Don Honorio Ventura State University

Candaba Campus

College of Education
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Filipino

Mathematics in the Modern World

Statistic
Normal Distributions

Submitted by:
Jhonalyn M. Alfaro
Jovelyn S. Cruz
Karla Mae S. Reyes
Sunshine Mela D. Canete
Avie C. Dungo
Jerico F. Mamawan
Louiejie G. Reyes

Submitted to:
Engr. Arlon G. Calma, CLSSYB
Instructor

Introduction
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Mathematics is a creation of the human mind that is primarily concerned with

thoughts, procedures and reasoning. Mathematics provides an efficient way to develop mental
discipline and facilitates critical thought and mental rigor. Moreover, mathematical
knowledge plays a vital role in understanding the contents of other school subjects such as
science, social studies, and even music and art. We use Mathematics to understand the world,
and we use the world to understand Mathematics.

A normal distributions is a probability function that defines the distribution of the

values of variable. It is a symmetric distribution of where most of the observation cluster
evenly in both distribution around the central peak and the probabilities for values further
away from the mean taper off.

A frequency distribution indicates how often each different value in data set occurs.
The most widely used graph to illustrate frequency distribution is histogram. It look very
much like a bar map, but the variations between them are major. This valuable method for
data collection and analysis is considered essential tool of quality.

The Empirical Rule notes that 99.7% of the data observed after a normal distribution
lies within the mean of 3 standard deviations. According to this rule, 68% of the information
falls within one standard deviation, 95% within two standard deviations, and 99.7% within
three standard deviations from the mean.

A normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1 is the standard
normal distribution. The standard normal distribution is centered at zero and the standard
deviation gives the degree to which a given measurement deviates from the mean.

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
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In statistics, the normal distribution is the most relevant and most commonly used
distribution. It is often called the "bell curve," although it would be less than pleasing to have
the tonal features of such a bell. After the mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss, it is also
called the "Gaussian curve". Abraham de Moivre is the one who first discovered the normal

distribution, while Gauss played an important role in its history.

The three normal distributions are shown in figure 1 below. The mean of the green
(left-most) distribution is -3 and the standard deviation is 0.5, the mean of the red (middle)
distribution is 0 and the standard deviation is 1, and the mean of the black (right-most)
distribution is 2 and the standard deviation is 3. These are symmetric with relatively more
values at the middle of the distribution and relatively few in the tails, as well as all other
normal distributions.
Figure 1. Normal Distributions differing in
mean and standard deviation.

Below is the density of the normal distribution (the height on the x axis for a given
value). The μ and σ parameters are, respectively, the mean and standard deviation and
determine the normal distribution. The e symbol is the basis of the natural logarithm and the
constant pi is the π symbol.

Note: This is a non-mathematical treatment of statistics.

The seven features of Normal Distributions:

1. Normal distributions are symmetric around their mean.
2. The mean, median, and mode of a normal distribution are equal.
3. The area under the normal curve is equal to 1.0.
4. Normal distributions are denser in the center and less dense in the tails.
5. Normal distributions are defined by two parameters, the mean (μ) and the standard
deviation (σ).
6. 68% of the area of a normal distribution is within one standard deviation of the mean.
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7. Approximately 95% of the area of a normal distribution is within two standard deviations
of the mean.

Discussions

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION-is a representation, either in a graphical or tabular format,

that displays the number of observations within a given interval. The interval size depends on
the data being analyzed and the goals of the analyst.
Type of Frequency distributions:
● Grouped frequency distribution.
● Ungrouped frequency distribution.
● Cumulative frequency distribution.
● Relative frequency distribution.
● Relative cumulative frequency distribution.

how to find frequency distribution:

● First of all, calculate the range of the data set.
● Next, divide the range by the number of the group you want your data in and then
round up.
● After that, use class width to create groups
● Finally, find the frequency for each group.
Example: creating a frequency table

Table 2.2.1 contains the amount of rent paid every month for 24 students from a statistics
course. Make a relative frequency distribution using 7 classes.

1500,1350,350,1200,850,900,1500,1500,1500,900,1400,1100,1250,600,610,960,890,1325,90
0,800,2550,495,1200, and 690

:Data of Monthly Rent

Solution:
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1. Find the range: largest value - smallest value

=2550−350=2200
2. Pick the number of classes: The directions to say to use 7 classes.
3. Find the class width: width = range/7 = 2200/7 =314.286 . Round up to 315

4. Find the class limits:

Start at the smallest value. This is the lower class limit for the first class. Add the
width to get the lower limit of the next class.Keep adding the width to get all the
lower limits.350+315=665,665+315=980,980+315=1295⇌, The upper limit is one
less than the next lower limit: so for the first class the upper class limit would be
665−1=664. When you have all 7 classes, make sure the last number, in this case
the 2550, is at least as large as the largest value in the data.
5. Find the class boundaries: Subtract 0.5 from the lower class
limit to get the class boundaries. Add 0.5 to the upper class
limit for the last class's
boundary.350−0.5=349.5,665−0.5=664.5,980−0.5=979.5,1295−0.5=1
294.5⇌. Every value in the data should fall into exactly one of
the classes. No data values should fall right on the boundary
of two classes.
6. Find the class midpoints:

lower point + upper point

2

=350+664
2
=507,
=665+979
2
=822

7. Tally and find the frequency of the data:

Go through the data and put a tally mark in the appropriate class for each piece of data by
looking to see which class boundaries the data value is between. Fill in the frequency by
changing each of the tallies into a number.
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table:

Class Limits Class Class Midpoint Tally Frequency (f)

Boundaries

350-664 349.5-664.6 507 IIII 4

665-979 664.5-979.5 822 IIIIIIII 8

980-1294 979.5-1294.5 1137 IIIII 5

1295-1609 1294.5-1609.5 1452 IIIIII 6

1610-1924 1609.5-1924.5 1767 0

1925-2239 1924.5-2239.5 2082 0

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2240-2554 2239.5-2554.5 2397 I 1

Histogram: a graph of the frequencies on the vertical axis and the class boundaries on the
horizontal axis. Rectangles where the height is the frequency and the width is the class width
are draw for each class.

Example: 2.5.2 drawing a histogram

Draw a histogram for the distribution from Example 2.2.1.

Solution:

The class boundaries are plotted on the horizontal axis and the frequencies are plotted on the
vertical axis. You can plot the midpoints of the classes instead of the class boundaries. Graph
2.2.1 was created using the midpoints because it was easier to do with the software that
created the graph.
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Graph 2.2.1: Histogram for Monthly Rent

Notice the graph has the axes labeled, the tick marks are labeled on each axis, and there is a
title. It is important that your graphs (all graphs) are clearly labeled.

Reviewing the graph you can see that most of the students pay around $750 per month for
rent, with about $1500 being the other common value. You can see from the graph, that most
students pay between $600 and $1600 per month for rent. Of course, these values are just
estimates from the graph. There is a large gap between the $1500 class and the highest data
value. This seems to say that one student is paying a great deal more than everyone else. This
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value could be considered an outlier. An outlier is a data value that is far from the rest of the
values. It may be an unusual value or a mistake. It is a data value that should be investigated.
In this case, the student lives in a very expensive part of town, thus the value is not a mistake,
and is just very unusual. There are other aspects that can be discussed, but first some other
concepts need to be introduced.
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STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

A normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 is called

a standard normal distribution. The standard normal distribution is centered at zero and the
degree to which a given measurement deviates from the mean is given by the standard
deviation.

Areas of the normal distribution are often represented by tables of the standard normal
distribution. A standard normal table, also called the unit normal table or Z table, is a
mathematical table for the values of Φ, which are the values of the
cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution.  It is used to find
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the probability that a statistic is observed below, above, or between values on the standard

normal distribution, and by extension, any normal distribution. 

The standard normal distribution table are shown in table 1 and 2 below. These table values
represent area to the left of the Z score.

Table 1. Table for standard normal distribution for positive Z-scores

Table 2. Table for standard normal distribution for negative Z-scores

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The first column with the name 'Z' refers to the standard normal distribution values; the
second column refers to the are below Z. The Z column is proportional to the number of
standard deviations below (or above) the mean, since the distribution has a mean of 0 and a
standard deviation of 1. For instance, a Z of -2.5 represents a standard deviation value of 2.5
below the mean. 0.0062 is the region below Z.

It is possible to obtain the same information using the following Java applet. Figure 1
illustrates how the area below a value of -2.5 on the standard normal distribution can be
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measured using it. Note that the mean has been set to 0 and the default variance has been set
to 1.
Figure 1. An example from the applet.

Using the following formula below, a value from any normal distribution can be
translated into its corresponding value in a standard normal distribution.
Z = (X - μ)/σ
Wherein Z is the value on the standard normal distribution, X is the value on the original
distribution, μ is the mean of the original distribution, and σ is the standard deviation of the
original distribution.

For example, assume that the data on Baruch graduates' first-year salaries are
normally distributed with the mean population μ = $60000 and the standard population
deviation σ = $15000. Find the chance of receiving less than $45000 annually from a
randomly selected Baruch graduate. We have to locate the portion of the region under
the usual curve from 45 all the way to the left to answer this question.

?
45

You can apply complex mathematical formulas to find this formula, or you can use the
Z table, where statisticians have already applied these formulas for you. Since tables for any
possible combination of mean and standard deviation could not be developed, statisticians
developed one standardized and simplified normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a
standard deviation of 1.
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All other distributions with different : and σ can be converted into a standardized
normal distribution using the transformation formula: Z = X −µ σ
Using the transformation formula, find the value of Z and then find the number that
corresponds to that Z in the body of Z-table:

Z= = −1.
The value of the table corresponding to -1 is 0.1587. This number shows the area from
45 all the way to the left under the curve. It also reveals that 15.87 percent is the chance of
randomly picking a Baruch graduate who makes less than $45000 a year.
If all the values are translated into Z scores in a distribution, then the distribution will
have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Standardizing the distribution is the process
of transforming a distribution to one with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.
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References
http://onlinestatbook.com/2/normal_distribution/intro.html
https://stats.libretexts.org/Courses/Las_Positas_College/Math_40%3A_Statistics_and_Probab
ility/02%3A_Frequency_Distributions_and_Graphs/2.05%3A_Frequency_Distributions_and_
Histograms
https://www.baruch.cuny.edu/sacc/documents/NormalDistribution.pdf