1
[
s −a 2 2 ]
= a cosh at =cosh at
a
s
Example 2: Find L
−1
[
( s−a )(s−b) ]
1
Take f́ ( s )=
( s−a ) ( s−b)
1 a−b
 L [ f́ ( s ) ]=f ( t ) =L a−b
−1 −1
[ {
( s−a ) (s−b) }] (multiply & divide by a-b)

1 −1 1 1
a−b
L ¿
s−a s−b
− [ ]
1
¿ [ e at −e bt ]∧f ( 0 )=0 clearly .
a−b
1 d 1
⟹ L
−1
[ s. = [ e at−ebt ] = 1 [ a . e at−be bt ]
] [ ]
( s−a ) (s−b) dt a−b a−b

UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE

 UNIT-II
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t
f́ (s)
8. ILT of f́ ( s ) divisible by “s”: If L −1
[ f́ ( s ) ]=f ( t ) then L −1
[ ]s
=∫ f ( t ) dt .
0
t t t t t

Similarly L
−1
[ ] [
f́ (s)
s2
=∫
0
∫ f ( t ) dt dt and L−1
0
] [ ] [∫ [∫ ] ]
f́ (s)
s3
=∫
0 0 0
f ( t ) dt dt dt & so on…

1
Example 1: Find L
−1
[
s (s 2+ 4) ]
1
By applying formula −1 s +4

1
L
2

s
t

[ ]
=∫ f ( t ) dt
0
[ where f ( t )=L [ f́ (s )] ]
−1

Here f́ ( s )= 2
s +4
1 1
L
−1
[ ]2
s +2 2
= sin 2 t
2
t
1
¿ ∫ sin 2t dt
0 2
t
1 −cos 2t
2 2
¿ [ 0
1
= [ 1−cos 2 t ¿¿
4 |
1
Note: we can also find L
−1

s (s 2+ 4) [
by partial fractions method. ]
1
Example 2: Find L
−1
[ ]
s (s +4)2
t
f́ ( s )
L −1
s [ ]∫ (
= L−1 f́ ( s ) ) ds
0
1

⟹ L−1
s[ ]
(s+ 4)2
t

=∫ L−1
0
1
( s +4 )1+1
dt
t
[ ]
t
¿ ∫ e−4 t . dt
0 1!
t
e−4 t e−4 t
¿
−4[ .t−
(−4 )
2
|
1 −4 t
0

1
¿ ( −14 e −4 t
.t−
16
e − 0− .1
16 )( )
1
¿ [ 1−4 t e−4 t−e−4 t ]
16
9. Convolution Theorem:
To find the inverse Laplace Transform of product of two functions of s.
−1
If L [ f́ ( s ) ]=f ( t ) and L−1 [ ǵ ( s ) ]=f ( t ) then

UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE

 UNIT-II
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t
−1
L [ f́ ( s ) . ǵ ( s ) ]=f ( t )∗g ( t ) ¿ ∫ f ( u ) . g ( t−u ) du
0
10. Laplace Transforms of Derivatives:
d
'
1. L {f (t ) }=L
dt [ ]
f ( t) = s f́ ( s ) −f ( 0) where f́ ( s )=L[f ( t ) ]
2
d
''
2. L {f (t) }∨L
dt 2[ ]
f (t) =s 2 f́ ( s )−sf ( 0 )−f ' (0)

3. L {f ( t) }=s f́ ( s )−s 2 f ( 0 )−sf ' ( 0 )−f ' ' (0)

'' ' 3

4. L {f (n) (t ) }=¿ sn f́ ( s )−s n−1 f ( 0 )−sn−2 f ' ( 0 )−…−f (n−1) (0)

Example 1: Using the formula L ¿ here f ( t )=sin t
L¿
s
Thus, L
−1
2
s +1 [ ]
=cos t

Finding of ILT by partial fractions: (with examples)

1st Method of PF: (Denominator contains Non – repeated linear factors)
3 s+7
Example 1: Find L
−1
[
2
s −2 s−3 ]
3 s+7 3 s+7 A B
= = +
s −2 s−3 ( s−3 ) (s +1) s−3 s +1
2

⟹ 3 s +7=A ( s+ 1 )+ B(s−3)
Put s=3 obs, 3 ( 3 ) +7=A (3+1)  A=4
Put s=−1 obs, 3 (−1 ) +7=B(−1−3) B=−1
3 s+7 4 1
 = −
s 2−2 s−3 s−3 s+1
3 s+7 1 1
 L
−1
[ 2
s −2 s−3 ]
=4. L−1
s−3 [ ] [ ]
−L−1 3t
s+1 ¿ 4. e −e
−t

2nd Method of PF: (Denominator contains repeated linear factors)

3 2
−1 s + 6 s +14 s
Example 2: Find L
[
(s+2)4 ]
s 3+ 6 s 2+ 14 s A B C D
Let 4
= + + + --- (I)
( s+ 2) s+ 2 ( s +2 ) ( s +2 ) ( s +2 )4
2 3

s3 +6 s2 +14 s=A ( s+ 2 )3+ B ( s+2 )2 +C ( s+2 ) + D

Put s=0 obs ⟹ 0=8 A+ 4 B+2 C+ D --- (i)
Put s=−2obs ⟹−8+24−28=D ⟹ D=−12
Compare the coefficients of s3 , s 2 , s obs respectively
Coefficient of s3 ⟹1=A
Coefficient of s2 ⟹6=6 A+ B ⟹ B=6−6=0⟹ B=0
Coefficient of s ⟹14=12 A+ 4 B+ C ⟹ 14=12 ( 1 ) +0+C ⟹ C=2
3 2
−1 s + 6 s +14 s 1 1 1
From (I): L
[ (s+2) 4
=L−1
] [ ]
s+2
+0+ 2 L−1
( s+2)3
[
−12 L−1
( s+ 2)4 ] [ ]
UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE
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1 1
¿e
−2 t
+2 L
−1
[ | ]
s2+1

2
s → s +2
3
−1
−12 L
[ |
s 3+1 s → s+2

−2 t −2 t t t −2 t
¿e +2 e −12 e
2! 3!
s 3+ 6 s 2+14 s

rd
 L
−1
[ (s+2) 4
] −2 t 2
=e [ 1+ t −2t ]
3

3 Method of PF: (Denominator contains non repeated irreducible factors)

s 2+ 2 s+3
Find L
−1
[
( s2 +2 s+ 2)( s 2+2 s+5) ]
Method 1:
s 2+ 2 s+3 As +B Cs+ D
L
−1
[
2 2
( s +2 s+ 2)( s +2 s+5) ] [=L
−1
2
+ 2
s +2 s+2 s +2 s +5
--- (1) ]
⟹ s2 +2 s +3=( As+ B ) ( s 2 +2 s+5 ) +(Cs+ D) ( s 2 +2 s+ 2 )
Compare the coefficients of s3 , s 2 , s , constant terms obs
Coefficient of s3 : 0=A +C
 A=−C ---- (2)
2
Coefficient of s : 0=2 A+ B+ 2C + D=1
 A=−C
⟹ B+ D=1 --- (3)
Coefficient of s : 2=5 A+ 2 B+2 C+2 D
 A=−C
2=2 ( B+ D )−3 C
Using B+ D=1
2=2 ( 1 )−3 C
 C=0
⟹ From (2) : A ¿0
Compare constants obs:
3=5 B+2 D --- (4)
Solving (3) & (4)
2 B+ 2 D=2
5 B+ 2 D=3
1
−3 B=−1 ⟹ B=
3
2
 D=1−D=
3
By substituting all these in (1) gives
1 2
L−1 2
[
2
s + 2 s+3
2
( s +2 s+ 2)(s +2 s+5) ]
1
=L−1 2 [ ] [ ]
3
s +2 s+2
1
+ L−1 2

2
3
s +2 s +5
1
¿ L−1
3 [ 2
(s +1) +1 2
+ L−1
3 ]
(s +1)2 +22 [ ]
UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE
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1 −t 2 1 −t
¿ e sin t+ . e sin 2 t
3 3 2
1
¿ e−t ( sin t+sin 2 t)
3
Method 4 of PF: (Denominator contains repeated irreducible factors)

s 3−3 s 2+ 6 s−4
Find L
−1
[ ( s2 −2 s+2)2 ]
s 3−3 s 2 +6 s−4 As+ B Cs+ D
Sol: Let 2 2
= 2 + 2 --- (1)
(s −2 s+ 2) s −2 s+2 ( s −2 s+ 2 )2

s3−3 s2 +6 s−4=( As+ B ) ( s 2−2 s +2 ) +(Cs+ D)

Compare the coefficients of s3 , s 2 , s∧constants obs.,

1= A ( ¿ coefficient of s 3 ) ⟹ A=1

Coefficients of s2 : −3=−2 A +B
 B=−3+ 2  B=−1
Coefficients of s : 6=2 A−2 B+ C
 C=6−2−2  C=2
Constant terms obs : −4=2 B+ D
 D=−4−2 B
D=−4+ 2  D=−2
Substitute A , B , C∧D in (1) gives
3 2
−1 s −3 s + 6 s−4 s−1 2 s−2
 L 2
[
( s −2 s+2) 2
=L
−1
] [+ 2
s −2 s +2 ( s −2 s+2 )2
2
]
s−1 2( s−1)
¿ L−1
[ 2 2
+
(s−1) +1 (( s−1)2+12 )2 ]
¿ L−1
[ s
s +12
2 |
s → s−1
+ L−1
[ 2s
( s +12 )
2 2
|
s →s −1

t
¿ e t . cos t+2. e t . sin t by formula (10)
2
¿ et ¿
Problems on Convolution Theorem:
1
Find L
−1
[ 2 2
s ( s +1) ]
UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE
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1 1
Sol: Take f́ ( s )= ǵ ( s )=
s2 s +12
2

1 t1
L−1 [ f́ ( s) ] =L−1
[ ]
s1+1
=
1!
=t=f (t)

1
L−1 [ ǵ (s ) ] =L−1
[ ]
s +12
2
=sin t=g(t )
t

L
−1
[ f́ ( s ) . ǵ(s)] =f ( t )∗g ( t )=∫ f ( u ) . g ( t−u ) du
0
t
¿ ∫ u . sin ( t−u ) du
0
t t
(−cos ( t −u ) ) (−cos ( t−u ) )
¿ u.
−1
t
0
−∫ 1.
0
| −1
du

¿ t ( 1 )−0−∫ cos ( t−u ) du

0
t

¿ t− [sin(t−u)
−1 0
|
¿ t+ {0−sin t }
¿ t−sin t
Method 2: L−1 ¿
s2
Problem 2: L
−1
[( s 2+ 4 )( s 2+ 9 ) ]
by convolution theorem.

s s
L−1
[ 2 ] 2
. 2 2
s +2 s + 3
s s
L−1
[ ]
2
s +2 2
s +3
t
[ ]
=cos 2t=f ( t ) ; L−1 2 2 =cos 3 t=g (t)

L−1 [ f́ ( s ) . ǵ(s) ] =f ( t )∗g ( t )=∫ cos 2 u .cos 3 ( t−u ) du

0
t
1
¿
20
∫ 2 cos 2u . cos ( 3 t −3 u ) du
t
1
¿ ∫ { cos [ 3 t−u ] +cos [5 u−3 t] } du
20
t
1 sin( 3t−u) sin¿
¿
2 −1
+
5 0 |
1
¿ ¿
2
1 −4 6
¿
2 5 [
sin 2 t+ sin 3 t
5 ]
UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE
 UNIT-II
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1
¿ [ 3 sin3 t−2 sin 2 t ]
10
Heaviside’s Partial Fraction Expansion Theorem:
Theorem 1: Let p( s) and q (s ) be polynomials such that the degree of q ( s ) > degree of ( s) . If
p (s )
f ( t )=L−1[ ]
q(s)
, then the term in f ( t ) corresponding to an un-repeated real linear factor ( s−a) of

p(a) at P( a) at
q (s ) is ' . e [or in another form e where Q(s) is the product of all factors of q (s )
q (a) Q(a)
except( s−a)]
s2−s+3
Example 1: Find L
−1

2
[ ( s+1 )( s+2 ) ( s+3)]
p ( s )=s −s+ 3 q ( s ) =s 3 +6 s 2 +11 s +6
q ' ( s )=3 s2 +12 s +11
Roots of DM i.e., q ( s ) are s=−1,−2 ,−3
'
Then p (−1 )=5 ; q (−1 )=2
p (−2 )=9 ; q ' (−2 ) =−1
p (−3 )=15 ; q ' (−3 ) =2
n
p(a i) a t
 f ( t ) =∑ ' e
i

i=1 q ( ai )

p(−1) −1(t ) p(−2) −2 (t) p (−3) −3 (t )

 f ( t )= ' e + ' e + ' e
q (−1 ) q (−2 ) q (−3 )
5 15
¿ e−t −9 e−2(t )+ e−3(t)
2 2

Application of Laplace Transform to solve I.V.P:

d2 x dx 3t
Solve 2
−4 −12 x=e ; given that x ( 0 )=1 ; x' ( 0 )=−2
dt dt
Working Procedure:
Step 1: Take L.T obs of the given D.E
Step 2: Apply the formula
L [ f ( n) ( t ) ]=s n f́ ( s )−sn−1 f ( 0 )−s n−2 f ' ( 0 )−s n−3 f ' ' ( 0 ) −…−f ( n−1) ( 0 )
n=1 ,2 , 3 , … ,
Step 3: Use the given conditions and take L [ x (t ) ] ∨L[ y ( t ) ] as common and send all the negative
terms to RHS except the coefficient of L [ x (t ) ] ∨L[ y ( t ) ]
Step 4: Now take inverse Laplace Transforms obs and find x (t ) or y (t) using partial fractions
method/Convolution method/Heaviside theorem.

d2 x dx
Solution: L
[dt 2
−4 −12 x (t ) = L[e 3 t ]
dt ]
'' ' 1
⟹ L [ x ( t ) ]−4 L [ x ( t ) ] −12 L [ x ( t ) ] =
s−3

UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE

 UNIT-II
12

2 ' 1
⟹ [ s x́ ( s )−sx ( 0 )−x (0)]−4 [ s x́ ( s )−x (0) ] −12 x́ ( s )= where x́ ( s )=L[ x ( t ) ]
s−3
Use x ( 0 )=1 ; x' ( 0 )=−2
2 1
⟹ x́ ( s ) [ s −4 s−12 ]−s (1 )+2+ 4 ( 1 )=
s−3
1
L [ x ( t ) ] ( s2−4 s−12 )=s−6+
s−3
s−6 1
 L [ x ( t ) ]= 2 + 2
s −4 s−12 ( s−3 ) (s −4 s−12)
s−6 1
¿ +
( s−6 )( s+ 2) ( s−3 ) ( s +2 ) (s−6)
1 1
−1
 x ( t )=L s +2 + L [ ] [ −1

( s−3 ) ( s+ 2 ) (s−6)
--- (1)]
1 A B C
Consider L
−1
[
( s+ 2 )( s−3 ) ( s−6)
=L−1
] [ +
s+2 s−3 s−6
+ ]
1= A ( s−3 ) ( s−6 )+ B ( s +2 ) ( s−6 )+C ( s+ 2 )( s−3 )
−1
Put s=3 obs 1=B ( 5 )(−3 ) B=
15
1
Put s=6 obs 1=C ( 8 )( 3 ) C=
24
1
Put s=−2obs 1= A (−5 ) (−8 ) A=
40
1 −1 1 1 1 1 1
¿
40
L [ ]
− L−1
s +2 15 s−3 24 [ ]
+ L−1
s−6 [ ]
1 −2t 1 3 t 1 6 t
¿ e − e + e
40 15 24
By substituting this in above equation (1), gives
1 1
x ( t )=L−1 [ ] [
s +2
+ L−1
( s+2 ) ( s−3 ) (s−6) ]
1 1 1
¿ e−2 t + e−2 t− e 3 t + e6 t
40 15 24
41 −2t 1 3 t 1 6 t
¿ e − e + e
40 15 24
IMPORTANT MODEL QUESTIONS:
s+ 3
(i) L−1
[ 2
( s + 6 s+ 13 )
2
]
s+ 3 s+3
Let f́ ( s )= 2
= 2
( s 2+ 6 s+ 13 ) [ ( s+3 )2+2 2 ]
s +3
 L [ f́ ( s ) ]=L
−1 −1

[[ ( s +3 )2 +22 ]
2
]
UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE
 UNIT-II
13

¿ L−1
[ | ]
[ s +22 ]
2
s
2

s
s →s +3

¿ e−3 t . L−1
[ ( s +22 )
2 2
]
We know that,
2 as s t
L [ t .sin at ] = 2
( s +a ) 2 2
⟹L
−1

[ 2
(s +a ) 2 2
] =
2a
.sin at

t
¿ e−3 t . sin 2 t
2(2)
t −3 t
¿ e sin 2t
4

s
1. (i) L
−1
[ s +4 a4
4 ]
s s
(i) 4 4
= 22 2
s + 4 a ( s ) + ( 2a 2 ) + 4 a 2 s2−4 a 2 s2
s
¿ 2 2 2
( s + 2 a ) −(2as )2
s
¿ 2
( s + 2 as+2 a ) ( s2−2 as +2 a2 )
2

1 (4 a ) s
¿
[
4 a ( s 2 +2 as+2 a2 ) ( s2−2as +2 a2 ) ]
1 1 1
2
¿ 2
− 2
[
4 a s −2 as+ 2a s +2 as+2 a 2 ]
s 1 −1 1 1
L−1
[ 4
s +4 a 4
=
4a
L
] −
(s−a) +a ( s+ a)2+ a2
2 2
[ ]
1 −1 1 1 −1 1
4a
L 2 2
¿ −
s +a s → s−a 4 a
L 2 2
[ |
s + a s → s+a | ]
1 at 1 1 −at 1
¿ e sin at − e sin at
4a a 4a a
1 e at −e−at
¿ 2 sin at
2a 2 [ ]
1
¿ 2 sin at sin ¿^ ¿
2a
d2 x π
(b) Solve the differential equation
dt 2
+ 9 x =sin t , x ( 0 )=1; x
2
=1 by ()
using Laplace Transforms.

UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE

 UNIT-II
14

d2 x
Given D.E is + 9 x =sin t --- (1)
dt 2
π
Given that x ( 0 )=1 ; x() 2
=1, Take x ' ( 0 ) =k
Taking L.T obs to equation (1)
d2 x
L
[ dt 2 ]
+ 9 x =L [ sin t ]

2 ' 1
⟹ s x́ ( s )−s x ( 0 )−x ( 0 )+ 9 x́ ( s )= 2
s +1
1
x́ ( s ) [ s2 +32 ]−s ( 1 )−k= 2
s +1
k+s 1
 x́ ( s )= 2 2 + 2
s +3 ( s + 1 )( s 2+ 9 )
Take L−1 obs
1 s −1 1 1 1
−1
L [ x́ (s) ] =k . L
[ ] [ ] [[
−1
2
s +3 2
+L
−1
2
s +3 2
+L
]]2
− 2
8 s +1 s +9
k 1 1
x ( t )= sin 3t +cos 3 t +¿ sin t− sin 3 t ¿ --- (2)
3 8 24
π π
Given that x () 2
=1 Put t=
2
obs of (2)
k 1 1
1= (−1 )+ 0+ (1)− (−1)
3 8 24
−k 1 k 1 −5
1= + ( 3+1 ) ⟹ = −1=
3 24 3 6 6
−5
 k=
2
−5 1 1
 x ( t )= sin3 t− sin 3t +cos 3 t + sin t
6 24 8
1 7
Required Solution is x ( t )=cos 3 t+ sin t − sin3 t
8 8
1
3. (a) Find (i) L
[ −1
]
( s 2+ 9 ) (s+1)2
by convoluting theorem.
1 A B cs+ D
(i) 2 = + + 2 --- (1)
( s +9 ) ( s+1) 2 s+ 1 2
( s+1) s +9
1= A ( s+1 ) ( s2 +9 ) + B ( s2 +9 )+(Cs+ D)(s+1)2 --- (*)
Compare Coefficients of s3 , s 2 , s∧¿ constants obs.,
Coefficient of s3 : A+C=0 ⟹ A=−C --- (2)
Coefficient of s2 : A+ B+ D+2 c=0 ⟹ B + D+C=0 --- (3), Using eq(2)
Coefficient of s : 9 A+2 D+C=0 ⟹ 2 D−8 C=0 --- (4)
Constants obs 9 A+ 9 B+ D=1
⟹ 9 B+ D−9 C=1 --- (5) [ A=−C ¿
B+ D+C=0 --- (3)

UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE

 UNIT-II
15

(5) – (3) ⟹ 8 B – 10 C=1 --- (6)

By Substituting s=−1 in (*) gives
1
1=B ( 10 ) ⟹ B=
10
8 −2 −1 1
 From (6) −1=10 C ⟹ =10 C ⟹ C= , A=−C ⟹ A=
10 10 50 50
−4 −2 −2
 From (4) 2 D=8 C ⟹ D=4 C= = ⟹ D=
50 25 25
 Equation (1) ⟹
1 4

[
L−1 2
1
]
( s + 9 ) ( s +1 ) 2
1
= L−1
50( ) s+
1
1 ( 1
+ L−1
10 ) 1
(
( s+ 1 ) 2
−L−1
50
) s+

s2 +9
50

1 1 1 4 1
¿ e−t + e−t . t− cos 3 t−
50 10 50 [
50 3
sin3 t ]
e−t 1 2
¿ (5 t+1)− cos 3 t− sin 3 t
50 50 75
d2 x dx
4. (a) Solve the differential equation 2 + 2 +5 x=e . sin t, x ( 0 )=0∧x ' ( 0 ) =1
−t

dt dt
using Laplace Transforms.
Take L.T obs to equation (1)
L [ x ' ' + 2 x ' + 5 x ] =L [ e−t sin t ]
L¿
2 ' 1
⟹ [ s x́ ( s )−sx ( 0 )−x (0) ] +2 [ s x́ ( s )−x (0) ] + 5 x́ ( s )= 2
s +2 s+ 2
Using x ( 0 )=0 ; x ' ( 0 )=1
1
x́ ( s ) [ s2 +2 s +5 ]−s ( 0 ) −1−2 ( 0 )= 2
s +2 s+ 2
2 1
x́ ( s ) [ s +2 s +5 ]=1+ 2
s + 2 s+2
1 1
 x́ ( s )= 2 + 2
s +2 s+5 ( s + 2 s+2 ) ( s2 +2 s +5 )
Take L−1 obs
1 −1 1 1 1
−1
L [ x́ ( s ) ] =L
[ −1
] [{
2
( s+1) + 2 2
+L 2
− 2
3 s +2 s+2 s + 2 s+5 }]
1 1 1 1 1
x ( t )=e−t . sin 2 t+ L−1
2 [3 ] 2
( s+1) + 1 2
[
− L−1
3 ](s+ 1)2 +22
1 1 1 1
2 3 (
¿ e−t sin 2t + e−t sin t− e−t sin 2t
3 )2
1
¿ [ e−t sin t+ e−t sin 2t ]
3
e−t
 x ( t )=¿ [ sin t+ sin 2t ] is the required solution.
3

UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE

 UNIT-II
16

1+ e−πs
5. (a) (i) Evaluate L
−1
[ s2 +12 ]
1+ e−πs
(i) L−1
[ s2 +12 ]
We have L
−1
[ e−as . f́ (s )]= f ( t−a ) if t> a
{ From second shifting Theorem.
0 if t< a
1+ e−πs 1 1
L−1
[ 2
s +1 ] [ ] [
=L−1 2 2 + L−1 e−πs 2
s +1 s +1 ]
1
Here f́ ( s )= 2 2
s +1
1
−1
 L [ f́ ( s) ] =f ( t )=L
−1

s +12
2 [ ]
=sin t

1
[
¿ sin t+ L−1 e−πs . 2
s +1 ]
Also from second shifting theorem
L−1 [ e−as . f́ (s ) ]=H ( t−a ) . f (t−a)
¿ sin t + ¿ H ( t−π ) .sin ( t−π ) ¿
¿ sin t−sint H ( t−π )
¿ sin t [1−H ¿ ( t−π )]¿
2
d x dx dx
(b) Solve 2 + 2 + x=3 t e given that x ( 0 )=4 , =0 at t=0 using L.Ts.
−t

dt dt dt
'' '
Given DE is x +2 x + x=3 t e −t

Take L.T obs

L [ x ' ' ] + 2 L [ x' ] + L [ x ( t ) ] =3 L [ te−t ]
1
2 '
⟹ [ s x́ ( s )−Sx ( 0 )−x (0) ]+ 2 [ s x́ ( s ) −x (0) ] + x́ ( s )=3
'
−d
.
[ ( )]
ds s+1
Given that x ( 0 )=4 ; x ( 0 )=0
3
x́ ( s ) . [ s 2+ 2 s+1 ]−4 s−0−2 ( 4 ) = 2
(S +1)
x́ ( s ) ¿
4( s +2) 3
 x́ ( s )= +
(s +1) ( s+1)4
2

Take L−1 obs

´
4 ( s+1+1) 3
L−1 [ x́ (s) ] =L−1
[ (s +1) 2
+
( s+1)4]
4 4 1
[
¿ L−1
s+1 (s+1)
+ 2
] [
+3 L−1
( s+1)4]
t3 t3
−t
¿ 4 e + 4 te +3 e
−t −t
3! [ −t
=e 4+ 4 t +
2 ]
UNIT-2: INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS B.M.B.Krushna, MVGRCE