CHAPTER 1

PARTS OF SPEECH

A. PARTS OF SPEECH

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 The English language, words can be considered as the smallest elements that have
distinctive meanings. Based on their use and functions, words are categorized into several
types or parts of speech. There are 8 major parts of speech in English grammar. They are 
noun, pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, conjunction, preposition, and interjection.

1. NOUN
This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things,
animals, places, ideas, or events. Nouns are the simplest among the 8 parts of speech,
which is why they are the first ones taught to students in primary school. Every
sentence must have a noun as its subject.
There are different types of noun namely:
 Proper noun- is the name of person, place or thing. It begins with a capital letter.
 Common noun- is a person, place, things or idea that is not specific. A common
noun is uncapitalized noun. It is only capitalized when it is at the begining of a
sentence.
Perbandingan proper noun dan common noun:
 Common noun : Day (hari)
Proper nounn : Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday.
 Common noun : City (kota)
Proper nounn : Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Jember
 Common noun : Bank
Proper nounn : BRI, BCA, Mandiri
 Common noun : Shoes
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 Proper nounn : Adidas, Nike, Sporty
 Common noun : Mountain
Proper nounn : Bromo, Semeru, Krakatau
 Common noun : Country
Proper nounn : Indonesia, Singapura, America
 Common noun : Profession
Proper nounn : Lecture, Farmer, Banker, Teller, Nurse, Midwife
 Common noun : Man
Proper nounn : Yusuf, Andi, Arief, Arga

Examples: (Contoh kalimat Common dan Proper noun)

1. Our first vice-president, Mohammad Hatta had three children.
2. The University of Indonesia is a university locate in Depok and Salemba.
3. I have many shoes collection such as Adidas and Nike.
4. There are some mountains in East Java, forexample Bromo Mountain.
5. We have many lectures in our campus, one of them is Mr. Fanani.

 Concrete– this kind refers to nouns which you can perceive through your five
senses. Examples: table, chair, white board, book, bag, pen, fan, wall, floor,
computer, etc
 Abstrac Noun- unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns are those which you can’t
perceive through your five senses. Kata benda ini dapat dipahami dan dibayangkan
namun tidak dapat disentuh atau dilihat dengan indera. Fungsi dari Abstract noun
ini adalah untuk menyatakan idea, concept, feeling, state (keadaan), atau quality
(sifat, karakter). Banyak abstract noun yang terbentuk dari derivation. Abstract
noun ini bisa dibentuk dari verb, adjective dan noun itu sendiri. Berikut seperti
contoh-contoh yang ada pada tabel dibawah ini:

CARA PEMBENTUKAN ABSTRACT NOUN

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(I) Abstract Nouns dari Verb (II) Abstract Nouns dari Nouns

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1.(+) akhiran – ment 1.(+) akhiran – ship
Announce Announcement Champion Championship
Argue Argument Friend Friendship
2.(+) akhiran – tion/ion/ation Relation Relationship
Act Action 2. (+) akhiran – hood
Connect Connection Brother Brotherhood
Expect Expectation Child Childhood
Describe Description Mother Motherhood
3.(+) akhiran – t 3.(+) akhiran –an atau – ian
Conten Content Library Librarian
Complain Complaint Music Misician
4.(+) akhiran – y
Discover Discovery (III) Abstract Nouns dari Adjective
Deliver Delivery 1.(+) akiran –y,-ty,-ity
Recover Recovery Honest Honesty
5.(+) akhiran – age, -al Beautiful Beauty
Carry Carriage Able Ability
Pack Package Pure Purity
Arrive Arrival 2. mengganti akhiran –t dgn –ce/-cy
6.(+) akhiran – ure, -ture, -ature Absent Absence
Close Closure Different Difference
Depart Departure Patient Patience
Sign Signature 3.(+) akhiran – ion
7.(+) akhiran – ing Correct Correction
Build Building 4.(+) akhiran – ness
Read Reading Bad Badness
Swimm Swimming Big Bigness
7. Verb yang memiliki bentuk sama Ill Illness
Call Call 5.Kata sifat dgn bentuk khusus
Change Change Deep Depth
Drink Drink Long Length
Help Help True Truth
Work Work Poor Poverty
Walk Walk Proud Pride

Examples:
1. She works in hospital as a midwife. She does her work well.
2. The manager of hospital receive many complaints from the patients, they complain
about the poor hospital facilities and service.
3. Allin is one of the beautiful Miss Universe in the world, her beauty is familiar.
4. Allicia tributes her writing for every single mother in the world. She writes many
articles about “mother”.

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5. The children showed happiness when they went to the zoo. They were very happy at
that time.
6. We do not believe that man’s honesty, because he is not a honest man.
7. I like to drink “Coca Cola, because it’s the most fresh drinking I’ve ever had.
8. The elementary school teacher told the true story to the students, the truth of the story
made the students sad.
9. The building of the art’s museum is very strong although the construction was built it
in 1975.
10. The midwive help the pregnant woman in hospital delivery room, their first help is
very important to save the mother’s life and baby.

 Countable noun– it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural
form. Examples:  (a dog = two dogs), (a job = six jobs), (an animal = some animals),
(an umbrella = three umbrellas). Kata tanya yang digunakan”How
many........................?
Catatan:
1. “a” (sebuah/seekor/seorang) = tunggal
2. “an” (sebuah/seekor/seorang) = tunggal (untuk noun yg menggunakan huruf
pertama vocal a,i,e,o,u) = (an umbrella, an egg, an apple, an avocado, an
underwear, an opinion, an owl, an ice cream, an ant, an eel, etc)
3. “some (beberapa) digunakan untuk kalimat positif (tdk untuk kalimat negative dan
kalimat tanya) dan bisa digunakan untuk kalimat countable dan uncountable noun.
Catatan:
- jika menggunakan “some” untuk countable noun maka benda tersebut haruslah
berbentuk jamak/plural
Contoh : Tina has some books.
- jika setelah menggunakan “some” untuk uncountable noun maka kata benda
tersebut tdk perlu ditambah “s/es”.
Contoh : there is some water in the bowl.
4. “Any (beberapa) digunakan untuk kalimat negative (-) dan intterogative (?). Bisa
digunakan untuk kalimat countable dan uncountable noun.
Contoh:
- I do not have any Math books. (countable)
- Do they need any knives? (countable)
- Is there any sugar? (uncountable withouts “s”)
5. Kata tanya yang sering digunakan adalah:
- How many.............................? (countable noun/plural nouns) (few) (-/?)
- How much.............................? (uncountable noun/plural nouns) (little) (-/?)
- “A lot of dan a plenty of” digunakan dengan uncountable and plural nouns.
(biasanya digunakan untuk kalimat (+)

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 Uncountable noun– this is the opposite of countable nouns, they have no plural,
they need to have “counters” to quantify them, before uncountable nouns you can
say the/some/any/much/this/his/etc. Examples of Counters: kilo, cup, meter,
Examples: rice, flour, music, gold, blood, air, knowledge, beauty (not rices,
musics, bloods, flours). You can also use uncountable noun alone, with no article,
examples (Blood is red). Kata tanya yang digunakan “How
much............................................?
Examples:
1. There has been a lot of research into the cause of this disease.
2. Can you give me some information?
3. He did not have much sugar left.
4. Measure 1 cup of water, 300g of flour, and 1 teaspoon of salt.

Notes:
a) Many nouns can be used as countable or as uncountable noun. Usually there is a
difference in meaning. Examples;
Paper (I bought a paper) = a newspaper - countable
(I bought some paper) = material for writing on - uncountable
Hair (there is a hair in my soup!) = one single hair - countable
(She has beautiful hair) = hair on her head – uncountable
Experience: we had many interesting experiences during our holiday.
You need experience for this job.
b) Some nouns are usually uncountable in English but often countable in other
languages. Here are the most important of these:
- Accommodation - behaviour - furniture - news
- Advice - bread - information - permission
- Progress - travel - permission - weather
- Chaos -luggage - trouble -work

 Collective– refers to a group of persons, animals, or things. Example: faculty

(group of teachers), class (group of students), pride (group of lions), family,
audience, committee, government, team, crew, club, community, crowd, staff,
army. Collective nouns adalah jamak, tapi dalam struktur tata bahasa inggris, ia
berdiri sebagai sebuah entitas atau kesatuan sehingga dianggap sebagai single
nouns atau kata benda tunggal.

Contoh:
 North korean army is ready to go to war.
 Our class votes for sella to become our leader.
 We make the group of men in the whatsapp.
 He gives me a bucket of red flower.

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  The crowd was orderly.
Notes:
1. These nouns end in – s but they are singular (mathematics, physics, economics,
athletics, gymnastics, news)
2. These nouns only use in plural (trousers, jeans, shorts, pyjamas, tights, scissors,
glasses)

EXERCISES
A. Now you have to put in a/ an or some or leave a space (without a word)
1. I’ve seen________good films recntly.
2. Have you got______headache?
3. Are most of your friends________students?
4. Have you got____camera?
5. Would you like to be_______actor?
6. Bill’s got_______big feet.
7. Do you collect____stamps?
8. Tom always give Ann______flowers on her birthday.
9. Those are_______really nice trousers. Where did you get them?
10. What_____beautiful garden!
11. What_____lovely children!
12. _____birds, forexample the penguin, cannot fly.
13. Jack has got_____very long legs, so he’s____fast runner.
14. You need_____visa to visit_____foreign countries, but not all of them.
15. I’m going shopping. I’m going to get_____new clhotes.
16. Jane is____teacher. Her parents were_____teachers too.
17. When we reached the city centre, _____shops were still open but most of them were
already closed.
18. Do you enjoy going to_____concerts?
19. When I was_____child, I used to be very shy.

B. Which of the underlined parts of these sentences is right?

1. Margaret has got very long black hair/hairs.
2. We had a very good weather/very good weather when we were on holiday.
3. Sorry I’m late. I had trouble/troubles with the car this morning.
4. I want something to read. I’m going to buy a/some paper.
5. I want to write some letters. I need a/some writing paper.
6. It’s very difficult to find a work/job at the moment.
7. Bad news don’t/doesn’t make people happy.
8. Our travel/journey from London to Istanbul by train was very interesting.
9. The flat is empty. We haven’t got any furnitures/furniture yet.
10. When the fire alarm rang, there was a complete chaos/complete chaos.
11. I had to buy a/some bread because I wanted to make some sandwiches.
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 12. After spending most of his life travelling round the world, he is now writing a book
about his experience/experiences.

C. Complete these sentences with much, many and a lot (sometime there are two
possibilities)
1. There were not____________people at the party I had seen before.
2. It cost me____________money to furnish the house.
3. We’ll have to hurry. We haven’t got_____________time.
4. Tom drinks____________milk – one litre a day.
5. She is very quite person. She doesn’t say____________
6. I put____________salt in the soup. Perhaps too___________
7. _________people do not like flying.
8. The man was badly injured in the accident. He lost____________blood.
9. It’s not a very lively town. There isn’t____________to do
10. This car is expensive to run. It uses____________petrol.
11. Don’t disturb me. I’ve __________work to do.
12. He’s got so__________money, he doesn’t know what to do with it.
13. He always puts___________salt on his food.
14. We didn’t take_____________photographs when we were on holiday.

2. PRONOUN
A pronoun is a part of a speech which functions as a replacement for a noun.
Pronoun berfungsi menghindari pengulangan kata benda atau frasa kata benda yang
sama yang telah disebut sebelumnya, sehingga tidak menghasilkan kalimat yang
panjang dan tidak lazim. Some examples of pronouns are: I, it, he, she, mine, his,
hers, we, they, theirs, and ours.
Kalimat tanpa pronoun Kalimat dengan pronoun
Beyonce held a concert last week in Beyonce held a concert last week in
Jakarta. Although Beyonce felt exhausted Jakarta. Although she felt exhausted
due to long flight, Beyonce was still due to long flight, She was still excited
excited to visit Jakarta for the first time. to visit Jakarta for the first time.
Nevertheless, Beyonce promised to visit Nevertheless, she promised to visit
Jakarta again when Beyonce had the Jakarta again when she had the
opportunity. opportunity.

TABEL PERSONAL PRONOUN

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE
PRONOUN PRONOUN BEFORE NOUN AFTER NOUN PRONOUN
I ME MY MINE MYSELF
YOU YOU YOUR YOURS YOURSELF
WE US OUR OURS OURSELVES

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 THEY THEM THEIR THEIRS THEMSELVES
SHE HER HER HERS HERSELF
HE HIM HIS HIS HIMSELF
IT IT ITS ITS ITSELF

There are six Pronouns in English;

1. Personal Pronoun (kata ganti)
Digunakan sebagai subjek dan objek, sebagai pengganti orang, tempat, atau benda
secara spesifik. Contoh:
 personal pronoun sebagai Subject (I, YOU, WE, THEY, HE, SHE, IT).
 Personal pronoun sebagai Object (ME, YOU, US, THEM, HIM, HER, IT)
Example:
 Three days ago I met Lisa. Yesterday I met her again.
 Susan borrowed three books from the library. She must return them in two
days.

2. Possessive Pronoun(kata ganti kepemilikan/ownerships)

Digunakan untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan. Ada 2 macam;
a. Dependent (ditempatkan sebelum suatu kata benda)
Contoh (my, your, our, their, her, his, it)
b. Independent (ditempatkan setelah suatu kata kerja)
Contoh (mine, yours, ours, theirs, hers, his, its)
Example:
 This is my book. The book is mine.
 This is your pencil and those are hers.
 Toni has a big car, he brings his car to the party.
 The cat is hungry so put some foods in its bowl.
 Our bicycles are there. The bicycles are ours.
 Their children are missing. The missing children are theirs.

Catatan:
Tidak menggunakan (‘s) setelah menggunakan possessive pronouns, karena jika
menggunakan (‘) it’s berarti it is atau it was.
 Are those pens her’s? (X) ---- the correct one (Are those pens hers?)
 The lion brings it’s food. (X)-----the correct one is (The lion brings its food)
3. Reflexive Pronoun
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan kegiatan untuk pelaku sendiri atau memberi
penekanan pada unsur subjek atau objek. Kata ganti ini mendapat akhiran self
untuk bentuk tunggal dan akhiran selves untuk bentuk jamak.
Examples: (Myself, yourself/yourselves, themselves, ourselves, himself, herself,
itself)

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  I am going to buy myself new jeans. (saya akan membeli jeans baru untuk saya
sendiri)
 It’s essential to treat others like you treat yourself. (sangatlah penting
memperlakukan orang lain seperti memperlakukan diri sendiri).
 The cat is licking itself. (kucing itu sedang menjilati dirinya sendiri)
 The students ate cookies that they cooked by themselves. (para siswa memakan
kue yang mereka buat sendiri)

4. Demonstrative Pronoun
Kata ganti penunjuk yang menggunakan parameter number (jumlah) dan distance
(jarak). berdasarkan kedekatan (this dan these) dekat dan (that dan those) jauh.
Noun yang digantikan umumnya berupa benda, namun dapat pula berupa orang
atau hal.
NUMBER DISTANCE PRONOUN
Singular Far (jauh) That
Near (dekat) This
Plural Far (jauh) Those
Near (dekat) These
Contoh:
 Is this your key? (mengarah pada benda).
 This is my best friend. ( mengarah pada orang).
 this is me, is that you? (mengarah pada orang)
 These chairs are mine. Those chairs are yours (mengarah pada benda)

5. Interrogative Pronoun
Kata ganti yang digunakan untuk mempertanyakan orang atau benda. Misalnya
(who, what, why, where, when, how). Examples:
Who(ever) Who (siapa) digunakan sebagai kata ganti orang. Whoever untuk
memberikan penekanan tentang kebingungan atau keterkejutan
(surprise).
Contoh:
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  Who moved my stuff?
 Who is that man?
 Whoever found my key, they will get a reward.
What(ever) What ( apa) digunakan sebagai kata ganti benda atau binatang.
Contoh:
 What should I do?
 What’s on your mind?
 Whatever made him scream like that?
Which(ever Which (yang mana) lebih spesifik dari what. Kata ganti ini
) digunakan sebagai kata ganti benda, binatang, atau kadang-
kadang orang.
Contoh:
 Which is better for my computer?
 Whichever will you choose between those expensive shoes?
Whose Whose (punya/milik siapa) untuk menanyakan kepemilikan.
Contoh:
 Whose car is he using?
 Whose bag is this?
Whom Whom (dengan/untuk/kepada siapa) dan whomever
(dengan/untuk/kepada siapapun) untuk menanyakan orang
sebagai objek.
Contoh:
 To whom did you send the letter?
 With whom did you spend the weekend?
 From whom did she get my address?

Choose one of the correct answer!

1) .........What would you do if you had a million dollars?
a) What b). Which c). Whom
2) ........has been to Bali lately?
a). Who b). Whom c). Whose
3) There are a lot of books on the table,...........book is the blue and red one?
a) Who b). Whose c). Whom
4) There are two people in that car, .........one is your brother?
a). Which b). What c). Whose
5) Rainbow hasmany colors, .............color do you like?
a). Which b). What c). Whose
6) There are many places here, .........is the post office located?
a). Which b). Where c). What
7) My name is rara,..................your name?
a). What b). Who c). How
8) All the baseball team are great,.............will you choose?
a). Whichever b). Whatever c). Which
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 6. Indefinite Pronoun
Kata ganti yang mengacu pada seseorang atau sesuatu yang dianggap tidak tentu
atau tidak spesifik. Contoh:
PLACE PERSON THING
Anywhere Anyone Everything
Somewhere Someone Something
Everywhere Everyone Anything
Nowhere No one Nothing
Contoh:
 Let’s go somewhere only we know.
 Who did you meet today? No one.
 I did absolutely nothing today.
 Everyone I know is here
 Something is bothering me.

Choose one of the correct answer!

1. What do.............need to know before renting a car?(everyone/ones)
2. You can’t buy...............with money. (everything/something)
3. Noboby.........to be unwealthy and unfamous. (want/wants)last week.
4. Does..............read book anymore? (anyone/someone)
5. ...............has sent me this. (somebody/everybody)
6. .............knows she’s been sick since last week. (nobody/nothing)

7. Relative Pronoun
Kata yang menghubungkan suatu kata benda atau frase dengan klausa
penjelasannya (who, whom, whose, which, that) yang diterjemahkan dalam bahasa
Indonesia menjadi kata “yang”. Examples:
 I don’t like people who lose temper easily.
 Meong that I always feed every day is my cat.
 The boy who is playing football on the field is my neighbour.
 The table which is made of jati wood has broken.
 The woman whose car I want to buy is my old friend.
 The team whom you were watching has won three gold medals.

EXERCISES 1
1.1 In this exercise you have to explain what some words mean. Choose the right meaning from
the list and then write a sentence with who.
a. He/she steals from a shop d. He/she braks into a house an steals things
b. He/she does not eat meat e. He/she does not drink alcohol
c. He/she design building f. He/she buys something from a shop.

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3. (an architec) _______________________________________________
4. (a bulgar) _______________________________________________
5. (a vegetarian) _______________________________________________
6. (a customer) _______________________________________________
7. (a shoplifter) _______________________________________________
8. (a teetotaller) _______________________________________________

1.2 Now you have to read two sentences and then write one sentence with the meaning. Use a
relative pronoun in your sentence.
Example:
 A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.
 The girl who was injured in the accident is now in hospital

1. A man answered the phone. He tod me you were out.

2. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient.
3. Some boys were arrested. They have now been released.

1.3 The sentences in the exercise are not complete. Choose the most suitable ending from the list
and make it into complete sentence.
- he invented the telephone - it makestypewriters
- she runs away from home - it gives you the meanings of words
- they are never on time - it won the race
- they stole my car - it can support life
- they used to hang on that wall - it was found last week
1. Gerry works for a company __________________________________
2. The book isabout a girl __________________________________
3. What was the name of the horse __________________________________
4. The police have caught the man __________________________________
5. Alexander bell wasthe man __________________________________
6. Where are the pictures ________________________________
7. The police are still trying to identify the body ________________________
8. A dictionary is a book _________________________________
9. I don’t like people _________________________________
10. It seems that Earth is the onlyplanet ______________________________

EXERCISES 2
1. I do not want to go to market with (his/him/himself)
2. (they/them/their) will go to Bali next month.
3. If he does not relax, he will make (his/him/himself) stress.
4. (us/ours/our) was a rather small house compared to the one they bought.
5. I was very upset that (anyone/no one/someone) agreed with me.
6. What I must do is set (me/I/myself) a goal in my job.
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7. If you tell him he is good looking, it will only boost (himself/his/its) ego even more.
8. (them/these/their) are the one I want!
9. Many people say that it was (hers/herself/her) that did it.
10. The house had a wonderful pool of (his/its/our) own.
11. Has John told you about (he/himself/his) project?
12. They have had a lot of advantages over (hers/her/she).
13. Could not you wait in the queue like (someone/everybody/no one) else?
14. They had a great party and really enjoyed (they/theirs/themselves).
15. Why were you all late? Would you like to explain (you/ yourselves/yours).
16. People who work overtime usually do (they/it/themselves) for a good reason.
17. It is boring-there is (anything/nothing/something) much to do in the evening.
18. (We/Us) all went with their/them.
19. They knew all about my friend and (I/me).
20. Mr. Jones and ( he/him/himself) came last night.
21. I came here with John and( her/she.)
22. Basil gave Harry and (I/me) an ice cream, and then we went to the pictures with he/him and
his friend.
23. He told Mary and (me/I) to go with he/him and his mother.
24. An old man asked my friend and (I/me) what the time was.
25. Go and see (he/him) and his friend.
26. There are some letters for you and (me/I).
27. Go with John and (her/she) to visit they/them.

EXERCISE 3 PICK THE PRONOUN!

Think about whether the missing pronoun in each sentence is being used as a subject or an
object. Write the correct pronoun form on the line to complete the sentence!
1. Samuel is in my class. ______________(He/Him) is my friend.
2. My mother and I bought some things at the store. The store will deliver them
to _________________(we/us).
3. I baked a cake for Grandma Shirley. I couldn’t wait until Sunday to give it to
______________ (she/her).
4. Uncle Joe is coming to visit in December. ___________(He/Him) will stay in
our guest room.
5. Our family is taking a trip to the Grand Canyon. Our neighbor is going to
watch our house for _______________(we/us).
6. Andrew and his sister will arrive on the next plane. I am going to pick
__________________ (they/them) up.
7. Next summer, Eric is taking the train to Oregon. _______________(He/Him)
already bought the train tickets.
8. Studying for school is important to Vanessa. _______________(She/Her)
wants to get good grades this year.
9. The television and the stereo were not working correctly. My dad asked the
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man to repair ___________________ (they/them).
10. We’re planning to go to the movies on Saturday night. Would you like to
come with ____________________(we/us?)
11. Alice and Jennifer like to bake cookies. ________________ (They/Them)
are going to bake some this afternoon.
12. You and I have been friends for a very long time. ______________(We/Us)
will probably be friends forever!

3. ADJECTIVE
This part of  a speech is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can
specify the quality, the size, color, condition and the number of nouns or pronouns.
(adalah kata yang di gunakan untuk menerangkan noun atau pronoun). Adjective juga
mungkin dapat bergabung dengan part of speech lain untuk membentuk kata baru
yang disebut compound adjective.

Contoh:
CONTOH KALIMAT COMPOUND ADJECTIVE
1. Adverb + Past Participle Meaning
 Raisa is a well-known singer in Indonesia Terkenal
 That is a brightly-lit main biulding Diterangi dengan cerahnya
 The cosmetic product is newly-found. Baru saja ditemukan
 The handycrafts are nicely-made by the students Dibuat dengan baik
B. Adjective + Verb ing Meaning
 He is a good-looking man. Berparas tampan
 That is a long-lasting plastic bag. Bertahan lama
 When you grow up, you should be a well-being Orang yang baik

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 person
 We have to be a great-thinking person. Berpikiran besar
C. Noun + Adjective Meaning
 Ronaldo is the world-famous football player. Terkenal sedunia
 You may not smoking in the smoke-free area Bebas asap
 Thay paint the wall with the water-proof Anti air
painting.
 The oil-free cake was best sold out. Bebas minyak
D. Adjective + Noun
 His high-speed camera is expensive Berkecepatan tinggi
 The project needs low-cost. Dana yang sedikit
 Mr. Taufik is a low-profile lecture. Rendah hati
 We have a short-term semester in this year. Jangka pendek.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVES;
A. Proper Adjective (kata sifat nama diri)
Proper adjective is a word that modifies nouns or pronouns and is formed from a
proper noun. A proper noun is the specific name used for an person, place, or
thing. Proper adjective typically look like their original proper noun but have some
sort of alternative ending in order to make them adjectives. There are many of
them, for examples (Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Mexican, French, Spanish,
Colombian, Indonesian), etc.
Example :
 Proper Noun America
Proper Adjective; American (the fourth of July is an American holiday)
 Proper Noun; Italy (I was born in Italy)
Proper Adjective; Italian (I love Italian food)

B. Descriptive adjective is used to expressthe size, color, or shape of a person, a

thing, an animal, or a place. They are used to provide/add more information to a
noun by describing or modifying it, usually express things that are observable
through the five senses (touch, taste, sight, smell, and sound).
Example :
 She brushed her long brown hair.
 You should always eat green leafy vegetables.
 The fat boy teased the small kids in the park.
 The old man asked the pretty girl for food.
 That attractive girl is my best friend.

C. Quantitative Adjective is a word that modifies a noun by indicating a

number/quatity. It can be cardinal or ordinal number. (menunjukkan berapa
banyak)

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 Example :
 He has 40 horses
 I have been standing here for three hours.
 Four girls were expelled from the school.
 The first boy failed in the last exam.
 He ate half of burger.
 Ron has many pens in his large bag.
 There is enough juice for my breakfast
 Little water is needed to make the pastry.
 Jhon completed the whole task.
 I do not have any chocolates in my bag.
 Most people are poor in this world.
 A few people are rich and they hold most of the wealth.

D. Demonstrative Adjective (berfungsi menunjuk orang/benda.

Example :
 Kata sifat penunjuk tertentu (this, these)
 Kata sifat penunjuk tak tertentu (certain, any)

E. Distributif Adjective (menunjukkanorang/benda satu per satu atau dalam bagian

yang terpisah.
Example :
 Every (setiap) digunakan untuk bilangan tertentu yang lebih dari dua dan tidak
dipakai untuk salah satu dari dua. Kata ini sering dipakai dengan kata benda dan
kata kerja tunggal.
Examples;
1. Every room in the royal hotel was occupied in weekend.
2. Every one agree to the decision of the big boss.
3. I go to Semarang every two weeks.
4. She goes to school every morning.
 Each (tiap-tiap/masing-masing) fungsinya untuk memisahkan bilangan (satu
per satu) yang bersifat individual/kusus. Dipakai dengan kata benda tunggal
yang dapat dihitung
Examples;
1. Each woman in this room carries a bag.
2. Each day is better than the one before.
 Either (salah satu dari dua benda), either memiliki beberapa fungsi dan
makna.
Examples;
a. Either sebagai determiner (salah satu dari keduanya)
- You can’t take either book.
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 - Either restaurant will be okay.
b. Either sebagai adverb (berarti juga sinonim kata too and also), menunjuk ke
pada hal yang negative.
- I don’t like swimming and my wife doesn’t either.
- he is not smart or handsome either.
c. Either sebagai pronoun (sebagai kata ganti)
- “Do you prefer coffee or tea?” I don’t like either (manakah yang lebih
kamu suka? saya tidak suka keduanya)
c. Either sebagai conjuction juga manunjuk pada dua pilihan. Bedanya either ini
digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua klausa.
- Either you leave now or I call the police!
- Which do you prefer? Either we go by train or plane.
 Neither (tidak satu pun dari dua benda)
Examples;
1. Which one do you want? Neither is good
2. Neither of us can understand what he’s talking about.
3. She didn’t pick up the call, and neither replied the message.

ADJECTIVE ORDER
Sometimes we use two or more adjetive together. Jika ada lebih dari satu adjective di depan
noun, kita perlu mengikuti adjective order, yakni urutan adjective berdasarkan kategori
berikut:
1. Opinion (difficult, horrible, easy, beautiful, important, good, bad)
2. Size (large, tiny, little/much, big/small, tall/short)
3. Age (young/old, new/ancient)
4. Shape (square, round, flat, rectangular, annular)
5. Color (black, white, red, green, grey, yellow, blue)
6. An origin (kebangsaan/asal)
7. Material (bahan) wooden, metal, cotton, paper, gold, marble, silk
8. Purpose (travelling, meeting, sleeping, weeding)
Contoh:
 Tom lives in a nice new house.
 A new rectangular magazine. (sebuah majalah persegi panjang yang baru)
 There are big black clouds floating in the air (ada awan yang hitam dan besar yang
bergerak di udara)
 At my home there is a beautiful square wooden table in the dining room. (di rumah saya
terdapat sebuah meja kotak indah yang ada di meja makan)

Catatan;
a. Adjective like new/large/round/wooden are fact adjectives. They give us objective
information about something (age, size, color, etc). Adjective like nice/beautiful are

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 opinion adjectives. They tell us what someone thinks of something. Opinion adjective
usually go before fact adjectives.
Opinion Fact
 Nice suny day
 Delicious hot soup
 Intelligent young man
b. Sometimes there are two or more fact adjectives. Very often (but not always) we put fact
adjectives in this order:
1. How big -- 2. How old -- 3. What color? -- 4. Where fom? --
5. what is it made of -- NOUN
Contoh:
 A tall young man - big blue eyes
 A small black plastic bag - a large wooden table
 An old Russian song - an old white cotton shirt.
c. We also use adjectives after some verbs, especially be/get/become & we also use
adjective after : feel, smell, taste, sound, seem, look.
Contoh:
 The dinner smells good.
 This tea tastes a bit strage.
 Your friend seems very nice.

EXERCISE 1
1. Rob is a _________architect.
(A). Successsful Indonesian. 7. Pass me the________cups
(B). Indonesian successful (A). Big blue plastic
2. He wears _________clothes. (B). Big plastic blue
(A). Expensive designer
(B). Designer expensive 8. All the students fall in love with the
3. The sculptute has a _______house ________teacher
(A). Beautiful square (A). Handsome new American
(B). Square beautiful (B). New handsome American
4. The _________sweater is very
comfortable. 9. He recently married
(A). Wool Indonesian a_______woman
(B). Indonesian wool. (A). Beautiful Grek young
5. This is _______smartphone (B). Beautiful young Greek.
(A). A fast new
(B). A new fast 10. I bought a pair of ________shoes.
6. My mother sold________chairs. (A). White new red rain
(A). Wooden old (B). Nice new red rain
(B). Old wooden

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EXERCISE2
Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position!
Example: a beautiful table (wooden round) --------- a beautiful round wooden table.
1. An unusual ring (gold) ________________________
2. An old lady (nice) ________________________
3. A good-looking man (young) ________________________
4. A modern house (attractive) ________________________
5. Black gloves (leather) ________________________
6. An American film (old) ________________________
7. A large nose (red) ________________________
8. A suny day ________________________
9. A hot bath (nice ________________________
10. An ugly dress (orange) ________________________
11. A red car (old/little) ________________________
12. A metal box (black/small) ________________________
13. A long face (thin) ______________________
14. A wide avenue (long) ______________________
15. A big cat (fal/black) ______________________
16. A little village (od/lovely) ______________________
17. Long hair (fair/beautiful) ______________________
18. An old painting (interesting/French) _____________________

4. VERB
This is the most important part of a speech, for without a verb, a sentence would
not exist. Verb is a word that shows an action/tindakan (physical or mental),
event/kejadian (to happen, to become), or state of being/keadaan of the subject in a
sentence (to be, to exist dan sikap). Kinds of Verbs and its function:
A. ACTION VERBS (kata kerja aksi)
Berdasarkan objeknya action verb dibagi dalam 2 jenis:
 Transitive
Kata kerja yang diikuti direct objec untuk menerima aksi contoh (ask, bring,
buy, hit, touch, etc) dari subjek
Example; (verb di dalam kalimat di bawah ini tidak bisa berdiri sendiri)
a. I clean my own room every morning.
b. We are speaking English right now
c. Hilda raises her hands.
 Intransitive

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 Kata kerja yang tidak diikuti oleh direct objec sebagai penerima aksi contoh
(come, cry, arrive, go, etc), karena aksi yang dilakukan tidak melibatkan direct
objec. Example;
a. Josua screamed loudly when his mother surprises him.
b. They arived later than usual.

B. LINKING VERB (kata kerja penghubung)

Kata kerja yang menghubungkan subjek dengan informasi atau deskripsi tentang
subjek tersebut (subjek compliment berupa noun, adjective, adverb), berbeda
dengan verb yang dapat menunjukkan aksi/tindakan, linking verb hanya sebagai
penghubung. Macam linking verb dalam bahasa Inggris:
 Verb of sensation (smell, taste, feel, sound, look, seem, appear, become), the
adjective following a linkng verb describes the subject of a sentence.
Examples;
a. The old man feels lonely.
b. The coat looks nice.
c. The host’s voice sounds terrible.
 Verb of being
Examples;
a. Mr. Mamat is a headmaster
b. I am from Bandar Lampung
c. I wish you be mature and responsible.

C. HELPING VERB (kata kerja bantu)

Helping verb atau auxilliary verb adalah kata kerja bantu yang digunakan untuk
membantu dalam suatu kalimat. Contoh kata kerja bantu: tobe is/are/was/were,
have/has/had, do/does/did, can/could, should/shall, may/might, will/would
Kegunaannya;
a. Membuat kalimat negative dengan menambahkan kata not (We do not study
English here)
b. Membuat kalimat tanya jawab pendek dengan cara meletakkan salah satu kata
kerja bantu yang ada di awal kalimat. (do we study English here?)
c. Membantu membuat jawaban pendek. (yes we do, no he does not)
d. Membuat kalimat tanya jawab panjang dengan cara meletakkan kata kerja
tanya sebelum kata kerja bantu. (What do we study English here?)
e. Jika dalam suatu kalimat subjeknya tidak diikuti kata kerja maka di dalam
kalimat tersebut perlu diberi tambahan helping verb (I am jhon)

EXERCISES
A. Supply a suitable verb (present tense) of the given verb:
1. She (go) to school every day.
2. We now (learn) English.
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3. The sun always (shine) in Egypt.
4. I (sit) on a chair and (eat) a banana.
5. Bad students never (work) hard.
6. He generally (sing) in English but today he (sing) in French.
7. The teacher (point) at the blackboard when he (want) to explain something.
8. Mother (cook) some food in the kitchen at present; she always (cook) every morning.
9. The sun (rise) every day.
10. The baby (cry) because it is hungry now.

B. Choose Transitive verb or Intransitive verb!

1. She advised me to consult a doctor.
2. Let’s invite your cousin as well.
3. I waited for an hour..
4. I received your letter in the morning.
5. I am going to send her some flowers.
6. He has changed a lot since he got married.
7. Suddenly the child woke up.
8. The loud noise woke me.
9. Let’s discuss your plans.
10. I heard a lovely song in the morning.
11. Can you lend me a few pounds?
12. The wind was blowing fiercely

C. Choose the Correct form of the verb to be

1. it _____cold today.
2. I____at home now.
3. We_______in the laboratorium now.
4. Our lectures______in the meeting room right now.
5. Mr. Agung_______(not) in his office yesterday, because he_______sick.
6. Miss. Lutfi______ a lecture.
7. Kim and Kate______in the same class.
8. My mother’s red dress_________so beautiful.
9. I___a teacher at a high school.
10. ________this your backpack?
11. Mr. Anderson’s children_________really smart.
12. _____they your best friends?
13. _____all students in campus yesterday afternoon?

5. ADVERB (Kata Keterangan)

Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is that
adverbs describe adjectives, verbs, or another adverb.
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 The different types of adverbs are:
 Adverb of Manner– this refers to how something happens or how an action is
done. Pada kalimat transitive adverb of manner tidak diletakkan diantara verb dan
objek. Contohnya; (He reads the instruction carefully), (the rich woman learns
from the expert how to arrange flowers beautifully), (students have to walk calmly
in the school), (the requirement of join the test is able to speak English fluently).
 Adverb of Time- this states “when” something happens or “when” it is done.
Contohnya ( already (sudah), finally (akhirnya), recently (baru saja), now
(sekarang), today (hari ini), ago/last (yang lalu), yesterday (kemarin), since (sejak),
then (pada saat itu), tomorrow (besok), etc.
 Adverb of Place & Direction – this tells something about “where” something
happens or ”where” something is done or happen. Adverb of direction
menunjukkan (lokasi, arah, jarak, urutan). Contoh; (outside/inside,
indoors/outdoors, off/on, out/in, there/here, away/near, over/under,
upstair/downstair, back/front, before/after, above/below, anywhere/somewhere,
etc). Example: the students of pharmacy observe the herbal medicine in laboratory.
 Adverb of Degree/Frequency– this states the intensity or the degree to which a
specific thing happens or is done. Example: (always, often,never, usually,
sometimes, seldom, ever, hardly, rarely,once/twice)
- The child is very talented. (“To what degree is the child talented?”)
- I always walk to schoo and my father often drives the car to office.
EXERCISE
A. Choose the correct adverb in the following sentences!
1. The ambulance rushed (slowly, speedily) along the highway to take the patient to the
hospital.
2. The students nurses made up the bed (neatly, lazily) to make it comfortable 
for the patient.
3. The doctor advised me to take my medication (regularly, frequently).
4. The midwife (clumsily, carefully) spilled some disinfectant on the bed linen.
5. Despite their grief, the relatives of the patient were glad that she died 
(awkwardly, peacefully).
6. The mother of the newborn baby is happy to see the baby sleeping 
(restlessly, soundly) in his crib
7. Dr.Ahmad always prefers to eat (lonely, alone) at the food court
8. They are extremely displeased with the patients for behaving (rudely, wisely) towards
the nurses
9. After visiting hours, relatives of the patients are (patiently, politely) asked to leave
10. The opening ceremony of the International midwifery conference will start 
(shortly, quickly). I hope we will not be late.

6. Choose the correct adjective or adverb in the following sentences!

1. George is a (careless, carelessly) writer. He writes (careless, carelessly).
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 2. Frank asked me an (easy, easily) question. I answered it (easy, easily).
3. Sally speaks (soft, softly). She has a (soft, softly) voice.
4. I entered the classroom (quite, quietly) because I was late.
5. Ali speaks English very (good, well) pronounciation.
6. This math problem looks (easy, easily). I am sure I can do it (easy, easily).
7. That chair looks (comfortable, comfortably).
8. I looked at the problem (careful, carefully) and then solved it.
9. I felt (sad, sadly) when I heard the news.
10. Susan smiled (cheerful, cheerfully). She seemed (cheerful, cheerfully).
11. I tasted the soup (careful, carefully) because it was hot. The soup tasted (good, well).
12. The room got (quite, quietly) when the professor entered. The studnts sat (quite, quietly)
at their desks.
13. The sky grew (dark darkly) as the storm approached.

7. Choose the correct answer by using the word in the bracket!

1. Ayu likes everything …………………….. (neat / neatly) and tidy)
2. Bintang opened the door of the bedroom...............(slowly/slow)
3. Faisal is a hardworking student. He always studt..............(diligent/diligently)
4. Devi drives her car..................(fast/fastly)
5. Louis is................ . He has an exam tomorrow and he isn’t studying at all. (lazy/lazily)
6. Yesterday rained.......... (heavy/heavily)
7. Adam played really.......................last night. Our team lost the match. (bad/badly)
8. There’s a .................. accident on the highway this morning. (terrible/terribly)
9. The students chat in the classroom................. (noisy/noisly)
10. The questions are very........................ I can answer them all. (easy/easily)
11. She walked into a ………………………… (bright / brightly) lit room.
12. Hospitals need to be kept …………………………… (clean / cleanly).
13. The empty house was completely …………………….. (silent / silently)
14. The article described...................(recently/recent) developments in the research for a cure
for AIDS.
15. The lights are too …………………………… (bright / brightly) in here – they are hurting
my eyes.
16. He was getting ………………………… (bored / boring / boringly) of doing the same
thing every day.
17. Ann makes …………………………. (beautiful / beautifully) cakes.
18.  I would like you to give me an …………………………… (honest / honestly) answer.

6.PREPOSITION
This part of a speech basically refers to words that specify location or a location in
time. Preposition is a word which is used before a noun, a noun phrase or a pronoun,
connecting it to another word.
A. AT/IN/ON/FOR/DURING (TIME)
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  At (time) ; we use at with times (at11.45, at midnight, at lunchtime, at the
moment, at Christmas, at the same time, at the age of...., at the weekend)
 On (time) ; we use on with dates and days (on 12 March, on Friday, on
Sunday morning, on Christmas day)
 In (time) we use In for longer periods of time (for example;
months/years/seasons) for examples (in April, in 1998, in the winter, in the 18
th century. But we also say (I’ll see you in the morning. But I’ll see you on
Friday morning).
 We do not use at/on/in before last and next. Examples (I’ll see you next
Friday) (they got married last March)
 In + a period of time = a time in the future
- The train will be leaving in a few minutes.
- Jack’s gone away. He’ll be back in a week.
 We also use in to say how long it takes to do something. Example (I learnt to
drive in four weeks)
 We use for + a period of time to say how long something goes on
1. I’ve lived in this house for six years
2. We watched TV for two hours last night.
 We use during + noun to say when something happens (not how long)
1. I fell asleep during the film
2. We met a lot of interesting people during our holiday
 We use while + Subject + Verb
1. I fell asleep while I was watching TV
2. We met a lot of interesting people while we were on holiday

1. AT/IN/ON (POSITION)
 We use In;
a. In a room/ in a building e. In the sea
b. In a garden/ in a park f. In the river
c. In a town/ in a country g. In a row/ in a line/in a queue
d. In the water
 We use At;
a. At the bus stop e. At the back/at the front
b. At the door/ at the window f. At an event (at a party, at a concert)
c. At the top of page/ at the g. At home, at work, at the airport, at
bottom of page school, at university, at cinema, at
d. At the end of the street hotel
 We us On;
a. On the left/ on the right
b. On the floor/ on the ground/ on the grass
c. On the wall/ on the ceiling/ on your nose

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 d. On the table/on the notice board/ on the chair

EXERCISE 1
Put the correct preposition at, on, and in
1. The course begins............7 January and ends.....10 March.
2. I went to bed.........midnight and got up........6.30 the next morning.
3. We travelled overnight to Paris and arrived.....5 o’clock.......the morning.
4. Mozart was born in Belgia......1998.
5. Are you doing anything special......the week-end?
6. Hurry up! We’ve got to go.......five minute.
7. I haven’t seen Ann for a few days. I last saw her......Tuesday.
8. I’ll phone you.....Tuesday morning.....about 10 o clock, okay?
9. I might not be at home.......the morning. Can you phone.......the afternoon instead?
10. Tom’s grandmother died......1977.....the age of 79.
11. Jack’s brother is an engineer but he’s out of work......at the moment.
12. The price of electricity is going up.......October.
13. .........Sunday afternoons I usually go for a walk in the country.
14. There are usually a lot of arties...... New year’s Eve.
15. I like walking round the town......night. it’s always so peaceful.

EXERCISE 2
Put the correct preposition for/during/while
1. I waited for you......half an hour and then decided that you weren’t coming.
2. He hasn’t lived in Britain all his life. He lived in India.......four years.
3. What did she say about me.......I was out of the room?
4. Production at the factory was seriously affected.....the strike.
5. I felt really ill last week. I couldn’t eat anything......three days.
6. Please don’t interrupt me.....I am speaking.
7. When we were at the theatre last night, we met Ann......the interval.
8. The phone rang three times........we were having dinner last night.
9. Sany was very angry after our argument. She didn’t speak to me......a week.
10. We usually go out at week-ends, but we don’t ften go out.....the week.
11. Jack read a lot of books and magazines.....he was ill.
12. Jack started a new job a few week ago. Before that he was out of work....six month.
13. I met Tom......I was waiting for the bus.
14. Can you lay the table.......I get the dinner ready.
15. We met alot of artist.......we were on the music concert.

7.CONJUNCTION
The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses together.
Jenis-jenis dan macam-macam bentuk conjuction.
A. Ada 2 jenis Conjunction:
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 Coordinating Conjunctions
Digunakan untuk menggabungkan 2 kalimat yang secara grammar berkedudukan
sama dan selalu berada diantara kata atau klausa yang dihubungkannya.
Contoh:
- For = karena (menandakan alasan atau sebab)
Example: katrina can speak German so fluently, for it’s her native language.
- And = Dan menandakan hal-hal yang tidak bertentangan)
Example: Nita is a clever and responsible midwife.
- But = tetapi/namun (menandakan hal-hal yang bertentangan atau pengecualian)
Example: - I really want to sleep, but I still have many jobs to do.
- Savira is a smart student but she is rather lazy.
- Nor (menandakan hal-hal yang tidak bertentangan, tetapi bersifat negative)
Example: - She doesn’t drink milk nor does she eat butter.
- We cannot understand it nor the reason of it
- Or = atau (berfungsi menandakan alternatif)
Example: - I would like to visit Brian or I’ll just phone him if that’s not
possible.
- What would you like to drink? Orange juice or hot tea?
- So = jadi/maka (menandakan hasil atau akibat)
Example: - it’s going to rain, so putyour coat.
- She always study hard so she passed in her exam.

 Subordinating Conjunctions
Digunakan untuk menggabungkan anak kalimat dengan induk kalimatnya, berada
di awal suatu subordinate clause yg berfungsi membangun hubungan ide antara
sub clause dengan main clause.
Contoh;
- After (setelah) - before (sebelum) - because (karena)
- so that (sehingga) - in order that (agar) -since (sejak)
- until/till (sampai) - when (ketika) - only if (hanya jika)
- whenever (kapan saja) - otherwise (jika tidak) - while (sementara)
- although/even though - even if (kalaupun) -whereas (sebaliknya)

B. Macam-macam bentuk Conjunctions;

 Single form (bentuk tunggal) seperti; and, but, because, although, so
 Compound (majemuk) seperti; as long as, in order that, even though, even if.
Correlative (menghubungkan) seperti: Either....or, neither....nor, both.....and
Contoh;
- He went to bed because he was sleepy
- Susan raised her hand and snapped her fingers.
- these shoes are old but comfortable.

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EXERCISE 1
A. Complete the text with and, but, or.
I get up at half past eight in the morning. I´m hungry ...... there isn´t any food in the kitchen. I
want milk, cereals ...... orange juice. Then, I go to the shop ...... when I get there it´s still
closed. I go back home and into the kitchen. There´s some grapefruit juice and brown bread.
...... I don´t like grapefruit juice ...... brown bread! This is not a good morning, so I go back to
bed until the shop opens.

B. Complete with and, but, or, so, because.

1. We aren´t going to the park ...... it´s raining.
2. I don´t have any money, ...... I´ll go to the bank.
3. She doesn´t like vegetables ...... fish.
4. I need milk, butter ...... bread.
5. There´s snow on the street ...... it´s not too cold.
6. She studies a lot ...... she never passes the exams.
7. You´ve got an exam tomorrow, ...... you must study tonight.
8. I don´t go to the cinema ...... I haven´t got any money.

C. Correct the underlined word using and, but, or, so, because.
1. We don´t go to the beach but it´s cold. ......
2. They don´t like meat and fish. ......
3. It´s winter because I´m not cold. ......
4. It´s raining, or take your umbrella!. ......

D. Put the words in order.

1. accident / an / she´s / in / because / hospital / she / had.
..............................................................................................
2. but / they / many / work / don´t / hours / they / have / money / much.
..............................................................................................
3. asked / Paul / me / question, / a / replied / I / so.
..............................................................................................
4. buy / I / peppers / potatoes. / and / tomatoes,
..............................................................................................

EXERCISE 2
1. I visited the Grand Canyon _________I go to Arizona. (once, whenever, wherever).
2. This is the place _________we stayed last time we visited. (where, when, how)
3. _________you win first place, you will receive a prize (wherever, if, unless).
4. You won’t pass the test _____you study. (when, if, unless)
5. I could not get seat ,_______I came early. (as, though, when)
6. We are leaving Wednesday _______or not it rains. (if, whether, though)
7. Pay attention to your work ______you wil not make mistakes. (so that, unless, or)
8. The musicians delivered a rousing performance _____they had rehearsed often. (though, as,
once)
9. She is honest ______everyone trusts her. (if, so, when)
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10. Write this down____ you forget. (or, when, because)
11. My car has a radio ______a CD player. (but, or, and)
12. Sharon hates to listen to rap music. (but, nor, or)
13. Carol wanted to drive to Colorado _______Bill insisted that they fly. (and, or, but)
14. I have to be on time, ______my boss will be annoyed if I’m late (and, nor, for)
15. Do you like chocolate_______ vanila ice cream better? (or, nor, and)

EXERCISE 3
1. How’s the restaurant?”
“The food is good but________.”
a. The atmosphere of the restaurant is very easy
b. It can be easily reached
c. The service needs to be improved
d. It is cheaper than any other restaurant

2. ______three people have died of cholera, the old people of the village refused to get an
injection againts it.
A. Although C. In spite D. since
B. However E. despite

3. “How was the exam?”

“It was not easy ________I am sure I can pass”.
A. And C. so
B. But D. as

4. The hotel provides good facilities; still, my wife ______

A. Has enjoyed staying there
B. Has her friends move to this hotel
C. Has prolonged her stay there
D. Has so much to complain about

5. “Why didn’t you print your report at home?”

“I ran out of ink for my printer. It’s _________expensive that I can’t aford it.”
A. Such C. Such an
B. Very D. So

6. _______Andy seldom attends the class, he is always one of the best students in class.
A. whenever C. although
B. since D. because

7. A : “His two last musical shows were not professionally conducted.”

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 B : “You are right ._________ he has contacted Kris, a professional in entertainment
business, for his next show.”
A. So that C. In spite of that
B. Therefore D. More over

8. ________I can drive, I often ask my brother to drive me to the city.

A. Since C. whether
B. Because D. although

8. INTERJECTION
This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since interjections
are commonly used to convey strong emotions or expresses a spontaneous feeling,
they are usually followed by an exclamation poin (ucapan pendek yang digunakan
untuk mengungkapkan emosi yang kuat atau perasaan yang muncul secara spontan
yang akhiri tanda seru atau koma). Interjecion lebih sering digunakan pada speaking
dari pada writing, bisa berdiri sendiri maupun masuk di dalam kalimat. Interjection
tidak atau hampir tidak memiliki hubungan gramatical dengan kalimat tersebut.
Penggunaannya bisa ditulis diawal kalimat (beginning), ditengah kalimat (middle)
atau diakhir kalimat (end) (tergantung kalimatnya). There are different kind of
interjection, such as;
 adjective that are used as interjection
 nice! You got a monster kill in your first game!
 Good! Now we can move on to the next lesson.
 Excellent! You did it best.
 Wonderful!” it is a very artistic.
 Noun or noun phrases are used as interjection
a. Congratulation, you won the match.
b. Hello! How are you? (sambutan/salam)
c. “Hey!” he comes!” (meminta perhatian)
 Sounds are used as interjection
a. Ugh!I’m never doing that again. (kesal/marah/frustasi)
b. Uh-oh! I think we’re in serious trouble.
c. “Wow, it’s great idea.” (terkejut)
d. “ah, the weather is good.” (ekspresi senang)
e. “aha! Then you act as if you don’t know anything.” (mengerti/keberhasilan)
f. “Aw, you make her cry.” (menyesal/kasihan pada orang lain)
g. “Hmm. I’ll answer you later.” (ekspresi ragu/ketidak setujan)
h. “Oh!” it was you” (terkejut/perkiraan/rasa sakit/takjub)
i. “Oops, I stepped your shoes.” (terkejut dengan kesalahan sendiri)
j. “Ouch! It hurts!” (ekspresi rasa sakit)

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EXERCISES A.
1. _____ We have a party tomorrow!
2. _____ You look great this morning.
3. _____ that was the best performance.
4. _____ I can’t believe you broke my favorite toy.
5. _____ I think I have lost my keys again.
6. _____ I finally finished the painting.
7. _____ Robbin is doing a reading at the local library.
8. _____ what a pretty dress!
9. _____ that feels good.
10. _____ that hurts!

EXERCISES B. (Choose one of the multiple choices (a, b, c, or d) as the correct answer!)
1. Which sentence that expresses unbelieving to self-fault?
a. “Wow, what a wonderful dress it is!”
b. “Oh no! My last slice of pizza falls down.”
c. “Hufft, don’t you realize that I have been waiting for you here for two hours?!”
d. “Whoa, slow down, Madam. It is not my mistake.”

2. Which sentence that expresses surprised feeling?

a. “Well, is your sister sure to have her hair cut in that style?”
b. “Uh-huh. In my opinion, he will be an awesome singer.”
c. “Oh la la! Your children are so adorable.”
d. “Umm, I do not have any idea for this trouble.”

3. “ … , I thought I have added the sugar, but I added the salt instead. Now it tastes salty!”
What is the right interjection to fill the blank to express angry feeling or frustration?
a. Arrghh
b. Umm
c. Oh wow
d. What

4. “ … ! Good job, son! You always make us proud.” What is the right interjection to fill the
blank to express a surprised feeling of something good?
a. Umm
b. Oh no
c. Hufft
d. Wow

5. “Alas, he failed to pass his English exam.” What is the feeling that is expressed by interjection
in this sentence?
a. Sadness or sorry feeling
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b. Angry feeling to something
c. Unbelieving feeling or surprised
d. Feeling wonderful

6. “Whoa, did you see his new car? It is adorable!” What feeling is expressed by the interjection
in this sentence?
a. Agree to something
b. Feeling wonderful
c. Feeling surprised
d. Feeling awful to something

7. Which sentence below that does not express wonderful feeling?

a. “Ouch, you hurt my finger!”
b. “Whoa, did you mean we will go to London tomorrow? Superb!”
c. “Hmm, I think it is a good idea.”
d. “Oh My God, what a best view that I see this morning.”

8. Which sentence below that espresses welcoming to someone?

a. “Wait, did you know him?”
b. “Hi. Welcome to my house. Please come in.”
c. “Arrgh.. Don’t ever come back to my home!”
d. “Oops, I did not mean to do that.”

9. Which one of the sentences below that does not express uncertain feeling / uncertainty?
a. “Umm.. I am still not sure about the decision.”
b. “Hold on, I will call you later about the schedule. It is not fixed yet.”
c. “Hmm.. The meeting room is .. er .. beside the manager’s room.”
d. “Heyaa! Look at these cute penguins!”

10. “ … , it is the movie that I have ever watched.” Which is the best interjection to complete the
sentence?
a. Hufft
b. Pfft
c. Oh
d. Mmm

11. Which one of these sentences that expresses hurt feeling?

a. “Ouch! You pinch me so hard!”
b. “Hffft, the movie is so boring.”
c. “Nope! I do not want to go there alone.”
d. “What? It is not my fault!”

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12. “ … , I have a brilliant idea!” Which one is the best interjection of realisation to complete the
sentence?
a. Hmm
b. Alas
c. Uh-huh
d. Ah

13. Which one of these sentences that expresses sympathy feeling?

a. “Hey, are you okay?”
b. “I am feeling not very well today”
c. “What? Did you go there alone?”
d. “Hufft, I hate this class.”

14. Which one of these sentences that expresses curios feeling / curiosity?
a. “Ah, I know her very well.”
b. “Gee, you always come here late.”
c. “Eh, do you know that Anna loves Julian?”
d. “Hmm, I will think about it first.”

15. Which of these sentences that expresses happy feeling?

a. “Whoa, did you meet him yesterday?”
b. “Wow, I get a new car on my birthday!”
c. “Gee, didn’t you happy to hear that she won the competition?”
d. “Hmm, I don’t agree with you about it.”

CATATAN:

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CHAPTER 2

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 ENGLISH TENSES

A. ENGLISH TENSES
In some languages, verb tenses are not very important or do not even exist. In
English, the concept of tense is very important. In this lesson we look at the idea behind
tense, how to avoid confusing tense with time, and the structure of the basic tenses, with
examples using a regular verb, an irregular verb and the verb be.
What is Tense?
Tense (noun) is a form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes the
continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speaking. (From Latin
tempus = time). Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time - past, present and
future. Many languages use tenses to talk about time. Other languages have no tenses, but
of course they can still talk about time, using different methods.

A. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Pola kalimat :
(+) : Subject + Verb1 (s/es) + Object + Adv of time

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 (-) : Subject + Do/Does + Not + Verb1 + Object + Adv of time
(?) : Do/Does + Subject + Verb1 + Object + Adv of time?
Digunakan untuk menyatakan:
1. Kebiasaan sehari-hari:
- I have breakfast at 7.00 every morning.
- I get up early in the morning.
2. Pekerjaan yang sering kali dilakukan:
- I always visit my grandmother.
- He often comes late.
3. Kebenaran umum:
- The earth goes round the sun.
- The river Amazon flows into the Pacific Ocean.
4. Suatu pernyataan pada saat sekarang:
- I love him.
- He likes coffee.
- John is a clever boy.
Catatan:
Jika kata kerja dalam bentuk present ini digabungkan dengan subjek orang ketiga tunggal maka
harus ditambah akhiran -s. Ada beberapa aturan dalam mencantumkan akhiran -s ini, yaitu:
1. Untuk kata kerja pada umumnya, tambahkan -s. Contoh:
- play » plays
- eat » eats
- run » runs
2. Untuk kata kerja yang berakhiran –s, –ss, –sh, –ch, –x, –z, dan –o, tambahkan –es.
Contoh:
- catch » catches
- miss » misses
- fix » fixes
- go » goes
3. Untuk kata kerja yang berakhiran konsonan+y, –y diganti dengan –ies. Contoh:
- fly » flies
- cry » cries
- hurry » hurries
Kalimat dalam bentuk present tense juga terkadang disertai adverb of time atau kata keterangan
waktu. Beberapa adverb yang sering digunakan misalnya every day, every week, today, tonight,
this week, dan lain-lain.
Selain itu juga terkadang disertai adverb of frequency atau kata keterangan yang menerangkan
“seberapa sering”, yaitu often, always, generally, usually, seldom, sometimes, dan lain-lain.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE EXERCISES

I. This time you have to read some sentences and corect them. The English is

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 correct but the information is wrong. Write two correct sentences each time.
Example (+) The sun goes round the earth.
(-) The sun doesn’t go round the earth.
(+) the earth goes round the sun.
1. mice catch cats.
(-) Mice do not catch cats.
(+) cats catch mice.
2. Carpenters make things from metal.
(-) carpenters do not make things from metal
(+)carpenters make things from wood.
3. The river Amazon flows into Pasific Ocean.
(-)The river Amazon does not flow into Pasific Ocean.
(+)The river Amazon flows into Atlantic Ocean.
4. Water boils at 50 degrees centigrade.
(-)Water does not boil at 50 degrees centigrade.
(+)Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade.
5. The sun rises in the west.
(-)The sun does not rise in the west.
(+)The sun rises in the east.
II. In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form!
Examples:
 Water boils (boil) at 100 degrees cntigrade.
 George does not go (not/go) to the cinema very often.
 How many languages do you speak (you/speak)?
1. The swimming bath..................(open) at 9.00 and ....................(close) at 18.30
every day.
2. What time...........................................(the banks/close) in Britain?
3. I have a car but I...........................................(not/use) it very often.
4. How many cigarettes................................(you/smoke) a day?
5. “what..................................(yourfather/come) from?” He.............................(come)
from Scotland.”
6. If you need money, why..........................(you not/get) a job?
7. “What.................................(you/do)?” I am an electrical engineer.”
8. I....................................(play) the piano, but I...........................(not/play) very well.
9. I don’t understand the word “deceive”. What........................(deceive/mean)?”

III. Error Analysis

1. Does Pedro walks to work every day?
2. What are you talking about? I’m not understand you.
3. My friend doesn’t lnking her apartment.
4. Do you are working for this company?
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 5. My brother don’t have job right now.
6. I am not agree with your opinion.
7. I am not knowing Sam’s wife.
8. My roommate usually watch TV, listen to music, or going out in the evening.
9. This class is consisting of 55 students.
10. They goes to office by office bus at 8.00 every morning.

B. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Pola kalimat :
(+) : Subject + Be (is/am/are) + [Verb1 + ing] + Object + Adverb of
time
(-) : Subject + Be (is/am/are) + Not + [Verb1 + ing] + Object + Adverb
of time
(?) : Be (is/am/are) + Subject + [Verb1 + ing] + Object + Adverb of
time

Bentuk present continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang
berlangsung pada saat sekarang.
Keterangan waktu yang dipakai: now, at present, at this moment, dan lain-lain.
Salah satu ciri bentuk continuous adalah penggunaan akhiran –ing pada kata kerjanya. Ada aturan
dalam penggunaan akhiran –ing ini, yaitu:
1. Untuk kata kerja pada umumnya, cukup tambahkan –ing. Contoh:

- watch » watching - eat » eating

- fly » flying - go » going
2. Untuk kata kerja yang berakhiran –e, maka –e harus dihilangkan sebelum ditambah –ing.
Contoh:

- love » loving - argue » arguing

- save » saving - rise » rising
3. Untuk kata kerja yang berakhiran –ee, -e tidak perlu dihilangkan. Cukup ditambahkan –
ing. Contoh: (Agree : agreeing), (See : seeing)
4. Untuk kata kerja yang berakhiran dengan satu huruf vokal dan satu huruf konsonan, maka
konsonannya didobel sebelum ditambahkan –ing. Contoh:
a. Sit : sitting kidnap : kidnapping
b. Run : running get : getting

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 Beberapa kata kerja yang tidak dipakai dalam bentuk present continuous:
1. Verbs of sense atau kata kerja yang berkaitan dengan indra. Contohnya see, hear, smell,
notice, recognize.
2. Verbs of emotion atau kata kerja yang berkaitan dengan emosi. Contohnya desire, refuse,
forgive, wish, care, hate, adore, like, dislike.
3. Verbs of thinking atau kata kerja yang berkaitan dengan pemikiran. Contohnya feel,
realize, understand, know, mean, suppose, believe, expect, remember, recollect, forget, trust,
mind.
4. Verbs of possessing atau kata kerja yang berkaitan dengan kepemilikan. Contohnya own,
owe, belong, posses.
5. Kata-kata kerja lainnya, termasuk seem, appear, contain, consist, keep, concern.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE EXERCISES

I. Read this conversation between Brian and Steve. Put each verb into the correct form.
Brian and Steve meet in a restaurant.
Brian : Hello, Steve. I haven’t seen you for ages.
What (1).....................................(you/do) these days?
Steve : I (2)...................................(train) to be a shop manager.
Brian : Really? (3)..................................(you/enjoy) it?
Steve : Yes, it’s quite interesting. How about you?
Brian : Well, I (4).......................................(not/work) at the moment, but
I am very busy. I (5).........................(build) a house.
Steve : Really? (6)..............................(you/do) it alone?
Brian : No, some friends of mine (7).........................(help) me.

II. In this exercise you have to put the verb into the correct form
Example : Please don’t make so much noise. I.....................(study).
(answer) I am studying.
1. Please be quite. I...............................................(try) to concrete.
2. Look! It..............................................(snow).
3. Why............................(you/look) at me like that? Have I said something wrong?
4. You..................................(make) a lot of noise. Can you be a bit quieter?
5. (in the cinema) It’s a good film, isn’t it?..................................(you/enjoy) it?
6. Listen! Can you hear those people next door? They............................(shout) at each
other again.
7. I........................(not/work) this week. I am on holiday.
8. Why..............................(you/wear) your coat today? It’s very warm.
9. Excuse me, I...............................(look) for a phone box. Is there one near here?
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 10. I want to lose weight. I.................................(not/eat) anything today.

III. Complete these sentences using one of these verbs:

Get become change rise improve fall increase

1. The number of people withou jobs........................at the moment.

2. He is still ill but he.......................better slowly.
3. These days food....................more and more expensive.
4. The world........................things never stay the same.
5. The cost of living.................Every year things are dearer.
6. The economic situation is already very bad and it.................worse.
7. George has gone to work is Spain. When he arrived, his Spanish wasn’t very good
but now it.............................................

IV. Simple Present Tense vs. Present Progressive

1. Diana can’t come to the phone because she (wash)_________her hair.
2. Diana (wash)___________her hair three times a week.
3. Katy (sit, usually)____________in the front row during class, but today she
(sit)_________in the last row.
4. Please be quite, I (try)___________to concentrate.
5. (you, lock, always)______________the door to your apartment when you leave?
6. I wrote to my friend last week. She hasn’t answered my letter yet. I(wait,
still)_____________for a reply.
7. After six days of rain, I am glad that the sun (shine)__________again today.
8. Every morning, the sun (shine)___________in my bedroom window and
(wake)_______me up.
9. A : look, it (snow)___________
B : it’s beautiful! This is the first time I’ve everseen snow. It (snow, not)__________
in my country.
10. A : close your eyes. Now listen carefully. What (I,do)________________
B : you (rub)__________the top of yourdesk with your hand.
A : Close, but not exactly right. Try again.
B : Aha! You (rub)___________your hands together.
A : Right.

C.PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Pola kalimat:
(+) : Subject + Have/Has + Verb3 + Object + Adv of time
(-) : Subject + Have/Has + Not + Verb3 + Object + Adv of time
(?) : Have/Has + Subject + Verb3 + Object + Adv of time?

2
a. Bentuk ini juga dapat digunakan ketika kita membicarakan sesuatu kejadian/aktivitas
yang dimulai dikerjakan pada masa lampau dan hingga sekarang masih berlangsung (there
is a connection with the present time).
Example:
 I have lived in Jakarta since 1999.
 I have taught in STIKES Dr. Soebandi since 2010.
 I have studied in STIKES Dr. Soebandi since 2014.
 She has worked in the bank for five years.

b. Bentuk tense ini juga digunakan untuk memberikan informasi baru atau mengumumkan
suatu kejadian yang baru saja terjadi/berakhir (giving new information, to announce a
recent happening)

Example:
 I’ve lost my key (I haven’t got it now)
 Ow! I’ve burn myself
 Jim has gone to Canada. (He is in Canada or on his way there now)
 I’ve just finished my work. - I’ve just eaten.

c. Use the present perfect to say that you have ever/never done something during a periode
of time which continues up to the present.
Example:
Dave : Have you travelled a lot Nora?
Nora : Yes, I’ve been to 47 different countries.
Dave : Really? Have you ever been to China?
Nora : Yes, I’ve visited China twice.
Dave : What about India?
Nora : No, I’ve never been to India

d. Digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan berulang dalam periode waktu yang tidak
ditentukan antara masa lalu dan kini.
Examples:
 They have seen that films six times
 We have eaten at the restaurant many times.
 She has visited her grandmother frequently.

e. Kata keterangan yang sering digunakan adalah:

 Just (baru saja terjadi) - ever/never - lately/recently
 Already (sudah) - once/twice/three times - Since and for
 Before (sebelumnya) - Still (masih)

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D. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Pola kalimat:
(+) : Subject + Have/Has + Been + [Verb1 + ing] + Object + Adv of time
(-) : Subject + Have/Has + Not + Been + [Verb1 + ing] + Object + Adv of time
(?) : Have/Has + Subject + Been + [Verb1 + ing] + Object + Adv of time

Penggunaan:
 Merujuk pada kejadian yang terjadi di masa lalu dan masih terjadi di masa kini.
Example:
a. I have been working on the paper for three hours.
b. Sam has been waiting for you since this morning.
c. We have been living in this town since 1997.
 Merujuk pada kejadian/kegiatan (quite a long action) yang baru saja selesai tetapi kita
tertarik dengan hasil/akibatnya.
Example:
a. She has been cooking since last night (makanan dimeja terlihat lezat)
b. You are out of breath. Have you been running.
c. Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?

 Digunakan untuk menanyakan atau menyatakan berapa lama sesuatu telah terjadi
Example:
a. How long have you been learning English?
b. It has been raining for two hours. (it is raining now, it began to rain two hours ago
and it is still raining)

E.SIMPLE PAST TENSE.

Pola kalimat:
( + ) : Subject + Verb2 + Object + Adv of time
(-) : Subject + Did + Not + Verb1 + Object + Adv of time
( ? ) : Did + Subject + Verb1 + Object + Adv of time?
Penggunaan:
 Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu gagasan/kejadian/aktivitas yang telah terjadi
di masa lampau.
 Kata kerja yang digunakan merupakan Verb bentuk ke 2 (regular/irregular verb)
Example:
a. They went to the zoo last year.
b. Abdul went to Bali for holiday last Sunday.
c. I saw my uncle at the festival yesterday.
Jika kalimatnya tidak menggunakan kata kerja, maka pola kalimatnya adalah:
Pola kalimat:

2
 (+) : Subject + Be (was/were) + Compliments
She was in Campus yesterday morning.
(-) : Subject + Be (was/were) + Not + Compliments
She was not in Campus yesterday morning
(?) : Be (was/were) + Subject + Compliments
Was she in Campus yesterday morning?

PAST TENSE EXERCISES

I. In this exercise you have to read a sentence about the present and then write a
sentence about the past.
Example: Tom usually get up at 7.30. Yesterday Tom got up at 7.30
1. Tom usually wakes up early. Yesterday
morning______________________
2. Tom usually walks to work. Yesterday_____________________________
3. Tom is usually late for work. Yesterday____________________________
4. Tom usually has a sandwich for lunch. Yesterday ____________________
5. Tom usually goes out in the evening. Yesterday evening ______________
6. Tom usually sleeps very well.last night____________________________

II. This time you have to put one of these verbs in each sentence
Hurt teach spend sell throw fall catch buy cost
Example: I was hungry, so I bought something to eat in the shop.
1. Tom’s father______________him how to drive when he was 17.
2. Don_________________down the stairs this morning and________his leg.
3. We needed some money, so we___________our car.
4. Ann_____________a lot of money yesterday. She_____________a dress which
________________Rp. 1.000.0000.
5. Jim______________the ball to Sue who__________________it.

III. In this exercise you have to write questions. A friend has just come back from holiday
and you are asking him about it.
Example: where / go ? Where did you go?
1. How long / stay there? _________________________________
2. Stay in a hotel? _________________________________
3. Go alone? _________________________________
4. How / travel? _________________________________
5. The weather / fine? _________________________________
6. What / do in this evening? _________________________________
7. Meet any interesting people _________________________________
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9. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Pola kalimat:
( + ) : Subject + Be (was/were) + [Verb1 + ing] + Object + Adv of time
(-) : Subject + Be (was/were) + Not + [Verb1 + ing] + Object + Adv of time
( ? ) : Be (was/were) + Subject + [Verb1 + ing] + Object + Adv of time
Penggunaan:
 Digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang terjadi di waktu lampau. Satu
kejadian sedang berlangsung sewaktu kejadian yang lain terjadi.
 Tense ini tidak menginfokan apakah aktivitas/kejadian yang ada pada kalimat ini
telah selesai atau tidak.
Example:
a. Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking in the kicthen yesterday afternoon.
b. I hurt my back, while I was working in the garden yesterday.
c. My father was working in her office when my mother called him last night.
d. I was watching TV when he phoned me.

10. PAST PERFECT TENSE

Pola kalimat:
( + ) : Subject + Had + Verb3 + Object + Adv of time
(-) : Subject + Had + Not + Verb3 + Object + Adv of time
( ? ) : Had + Subject + Verb3 + Object + Adv of time?
Penggunaan:
 Bentuk kalimat ini digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang terjadi di waktu
lampau, dimana satu kejadian sudah selesai dikerjakan sewaktu kejadian yang lain
terjadi.
Example:
a. She had just come after he got there.
(Dia [perempuan] baru saja tiba setelah si laki-laki datang ke sana.)
b. I had finished my work when the letter came.
(Aku telah menyelesaikan tugasku saat suratnya datang.)
c. When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my flat and had stolen my lap
top.

11. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Pola kalimat:
( + ) : Subject + Had + Been + [Verb1 + ing] + Object
(-) : Subject + Had + Not + Been + [Verb1 + ing] + Object
( ? ) : Had + Subject + Been + [Verb1 + ing] + Object
Penggunaan:
Bentuk kalimat ini digunakan untuk menyatakan berapa lama suatu kejadian berlangsung.
Example:
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 a. They had been playing foot ball for two hours when there was a terrible storm.
b. I had been living in Bandung for there years when the war broke out.
Bandingkan:
c. How long have you been waiting?
(Berapa lama kamu menunggu?)
d. How long had you been waiting when the bus finally came?
(Berapa lama kamu menunggu sampai akhirnya bis datang?)

12. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Pola kalimat:
( + ) : Subject + Shall/Will + Verb1 + Object + Adv of time
(-) : Subject + Shall/Will + Not + Verb1 + Object + Adv of time
( ? ) : Shall/Will + Subject + Verb1 + Object + Adv of time

Penggunaan:
 Bentuk ini digunakan jika kita membicarakan suatu kejadian yang akan terjadi
(prediction). Example : (it will rain tomorrow).
 Jika digunakan dengan I atau We, untuk menyatakan keputusan spontan.
Example: I’ll pay for the tickets by credit card.
 Untuk menyatakan kerelaan.
Example: I’ll do the washing-up
 Dalam bentuk negatif, untuk menyatakan ketidakrelaan.
Example; I won’t leave untill I’ve seen the manager.
 Jika digunakan dengan shall dalam bentuk pertanyaan bermakna menawarkan sesuatu.
Example: shall I open the door?
 Jika digunakan dengan shall dalam bentuk pertanyaan dan menggunakan we bermakna
memberikan saran. Example: shall we go to the doctor?
 Jika digunakan dengan shall dalam bentuk pertanyaan dan menggunakan “I” bermakna
meminta saran/instruksi. Example: shall I tell the boss about this money?
 Jika digunakan dengan you dalam bentuk pertanyaan bermakna mengundang.
Example; will you come to my party?
Keterangan waktu yang biasa dipakai adalah: tomorrow, next week, next year, soon,
dan lain-lain.

13. SIMPLE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Pola kalimat:
( + ) : Subject + Shall/Will + Be + [Verb1 + ing] + Object
(-) : Subject + Shall/Will + Not + Be + Verb1 + ing) + Object
( ? ) : Shall/Will + Subject + Be + Verb1 + ing) + Object
Penggunaan:

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  Bentuk kalimat ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu rencana yang sudah pasti akan
dilaksanakan.
 Example; Don’t come to my house at 3 o’clock in the afternoon, because I’ll be
playing tennis.
(Jangan datang ke rumahku jam 3 sore, karena saya akan sedang bermain tenis.)

14. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Pola kalimat:
( + ) : Subject + Shall/Will + Have + Verb3 + Object
(-) : Subject + Shall/Will + Not + Have + Verb3 + Object
( ? ) : Shall/Will + subject + Have + Verb3 + Object
Penggunaan:
 Bentuk kalimat ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu rencana yang sudah pasti
selesai dikerjakan pada waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.
 Example
a. I will have bought a new car, when you come here again next week.
b. By the time I come back from London, I hope Tina will have grown up.

15. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Pola kalimat:
( + ) : Subject + Shall/Will + have +Been + [Verb1 + ing] + Object
(-) : Subject + Shall/Will + Not + Have + been + [Verb1 + ing] + Object
( ? ) : Shall/Will + Subject + Have + been + [Verb1 + ing] + Object
Penggunaan:
 Bentuk kalimat ini digunakan jika membicarakan berapa lama suatu kejadian
berlangsung sampai dengan waktu yang telah ditentukan di waktu yang akan datang.
 Example
a. Betty will have been playing tennis for 7 hours by the end of this day.
b. The Brows will have been living in this new house for 18 months next
September.

SECTION C : STRUCTURE
I. Identify these sentences below whether simple present tense, present cont., and past tense
1. They were absent yesterday ( )
2. Do you water the plants every day? ( )
3. Is she watching TV now? ( )
4. My mother doesn’t cook fried rice every morning ( )
5. Are you in the class now? ( )
6. I always be here ( )
7. Did we do the homework last night? ( )
8. You don’t sweep the floor every night ( )

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 9. Was he in the downtown the day before yesterday? ( )
10. Is she sleeping now? ( )
II. Recognize The Errors
1. They Were Not In The Library Now
A B C D
2. My Friend Always Watch The Film In The Cinema Every Afternoon
A B C D
3. Did They Played The Volley Ball Yesterday?
A B C D
4. The Children Doesn’t Cry In The Class Everyday
A B C D
5. Look! The Mice Is Running To The Drain Now
A B C D
6. The Man Usually Go To His Office By Motorcycle
A B C D
7. The Three Woman Are Walking To The Mall Now
A B C D

III. KESALAHAN YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KATA KERJA

1. I am understanding the lesson now.
2. I am knowing that she is a doctor.
3. Every morning I am going for a walk.
4. Look! The boys fight.
5. I am at this scholl for two years.
6. This is the best book I read so far.
7. A: What time is it now?
B: Sorry, my watch stopped.
8. I will see you when I will come back.
9. I have received a letter yesterday.
10. I have read that novel long ago.
11. They have arrived just now.
12. We have seen the film last week.
13. The doctor wants to know what you have eaten yesterday.
14. The accident was occuring when we were on our way to the movie.
15. The train has left before I arrived.
16. The student answered the questions correctly because he has studied very hard.
17. After he has locked the door, he went to school.
18. I have had the flu for five days before I went to hospital.
19. He speak English well.
20. Mother cook in the kitchen every morning.
21. Does the gardener waters the the garden?
22. Did Tina went to Malang yesterday?
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23. Do they sang beautifully?
24. I always get up at five and going to school at 7 every morning.
25. Last week John fell and broken his leg.
26. I have forgot to bring my book.
27. I heve collect stamps since 1998.
28. Have you ever go to Bali?
29. He does not goes to hospital every day.
30. They did not played football every week.
31. I am not knowing your phone number.

IRREGULAR VERB
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2
CATATAN:

CHAPTER 3

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 READING COMPREHENSION

READING COMPREHENSION

READING COMPREHENSION (PART 1)

Fluency Strategy: PRO

PRO stands for Preview, Read, Organize. This reading strategy will help you build your reading
fluency by helping you to organize and understand what you read.

Preview
Preview means to look at the passage before you read. When you preview the passage, follow
these three easy steps:
1. Read the title on the next page. What do you think you will learn from the passage?
2. Look at the pictures for the passage. What do they show? From the title and pictures, what
do you think the passage is about?
3. Look for any words in the passage that are in italics. These will be important words in the
passage. What words in the passage on the next page are in italics?

Read
Now, read Can the Internet be bad for you? When you read, check your answers from the preview
stage.

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Organize
The final step of PRO is to organize the information to help you remember what you have read.
One way is by creating a word web. A word web can help you easily see how the information in
the passage is organized.
Here is an incomplete word web based on the passage Can the Internet be bad for you? on the next
page. Complete the rest of the word web using the information in the passage.

Look at the word web closely. Would you organize the ideas of the passage differently? Discuss
the word web with a partner.
READING TEXT 1

Can The Internet Be Bad For You?

Spending your free time on the Internet can be fun. You can chat, share photos with friends, and
play online games. But some people are addicted to the Internet. They just can’t turn it off.

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Being online for many hours at a time does not mean you have a problem. The Internet is very
useful. Online, you can pay your bills, buy clothes, and read the news. There are many good
reasons to spend time online.

However, people with an Internet addiction are online too much. They don’t spend time with their
friends and family. Instead, they spend their time chatting with their Internet friends, people they
have never met in real life. Some also play online games all day or night. Some people with
Internet addictions even leave their jobs so they can spend even more time online!

People with Internet addictions don’t just go online to shop, have fun, or do work. People who
have this problem often go online because they want to escape the stress and problems in their
lives. Many internet addicts stop caring about their real lives, and focus only on their online lives.

One way Internet addicts can get help is by using special software. This software controls how
much time someone can spend online. It tells the computer to turn off the internet after a certain
amount time. This helps people focus on real life. The software’s goal is to teach people to use the
Internet for good reasons and not just as an escape.

READING TEXT 2
Earning Power

Everyone wants a job that pays well. Some people stop school early because they want to start
earning cash right away. Others spend years and years studying in school in order to get a better
job. Which is best? Actually, studies show that in most jobs, the higher your education, the higher
your earning power.

For example, in the United States, high school graduates can make about $30,400 a year. The
people who do not finish high school average only $23,400 a year. Just having a document that
says you finished high school means an extra $7,000!

If you stay in school, you can make more money. A person who goes to college and gets a
bachelor’s degree can make an average of $52,200. With a master’s degree, he or she can make
about $62,000. And studies show that if a person gets a PhD, he or she can make $89,000 or more
a year.

Of course, people with different occupations have different salaries. The chart below shows some
average salaries for different professions in the United States. We can learn an important lesson
from this information. If you want to work and make more money, spend more time in school.

TASK 1
Make your word web based on the passage of Reading text 2

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READING TEXT 3

Lifelong Learning

When you graduate from high school or university, is learning finished? The answer is no. In
many countries, people continue learning all their lives. Why is lifelong learning important? How
can it help you?
Lifelong learning can be useful in many ways. People who want to change careers often return to
study at a university. Some professions require employees to keep learning new ways to do things.
For example, doctors and nurses must always learn about new illnesses and treatments. They must
also practice the skills they have and keep learning new ones.
Lifelong learning can help people stay healthy and independent. Many older people also feel that
lifelong learning helps them stay close to young people. Lots of older people are now learning
how to use computers.
“I want to remain active . . . for my own health,” said Mr. Salinas, a 91-year-old man taking
computer classes. “I see my computer learning as . . . part of an active life and something that I
can share . . . with my family.”

TASK 2
Make your word web based on the passage of Reading text 3

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TASK 3
Reread the reading text 1, 2 and 3, then choose the correct answers!

1. What is the main idea of the article?

a People should not spend time on the Internet.
b The Internet is very good for people.
c Spending too much time online is not good.
d Families should use the Internet together.

2. Which is NOT a problem for people with Internet addiction?

a They stop spending time with their family.
b They might lose their jobs.
c They learn to type very fast.
d They stop caring about their real lives.

3. What does the article say about paying bills?

a It should be done online.
b It is a useful way to use the Internet.
c People with Internet addiction do not pay their bills.
d People save money when they pay bills online.

4. What way of helping people stop their Internet addiction does the passage talk about?
a watching TV with friends
b using special software
c spending more hours at their office
d getting a new job they really like

5. According to the passage, a person is most likely to become an Internet addict if _________ .
a their life is stressful and has problems
b their job is boring
c they enjoy online gaming
d they have a lot of online friends

6. Why does the passage say people stop high school early?
a They do not have a lot of money.
b They do not like going to school.
c They do not want to work hard.
d They want to start making money.

7. According to the passage, how can a person earn more money?

a by stopping high school
b by staying in school for a long time
c by working a part-time job in high school

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 d by starting a small business

8. Which of these ideas is mentioned in the passage?

a Everyone should get a master’s degree.
b Graduating high school is important.
c A person should do the same job their whole life.
d A person with a PhD will not earn a lot of money.

9. According to the chart, which job pays the most money?

a dentist
b high school teacher
c photographer
d accountant

10. Why was this passage written?

a to make school more fun
b to encourage people to stay in school
c to help people who score poorly on tests
d to teach people how to set goal

11. What does lifelong learning mean?

a You stop learning after high school.
b You learn about life when you are a child.
c You continue learning for your whole life.
d You learn how to live for a very long time.
12. What does the article say about nurses?
a They use the same information for many years.
b They must learn new things all the time.
c They did not use technology in the past.
d They need to work independently.

13. Lifelong learning can help people _____ .

a be smarter than other people
b live to be very old
c stop being lazy
d be healthy and independent

14. Which of the following might Mr. Salinas say?

a “Going to computer class makes me feel tired.”
b “I don’t like going to computer class because I don’t understand.”
c “Now, I can send emails to my grandchildren.”
d “Computers are for kids! I like books and newspapers.”

15. This article was most likely written for ______ .

a school children
b working adults
c computer teachers
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 d doctors

READING COMPREHENSION (PART 2)

The TOEFL reading questions can be broken down into 10 different reading question types:
1. Vocabulary
2. Reference
3. Inference
4. Purpose
5. Negative Factual Information
6. Essential Information
7. Detail
8. Sentence Insertion
9. Complete the Summary

A patterned plan of attack Reading comprehension

Skim the questions first,

noting the important nouns and verbs

Skim the passage quickly, reading only the first

sentence of each paragraph

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 Read the passage actively, noting main points, names
definitions, important conclusions, places, and
numbers

Answer the questions, without reading excess time

on any one question

Study The Example Below:

1) Detail question
1. According to paragraph 1, which of the [1] Paleontologists have argued for a long time
following is true of the Late Cretaceous that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by
climate? climatic alterations associated with slow changes
in the positions of continents and seas resulting
A. Summers were very warm and
from plate tectonics. Off and on throughout the
winters were very cold. Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era,
B. Shallow seas on the continents during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow
caused frequent temperature changes. seas covered extensive areas of the continents.
C. The climate was very similar to Data from diverse sources, including geochemical
today’s climate. evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate
D. The climate did not change that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than
today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights
dramatically from season to season.
too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor
2. Which of the following reasons is the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the
suggested in paragraph 2 for the extinction continents probably buffered the temperature of
of the dinosaurs? the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.
A. Changes in the lengths of the days
and nights during the Late Cretaceous [2] At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological
period record shows that these seaways retreated from
the continents back into the major ocean basins.
B. Droughts caused by the movement
No one knows why. Over a period of about
of seaways back into the ocean 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back,
C. The change from mild to severe climates around the world became dramatically
climates during the Late Cretaceous more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter
period summers, colder winters. Perhaps dinosaurs could
D. An extreme decrease in the average not tolerate these extreme temperature changes
yearly temperature over 10,000 years and became extinct.

2
 Quesiton 1 and Question 2 are detail questions. Detail questions ask you about information
that’s specifically stated in a small part of the passage. They generally focus on the “who,”
“what,” “when,” “where,” and “why” as explained by the author.
2) Purpose question
3. Why does the author mention the [3] If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals
survival of “snakes, lizards, turtles, and such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles
crocodiles” in paragraph 3? survive the freezing winters and torrid summers?
These animals are at the mercy of the climate to
A. To argue that dinosaurs may have
maintain a livable body temperature. It’s hard to
become extinct because they were not understand why they would not be affected,
cold-blooded animals whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope,
B. To question the adequacy of the especially if, as some scientists believe,
hypothesis that climatic change related dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point
to sea levels caused the extinction of the out that the shallow seaways had retreated from
dinosaurs and advanced on the continents numerous times
during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs
C. To present examples of animals that
survive the climatic changes associated with the
could maintain a livable body earlier fluctuations but not with this one?
temperature more easily than dinosaurs Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a
D. To support a hypothesis that these simple climatic change related to sea levels is
animals were not as sensitive to climate insufficient to explain all the data
changes in the Cretaceous period as they
are today

Purpose questions require you to understand why the author has included pieces of information.
The answer is not directly stated in the reading passage. To solve this type of question, you
need to understand the main point of the paragraph and how the referenced information is
related to the main point of the paragraph. You will see the question phrased something like the
following: Why does the author mention XXX in paragraph 2? Here is an example.

3) Vocabulary question
4. The word “cope” in the passage is [3] If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals
closest in meaning to? such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles
A. adapt survive the freezing winters and torrid summers?
These animals are at the mercy of the climate to
B. move
maintain a livable body temperature. It’s hard to
C. continue understand why they would not be affected,
D. compete whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope,
5. The word “fluctuations” in the passage is especially if, as some scientists believe,
closest in meaning to? dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point
A. extreme out that the shallow seaways had retreated from
B. retreats and advanced on the continents numerous times
during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs
C. periods
survive the climatic changes associated with the
D. variations earlier fluctuations but not with this one?
Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a
simple climatic change related to sea levels is
insufficient to explain all the data
Question 4 and 5 are vocabulary questions. In a "Vocabulary question", you are asked what a
word or phrase is closest in meaning to and are given 4 answer options. You need to be able to
understand the meaning of the word as it is used in the passage.

2
 4) Essential Information question
6. Which of the sentences below best [4] Dissatisfaction with conventional
expresses the essential information in the explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a
highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested
a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals
Incorrect choices change the meaning in
disappear abruptly from the fossil record as
important ways or leave out essential one moves from layers of rock documenting
information. the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks
A. The fossil record suggests that there representing the beginning of the Cenozoic
was an abrupt extinction of many plants (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last
and animals at the end of the Mesozoic layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of
era. Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay.
Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how
B. Few fossils of the Mesozoic era
long the extinctions took by determining how
have survived in the rocks that mark the long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay
end of the Cretaceous. and they thought they could determine the time it
C. Fossils from the Cretaceous period took to deposit the clay by determining the
of the Mesozoic up to the beginning of amount of the element iridium (Ir) it contained
the Cenozoic era have been removed
from the layers of rock that surrounded
them.
D. Plants and animals from the
Mesozoic era were unable to survive in
the Cenozoic era.
In an “Essential Information question”, you will see the question you see an entire sentence
highlighted in the reading passage. The question will ask you to choose which of the 4 answer
option sentences is equal to the highlighted sentence. The correct sentence will be paragraphed
so it is different than the highlighted one, but still convey all the important information.
Incorrect sentences will represent a detail or concept inaccurately, leave out an important detail,
change the original meaning of the sentence

5) Negative factual information question

7. In paragraph 4, all the following [4] Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations
questions are answered EXCEPT: for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising
A. Why is there a layer of clay observation that, in turn, has suggested a new
hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappear
between the rocks of the Cretaceous and
abruptly from the fossil record as one moves
Cenozoic? from layers of rock documenting the end of the
B. Why were scientists interested in Cretaceous up into rocks representing the
determining how long it took to deposit beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the
the layer of clay at the end of the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous
Cretaceous? rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is
C. What was the effect of the often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they
could get an idea of how long the extinctions took
surprising observation scientists made?
by determining how long it took to deposit this
D. Why did scientists want more one centimeter of clay and they thought they
information about the dinosaur could determine the time it took to deposit the
extinction at the end of the Cretaceous? clay by determining the amount
of the element iridium (Ir) it contained

You can recognize a negative factual information question by either the word “NOT” or
2
 “EXCEPT” in the question. The question can appear like the following: According to the
passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?.

6) Inference question
8. Paragraph 5 implies that a special [5] Ir has not been common at Earth’s surface since
explanation of the Ir in the boundary clay the very beginning of the planet’s history. Because it
is needed because usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially
incorporated in Earth’s core as the planet cooled and
A. the Ir in microscopic meteorites
consolidated. Ir is found in high concentrations in
reaching Earth during the Cretaceous some meteorites, in which the solar system’s original
period would have been incorporated chemical composition is preserved. Even today,
into Earth’s core microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth,
B. the Ir in the boundary clay was falling on both land and sea.
deposited much more than a million By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to
years ago Earth over a given period of time, scientists can
estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the
C. the concentration of Ir in the
observed amount of Ir in the boundary clay. (A)
boundary clay is higher than in These calculations suggest that a period of about one
microscopic meteorites million years would have been required. (B)
D. the amount of Ir in the boundary However, other reliable evidence suggests that the
clay is too great to have come from deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken
microscopic meteorites during the time one million years. (C) So the unusually high
the boundary clay was deposited concentration of Ir seems to require a special
explanation. (D)

In an "Inference" question, you will see the question phrased something like the following: In
paragraph 5, what does the author imply about ….? or What can be inferred from paragraph 5? In
this type of question, the answer is not directly stated in the reading passage. It requires you to
draw conclusions based on information that is given in the passage. You need to find out the
correct conclusion from the choices.
7) Sentence insertion question
9. In paragraph 5 of the passage, there is a [5] Ir has not been common at Earth’s surface
missing sentence. The paragraph is since the very beginning of the planet’s history.
repeated below and shows four letters (A, Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was
preferentially incorporated in Earth’s core as the
B, C, and D) that indicate where the
planet cooled and consolidated. Ir is found in high
following sentence could be added.  concentrations in some meteorites, in which the
solar system’s original chemical composition is
Consequently, the idea that the Ir in the preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites
boundary clay came from microscopic continually bombard Earth, falling on both land
meteorites cannot be accepted.  and sea. By measuring how many of these
meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of
time, scientists can estimate how long it might
Where would the sentence best fit?
have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in
o (A) the boundary clay. (A) These calculations suggest
o (B) that a period of about one million years would
o (C) have been required. (B) However, other reliable
o (D) evidence suggests that the deposition of the
boundary clay could not have taken one million
years. (C) So the unusually high concentration of
Ir seems to require a special explanation. (D)

In a "Sentence Insertion" question, you will be asked to decide where a new sentence best fits
2
into the reading passage. This question type tests your understanding of the logic in the
passage. It also tests your ability to understand the grammatical connections from one sentence
to another.

8) Reference question
10. The word 'those' in paragraph [1] Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution is known as one
1 refers to: of the most important and controversial scientific theories
a. gene pool ever published. Natural selection contributes to the basis of
b. survival Darwin's Theory of Evolution. One of the core tenets of
c. natural selection Darwin's theory is that more offspring are always produced
d. traits for a species than can possibly survive. Yet, no two
characteristics offspring are perfectly alike. As a result, through random
mutation and genetic drift, over time offspring develop
new traits and characteristics. Over time beneficial traits
and characteristics that promote survival will be kept in the
gene pool while those that harm survival will be selected
against. Therefore, this natural selection ensures that a
species gradually improves itself over an extended
duration of time. On the other hand, as a species continues
to 'improve' itself, it branches out to create entirely new
species that are no longer capable of reproducing together.
In a "Reference" question, you are asked what the highlighted word refers to. If it's a pronoun
then you need to identify what word the pronoun is replacing.

9) Complete the summary question

11. from the passage can be concluded that Read paragraph 1-5
for a long time scientists have argued that
the extinction of the dinosaurs was related
to climate change.
a. Extreme changes in daily and seasonal
climates preceded the retreat of the seas
back into the major ocean basins.
b. A simple climate change does not
explain some important data related to the
extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the
Cretaceous.
c. The retreat of the seaways at the end
of the Cretaceous has not been fully
explained.
d.
e. Boundary clay layers like the one
between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are
used by scientists to determine the rate at
which an extinct species declined.
In a "Reference" question, you are asked what the highlighted word refers to. If it's a pronoun
then you need to identify what word the pronoun is replacing.

2
Task 1
Reading Text 1
Most of the fastening devices used in clothing today, like the shoelace, the button, and the safely
pin, have existed in some form in various cultures for thousands of years. But the zipper was the
brainchild of one American inventor, namely Whitcomb Judson of Chicago. At the end of the 19th
century, Judson was already a successful inventor, with a dozen patents to his credit for
mechanical items such as improvements to motors and railroad braking systems.

He then turned his mind to creation a replacement for the lengthy shoelaces which were then used
in both men's and women's boots. On August 29th 1893, he won another patent, for what he called
the "clasp-locker". Though the prototype was somewhat clumsy, and frequently jammed, it did
work: in fact, Judson and his business associate Lewis Walker had sewn the device into their own
boots. Although Judson displayed his clasp-locker at the World's Fair held in Chicago in 1893, the
public largely ignored it. The company founded by Judson and Walker, Universal Fastener,
despite further refinements, never really succeeded in marketing the device.

The earliest zip fasteners were being used in the apparel industry by 1905, but it was only in 1913,
after a Swedish-American engineer, Gideon Sundbach, had remodeled Judson's fastener into a
more streamlined and reliable form, that the zipper was a success. The US Army applied zippers
to the clothing and gear of the troops of World War ‡T. By the late 1920s, zippers could be found
in all kinds of clothing, footwear, and carrying cases; by the mid-1930s, zippers had even been
embraced by the fashion industry.

The term "zipper" was coined as onomatopoeia ( resembling the sound it makes ) by B. F.
Goodrich, whose company started marketing galoshes featuring the fastener in 1923. Regrettably,
Whitcomb Judson died in 1909, and never heard the term, or saw the success by which his
invention would become ubiquitous.

1. The zipper differs from the other three fastening devices mentioned in paragraph 1 in which
way?
(a) it has been used in many more ways
(b) it is more recent
(c) it can be used in place of the other three
(d) it is usually made from different materials
2. The word “prototype” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(a) device
(b) design
(c) model
(d) original
3. What is the author’s main point in the second paragraph?
(a) despite being a successful inventor, Judson failed with the clasp-locker
(b) Judson lacked marketing skills
(c) Judson was a poor businessman
(d) Although Judson invented a workable product, it did not appeal to the public
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4. The word “it” in line 11 refers to
(a) Judson
(b) Clasp-locker
(c) Worldfs Fair
(d) The public
5. The word “refinements” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(a) improvements
(b) changes
(c) promotion
(d) additions
6. According to the passage, zippers did not really become a success until
(a) they were used in the apparel industry after 1905
(b) in 1913 after being remodeled
(c) the Army used them in World War I
(d) be the late 1920s
7. The word “gear” in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(a) boots
(b) luggage
(c) equipment
(d) tents
8. According to the passage, by the late 1920s zippers could be found in all of the following
industries EXCEPT
(a) footwear
(b) luggage
(c) tents
(d) fashion
9. The word “embraced” in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(a) welcomed
(b) considered
(c) discarded
(d) promoted
10. According to the passage, the zipper got its name
(a) when used in clothing
(b) in 1909
(c) from Judson
(d) because of its sound
11. Which of the following descriptions best describes the author’s last comments about Judson?
(a) admire
(b) sad
(c) envy
(d) celebrate
12. Which of the following statements can best be inferred from the passage about zippers?
(a) the imaginative name was a major factor in its success
(b) a successful model had been developed commercially before Sundbach’s version because
it was used in the apparel industry by 1905
(c) Judson was an inventor, not a business man

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 (d) If Judson had still been alive by World War I his company would have been more
successful
Reading Text 1
The renowned Boston Symphony Orchestra gave its inaugural concert on October 22, 1881.
It has continued to uphold the vision of its founder, the philanthropist, Civil War veteran, and
amateur musician Henry Lee Higginson, who dreamed of founding a great and permanent
orchestra in Boston for many years. The first concert was given under the direction of conductor
Georg Henschel, who remained music director until 1884. For nearly twenty years, concerts were
held in the Old Boston Music Hall, then in Symphony Hall from 1900, one of the world's most
highly regarded concert halls. Henschel was succeeded by a series of German born and trained
conductors: Wilhelm Gericke, Arthur Nikisch, Emil Paur, and Max Fiedler - culminating in the
appointment of the legendary Karl Muck, who served two terms as music director, 1906 - 08 and
1912 - 18.
Meanwhile, in July 1885, the musicians of the Boston Symphony Orchestra had given their
first "Promenade " , concert, offering both music and refreshments. This fulfilled Major
Higginson's with to give "concerts of a lighter kind of music." These concerts, soon to be given in
the springtime and renamed, first "Popular " and then "Pops" , fast became a tradition. Recording,
began with the Victor Talking Maching Company ( predecessor to RCA Victor ) in 1917, and
continued with increasing frequency, as did radio broadcasts.
In 1918 Henri Rabaud was engaged as conductor; he was succeeded a year later by Pierre
Monteux. There appointments marked the beginning of a French-oriented tradition which was
maintained, even during the Russian-born Serge Koussevitzky's time from 1924, with the
employment of many French-trained musicians. Koussevitzky's extraordinary musicianship and
electric personality proved so enduring that he served an unprecedented term of twenty-five
years. Regular radio broadcasts of Boston Symphony concerts began during Koussevitzky's years
as music director. In 1936 Koussevitzky led the orchestra's first concerts in the Berkshires; a year
later he and the players took up annual summer residence at Tanglewood. Koussevitzky
passionately shared Majoy Higginson's dream of " a good honest school for musicians, " and in
1940 that dream was realized with the founding of the Berkshire Music Center ( now called the
Tanglewood Music Center).

13. In the first paragraph, Henry Lee Higginson is described as

(a) an amateur conductor
(b) a war historian
(c) a visionary
(d) a philanthropist
14. The word “inaugural” in line 1 is closet in meaning to
(a) demonstration
(b) practice
(c) first
(d) official
15. The word “legendary” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(a) notorious
(b) fabulous
(c) lengthy
(d) talented

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16. According to the passage, the first promenade concert was
(a) conducted by Georg Henschel
(b) held in Symphony Hall
(c) held in the springtime
(d) held with refreshment
17. The word “did” in line 15 refers to
(a) recording
(b) began
(c) continued
(d) radio broadcasts
18. The word “unprecedented” in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(a) unique
(b) remarkable
(c) important
(d) continuous
19. Which of the following musical directors served the longest?
(a) Georg Henschel
(b) Serge Koussevitsky
(c) Karl Muck
(d) Pierre Monteux
20. What did Koussevitsky and Higginson have in common?
(a) they were both conductors
(b) they both served as musical directors for a long time
(c) neither was American born
(d) they both wanted a school for musicians
21. The pronoun “he” in 8 in the last paragraph refers to:
(a) Koussevitzky
(b) Henri Rabaud
(c) Pierre Monteux
(d) Henry Lee Higginson
22. The word “passionately” in line 9 of the last paragraph is closest meaning to:
(a) Consumely
(b) Instensely
(c) Eagerly
(d) Lovely

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CATATAN:

CHAPTER 4

2
 LISTENING COMPREHENSION

(LISTENING FIRST MEETING)- SECTION 1

LISTENING COMPREHENSION, Time – approximately 35 minutes (Including the reading of

the directions for each part)

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LISTENING PRACTICE: In this section, you will have an opportunity to demonstrate your
ability to understand conversation and talks in English. There are three parts in this section.
Answer all the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied by the speakers you hear. Do not
take notes or write in your test book at any time. Do not turn the pages until you are told to do so,

PART A : SHORT DIALOGUE

Direction: In part A you will hear a short con versation between two people. After each
conversation, you will hear a question about the conversation. The conversation and questions will
not be repeated. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers in your test book and
choose the best answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the umberof the question and fill in the
space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Listen to an example:
On the recording, you hear:
(man) : Have you sent the parcels?
(woman) : Yes, I had them sent yesterday.
( narrator): What does the women mean?
In your test book, you read:
(A) The parcels had been sent by the woman.
(B) The woman sends the parcels
(C) The parcels had sent yesterday
(D) The woman had been sent yesterday

You learn from the conversation that the woman had sent the parcels yesterday (active). It
means that the parcels had been sent by the woman (passive). The best answer to the
question, “What does the woman mean?” is (A) “The parcels had been sent by the woman. “
Therefore, the correct choice is (A)

1. (narrator) : What does the woman mean?

(A) There is no bathroom at the place (C) She doesn’t have a bathroom
(B) There is a bathroom there (D) She wants to go home
2. (narrator) : What does the man mean?
(A) The coffee shop is in the store (C) the coffee shop is far from the shoe store
(B) The coffee shop is beside the shoe store (D) there isn’t a coffe shop aroud there
3. (narrator) :What does the woman mean ?
(A) The movie theater is an importaant place
(B) She never goes there
(C) There isn’t theater around there
(D) The movie theater is on big road
4. (narrator) :What does the man mean?
(A) The man doesn’t have any muffins
(B) The muffin is delicious
(C) The muffin has been eaten by the man
(D) The man has eaten the muffin
5. (narrator) :What does the woman mean ?
(A) She cleans her room everyday
(B) Her room must be cleaned by her
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 (C) She likes cleaning the room
(D) She needs cleaning
6. (narrator) :What does the man mean?
(A) He studied for the test for the entire day
(B) He studied for the test for few minutes
(C) He enjoyed his day.
(D) The test took the entire day.
7. (narrator) :What does the woman mean ?
(A) Buying an umbrella
(B) Keeping an umbrella
(C) Carrying an umbrella
(D) Hanging an umbrella
8. (narrator) :What does the man mean ?
(A) He studied all weekend
(B) He has prepared himself for the test
(C) He studied hard
(D) He didn’t study
9. (narrator) :What does the woman mean?
(A) Sam hates the snow
(B) Sam enjoys the show
(C) Sam likes the show vey much
(D) She didn’t see the show
10. (narrator) :Who is the man mean?
(A) The man disagrees with the woman
(B) The man and the woman have a similar opinion about the day
(C) The man hates the day
(D) The man doesn’t enjoy the day
11. (narrator) : What does the woman mean?
(A) The woman didn’t read the book
(B) The woman has a similar opinion with the man about the book
(C) The woman has a similar opinion with the man about the book
(D) The woman has different feeling about the book than the man
12. (narrator) :Who is the man likely to be?
(A) An adviser
(B) An engineer.
(C) A pharmacist.
(D) A scientist
13. (narrator) :Where does the conversation probably take place?
(A) At a salon
(B) At a movie theater.
(C) At a restaurant.
(D) At home.
14. (narrator) :Who is the man likely to be?
(A) A professor.
(B) A student.
(C) A lecturer.
(D) A teacher.
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15. (narrator) :What does the woman mean?
(A) He should sell food at the Japanese restaurant
(B) He should cook eat at the Japanese restaurant
(C) He should eat at the Japanese restaurant
(D) He should find some food
16. (narrator) :What does the man mean ?
(A) He admires criminal law
(B) He is a criminal.
(C) He is not a law student.
(D) Criminal law is his major.
17. (narrator) :What will the woman probably do?
(A) Call the man later
(B) Send a letter to the man.
(C) Invite the man to her house.
(D) Leave the man alonne.
18. (narrator) :What does the man mean?
(A) He will attend the dinner
(B) He can’t attend the dinner
(C) He will invite the woman to have dinner
(D) He might attend the dinner
19. (narrator) :What does the woman mean?
(A) She agrees with the man.
(B) She disagrees with the man.
(C) It depends on the traffic.
(D) She can’t meet him at six.
20. (narrator) :What does the man mean?
(A) He is ill.
(B) He is unwell.
(C) He is fine.
(D) He isn’t very good.
21. (narrator) :Where does the conversation take place?
(A) At the post office
(B) At the police station.
(C) At the stadium
(D) At the airport.
22. (narrator) :What does the man mean?
(A) The ticket is costly.
(B) The ticket is affordable.
(C) The ticket is sold out.
(D) The ticket isn’t expensive
23. (narrator) :What does the woman mean?
(A) The dance is difficult
(B) She is a good dancer
(C) Dancing is nice
(D) The woman cannot dance
24. (narrator) :What does the man mean?
(A) His mother was at his birthday party.
2
 (B) His mother wasn’t at his birthday party.
(C) He was very pleased about his birthday party.
(D) He loves his mother very much.
25. (narrator) :What does the woman mean ?
(A) She is living in San Fransisco
(B) She is living in Paris
(C) She is not in San Fransisco anymore
(D) She is in France
26. (narrator) :What does the man mean?
(A) She should repair the hole herself.
(B) She should help the serviceman to repair the hole.
(C) She should ask the service man to repair the hole
(D) She is in France
27. (narrator) : What does the woman mean?
(A) The woman has a different opinion about the test
(B) The woman and the man have a similar opinion about the test.
(C) The woman disagree with the man
(D) The test is not hard.
28. (narrator) :What does the man mean?
(A) She must insult the man back.
(B) She must be composed.
(C) She must take revenge.
(D) She should go soon.
29. (narrator) :Who is the man likely to be?
(A) A repairman
(B) A volunteer
(C) A forecaster
(D) A doctor
30. (narrator) :Where does the conversation probably take place?
(A) At an old movie theater
(B) At the bank
(C) In the park
(D) At a school

(LISTENING SECOND MEETING)- SECTION 2 AND SECTION 3

PART B : LONG CONVERSATION
Direction: In this part of the test, you will hear longer conversations. After each conversation, you
will hear several questions. The conversation and the questions will not be repeated.
After you hear a question, read the four possible answer in your test book and choose the best
answer. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that
corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Here is an example:

2
On the recording, you hear:
(narrator): questions 31 through 32. Listen to the conversation between two people.
(man): is Monica there, please?
(woman): I’m sorry,she isn’t here right now. Cn i give he a message?
(woman): OK, Can you give me your phone number, please?
(man): Sure. It’s 555-2891

Questions:
On the recording, you hear:
(narrator): where are the woman and the man talking?
In your test book, you read:
(A) In the office
(B) On the phone
(C) At Monica’s house
(D) At school

Based on the conversation, the suitable answer for the quatsion “Where are the woman and the
man talking? Is “on the phone’ . therefore, the best choice is( B)
On the recording you hear:
(narrator) : What is the meaning of the word ‘call?
In your test book, you read:
(A) Phone
(B) Mention
(C) Scream
(D) Talk
Based on the man’s satetement’ “ please ask her to call me at work, it can be known that he hopes
Monica want to phone him. Therefore, the correct choice is (A)

Now begin work on the questions.

(narrator) : Questions 31 through 34. Listen the conversation between two people who are
describing their neighborhoods.
Questions:
31. (narrator) :What is the topic of the discussion?
(A) describing two different neighborhoods
(B) things to do downtown
(C) how to own a house in the suburbs
(D) the trouble with living in the suburbs

32. (narrrator) :Where does the man livet?

(A) in the capital city of his state
(B) downtown
(C) how to own a house in the suburbs
(D) the trouble with living in the suburb

33. (narrator) :According to the man,how is living in the apartment downtown?

(A) it’s incovenient
(B) it’s boring.
2
(C) it’s noisy.
(D)it’s noisy.

34. (narrator) :How many houses does the woman have?

(A) one
(B) two.
(C) three.
(D) four.

(narrator) : Questions 35 through 38. Listen to the conversation between two people
talking about a vacation.
Questions:
35. (narrator) : What are the woman and the man talking about?
(A)the woman’s vacation
(B) The history of the United States
(C) the weather
(D)Nashville

36. (narrator) :Where did the woman have her vacation?

(A)In the United States
(B)Only in Chicago
(C)Only in Nashville
(D)Aroud the world

37. (narrator) :How long was the woman in the United States?
(A)a week
(B) two weeks
(C)three weeks
(D) four weeks

38. (narrator) :How was the weather in Chicago?

(A)it was rainy
(B)it was hot
(C)it was warm
(D)it was snowy

PART C: TALKS
Directions: In this part of the test,you will hear several talks. After each talk,you will hear some
questions. The talks and questions will not be repeated.
After you hear a question,read the four possible answer in your test book and choose the best
answer. Then on your answer sheet,find the number of the question and fill in the space that
corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.

Here is an example.
On the recording,you hear:
(narrator) : Listen to the talk about the dust-yards.
(man) :
2
 The dust-yards were the most notorious of the nineteenth-century waste trades. In
‘Dangerous Trade’(1902),industrial health expert Thomas Oliver stated that ‘under all
circumstances dust-sorting is dirty and disagreeable work.’The uniquely unpleasant conditions of
the yards meant that dust-woman formed ‘a class by themselves,and so the word becomes more or
less hereditary.The workers also received marginal reward for their efforts.By 1900 the average
wages of woman in contractors’yards in London were only between seven and eight shillings per
week. As a result the dust-yards were increasingly controvesional bi the end the nineteenth
century. At the same time, the waste continued to grow. The 1875 public Health Act had given
local authorities a legal responsibility to remove and dispose of domestic waste. However, the last
years of the century saw a solution to the apparently insoluble problem of what to do with the
refuse of Britain’s cities. A means, in the eyes of experts, to achieve the perfect removal of waste
without resort to either the dust-yard or the “tip”(the incinerator).

Now listen to a sample question.

(narrator) : What is the topic of the talk?
In your test book,you read:
(A) Dust-yards
(B) Dangerous trade
(C) Thomas oliver
(D) Britain’s cities

The best answer to ‘ what is the topic of the talk ? ‘is ( A) ‘ dust-yards’. It is based on a statement
‘ the dust-yards were the most notorious of the nineteenth – century waste tradest. ‘ therefore, the
correct choice is (A).

Now listen to another sample question.

(narrator) : According to Thomas Oliver’s statement , how is under all circumstances dust-
sorting?
In your test book, you read:
(A) It is dirty and agreeable work.
(B) It is dirty and disagreeable work.
(C) It is clean and agreeable work.
(D) It is clean and disagreeable work.

The best answer to the question according to ‘ Thomas Oliver’s statement, how is under all
cisrcumstances dust-sorting?’ is (B) ‘it is dirty and disagreeable work.’ It is based on a statement ‘
Industrial health expert Thomas Oliver stated that Under all circumstances dust-sorting is dirty
and disagreeable work. ‘ Therefore, the correct choise is (B).
Now begin work on the questions.

(narrator) : Question 39 through 42. Listen to the talk about the texts.
39. (narrator): Which is not included as avariety of works?
(A) Government reports
(B) Advertisement
(C) Photographs
(D) Songs

2
40. (narrator): How many techniques would help you move beyond a superficial first reading?
(A) Undrestand fully
(B) Change
(C) Make
(D) Create

41. (narrator): What is the meaning of the word ‘digest’ in this paragraph?
(A) Understand fully
(B) Change
(C) The texr’s key points
(D) Periodical articles

(narrator): Questions 43 through 46. Listen to atalk about taxation.

Questions:
43. (narrator): there are two kins of taxation. What are they?
(A) income and earning taxation
(B) Direct and indirect taxation
(C)Person and property taxation
(D) building and import taxation

44. (narrator): What is a property tax?

(A) A tax to be paid by people who have houses, buildings, or land
(B) A tax to be paid by importers
(C) A tax to be paid by a person who has an income
(A) A tax to be paid by a person who buys a product

45. (narrator) : According to the talk, the world “duty” means...

(A) Example
(B) Earning
(C) Income
(D) Tax

(narrator): Question 47 through 50. Listen to atalk about a housefly’s body parts.
Questions:
47. (narrator): What is the topic of the talk?
(A) the body parts of a housefly
(B) a housefly’s head
(C) a housefly’s walking legs
(D) a pair of claws

48. (narrator): How many parts of the body does a housefly have?
(A) one
(B) two
(C) three
(A) four

2
49. (narrator) : How are the legs of house fly?
(A) they are very slick
(B) they are very hairy
(C) they are very smooth
(D) They are very strong

50. (narrator) : What is the meaning of “sticky”?

(A) slick
(B) slippery
(C) light
(D) adhesive

CATATAN

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2