WOLLEGA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTIMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE: MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT

TITLE: DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL

NAME: CHALA ALEMU ID NO. 0263 /15

Section “B”

SUBMITTED TO: Mr. BEYENE .G

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Table of contents
Contents Pages

Table of contents ......................................................................................................................................I

ACRONIMY ......................................................................................................................................... VI
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................................................... VIII
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... IX
CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF PRESSURE VESSELS .............................................................................. 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ...................................................................................................... 2
1.3 OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE ......................................................................................................... 2
1.4. SCOPE ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 BENEFIT ...................................................................................................................................... 3
1.5.1 Explicit ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.5.2 Implicit ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 LIMITATIONS.......................................................................................................................... 3
1.7 APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................................................................... 3
1.8 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE ...................................................................................... 4
1.8.1 Advantages ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.8.2Disadvantages .......................................................................................................................... 4
1.9 FACTORS ..................................................................................................................................... 4
1.9.1 Factor of the Project on the Environment ................................................................................ 4
1.10. FUTURE OF STUDY ................................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................... 5
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Pressure vessel classification .......................................................................................................... 5
2.2 The main components of the pressure............................................................................................. 6
2.2.1 Shell ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Head ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2.2 Hemispherical heads ......................................................................................................... 7
2.2.3 Nozzle .................................................................................................................................... 7

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page I

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS
2.2. 4 Flange .................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.5 Manhole .................................................................................................................................. 8
2.2. 6 Gasket .................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.7 Support ................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.4.1 BRACKET Support ......................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................................... 11
3.METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................... 11
3.1GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF MATERIAL SELECTION............................................................... 11
3.1.1Factors Considered in Designing Pressure Vessels.................................................................. 11
3.2 WELDING TYPE ........................................................................................................................ 15
3.3. Loads On Pressure Vessels.......................................................................................................... 17
MATERIAL SELECTION AT TEMPRATURE OF 2800C ............................................................ 18
3.4. DETERMING THE DIAMETER AND LENGTH OF A PRSSURE VESSLE ........................ 20
3.5 Calculate the shell thickness......................................................................................................... 21
3.6 Design of head ............................................................................................................................. 24
3.7.DESIGN OF FLANGE ................................................................................................................ 25
3.7.1FLANGE APPLIED LOAD AND FALNGE MOMEANT ......................................................... 26
3.8. GASKET DESIGN ..................................................................................................................... 30
3.9 CALCULATING WALL THICKNESS OF THE NOZZLE R [2] ................................................ 32
3.10 Design of manhole .................................................................................................................... 33
3.10.1 Design of manhole or inspection.......................................................................................... 33
3.10.2 Dimension for man hole .......................................................................................................... 33
3.10.3Design of inlet and outlet ......................................................................................................... 33
3.10.4 Design of manhole load........................................................................................................... 34
3.11 DESIGN OF BOLT AND NUT ................................................................................................. 34
3.12 Calculation of Overall Load for the Design of Supporter ........................................................ 35
3.13 Design Calculation of bracket................................................................................................. 36
3.8Bracket designs (a) Single gusset plate (b) Double gusset plate.................................................. 37
3.14 STRESSES IN RESPONSE TO DIFF ERENT LOADS ............................................................. 38
3.15 METHODS OF FABRICATION ............................................................................................... 38
3.16 PRESSURE TESTING OF CODE VESSELS ........................................................................ 39
CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................. 41
DRAWING ....................................................................................................................................... 41

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page II

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS
4.1 Working Principle........................................................................................................................ 41
4.2 Component Construction ............................................................................................................. 41
4.3 Assembly..................................................................................................................................... 41
4.4 Disassembling ............................................................................................................................. 41
4.5. Improvement and Futurity ........................................................................................................... 41
4.5.1. Improvement ........................................................................................................................ 41
4.5.2. Futurity ................................................................................................................................ 41
CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................................... 42
5.RESULTS AND CONCULTION ................................................................................................... 42
5.1.CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 42
5.2.RESULTS ................................................................................................................................... 42
5.2. RECOMANDATION ................................................................................................................. 43
5.3 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 43
REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................................ 45
APPENDIX ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix A: Basic terminologies used .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page III

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

List of tables
Table 1; metal property ................................................................................................................ 13
Table2;material selection for acidic solution ................................................................................ 14
Table 3; Material property ............................................................................................................ 14
Table4; Fracture toughness of material......................................................................................... 14
Table5; fabricablity of material .................................................................................................... 15
Table6; Material selection of pressure vessel ............................................................................... 15
Table 7: Materials Used At 2800c ................................................................................................. 18
Table 8 ;given parameter .............................................................................................................. 19
Table 10. used to fined L/D ratio…………………………………………………………[R3] ... 20
Table 11; flange standard…………………………………………[R5] ...................................... 27
Table 12 gasket material………………………………………[R3] ............................................ 28
Table13 selection of inner pressure…………………………[R2] ......................................... 29
Table 14 : moment on the Gasket ................................................................................................. 31
Table 15: For my nozzle I selects SA-106-B from the table and S=107.58MPa (R [2] ............... 32
Table 16 selection of density…………………………………………………[R1] ..................... 34

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page IV

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

List of figures
Figure 2.1: vessel shell .................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2.2: Hemispherical head ...................................................................................................... 7
Figure2.3: nozzle............................................................................................................................ 8
Figure2.4: flange ............................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 3.1: Hoop stress ................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 3.2;Longitudinal stress…………………………………………………[R8] .................. 23
Figure 3.3: welding type of head to
shall………………………………………………………..[R4] .................................................. 25
Figure;3.4 sectional view of flange……………………………………………..[R5] ................. 26
Figure 3.5 Force Act On Internal Flange……………………….[R2] .......................................... 28
Figure;3.6 cross-sectional view of nozzle ..................................................................................... 32
Figure;3.7 bolt and nut .................................................................................................................. 35
Fig.3,7. loads on the bracket support. ........................................................................................... 37

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page V

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

ACRONIMY
L= length of shell

DM = mean diameter

CA=Corrosion allowance

S= Allowable stress

P=internal design pressure

R = internal radius of the shell

ts= thickness of of the shell

Do=Outside diameter of the cylindrical shell

Wh=weight of head

Ws=weight of shell

hoop stress

=longitudinal stress

Vh=Head volume

Vs=volume of shell

E=joint efficiency

A=Area

D= inner diameter of the shell

Tensile strength

=Design stress

σrd= Radial flange stress

Mt= Moment at height h t, Nm

Pw= Wind pressure, in MPa

Rn=Radius of the manhole

=Nominal thickness of the manhole

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page VI

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

=The weight of the manhole

p=internal pressure

di=selected inside diameter of manhole

do=outside diameter of manhole

S=stress of material

LW =The length of the welding

=The diameter of pad

=Radius of the pad

R = Mean radius of vessel, in mm

B=in side diameter of a flange for each pipe

m=gasket factor

Pi=internal pressure of flange

B=in side diameter of a flange for each pipe

b=effective gasket selling width

2b=effective gasket pressure width

tf=thickness of flange

G‟=mane diameter of gasket

Hg=gasket reaction forces (pressure forces)

H=total pressure

= thickness of seamless manhole

Hd=pressure force of area inside the flange

Ht=pressure for a flange face

Mop=The moment on the flange

Pb=bolt pitch (spacing), mm

db=bolt diameter, mm

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page VII

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all great thanks WOLLEGA UNIVERSTY Department of mechanical Engineering next
to my God helps to do this project. secondly my instructor Mr.BEYANA.G AND MIS.SENA G.
he advice for finish these project and give more knowledge on machine design course which
contain this seminar project .also I have more Thanks all my friend for giving additional
information for us. And for surprise me when I am tired and all my Dormitory students for
contributing any materials for this project.

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page VIII

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

ABSTRACT
Pressure vessels are leak proof containers, as the name implies, their main purpose is to contain
a given medium under pressure and temperature. Pressure vessels are commonly used in
industry to carry both liquid and gases under required pressure and temperature limit. This
pressure and temperature comes from an external source or by the application of heat from a
direct or indirect source or any combination of them. This project deals with design and analysis
of Acetic acid pressure vessel for pharm industry.

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page IX

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
The pressure vessels (i.e. cylinder or tanks) are used to store fluids under pressure. Pressure
vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and outside. The
inside pressure is usually higher than the outside. The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a
change in state as in the case of steam boiler or may combine with other reagent as in the case
of chemical reactor. Pressure vessel often has a combination of high pressure together with
high temperature and in some cases flammable fluids or highly radioactive material. Because
of such hazards it is imperative that the design be such that no leakage can occur. . Pressure
vessel and tank are in fact essential to the chemical, petroleum, petrochemical and nuclear
industry. It is in the class of equipment that the reaction, separation and storage of raw
material occur. In the same word, pressurized equipment is required for a wide range of
industrial plant for storage and manufacturing purpose. In the case of shell, opening requiring
reinforcement in vessel under internal pressure the metal removed must be replaced by the
metal of reinforcement. In addition to providing the area of reinforcement, adequate welds
must be provided to attach the metal of reinforcement and the induced stresses must be
evaluated. Materials used for reinforcement shall have an allowable stress value equal to or
greater than of the material in this vessel wall except that, when such material is not available,
lower strength material may be used; provided, the reinforcement is increased in inversed
proportion to the ratio of the allowable stress values of the two materials to the ratio of the
two materials to compensate for the lower allowable stress value of any reinforcement having
a higher allowable stress value than that of the vessel wall.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Vertical pressure vessels find their application usually in oil and gas industries. They contain a
number of trays which are designed for mixing between a rising gas and a falling liquid. The
vessel is similar to a horizontal and vertical drum that comprises of two dished heads, one at the
top and one at the bottom. It is supported by a saddle which is welded to the bottom head. Saddle
is a cylindrical steel shell which rests on the reinforced concrete foundation. It is due to the
massive structure and large capacities of thevessels for which octagonal foundations are
preferred. The monopoles are also designed with octagonal foundations underneath. The design
includes analyzing of loads from superstructure, design of base plate and foundation bolt, design
of pedestal and footing. The design of pile is kept outside the scope of the study [1].
Pressure vessel is most widely used type of container and it is used in industry and even in
individual houses.It is used to store air and liquids such as water, gas, chemicals and even acids
also. Mostly in developed county those who have many nuclear power and moderate industrial

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 1

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

standard. Their manufacturing processes also depend on the (ASME) American society of
mechanical engineering codes. This indicates that it‟s popularly designed and manufactured in
America and now day many countries including our country is using this modern container and
also manufacturing. Pressure vessels have many types depend on its applications. Pressures, was
published in 1914 and formally adopted in the spring of 1915. The first Code rules for pressure
vessels, entitled Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels,followed in 1925. From
this simple beginning the Code has now evolved into the present eleven Section document, with
multiple subdivisions, parts, subsections, and Mandatory and non-mandatory. Almost all
pressure vessels used in the process industry are designed and constructed in their accordance. [5
wikipedia]

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

 Redesign the current pressure vessel
 Provide a first-run concept, not a finished product
 Address several key design issues:
 eliminate the leaks through the door and pass-through
 fnd new material that is less brittle and easier to machine
 design a door that functions reliably & is safe
 decrease overall cost of the device ($1800+)
 decrease the number of components
 Material-Improper selection of material; defects in material.
 Design- Incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect de-sign methods; inadequate shop
testing.
 Fabrication Poor quality control improper or insufficient
 Fabrication procedures including welding.

1.3 OBJECTIVE
1.3.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE
 To design vertical pressure supported by bracket, which medium is acid

1.3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

 In order to determining the minimum thickness of the vessel.
 For determining internal pressure.
 To determine the dead weight of the vessel.

1.4. SCOPE
For a given of time I went to design:

 Inner diameter of pressure vessel

 Length of shell

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 2

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

1.5 BENEFIT
This design is based on Engineering Standard covers the minimum requirements for design of
pressure storage that having hemispheres head. In this Standard, pressure storage means storage
spheres with design pressure above 100 KPa (1bar) gage. The requirements of this Standard
apply to both refrigerated and non-refrigerated LPG pressure storage hemispheres.

This Standard is intended for use in oil refineries chemical plants, marketing installations, gas
plants and where applicable, in exploration, production and new ventures.

1.5.1 Explicit

 Most of user or customer functioned confidentially

 Costly medium when relate to existing one
 The project is focused on customers‟ needs

1.5.2 Implicit

 If this modified pressure vessel is on market it get more money

 If it‟s perfect on user we will gate encouragement
 We can perfect for design another for modification and innovation

1.6 LIMITATIONS
 The wall thickness must be small (r/t> 10)
 The internal pressure must exceed the external pressure.
 The analysis is based only on the effects of internal pressure.
 The formulas derived are valid throughout the wall of the vessel except near
points of stress concentration.

1.7 APPLICATION AREAS

Pressure vessels have wide range of applications in thermal and nuclear power plants, process
and chemical industries, in pharmaceutical industries and food and beverage industries. Pressure
vessels often have a combination of high pressure together with high temperature and in some
cases flammable fluids (or) high radio-active materials. Because such hazards it is imperative
that the design be such of no leakage can occur. With increasing demands from industrial process
for high operating pressure and high temperature new technologies have been developed to
handle the present day specialized requirement. The materials of pressure vessel may be brittle
such as cast iron, or ductile such mild steel. Various parameters of pressure vessel are designed
and checked according to the principles standards of American Society of Mechanical
Engineering (ASOME).

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 3

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

1.8 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

1.8.1 Advantages
 To apply simple shop fabrication process that eliminates redundant fabrication
and non- need experience improved quality control via the reduction of
traceability and inspection.
 Receive cost reduction advantages when production costs are reduced.
 Make use of marketing advantages for using reinforced nozzle manufacturing.
 Increase your sales revenue with an increase in production. Enjoy a set cost
and quality level.

1.8.2Disadvantages
 The failure of pressure vessels may  Ice up problems
result in:  Limited flow rate
 Loss of Life, Health Hazards and  Space requirement
 Damages to the property.  Pre fill venting
 Venting  Cost
 Oil build up  refurbishing

1.9 FACTORS
1.9.1 Factor of the Project on the Environment
If our design is not properly designed the material which we are designed is broken and the thing
which thus material contain is easily become use less by losing it is chemical. Also if the
temperature is above the wanted temperature it causes the fire on the environment by causing
great warm on the pressure vessel. That means since the pressure vessel is contain the gas the fire
can easily occur on the environment. If the material which we select is not favorable for the
environment it is also causes environment factor. Generally the project we are going to design
causes environment factor if it is not properly design without considering what material available
for the environment and general property of the environment.

1.10. FUTURE OF STUDY

Equipment such as these vessels are normally intended for a specific project and period of use.
They should not be used beyond their design life, or adapted to other experimental uses beyond
their safe operational parameters. Internal labeling and record keeping controls are extremely
important to prevent use beyond the design life and safe operating parameters of each vessel.So,
In the future I will design the most moderate and updated vertical pressure vessel with very low
cost by manufacturing it from our environmental factory that is available easily. And also I will
try to improve my design failure caused in this design.

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 4

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

CHAPTER TWO
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Numerous boiler explosions took place through the late 1800s and early 1900s. This led to the
enactment of the first code for construction of steam boilers by the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts in 1907. This subsequently resulted in the development and publication of the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code in 1914, which sought to standardize the design,
manufacturing, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels. In 1921 the National Board of
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors was organized to promote consistent inspection and
testing. The publication of the section on locomotive boilers also appeared in 1921. The ASME
and the ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials) material specification merged in
1924. The first publication of Section VIII „„Unfired Pressure Vessels,‟‟ appeared in 1925. This
document was referred to as one of a theoretical factor of safety of 5. The petroleum industry did
not consider it to be adequate for their purposes and also desired better utilization of available
materials. The year 1928 saw the advent of welded pressure vessels. For higher pressures the
welded shells were made thicker than 70 mm. These required nondestructive examination(NDE)
before service. In 1934, a joint API–ASME Committee published the first edition of an unfired
pressure vessel code specifically for the petroleum industry. In 1952 these two separate codes
merged into a single code – the ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII. The ASME
Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII Division 2: „„Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels,‟‟ was
published in 1968 and the original code became Section VIII Division 1: „„Pressure Vessels.‟‟ A
considerable boost was provided to the understanding of the basic behavior of pressure vessel
components following the development of the nuclear power program in the U.S. and Europe in
the late 1950s and early 1960s.

2.1 Pressure vessel classification

Based on manufacturing methods; Based on geometric shapes;

 Welded vessels  Cylindrical vessels

 Forged vessels  Spherical vessels
 Multi wall vessels  Rectangular vessels
 Multi wrapped vessels  Combined vessels
 Band wrapped vessels Based on installation methods;
 Horizontal vessels
Based on manufacturing materials;  Vertical vessels
 Steel vessels Based on pressure bearing situation;
 Non ferrous vessels
 Non metallic vessels  Internal pressure vessels
 External pressure vessels

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 5

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Based on wall thickness;  Medium temperature vessels (between

150oC to 450oC)
 Thin wall vessels  High temperature vessels (more than or
 Thick wall vessels equal to 450oC)
Based on technological processes; Based on design pressure;
 Heat exchanger vessel  Low pressure vessel (0.1 MPa to 1.6 MPa)
 Separation vessel  Medium pressure vessel (1.6 MPa to 10
 Reaction vessel MPa)
 Storage container vessel  High pressure vessel (10 MPa to 100 MPa)
 Ultra high pressure vessel (More than 100
Based on operating temperatures;
MPa)
 Low temperature vessels (less than or equal
Based on usage mode;
to -20oC)
 Normal temperature vessels (between -20oC  Fixed pressure vessel
to 150oC)  Mobile pressure vessel

2.2 The main components of the pressure

The main components of the pressure vessels are:

 Shell  Manhole
 head  Gasket
 nozzle  support
 Flange

2.2.1 Shell
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are
welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure
vessel shells are either cylindrical, hemispherical, spherical, or conical in shape.

Figure 1.1: vessel shell

2.2.2 Head
Heads are usually categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, Teri
spherical, conical, tori conical and flat are commonly type of heads. All pressure vessel

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 6

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

shell must be closed at the end by heads. The ends of cylindrical vessel are closed by
head various shapes.

 All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads.

 Heads are typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are
stronger and allow the heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than
are heads with a flat shape.
This are:-
 Flanged plates head
 Hemispherical head
 Ellipsoidal head
 Tori spherical head
 Conical head
 Tori conical head

Even though there are several types of head for pressure vessel, but as we supposed to design
pressure vessel having hemispherical head; we select the below head.

2.2.2.2 Hemispherical heads

The cylindrical section and hemispherical head of a vessel the thickness of the head need only
be half that of the cylinder. However, as the dilation of the two parts would then be different,
discontinuity stresses would be set up at the head and cylinder junction. For no difference in
dilation between the two parts (equal diametrical strain) it can be shown that for steels (Poisson‟s
ratio D 0.3) the ratio of the hemispherical head thickness to cylinder thickness should be 7/17.
However, the stress in the head would then be greater than that in the cylindrical section; and the
optimum thickness ratio is normally taken as 0.6.

Figure 2.2: Hemispherical head

2.2.3 Nozzle
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell and/or heads of a pressure vessel.
 Nozzles may be used for the following applications:
 Attaching piping systems that are used for flow into or out of the vessel.
 Attaching instrument connections, such as level gauges, thermo wells, or pressure
gauges.
 Providing access to the vessel interior at many ways.
Providing for direct attachment of other equipment items, such as a heat exchanger

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 7

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Figure2.3: nozzle

2.2. 4 Flange
A flange is an external or internal tip which is used for strength, or for a glade or for attachment
to another object. [1]

Figure2.4: flange

2.2.5 Manhole
A manhole is an opening using for the inspection of the vessel during operation. They are using
for regular maintenance such as painting if inside the vessel. Manholes are not to be less than
300 x 4P00 mm or 400 mm in inside diameter. Where the neck height of a manhole is excessive,
the size of the manhole is to be suitably increased. [1]

2.2. 6 Gasket
Gaskets are used to make a leak-tight joint between two surfaces. It is impractical to machine
flanges to the degree of surface finish that would be required to make a satisfactory seal under
pressure without a gasket. Gaskets are made from “semi-plastic” materials; which will deform
and flow under load to fill the surface irregularities between the flange faces, yet retain sufficient
elasticity to take up the changes in the flange alignment that occur under load. [1]

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 8

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

2.2.7 Support
Cylindrical and other types of vessels have to be supported by different methods. Vertical
vessels are supported by brackets, column, skirt, or stool supports, while saddles support
horizontal vessels. The choice of type of support depends on the height and diameter of the
vessel, available floor space, convenience of location, operating variables, the size of jjhe vessel,
the operating temperature and pressure and the materials of construction.
Brackets of lugs offer many advantages over other types of supports. They are inexpensive, can
absorb diametrical expansions by sliding over greased or bronze plates, jfcre easily attached to
the vessel by minimum amounts of welding, and easily leveled or shimmed in the field. Lug
supports are ideal for thick-walled vessels, but in thin-walled vessels, this type of support is not
convenient unless the proper reinforcements are used or many lugs are welded to the vessel. It
is also necessary to ensure that, the attachment of the support
The vessel support is intended to support the pressure vessel on the support base. The support
has to be designed to withstand the dead weight and seismic loadings from the pressure vessel
and to limit the heat flow from the vessel wall to the base. The differential displacement between
the supports due to the temperature change should be considered in design. In a large number of
cases the design of support requires adequacy to operate in a severe thermal environment during
normal operation as well as to sustain some thermal transients. The supports for pressure vessels
can be of various types including lug support, support skirts, and saddle supports.
Types of Supports:

 Saddle Support
 Lug Support
 Skirt Support
 Leg Support
 a. Lug support:-This is a common means of support for vertical vessels that are mounted
on I beams. If the vessel is made of carbon steel, the lugs may be directly welded to the
vessel.[1]
 b. Support skirts:-Most vertical vessels are supported by skirts. These supports transfer
the loads from the vessel by shear action. They also transfer the loads to the foundation
through anchor bolts and bearing plates.
 c. Saddle supports:-Horizontal pressure vessels are usually supported on two
symmetrically spaced saddle supports.
 D. Bracket supports:-Brackets, or lugs, can be used to support vertical vessels.
 For our design we use bracket support for vertical pressure design.

2.2.4.1 BRACKET Support

 Each bracket is made of two horizontal and two vertical plates welded to vessel shell the
brackets are made to rest columns
 Due to eccentricity of these type supports and the resulting bending moment ;tensile
;compressive and shear stress are induced in the vessel shell

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 9

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

 Bracket support are ideal for thick walled vessels as these support are capable of
absorbing bending stresses due to eccentricity loads
 In thin walled vessel, the area where the bracket are be attached are reinforced by
welding the pads ;the brackets are welded on pads.
 Bracket supports are normally used for smaller height.
 The loads on the bracket support are the dead weight of the vessel with its contacts and
the wind load
 The maximum tensile stresses in the supports occur on the vessel is empety because dead
weight and wind load have opposing effects there fore, the stresses on the leeward side
are determining factor for design of the supports .

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 10

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

CHAPTER THREE
3.METHODOLOGY

3.1GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF MATERIAL SELECTION

Material selection shall be optimized, considering investment and operational costs, such that
Life
Cycle Costs (LCC) are minimized while providing acceptable safety and reliability.
The following key factors apply to materials selection:
 Primary consideration shall be given to materials with good market availability and
documented fabrication and service performance.
 The number of different material types shall be minimized considering costs,
interchangeability and availability of relevant spare parts.
 Design life.
 Operating conditions.
 Experience with materials and corrosion protection methods from conditions with similar
corrosively.
 System availability requirements.
 Philosophy applied for maintenance and degree of system redundancy.
 Weight reduction.
 Inspection and corrosion monitoring possibilities.

3.1.1Factors Considered in Designing Pressure Vessels

1. Dimensions-Diameter, length and their limitations.
2. Operating conditions – Pressure and temperature.
3. Available materials and their physical properties and cost.
4. Corrosive nature of reactants and products.
5. Theories of failure.
6. Types of construction i.e. forged, welded or casted.
7. Method of Fabrication.
8. Fatigue, Brittle failure and Creep.
9. Economic consideration.

Effect of external and internal environment including compatibility of different materials.

Evaluation of failure probabilities, failure modes, criticalities and consequences. Attention
 shall be paid to any adverse effects material selection may have on human health,
environment, safety and material assets.
 Environmental issues related to corrosion inhibition and other chemical treatments.

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 11

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

 For the selection of materials the physical, mechanical, chemical, and their manufacturing
process are the most important decision the designer has to make.
Mechanical properties  magnetic properties
 strength stiffness Material Types
 fatigue hardness  ductile
 elasticity  brittle
 plasticity  Plastics
 ductility  Composites
 brittleness  Ferrous
 machine ability  non-ferrous
 toughen  alloys
Chemical properties Manufacturing process
 oxidation stability cast sanding
 corrosion resistance shell molding
 degradation hot working
 toxicity cold working
 flammability machining
Physical properties joining
 density powder metal gory
 specific heat
 thermal expansion Heat treatment
 conductivity  annealing
 melting point  tempering
 electric properties  quenching
According to different kind of standard such as ASMS the following given below are used
for the selection of materials
A) Strength
B) Corrosion resistance
C) Resistance to hydraulic attack
D) Fracture toughness
E) Fabricablity/predictability
A. Strength-it is the capability or property of material to with stand or sustained to high load
under tension is called strength.

Strength of the material is based on the mechanical properties .it is used for the most easy,
strong &low cost of productions. Some of the mechanical properties are (toughness, ductility
yield strength, ultimate strength (UST) and creep strength and machinability).

Ductility – it is the property of material which enables to be drawn out or elongated to an

appreciable extent before repute under the load .

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 12

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

 Yield strength – the stress level at which the plastic begin deformation .is a region
where the material changes from plastic to elastic deformation
Machinability
 Property of material which enables to machined easily in the desired shape by cutting
tools.
 It signifies how much force & power are required to remove stock from the material.

Ultimate tensile strength(UTS)

The ultimate tensile strength (tensile stress) is a measure of the basic strength of the
material .it is the maximum stress that the material will stand and measure by a standard
tensile test.

Material Aluminum stainless steel Cast iron Copper Nickel

18Cr/8Ni(304)
UTS(MPa) 90 510 414 200 520

Table 1; metal property

Creep strength- is ability of the material which resist the slow and &continuous deformation
under steady load &some temperature.
B. Corrosion resistance

Corrosion: is gradual distraction of metals by the chemical or electrochemical reaction with the
environment.

 it made the material dissolve, softening & wearing away.

 our natural environment are caused for corrosion are : air ,salt & water
Example of corrosion
Rusting of iron when it exposed to atmospheric corrosion. So by use of the following corrosion
resistance method , we minimize the destruction done by corrosion
 by using of cathodes protection
 by using of protective coating or surface coating
 galvanization
 hot dipping
 tinning
Chemical Cast Aluminum Nickel Copper Steen less
iron steel18Cr/8Ni(304)
Acidic G G C C G
solution
G-good and c-caution-depending on the martial

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 13

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Table2;material selection for acidic solution

C. Resistance to hydraulic attack
 The tensile strength (uts) & elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing the
temperature.
 Hydrogen attack cause irreversible damage through the component thickness &damage
carbon &low alloy steel.
So because of the above reason we have to take consideration on tensile strength, design stress
when we design something.

Material Cast Aluminum Nickel copper Steen less steel

iron 18Cr/8Ni(304)

Tensile 414 90 520 200 510

strength(ULT)MPa

Design stress at -- -- 220 -- 107.6

temperature (3000C)

Table 3; Material property

D. Fracture toughness
The ability of the material that absorb energy up to fracture .brittle fracture without
applicable deformation and by rapid crank propagation .The direction the crack motion is
very nearly perpendicular to the direction the applied tinsel stress and yield stress related
with fracture surface. Brittle fracture is depended on the stress consternation (K). And stress
consternation facer is shown blow.

Material Steel less Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast

steal18Ni/8Cr iron

Fracture 76 44 Low Low Low

toughness(K),MPa

Table4; Fracture toughness of material

E. Fabricablity: Construct or manufacture (industrial product), especially from prepared
component. It is based on how it made & cost of production .some properties of material we
construct our pressure vessel is given below

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 14

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Based on how it made and cost of production. A guide to the fabrication properties of common
metals and alloys are shown blow.

S -satisfactory
D -Difficult, special techniques needed.
U - Unsatisfactory.

Martial Mashing Cold Hot Casting Welding Annealing

work work temperate(oC)
Cast iron S U U S U/D _
Stainless S S S D S 1050
steel(18Cr,8Ni)304
Nickel S S S S S 1150
Aluminum S S D S S 550
Copper(dioxides) D S S S D 700

Table5; fabricablity of material

CONCLUSION ABOUT THE MATERIAL SELECTION

I select Stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni(304)because it has good yield strength(205MPa),
tensile(UTS) strength(510MPa), good fracture toughness, good resistance of temperature, good
corrosion resistance and it can fabricate in different mated except casting.

Material Tensile( Modulus of Hardness Specific

UTS)strength, elasticity, Brinell gravity
MPa GPa
Stainless 510 210 160 8.0
steel
18Cr/8NI
(304)

Table6; Material selection of pressure vessel

3.2 WELDING TYPE

Welding, in engineering, any process in which two or more pieces of metales are joined together
by the application of heat, pressure, or a combination of both. There are several methods to make
welded joints. In a particular case the choice of a type from the numerous alternatives depend on:

1. The circumstances of welding.2. The requirements of the code.3. The aspect of economy.

THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF WELDING:

In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. In a small diameter
vessel (under 18-24 inches) from the inside, no manual welding can be applied. Using backing

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 15

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

strip it must remain in plate. In larger diameter vessels if a man way is not used, the last (closing)
joint can be welded from outside only. The type of welding may be determined also by the
equipment of the manufacturer.

CODE REQUIREMENTS:

Regarding the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on service, material and
location of the welding. The welding processes that may be used in the construction of vessels
are also restricted by the Code. The Code-regulations are tabulated on the following pages under
the titles:

(A). TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS:

(Joints permitted by the code, their efficiency and limitations of their applications.) Table UW-
12

Type-1 Type-4

Type-2 Type-5

Type-3 Type-6

(B). DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS

(Types of joints to be used for vessels in various services and under certain design conditions.)
UW-2, UW-3

(c).JOINT EFICIENCIES AND STRESS REDUCTIONS:

(Efficiencies of joints at certain locations and reduced allowable stress to be used in calculations
of vessel components.) The data of the table are based on the following Code regulations: Full,
spot, partial radiographic examination or no radiography of A, B, and C joints. UW-11 For
longitudinal stress calculation the efficiency of partially radio graphed joints is the same as for
spot radio graphed joints. Seamless vessel sections and heads with Category B,C or D butt joints
that are spot radio graphed shall be designed for circumferential stress using a stress value equal
to 85% of the allowable stress value of the material; UW-12(b) When the joints are not radio
graphed and for joint efficiency, E the value in column of table “Types of welded joints” are
used, in all other design calculation, a stress value equal to 80% of the allowable stress value of
material shall be used except for unstated flat heads, etc. UW-12(c)

THE ECONOMY OF WELDING

If the two preceding factors allow free choice, then the aspect of economy must be the deciding
factor. Some consideration concerning the economy of welding V-edge preparation, which can

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 16

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

be made by torch cutting, is always more economical than the use of J or U preparation. Double
V preparation requires only half the deposited weld metal required for single V preparation.
Increasing the size of a fillet weld, its strength increases in direct proportion, while the deposited
weld metal increases with the square of its size. Lower quality welding makes necessary the use
of thicker plate for the vessel. Whether using stronger welding and thinner plate or the opposite
is more economical, depends on the size of vessel, weld ing equipment, etc. this must be decided
in each particular case.

There are different kind of welding based on IS-28-25 it categorized in to 4

select
A) category A: longitudinal welded joints within the main sheet, communicating Chambers,
nozzles and any welded joints within a formed or flat Head.

B) Category B: circumferential welded joints within the main shell Communicating

chambers, nozzles and transitions in diameter including joints between the translations and a
cylinder at either the large of small end, circumferential welded joints connecting from heads to
main shells to nozzles and to communicating chambers.

c) Category c: welded joints connecting flanges, tubes sheets and flat heads tomain shells , to
formed heads , to nozzles or to communicating chambers and any welded joints connecting one
side plate to another side plate of a flat sided vessel.

d) Category d: welded joints connecting communicating chambers or nozzles to main shells ,to
heads and to flat sided vessels and those joints

3.3. Loads On Pressure Vessels

A pressure vessel is subjected to various types of loading individually and in various possible
combinations. The loading to be considered in designing a vessel shall include those from
1) Loads due to Internal and External pressure:
A cylindrical vessel under internal pressure tends to retain its shape on that any out-of-
roundness or dents resulting from shop fabrication or erection tend to be removed when foe
vessel is placed under internal pressure. Thus any deformations resulting form internal
assure tends to make an imperfect cylinder more cylindrical. However the opposite is for
imperfect cylindrical vessels subjected to external pressure and any imperfection will tend to
be aggravated with the result of possible collapse of the vessel.
2) Dead Loads:
The dead load acting on the vessel is determined by the weight and location of all the
exterior and interior attachments such as trays, overhead condensers, platforms, insulation,
and so on.Stresses caused by dead loads may be considered in three groups for convenience:

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 17

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

a) Stress induced by shell and insulation.

b) Stress induced by liquid in the vessel.

c) Stress induced by attached equipment The total dead-load stress acting along the longitudinal axis of
the shell is then the sum of above given three dead-weight stresses.

3) Wind Loading:
Stresses produced in a self-supporting vertical vessel by the action of the wind are calculated
by considering the vessel to be a vertical, uniformly loaded cantilever beam. Wind loading is
a function of the wind velocity, air density, and the shape of the distinctly different kinds of
design considerations result from wind loading. First, lie static force from the wind loading
pressure against the vessel causes an overturning moment that iv. Earthquake loading:
Earthquake phenomena in certain geographic locations result in the production of loads. In
tall vessels, one cause of stresses in the vessel is the overturning lot from the lateral force of
an earthquake loading

MATERIAL SELECTION AT TEMPRATURE OF 3000C

One of the most important requisites in the development and manufacturing of satisfactory
pressure vessels at minimum cost is the material choice. The choice depends upon several
factors, including stress levels, stress states, number of trading cycles, construction stages, stress
discontinuities, failure criterion and environmental conditions.

Table 7: Materials Used At 300 0c

Parts Of Vertical Pressure Materials Used At 3000c Design Stress In N/mm2

Vessel
Nozzle Stainless steel 107.58N/mm2
Bracket Carbon steel 87N/mm2
Flanges Stainless steel 107.58N/mm2
Shell Stainless steel 107.58N/mm2
Bolt and nut Carbon steel 87N/mm2

This selection of material is based on the appropriateness of the design requirement so; selection
of materials of the steel plates shall take into account the suitability of the materials with the
maximum working pressure and fabrication process

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 18

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Given parameter
Medium Inner service Nominl Service Position Support 2 Bottom
pressure(mpa) volume(m3) Temp. (c) element longitudinal discharge
1 lateral nominal
pipe diameter
nominal (mm)
diameter
(mm)
Acid 0.4 1.6 300 vertical Supporting 150 65
solution bracket

Table 8; Given Parameter

Design temperature
The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature, so the maximum allowable design
stress will depend on the material temperature. The design temperature at which the design stress
is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working temperature of the material, with due
allowance for any uncertainty involved in predicting vessel wall temperatures.
Then the given operation temperature is T =300OC
O
From typical design stress table find the stress for stainless steel:-
Design stress: ( =107Mpa
Tensile strength: 510Mpa

Table9 selection of design stress………………………………………………………….[R3]

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 19

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

3.4. DETERMING THE DIAMETER AND LENGTH OF A PRSSURE VESSLE

We know that the volume of a pressure vessel is 1.6m3 and the volume is equal to the sum of
the volume of the head/bottom(hemispherical) and the volume vessel shell (which is in
cylindrical in shape). According to process equipment design, brown ell and young suggest that
the ratio of L/D can be determined by according to their presser value. But mostly it is
recommended to take L/D ratio 2:1. The pressure that was given for my operating pressure is
0.4MPa. OPERATING PRESSURE is a pressure which required for the process, served by
the vessel. DESIGN PRESSURE is the pressure used in the design of a vessel. It recommended
to design a vessel and its parts for higher pressure than the operating pressure.

Design pressure=operating pressure+ 5 to 10 percent operating pressure.

I select 10 percent for more safety purpose.

=0.4MPa + 0.1*0.4MPa=0.44MPa

Pressure

Psi MPa
L/D ratio
3 0-250 0.000-1.724
4 250-500 1.724-3.448
5 >500 >3.448

Table 10. used to fined L/D ratio…………………………………………………………[R3]

There for the ratio of L/D= 3 and L=3D because the deign pressure between 0.0-1.725

V=V h +Vs where V h=volume of the head

Vs=volume of the shell

V h= (4/3)*π*R3=(4/3)*π*(D/2)3=(1/6)*π*D3 D=internal diameter of the shell(D=2*R)

V h= (1/6)*π*D3

V h= (1/6)*π*D3 R=internal radius of the shell

Vs=π*R2*L=π*(D/2)2*L= (1/4)*π*D2*L L=length of the shell

V s = (1/4)*π*D2*(3D) L/D=3and L=3D

Vs = (3/4)*π*D3

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 20

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

And the sum of the volume is 1.6m3

V=V h +V s=1.6m3= (1/6)*π*D3 + (3/4)*π*D3 = (11/12)*π*D3

1.6m3=2.88D3 and D = (1.6/2.88)1/3m=0.822m=0.9m

There fore D= 0.9m

To change it in standard form D= 1m

And L=3D=3*1m= 3m

3.5 Calculate the shell thickness

To find the thickness of the pressure vessel which subjected to internal design pressure
of P=0.44MPa there are different equations and its corrosion allowance for stainless steel
18Cr/8Ni is (2mm) from the table. There will be a minimum wall thickness required to ensure
that any vessel is sufficiently rigid to withstand its own weight, and any incidental loads.

Where t = min. required thickness of shell, mm

P = internal design pressure, Pa

R = inside radius of shell, mm

S = max. Allowable stress, Pa

E = joint efficiency (min)

C.A=corrosion allowance, mm

a) CIRCUMFERNTIAL STRESS (LONGITUDINAL JOINTS)

It means that the governing stress will be the circumferential stress (hoop stress) in the
long seam. For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 0.385SE .In which case we shall
use the following formulae for thickness of shell

t = PR/ (SE -0.6P) + C.A…………………………………………………[R]

b) LONGITUDINAL STRESS (CIRUMFERENTIAL JOINTS)

It means that the governing stress will be the longitudinal stress in the circumferential
joint. For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 1.25SE. OR if the circumferential
joint efficiency is less than than ½ the longitudinal joint efficiency. In which case we use
the formula for thickness is

t = PR/ (2SE +0.4P) + C.A……………………………………………………..[R3]

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 21

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

let‟s use these two equation to fined the thickness of the pressure vessel and select the
smallest value of them because safety purposes. The weight of the pressure vessel can affect
the support leg.

(a) Circumferential stress(longitudinal joint)

I select 10 percent for more safety purpose.

=0.4MPa + 0.1*0.4MPa=0.44MPa

Given P=0.44MPa
R=0.5m
S= 107.558MPa (15.6kPsi)
E=1
C.A=2mm=0.002m
P ≤ 0.385SE
P ≤ 0.385*107.558MPa*1
0.44MPa ≤ 41.41MPa (satisfied)
There for t=PR/ (SE-0.6P) + C.A

= (0.44MPa*0.5m)/ (107.558MPa*1 - 0.6*0.44MPa) + 0.002m

t=0.002049m=2.05mm

t=2.05mm

(b) Longitudinal stress (circumferential stress)

P ≤ 1.25SE
P ≤ 1.25*107.558MPa*1
0.44MPa ≤ 134.45MPa (satisfied)

There fore t=PR/ (2SE+0.4P) + C.A

= ( 0.44MPa*0.5m)/ (2*107.558MPa*1 + 0.4*0.44MPa) + 0.002m

t= 0.00302m=3.02mm
t=3.02mm
And the smallest value is t=2.05mm and for standard value let‟s take

t=2mm.
Finally lets fined the external radius and diameter
Ro =R+t=0.5m+0.002m
Ro =0.502m
And Do=2*Ro=2*0.502m

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 22

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Do=1.004m

Vs= ----------shell volume (cylindrical shell)

Vs= = = 2.355
Calculate the stress on the shell using a thin shell theory.

Calculate the stress. on the shell using lame‟s equation Thus the wall of a cylindrical shell
subjected to an internal pressure has to withstand tensile

Stresses of the following two types:

(a) Circumferential or hoop stress, and

(b) Longitudinal stress.
These stresses are discussed, in detail, in the following articles.

 Hoop stress: - is the tensile stress in the direction tangential to the circumference.
 Longitudinal stress: - tensile stress acting in the direction of the axis is called
longitudinal stress. It‟s acting in the transverse or circumferential section or on the ends
of the vessel.Since, if the stress is less than the maximum tensile strength of the material,
then the design is safe. Now to calculate the value of stress.

Figure 3.1: Hoop stress

σh = = = 110MPa

Figure 3.2;Longitudinal stress…………………………………………………[R8]

σL= = = 55MPa

C) Radial stress -is insignificant compared to tangential stress, thusσr = 0.

Weight of cylindrical shell.
Weight of cylindrical vessel given by(WS).

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 23

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

WS = × DM ×ρ × ts× g × LS ……………..where DM is mean diameter

And ρ is the density of stainless steel.
DM = Di + ts = 1000mm + 2mm
= 1002mm = 1.002m ρstainless steel =7900Kg/m3
WS = × 1.002m × 9.81m/s × 0.002×3m × 7900kg/m3
=1463.74N
Weight of shell is 1463.74

3.6 Design of head

All pressure vessel shell must be closed at the end by heads. In our case the ends of cylindrical
vessel are closed by hemispherical head. We prefer to use hemispherical head at the bottom of
our pressure vessel and at the top. Hemispherical head at the top can resist internal pressure of a
fluid from top to down more than top head.

Where: design pressure )=0.44Mpa

Thickness of the shell )=0.002m
Joint efficiency=1
Outer diameter of the shell 1004mm
Corrosion allowance=2mm
Design stress )=107.58N/m2

3.6.1 Design of hemispherical head

The design thickness of a hemispherical head is given by
+CA
= + 0.002m
th = 0.00302m or th=3mm
The stress on the hemispherical head calculated using a thin shell theory.
 The hoop stress and longitudinal stress are equal in hemispherical head.
Therefore: σh=σL=
=
= 34.375MPa.
Wight of the hemispherical head.
Wight of hemispherical head is given by:
Wh=1.57dm2×t×ρ×g……….where ρ = density of stainless steel.
dm = mean vessel diameter.
dm = d+t = 1m+0.00302m = 1.00302m.
Wh= 1.57×(1.00302m)2×0.00302m×7900kg/m3×9.8m/s2=369.3N

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 24

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

To calculate hemispherical head volume

---------Head volume (hemispherical head)

= =0.5234 9
V=0.5234 is for one head but for both bottom and top head the volume is twice of the
individual head that means,Vh=2V=1
Head to shell transition
Heads to shells attachment by butt welded joints of plates of unequal thickness. Joining plates of
unequal thicknesses with butt weld.[1]To joined the head and shell I use butt walled joint
according on the (category a see page 11) and the head shell have deferent thickness in
according to CODE UW-9(c),UW-13. Joining of a plate unequal thickness with butt weld, the
thickness of the plate shall be tapered is more than 3.125mm (1/8in).

Figure 3.3: welding type of head to shall………………………………………………………..[R4]

Thickness of head (th=3.02mm) and shell (ts=2.05mm), their deference (0.97mm). tapered is less
than 3.125mm (1/8in) or 3.175mm.

L < 3*y and y=0.97mm L < 2.91mm.

2.91mm<3.125mm
 Tapered is less than 3.125mm (1/8in) or 3.175m

3.7.DESIGN OF FLANGE
We know that the flange is class 300lb and the material is Forged steel SA 105. I select
Welding-neck flanges, because have a long tapered hub between the flange ring and the welded
joint. This gradual transition of the section reduces the discontinuity stresses between the flange
and branch, and increases the strength of the flange assembly. Welding-neck flanges are suitable
for extreme service conditions; where the flange is likely to be subjected to temperature, shear
and vibration loads. They will normally be

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 25

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Specified for the connections and nozzles on process vessels and process equipment. There are 5
flange that I used for my pressure vessel their value is shown blow.
• Two longitudinal pipe with D=150mm
• One lateral pipe with D=150mm
• One bottom discharge D=65mm
• One sample opening D=25mm

3.7.1FLANGE APPLIED LOAD AND FALNGE MOMEANT

Figure;3.4 sectional view of flange……………………………………………..[R5]

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 26

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Nomi Diamet Length Diamete Diameter Outside Thickness Outside Bolti

nal er of through r of the of the hub diameter of of diameter ng
pipe the the hub at at the flange(mm flange(mm of raise
size( bore(m hub(mm the base(mm) )[D] )[b] face(mm)
mm) m) [h1] point of [d3] [d4]
[A] weld
ng[d1]
65 66.1 52 76.1 90 185 22 122 M16
150 158.3 75 168.3 192 300 28 218 M24

Table 11; flange standard…………………………………………[R5]

The load on the flange can be given as fallow
m=gasket factor
Pi=internal pressure of flange
Pi=MPa
B=in side diameter of a flange for each pipe
B=A/2
A=d1-10mm, I take assumption the thickness is 10mm
b=effective gasket selling width
2b=effective gasket pressure width
tf=thickness of flange
tf=b
hd= (d3 + D – 2d1)/4
hg= (D – d3)/4
ht= (d3 + D)/4
d3‟=mane diameter of gasket
=B + (ht-hg)
Hg=gasket reaction forces (pressure forces)
=πd3‟ (2b) mPi
D=total pressure
= (π/4)d3‟2Pi
Hd=pressure force of area inside the flange
= (π/4) B2Pi
Ht=pressure for a flange face
=D - Hd
The moment on the flange is
Mop=Hd*hd + Ht*ht + Hg*hg
Let‟s calculate the load and moment
• There gasket factor width and internal pressure for the flange are the same

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 27

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Table 12 gasket material………………………………………[R3]

Figure 3.5 Force Act On Internal Flange……………………….[R2]

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 28

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Table13 selection of inner pressure…………………………[R2]

my nominal pressure (4) I select internal pressure of flange is between 2.5 and 6 at 280 oC
m=2.5, b=10mm and Pi=2.56MPa
hd= (d3 + D – 2d1)/4
For 65mm = (90+185-2*76.1)mm/4=30.7mm
For 150mm = (192+300-2*168.3)mm/4=38.85mm
hg= (D – d3)/4
For 65mm= (185-90)mm/4 =23.75mm
For 150mm= (300-192)mm/4=27mm
ht=(d3+D)/4
For 65mm= (90+185)mm/4=68.75mm
For 150mm= (192+300)mm/4=123mm
tf=b
For 65mm=22mm
For 150mm=28mm
B=A/2 (assumption) A=d1-10mm
For 65mm= (76.1-10)mm/2=33.05mm
For 150mm= (168.3-10)mm/2=79.15mm
G‟=B + (ht - hg)
For 65mm=33.05mm + (68.75-23.75) mm=78.05mm
For 150mm=79.15+ (123-27) mm= 175.15mm

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 29

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

H= (π/4) d3‟2Pi
For 65mm= (π/4)(90mm)2*2.56MPa=16,286N
For 150mm = (π/4)(192mm)2*2.56MPa=74,119.5N
Hd= (π/4) B2Pi
For 65mm= (π/4)(33.05mm)2*2.56MPa=5,622.283N
For 150mm = (π/4)(79.15mm)2*2.56MPa=12,596N
Ht =H-Hd
For 65mm= (16,286-5622,283)N=10663.717N
For 150mm= (74,119.5-12,596)N=61523.5N
Hg=πd3‟(2b)mPi
For 65mm=π(90mm)(2*10mm)2.5*2.56MPa=36,191.14737N
For 150mm=π (192mm)(2*10mm)2.5*2.56MPa=77,207.78N
The moment is
Mop=Hd*hd + Ht*ht + Hg*hg
For 65mm pipe
Mop=(5,622.283N)(30.7mm)+(10,663.71N)(68.75mm)+(36,191.1473)(30.7m)=2,016,802.373N
mm =2,016.802373Nm
For 150mm pipe
Mop=(12,596N)(38.85mm)+(61523.5N)(123mm)+(77,207.78N)(27mm)
=10,141,355.16Nm m=10,141,355.16Nm
The minimum load required bolt load under the operating condition given by
Wm1=H + Hg
Wm1, 65mm=16286+36191.1473=52477.1473N
Wm1, 150mm=74,119.5+77,207.78= 151327.28N
The force and the momentum must be checked under the bolting up conditions. The moment is
given by
Matm=Wm2*hg
Where Wm2 is the bolt load required to sat the gasket, given by Wm2=yπd3‟b
y=gasket sating pressure (stress) =20MPa
Wm2, 65mm=20MPa*π*90mm*10mm =56548.667N=56.548KN
Matm, 65mm =56548.66N*23.75mm =1343030.86Nmm=1343.03Nm
Wm2, 150mm=20MPa*π*192mm*10mm=120637.1579=120.6372KN
Matm, 150mm=120637.1579*27N*mm=3257203.263Nmm= 3257.20263Nm

3.8. GASKET DESIGN

• Gasket are used between assembling of two flanges having connecting pipes. The minimum
seating stress is force per unit area on the gasket which is required to case the material to flow
and fill the surface irregularity and same leakage of medium (in our case Acidic solution )The
bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It will not normally
be less than 2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for tightening with a wrench
DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 30
 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

or spanner. The following formula can be used to determine the maximum bolt spacing: From
the table R [1] and R [2] the material [SA-193-B7] and maximum allowable stress (fb) for the
bolt is 172.37MPa(25KPSi).
The minimum bolt area is given by
Abf=Wm/fb

Where Wm greatest of Wm1or Wm2

Table 14 : moment on the Gasket

Nominal Dia.(mm) Wm1(KN) Wm2(KN)

65 52.477 56.548
150 151.327 120.6372

Abf=Wm/fb
For 65mm =52.477KN/172.37MPa=304.44mm2
For 150mm =151.327KN/172.37MPa=878mm2

The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It will not
normally be less than 2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for tightening with
a wrench or spanner. The following formula can be used to determine the maximum bolt
spacing:

Pb=2db+6tf/ (m+0.5)
Where Pb-bolt pitch (spacing), mm
db- bolt diameter, mm
tf- flange thickness, mm
m- Gasket factor, 2.5Pb will be

For 65mm
=2*29.29mm+6*22mm/(2.5+0.5)=63.52mm
For 150mm
=2*29.29mm+6*28mm/(2.5+0.5)=75.52mm

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 31

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

3.9 CALCULATING WALL THICKNESS OF THE NOZZLE R [2]

Figure;3.6 cross-sectional view of nozzle

To find the thickness of the nozzle
tn= PR/ (SE-0.6P) + C.A
Where tn-thickness of the flange
P-maximum allowable
E-joint efficiency (E=0.85)
S-maximum allowable stress
R-internal radius of the pipe
C.A-corrosion allowance

Nominal Dia. (mm) P, MPa C.A, mm Radius(mm)

65 0.44 2 32.5

150 0.44 2 75

Table 15: For my nozzle I selects SA-106-B from the table and S=107.58MPa (R [2]

E=1
S=107.58MPa
Wall thickness of nozzle
tn will be
tn, =PR/(SE-0.6P) +2mm
tn, 65mm=[(0.44MPa*32.5mm)/(107.58MPa*1- 0.6*0.44MPa)]+2mm

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 32

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

=2.13mm
tn,150mm=[(0.44MPa*75mm)/(107.58MPa*1- 0.6*0.44MPa)]+2mm
=2.3mm

3.10 Design of manhole

3.10.1 Design of manhole or inspection

A pressure vessels for use with oil product and those subject to internal corrosion, erosion or
mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable manhole, hand hole, or other inspection
openings for examination and cleaning. To resist the load subjected(applied) on the man hole it
must be design from a material having enough strength to resist the applied load, having stainless
steel is a material which satisfy all this, so it selected.

3.10.2 Dimension for man hole

The dimension of man hole must allow to get in to the vessel who wants to clean its internal part.
Assume the diameter of internal manhole is: D=0.35m
To calculate the thickness of manhole wall will be;
Where p=internal pressure
Di=selected inside diameter of manhole
Do=outside diameter of manhole
S=stress of material
t= =0.00072m
When corrosion allowance is added (2mm)
t=0.00072m+0.002m=0.00272m
Therefore thickness of wall of manhole, t=0.00272m. or tm=3mm
And the outer diameter of the manhole
= +2t
= 0.35m + 2*0.003m
= 0.356m

3.10.3Design of inlet and outlet

This party pressure vessel is used to input the material you want to store and used to remove the
material input offer used to the way to omitted or throughout from the material by this things.
The general thickness equation inlet and outlet is used the thickness formula for the shell from
the above

t= (Pi×di)/ (2s-Pi) +C.A Where, Pi = internal pressure di = internal diameter

s = allowable stress

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 33

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

t= [(0.35*0.44)/ ((2*107)-0.44))] +0.002=0.00272m;so thickness of inlet and out let is

0.00272m.

3.10.4 Design of manhole load

Load is the stress that being or applied on the vessel part of man hole design that is the stress
subjected to the vessel part of tangential and horizontal or parallel to the vessel

The circumferential stress (σ1) = x /2t

σ1 =0.44*0.35m/2*0.00272m=28.3MPa

The longitudinal (σ2)

σ2 = = 0.44*0.35/4*0.00272= 14.15MPa

 Maximum shear stress

We know that according to maximum shear stress theory, the maximum shear stress is one-half
the algebraic difference of the maximum and minimum principal stress. Since the maximum
principal stress is the hoop stress (σ1) and minimum principal stress is the longitudinal stress
(σ2),
Therefore

 From this I conclude that the longitudinal stress is equal to half of circumferential stress.
Also hence the calculated stress is less than allowable stress then my design is safe.

NAME, formula Molar Mol/L (Grams Percent by Density

mass (Molarity) Solute)/L mass (Kg/m3)

Hydrochloric acid 36.5 11.6 424 36 1180

Hcl

Table 16 selection of density…………………………………………………[R1]

3.11 DESIGN OF BOLT AND NUT

Bolt is used to join the part of instrument with a vessels part by using connecting methods Load
on bolt. The load that applied on bolt is subjected to the stress due to the stress due to the torque
transmitted and depends on the number of bolts and to tall load on the all bolts
Let d1 = Nominal diameter of bolts.

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 34

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

The bolts are subjected to shear stress due to the torque transmitted

τmax= = , Db=√ , but We know that according to maximum shear stress theory, the
maximum shear stress is one-half the algebraic difference of the maximum and minimum
principal stress. Since the maximum principal tress is the hoop stress (σh) and minimum
principal stress is the longitudinal stress (σl),
maximum shear stress, τmax= = =27.5MPa,
Where p=mg=ρvg=1180x1.6x9.81= 18,521.28N

Db.=√ =√ =29.29mm, Db=30mm

Length of bolt, l=2d+13=2x29.29+13=73mm, Lb=73mm

Figure;3.7 bolt and nut

Diameter of bolt, db=30mm
Length of bolt. Lb.=73mm
Across flat of bolt, B=1.75D=1.75X30=52.5mm
Across corner of bolt, A/C=2D=2X30=60mm
Head of bolt, H=0.7D=0.7X30=21mm
Tail of nut, T=0.8D=0.8X30=24mm
Pitch of bolt, p=0.1D=0.1X30=3mm
Thread length, TL=2D+6=2X30+6=66mm

3.12 Calculation of Overall Load for the Design of Supporter

Mass of pressure vessel is given by:
m= [(πr12* L1) - (πr2* L)] ρ
r12= r+ the actual thickness
=500mm+ 3mm
=503 mm

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 35

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

=0.503mm
L1=L+ actual thickness
= 3000mm + 2mm
=3002mm
m= [(π*(0.503) *(3.002)-(π*(0.5)2*3)]*ρ acidic solution
2

= [0.02995]*1180Kg/m3
=35.34kg

= 1.6m3*1180kg/m3
= 1888kg

= 1923.34kg

3.13 Design Calculation of bracket

 First to calculate the load in the leg the mass of the over load of the pressure vessel and
its components have to Calculated. Mass of the pressure vessel; Density of the stainless
steel is ρ = 7900 Kg/m3
m = ΔV*ρ
m= [(π ×L1) - (π ×L)] ×ρ
m= [(π (0.503)2×3.002) - (π (0.5) ²×3)] ×7900kg/m3
= 236.6kg
Where
( = r +the actual thickness &
L1 = L + the actual thickness)
ρ= is density of stainless steel
Then we will calculate the mass of the air, which is possessed in the pressure vessel
=V×
Where; V=volume of tanker,
= 1.6m3*1180kg/m3
= 1888kg

Total mass of the tanker = mass of acid solution+ mass of the pressure vessel
= 1888kg +236.6kg
= 21246.6kg
But the overall mass include the relief valve and other components of the pressure vessel so add
15% of additional mass to the total mass

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 36

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

= 2124.6 + 0.15*2124.6
= 2443.29kg
Finally calculate the weight of the leg
W= g
= 2443.29 9.81
= 23,968.67N

Fig.3,7. loads on the bracket support.

Typical bracket designs are shown in (Figures .4.4 a, and b.) The loads which steel brackets with
these proportions will support are given by the following formula:

3.8Bracket designs (a) Single gusset plate (b) Double gusset plate

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 37

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

3.14 STRESSES IN RESPONSE TO DIFF ERENT LOADS

A) DUE TO INTERNAL PRESSURE

As we are my vessel as a thin cylinder so the values of hoop stress & longitudinal stress are
calculated as under. Therefore radial stresses are ignored (very small) so we consider the
following primary membrane stresses

 HOOP STRESSES (S 1)
PD
S1  i i
2t
=
=110Pa
 LONGITUDINAL STRESS (S 2)
PD
S2  i i
4t
= =55MPa

As hoop stress is greater so design is based on hoop stress

 STRESS DUE TO WEGHT

Putting values in the formula (a)

Where, c = π * D mean = 3.14 *1000mm =3140mm

t =2 mm

Wtotal
SW 
Ct

23968.6
SW 
3140  2mm
SW=3.8MPa
 Therefore the design is safe.

3.15 METHODS OF FABRICATION

Process equipment is fabricated by a number of well-established methods such as
fusion welding, casting, forging, machining, brazing and soldering and sheet metal forming.
Each method has certain advantages for particular types of equipment. However, fusion welding
is the most important method. The size, shape, service and material properties of the equipment
all may influence the selection of the fabrication method. Gray iron casting have been widely

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 38

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

used for the mass production of small pipe fittings and are used to a considerable extent for large
items such as cast iron pipe, heat exchanger shells and evaporator bodies because of the superior
corrosion resistance of cast iron as compared with steel. Large diameter vessels cannot be easily
cast, and the strength of gray iron is not reliable for pressure vessels service. Cast steel may be
used £>r small diameter thick walled vessels. Furthermore, because of its higher strength and
greater reliability as compared with cast iron; it is more suitable for high-pressure service where
metal porosity is not a problem. The vessel diameter is still limiting because of a problem in
casting. Alloy cast
steel vessels can be used for high-temperature and high-pressure installation.
: Forging :is a method of shaping metal that is commonly used for certain vessel parts
such as closures, flanges and fittings. Vessels with wall thickness greater than 10cm ire often
forged. Other special methods of shaping metal such as pressing, spinning and rolling of plates
are used for forming closures for vessel shells.
Riveting was widely used prior to the improvement of modern welding !f techniques, for
many different kinds of vessels, such as storage tanks, boilers and a verity |t pressure vessels. It
is still used for fabrication of non-ferrous vessels such as copper and aluminum. However,
welding techniques have become so advanced, that even these materials are often welded today.
I. Machining is the only method other than cold forming that can be used to exact tenure
tolerances. Close tolerances are required for the mating parts of the equipment. Flange
faces, bushings, and bearing surfaces are usually machined in order to provide
satisfactory alignment. Laboratory and pilot plant equipment for very high-pressure
service is sometimes machined for solid stock, pierced ingots and forgings.

3.16 PRESSURE TESTING OF CODE VESSELS

All pressure vessels designed to code specification except those exempted because of small size
must be tested hydrostatically, pneumatically or by means of ."PROOF TEST". In the case of
hydrostatic test, the vessel must be subjected to a hydrostatic test pressure at least equal to one
and a half times the maximum allowable pressure at the test temperature. Following the
application of the test pressure, all joints and connections suns be inspected with the vessel under
a pressure not less than 2/3'd of the test pressure. [Although water is used in this test, any non-
hazardous liquid may be used below its boiling temperature. If the vessels are designed so that
they camiot safely be filled with water (as in the case of tall vertical towers design to handle

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 39

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

vapours pneumatically), testing may be used. The pneumatic test pressure should be at least 1.25
times the maximum allowable pressure at the test temperature. In conducting pneumatic test, the
pressure in the vessel should be gradually increased to not more than half the test pressure.
There after the test pressure should be raised in increments of 1/10th of test pressure until the test
pressure is reached. Following these, the pressure should be reduced to maximum allowable pressure and
held there for a sufficient length of time to permit inspection of vessel. The "proof test" can be used to
establish the allowable working pressure in Vessels that have parts, which the stress cannot be computed
with satisfactory accuracy. In one procedure 32 of this test, all areas of probable high stress
concentration are painted with a wash of lines or another brittle coating. The pressure is raised
and the vessel is inspected for signs of yielding indicated by flaking or strain lines in the wash.
The vessel is first observed. Strain gauge measurements may be used in nondestructive testing
.In this case the pressure is increased in increments of 1/10th the test pressure, each increment I
followed by relaxation of the pressure, until a permanent strain of 0.2% is reached. The Vessel
rating at the test temperature is equal to one-half the pressure producing this jpennanent strain. A
modification of the strain gauge measurement procedure is also knitted by the code. This method
involves the use of measuring gauges at diametrically opposed reference points in symmetrical
structure. In another version of the proof test, a sample used is tested to destruction and I ntical
vessels are rated at the test temperature at l/5th the pressure at which the tested vessels is failed.

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 40

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

CHAPTER FOUR
DRAWING
4.1 Working Principle
The pressure vessel which is mounted on support bracket is used to store oil at 2800c. The
internal pressure of the pressure vessel is 0.4MPa and all parts is constructed from stain less
steel.

4.2 Component Construction

Components of hemispherical head pressure vessel are discussed as follow:-.
 There is a one shell which is at the middle of two heads.
 There are two heads at both side with inner diameter 1000mm and thickness 3mm of the
cylinder.
 The pressure is supported by four legs bracket at both sides of the heads.

4.3 Assembly
The assembling procedure of pressure vessel is as follow:-
 First weld the hemispherical head to the cylinder.
 Second weld the bracket support to the bottom side.
 Then insert the outlet and inlet nozzle on the upper part of the vessel.

4.4 Disassembling
The assembling procedure of pressure vessel is as follow
 First disassemble the support from the vessel
 Second disassemble the heads and nozzles.

4.5. Improvement and Futurity

4.5.1. Improvement
When we relate our project with the former one is from Aluminum/steel and it have the
following properties.
 Its strength is not that match.  Strength and hardness increase.
 It is Expensive.  It can elongate beyond the yield point
 It is affected by corrosion. since it is from different alloy steel.
But now in our project we improve these  Its Costs are fair.
properties

4.5.2. Futurity
In the future the production of this pressure vessel having sphere head is needs to be:
 Manufactured from smart material.
 Stand with any form of applied load.
 Simple to use and easy to store.
 It should be easy to move from one place to other places.

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 41

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

CHAPTER FIVE
5.RESULTS AND CONCULTION

5.1.CONCLUSION
The paper has led to numerous conclusions.
However, major conclusions are as below:
 The design of pressure vessel is initialized with the specification requirements in terms
of standard tech-nical specifications along with numerous require-ments that lay hidden
from the market.
 The design of a pressure vessel is more of a selection procedure, selection of its
components to be more precise rather designing each and every compo-nent.
 The pressure vessel components are merely selected, but the selection is very critical, a
slight change in selection will lead to a different pressure vessel al-together from what is
aimed to be designed.
 It is observed that all the pressure vessel components are selected on basis of available
ASME standards and the manufactures also follow the ASME standards while
manufacturing the components. So that leaves the designer free from designing the
components. This aspect of Design greatly reduces the Development Time for a new
pressure vessel.

5.2.RESULTS

Name of components of Dimension , size and volume quantity

pressure vessel
shell L=3000mm, DO=1000mm, 1
Di=1004mm, V=1.6m3
head D=1006mm, t=3mm 2
manhole T=2.6mm 1
Flange Df=185mm, 300mm t=3mm
Nozzle D=350mm, t=3mm 1
Support X,Y=23.12mm,126.5mm 2
Bolt D=30mm 12

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 42

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Table 17: Cost estimation

No Components Quantity Cost

1 Shell material 1 5000birr
2 Support 2 500birr
3 Head material 2 3000birr
4 Nozzle material 2 200birr
5 flanges 12 500birr
6 Labor cost 2000birr
7 Total 17 11200birr

5.2. RECOMANDATION
Based on personal experience on this work, the following recommendation were made,

1. The system can be equipped with a rubber in the linkages; so that as soon to reduce the
vibrations experienced during carrying.
2. The system can be equipped with a harmonic filter to enhance the efficient functioning of
the remote control without experiencing retriggering actions.

5.3 Summary

 A Pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure

substantially different from the abient pressure.
 *Pressure vessels have many components there are;
A, Vessel shell .b, Head3. c, Saddle support. d, Nozzle e, Flanges.
, f, Manhole g, Bolt and Nut
 Pressure vessel shells are welded together to form a structure that has a common
rotational axis
 All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell
section). Heads are typically curved rather than flat
 A saddle support spreads the weight load over a large area of the shell to prevent
an excessive local stress in the shell at the support points.
 A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure
vessel.
 A flange is an external or internal rib, or tip which is used for strength, or for a
glade or for attachment to another object
 A manhole is an opening using for the inspection of the vessel during operation

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 43

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

* Selection of materials in design process requires deep knowledge about different properties of
the material; the materials will be strong and toughness, control high pressure and high
temperature, resistance to hydraulic Attack and corrosion.
* Flanged joints are used for connecting pipes and instruments to vessels, for manhole covers,
and for removable vessel heads when ease of access is required.
*Gaskets are used to make a leak-tight joint between two surfaces.
* design pressure is the maximum internal pressure (in psig), that is used in the mechanical
design of a pressure vessel.
*The national pressure vessel codes and standards require that all pressure vessels be subjected
to a pressure test to prove the integrity of the finished vessel.
* I Select carbon steel according to cost,becose cost of a material used to the mejor factor that
affects fabricatibility of the material.

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 44

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

REFERENCE
1. Coulson and Richardson‟s, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Volume 6
2. PREESURE VESSL HANDBOOK, 11th Edition
3. PRESSURE VESLL DESIGN MANUAL,3rd Edition, BY Dennis Moss
4. CHEMICAL ENGNEER‟S HANDBOOK, Robert H.Berry and Don W.Geern
5. Material science and Engineering, 7th Edition, By William D.callister Jr.
6. STANDARED HANDBOOK OF MACHINE DESIGN, by (Joseph E.shigey, Charles
R.mischke and Thomass H.brown)
7. PRESSURE VSSLE DESIGNE AND PRACTICE
8. TEXTBOOK OF MASIHN DESIGN
9. PREESURE VESSLE HANDBOOK, 10th Edition

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 45

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Nuts

Top view of nuts

Front view of nuts

shell
side view of cylindrical shell

Top view of shell

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 46

 DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Flange
Front view of flange

DESIGNED: BY CHALA ALEMU Page 47