PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC  Net change of product and reactant is zero –

MEDICINALS equilibrium
 Equilibrium constant
CHEMICAL KINETICS o Determine the amount of each compound
 reaction rates and the mechanism or step sequence
 amount of chemical change Law of mass action
 stepwise sequence of reaction (reaction mechanism)  The rate of any given chemical reaction is
 Measured in terms of products formed per unit proportional
time at a given temperature
La chatelier’s principle
MOLECULAR COLLISION THEORY  Change in concentration, temperature, volume or
 Chemical change takes place as a result of collision partial pressure
of molecules  Equilibrium shifts to counteract the imposed change
 The greater the number of collision per unit time, the and a new equilibrium is established
greater the conversion of initial substance into  pH – hydrogen ion concentration
product per unit time – the greater the speed of o pH= -log10[H+]
reaction  pOH -hydroxide ion concentration
 Reaction rate increases with concentration o pOH= -log10[OH-]
phenomenon
 Activation energy – possess a certain minimum PERIODIC TABLE – HISTORY:
energy  Antoine- Laurent Lavoiser – hydrogen, first true
 Theory that states that the reaction rate tends to periodic table (33 chemical elements)
increase with concentration phenomenon
explained by collision theory  Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner – triads
o Li, Na, K
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE SPEED OF o Ba, Ca, Sr
CHEMICAL REACTIONS o S, Se, Te
 Nature of the reacting
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS o Cl, Br, I 1
o Differ in activity hence the speed which
they react with other substance
 Leopold Gmelin – identified 10 triads, 3 groups of 4
o Acid/base reaction – salts
and one group of 5 elements
o Ion exchange – fast reaction
 Physical state -solid, liquid or gas  Jean- Baptiste Dumas – Relationship in group of
o Reactant (important factor) metals
 Concentration
o Molecules must collide in order to react  August Kekule – discovered/observed carbon
(collision theory)
 Temperature  John Newlands – Octaves; wrote represents
o Molecules or atoms must collide before elements including 11 groups based on similar
they react principle properties
 Catalysts
o Alters the rate of chemical reaction without
being used up in the reaction  Dmitri Ivanovich Mendelev and Julius Lothar
o Unchanged at the coclusion of the process Meyer – Physical and chemical properties are
o 2 types: periodic functions of their atomic weights;
 Accelerators published periodic law
 Inhibitors
Chemical reaction  Henry Mosely – Elements are arranged base on
 Removal of valence electrons atomic numbers (present); modern periodic table
 Adding electrons to partly filled valence shell
 Sharing a pair of electrons between two atoms
Chemical equilibrium
 Reactions that occur in both directions
 Products begin to react to form reactants

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 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS 2

Family B
 Transition elements
Family A  Occupy:
 Representative elements o D block – Transition metals
 Occupy: o F block – Lanthanide or Lanthanoid series -
o S block Rare
 Group IA- Alkali Metals
 Group IIA – Alkaline Earth
o P block
 Group IIIA-VIIIA

Periodic table:

GROUP NUMBER GROUP NAME

GROUP IA Alkali Metals
GROUP IB Coinage Metal
GROUP IIA Alkaline Earth Metal

M.
 GROUP IIB Zinc group Metal  Temporary – Ca or Mg bicarbonates (removed by
GROUP IIIA Boron Family boiling/adding OH source)
 Permanent – sulfates, chlorides, or hydroxides of
GROUP IIIB Scandium Subgroup Ca or Mg
GROUP IVA Carbon Family
OFFICIAL TYPES OF WATER
GROUP IVB Titanium Subgroup
GROUP VA Nitrogen Family Water, USP – official solutions, tinctures and extract
GROUP VB Vanadium Subgroup Purified water – extemporaneous compounding test reagents
Water for injection – solvent for parenterals, must pass
GROUP VIA Chalcogens/oxygen
pyrogen test
Family
Sterile water for injection – extemporaneous compounding
GROUP VIB Chromium subgroup
for parenterals
GROUP VIIA Halogens Bacteriostatic water for injection – has one or more
GROUP VIIB Manganese Subgroup antimicrobial (e.g. benzyl alcohol); small volumes of IM, not
for IV administration
GROUP VIIIA Inert/Noble gases
GROUP VIII Triad: Iron, Palladium, 1A. LITHIUM – EARTH STONE
Platinum  Lightest metal
 31st most abundant in earth crust
PERIODIC TABLE: PROPERTIES  Sources:
 Ionization potential – energy to remove an e- o Spodumene
 Electron affinity – energy when e- is added o Tetalite
 Electronegativity – ability to attract e- o Lepidolite
 Atomic radius – ½ the distance between the two o Amblygonite
nuclei
 Uses:
Decreases: top to bottom; increases: left to right
o Heat exchanger in air condition
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS o Antidepressant 3
GROUP IA – ALKALI METALS
o Diuretic (SE: Hyponatremia)
 Valence +1
 Most reactive metallic elements  Lithium bromide – antidepressant
 Do not occur free in nature  Lithium carbonate - Lithase®, Eskalith ®, doc for
bipolar disorder and mania
 Salts are soluble
 Lithium deuteride – hydrogen bombs
1A. HYDROGEN – INFLAMMABLE AIR  Lithium hydroxide – remove carbon dioxide
 10TH most abundant element  Toxicity:
 Most abundant in universe o Lithium side effects
 Discovered by Henry Cavendish o Movement (tremor)
 No therapeutic uses o Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (ADH antagonist –
 Lightest element polyuria)
o Hypothyroidism
 Essential constituents of all acids
o Pregnancy problems (Teratogenic)
 Powerful reducing agents
 ISOTOPES- same element, atomic number but  IP3- Inositol triphosphate (affected by lithium)
differ in atomic mass  Mania:
o Protium- most abundant; 1 proton o Distractability
o Deuterium- heavy water; manufacture of o Irresponsibility
batteries; 1 proton and 1 neutron o Grandiosity
o Tritium- radioactive; 1 proton and 2 o Flight of ideas
neutron o Increased in goal directed activity/psychomotor
 H - monovalent cation; hydronium ion
+ agitation
H- - hydrides anion o Decrease needs for sleep
 Uses: production of margarine; balloons o Talkativeness or pressured speech
o Flame test: Carmine red
Hardness of water
1A. SODIUM – FROM NATURE

M.
  Extracellular fluid cation  Formaldehyde
 Produce osmotic effect in body  NH3
 From latin word natrium
 Sources: SODIUM BISULFITE
o Cryolite  NaHS03
o Zeolite  Leucogen
o Sodalite Sodium hydrogen sulfite
o Sea water Sodium acid sulfate
 Pharmacology:  Antioxidant (Reducing agent)
o Fluid retention  Most powerful preservative
o Respiratory edema formation
SODIUM CARBONATE
 Insoluble with sodium – qualitative test
 Na2CO3
o Zinc uranyl acetate
 Washing soda
o Magnesium uranyl acetate
Soda ash
o Cobalt uranyl acetate
Sal soda
 Flame test: Golden yellow Monohydrate Na carbonate
 Anhydrous Na2CO3 – Soda ash
SODIUM ACETATE – NaCH3COO
 Na2CO3 + H2O
 Acetado de soda
 Na2CO3 + 2H2O – Trona
 Uses:
 Na2CO3 + 7H2O
o Diuretic
 Na2CO3 + 10H2O – soda crystals
o Urinary and systemic alkalinizer
o Antacid SODIUM CHLORIDE
o Alkalinizing agent in benedict’s solution  Table salt
Solar salt
SODIUM BICARBONATE – BAKING SODA Rock salt
PHARMACEUTICAL
NaHCO3 CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS  Electrolyte replenisher (NSS, Ringers) 4
 Soda saleratus o Ringer’s injection
Sal de vichy  Sodium chloride
Soda acid carbonate  Potassium chloride
 Systemic, absorbable antacid  Calcium chloride
 Carbonating agent o Ringer’s lactate solution
 S/E:  Sodium chloride
o Alkalosis  Sodium lactate
o Edema  Potassium chloride
o Rebound hyperacidity  Calcium chloride
 Effervescence- release of CO2  Water
o CO2 – enhance palatability  Adjust tonicity
Mask bitter taste  Preservative, condiment
 Antidote for Silver poisoning
SODIUM BIPHOSPHATE - FLEET ENEMA
 NaH2PO4 SODIUM CITRATE
 Rectal administration  Na3C6H5O7
 Uses:  Alkalinizer, Buffer
o Cathartic/ laxative  Diuretic
o Treatment for cystitis (Zea mays)  Expectorant
o Source of P or Phosphate  Shorten the coagulation time (Parenterally)
o Urinary acidifier  Denige’s test – specific test for citrate
 + methenamine – HCHO o Carmine red solution
 Prodrug o Pyridine
 Active in vivo o Acetic anhydride
 Acidify by NaH2PO4
 Releases formaldehyde SODIUM FLUORIDE
o Urinary antiseptic  NaF

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  Anticariogenic (2% solution)  Chile salt peter
 Preservative
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
 NaOH SODIUM TARTRATE
 Caustic soda  NaC4H4O6
Sosa  Primary standard of KFR (Karl Fischer Titration)
Lye
 Saponifying agent (hard soap) SODIUM THIOCYANATE
 NaSCN
SODIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE  Hypotensive agent
 Reducing agent
SODIUM MONOHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE  Na2HPO4
 NaOCl
 Dakin’s solution SODIUM SULFATE
Chlorox  Na2SO4
 Bleaching agent (4.5-5%)  Glauber’s salt
 Antiseptic (0.5%)  Cathartic
o Dissolve blood clots; bleeding
 Disinfectant (2.5%)- Labarraque’s solution SODIUM THIOSULFATE
 Oxidizing agent  Na2S2O3 + 5H2O
 Diluted NaOCl  Antichlor
o Modified dakin’s solution Hypochlor
o Antiseptic  Photographer’s hypo (photography)
o Irrigating solution (wash)  Antidote for CN- poisoning with Na nitrite
 Used for ringworm
SODIUM IODIDE  Standard volumetric solution for iodometry and
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS permanganometry 5
 NaI
 Expectorant
 Antifungal 1A. POTASSIUM – KALIUM
 Solubilizer of I2  Most abundant and predominant intracellular cation
*All iodides are for cough  8th most abundant in earth crust
 Sources:
SODIUM LACTATE  Pharmacology:
 Na3C3H5O3 o Diuretic
 Antacid o Muscle contraction
 Alkalinizer  Hypokalemia – muscular paralysis to death (Barker’s
 Diuretic syndrome)
 Converted to HCO3  Flame test: Violet – nonluminous
 Use to treat arrythmias caused of overdosing class I anti-
arrythmics POTASSIUM ACETATE
 KCH3COO-
SODIUM NITRITE  Diuretic salts
 NaNO2  Uses:
 Natrium o Antacid
Nitrosum o Diuretic
 Antidote for CN poisoning o Systemic alkalinizer
 Vasodilator
 Meat preservative POTASSIUM BICARBONATE
CN-- - Acts on cytochrome oxidase with high affinity to  KHCO3
methemoglobin  Potassium acid carbonate
Na2S2O3 – Converts CN- methemoglobin to SCN- Salaeratus
 Uses:
SODIUM NITRATE o Systemic antacid
 NaNO3

M.
 o Carbonating agent  Kalium jodatum
o Bicarbonate source  Expectorant
 Solubilizer in I2
POTASSIUM BITARTRATE  Antifungal
 KHC4H4O6
 Cream of tartar POTASSIUM NITRATE
Creamor  KNO3
Argol  Salitre
 Uses: laxative Niter
 By product of wine Salt peter
Salt prunella
POTASSIUM BROMIDE  Diuretic
 KBr  Meat preservative
 Antidepressant  Powerful oxidizer
 Ingredient in gun powder
POTASSIUM CARBONATE
 K2CO3 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
 Potash  KMnO4
Salt of peter  Mineral chameleon
Perlash  Powerful oxidizing agent
Salt of wormwood  Antiseptic
 Antacid  VS in permanganometry
 Carbonating agent  Manganese dioxide – brown discoloration (reduced)
 Carbonate source  Wet dressing: eczema and athlete’s foot
o 1:10 000
POTASSIUM CHLORATE  Concentrated: Deep violet red; Diluted: Pink
 KClO3
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
Oxidizing agent, deodorant OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS
action POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE
6
 Component in toothpaste, gargle and mouthwash  K2HPO4
 Powerful oxidizer  Cathartic
 ingredient in firearms – percussion caps
POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE
 KNaC4H4O6
 Rochelle’s salt
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE Sal signette
 KCl Siegnette salt
 Kalium chloratum  Sequestering agent – removing of metal ion
Kali chloridum  Cathartic
 Electrolyte replenisher (Slow push)  Silvering mirrors
 Antidote for Insulin and Sodium bicarbonate  Ingredient in fehling’s
 Determining reducing sugars with solution
POTASSIUM CITRATE
 K3C3H5O7 POTASSIUM THIOCYANATE
 Expectorant  KSCN
 Diaphoretic  Hypotensive agent

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE POTASSIUM ARSENITE

 KOH  KAsO2
 Caustic potash  Fowler’s solution
Lye potash  Antileukemic
Potassa
 Saponifying agent (Soft soap) ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE
 K2Sb2(C4H2O6)2
POTASSIUM IODIDE
 Tartar emetic
 KI

M.
  Schistosomiasis  CI: Impaired hepatic function
 Treatment for brominism
SULFURATED POTASH – LIVER OF SULFUR
 K2SX + K2S2O3 (Potassium thiosulfate) AMMONIATED MERCURY
 Mixture of K polysulfides and K2S2O3 (K thiosulfate)  HgNH2Cl
 Use in preparation of white lotion (12% of sulfur)  Mercuric Ammonium Cl
o With Zinc sulfate(ZnSO4) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) Ammoniated mercury
 Treatment of parasitic infection White precipitate
 Treatment of acne and psoriasis  Topical anti-infective

1A. AMMONIUM AMMONIUM IODIDE

 NH4+  NH4I
 Hypothetical alkali metals  Source of iodide
 Pharmacology:  Expectorant
o Diuretics  Antifungal
o Buffer
o Expectorant (like iodide) AMMONIUM ACETATE
o Anticariogenic (like fluoride)  NH4CH3COO
 Haber’s process – method of preparation  Spirit of minderesus
 37% by weight of ammonia  Styptic
 Household ammonia- contains 10% NH4; is known as
16° ammonia STRONG AMMONIA SOLUTION
o Circulatory stimulant and counterirritant  Ammonia Hydroxide
Stronger ammonia water
 Acetic acid – 6%
 Diluted ammonia solution
 ID test: Nessler’s reagent
o Circulatory stimulant by inhalation
AMMONIUM BROMIDE
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS 7
 NH4Br AMMONIACAL SILVER NITRATE
 Antidepressant and sedative  Ammoniacal AgNO3 - Soluble
AMMONIUM CARBONATE  Howe’s solution
 (NH4)2CO3  Dental protective
 Sal volatile  Desensitizing agent
Salt of Hartshorn  Tollen’s reagent – silver mirror
Preston salt
Baker’s ammonia 1A. CESIUM
Ammonium sesquicarbonate  Catalyst in polymerization of resin forming material
 Preparation of aromatic NH3 spirit  46th most abundant element
o Spirit of Hartshorn  Most reactive metal
o Spirit sal volatile  Pollucite – main source
 Respiratory stimulant
 Expectorant (ammonium) 1A. RUBIDIUM
 Antacid (carbonate)  22nd most abundant
 Basis of smelling salts (aromatic spirit of ammonia)  Uses:
o Manufacture of vacuum tubes
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE o Cathode ray tubes (CRTs)
 NH4Cl o Atomic clocks
 Muriate of hartshorn  Flame test: reddish violet/ deep red
Ammonium muriate
Sal ammoniac 1A. FRANCIUM
Salmiac  Eka cesium
 Urinary acidifier  No commercial applications, due to instability and rarity
 Increases body secretion  Half-life: less than 5 mins (normal)
 Diuretic  Longest lived isotope: 21.8 mins(Half-life)
 Expectorant  Discovered by: Marguerite Perey

M.
 1B. SILVER – ARGENTUM
1B. GROUP IB – COINAGE METAL  Shining or bright
 Employed for ornamental and coinage purposes  Only metal with oligodynamic property (germicidal
 Free metal state action)
 Central unit of complexes/chelates  Protein precipitant
 2nd most malleable
1B. COPPER – CUPRUM  2nd best conductor
 Cuprous- brown; Cupric - blue  Toxicity: Argyria – darkening of skin
 Only reddish color metal o Antidote: NaCl
 3rd malleable o Ag + NaCl – AgCl
 3rd best conductor  + HCl – White ppt
 Use in H2O purification o Excess NH4OH – Soluble
 Alloys- solution of 2 or more metals o + HN03 - Reprecipitated
o Brass – Cu + Zn
o Bronze – Cu + Sn SILVER NITRATE
 Occurs in respiratory pigment:  AgNO3 - Soluble
o Hemocyanin  Lapiz infernulariz
o Cytochrome oxidase Lunar caustic
 Pharmacology: Indelible ink
o Protein precipitant- astringent, antiseptic Caustic pencil
o Enhance absorption/ utilization of iron Azotas
 Wilson’s Disease – copper poisoning  Pharmacology:
o Antidote: D- penicillamine (Cuprimin ®) o Treatment of warts
o Antispetic for opthalmia neonatorum (1% drops)
 Gonorrheal infection in infants
COPPER SULFATE o Crede’s prophylaxis
PHARMACEUTICAL
CuSO4 • 5 H2O CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS o Wounds – 0.5%
8
 Blue vitriol  Present: Erythromycin
Blue stone o Neisseria gonorrhea
Caparrosa azul o Chlamydia trachomatis
Piedra lipiz  No.1 cause of blindness
 Used in preparation of:
o Fehling’s SILVER IODIDE
o Benedict’s  AgI – Insoluble
o Barfoed’s (reducing sugar)  Germicide
 Local emetic  Poisonous
 Cu+2 – Cu2O – brick red precipitate  disinfectant
 + Iron – hematinic property  Silver proteinates - insoluble
 Antidote for phosphorus poisoning o Argyrol - Mild Ag proteins
o Luminous vomiting  19-25% antiseptic (eye)
o Garlic odor o Protargol - Strong Ag protein
 Algicide and fungicide in swimming pool  7.5 – 8.5% germicide (ears and throat)
o Bordeux mixture o Collargol - Colloidal Ag protein
 CuSO4 + Ca(OH)2  18-22% general germicide

COPPER ACETO ARSENATE 1B. GOLD – AURUM

 [Cu3(AsO3)2 + Cu(C3H3O2)2]  Shining dawn
 Paris green King of all metals
 Insecticide Purple of cassibis
 Most malleable and ductile
CUPROUS CITRATE  Best conductor of electricity
 (Cu)3(C6H5O7)8  Gold preparations are used as Disease Modifying Anti-
 Astringent in 8% concentration Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) for Rheumatoid arthritis
o Aurothioglucose (IM) – for gout and R.A

M.
 o Gold Na Thiomalate (IM) – gout and R.A  Uses:
o Auranofin (PO) – AE: glossitis o Antacid
 Dissolve by: o Laxative
o Aqua regia – 3 HCl + 1 HNO3
o Selenic acid MAGNESIUM OXIDE
 Gold in medicine  MgO
o Chrysotherapy  Calcined magnesia
o Aurotherapy  Uses:
o Antacid
GROUP IIA – ALKALINE EARTH METALS o Laxative
 Component of universal antidote
2A. BERYLLIUM
 Extremely toxic metal MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE
 Least metallic  2MgO • 3SiO2
 Use in Fluorescent lightning industry  Antacid
 AE: Lung carcinoma o Advantage – protectant (prolonged action)
Chronic granuloma o Protective coating

2A. MAGNESIUM HYDRATED MAGNESIUM SILICATE

 Lightest of all structurally important metal  Talc
 2nd most abundant intracellular cation Soapstone
 Only metal in group IIA French chalk
 Chlorophyll component  Softest mineral known
 Titan yellow – yellow to red  Uses:
Para nitrobenzene azo rescorcinol – blue lake o Filtering agent
Diphenylcarbazone reagent- violet red o Clarifying agent
Quinalizarin – Test for magnesium and beryllium o Dusting powder for gloves
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS 9
8 hydoxyquinoline - yellow precipitate
 Compound of Grignard’s reagent MAGNESIUM CITRATE
o Alkylhalide (R-X)+Mg (RMgX)  Mg3(C6H5O7)2
 Natural sources:  Lemonada purgante (Purgative lemon)
o Silicates – talc,  Cathartic
 Asbestos - (Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4)
o Carbonates – magnesite, dolomite MAGNESIUM SULFATE
o Sulfates – kieserite  MgSO4
 Pharmacology:  Epsom salt
o Laxative  Uses:
o Depressant o Laxative (PO)
o Natural Ca-channel blocker o Anticonvulsant – Natural Ca-channel blocker (IM)
 Antidote: Ca gluconate o Antiphlogistic
o Eclampsia
MAGNESIUM CARBONATE o Antidote for Ba2+, barbiturate poisoning
 MgCO3
 Magnesite 2A. CALCIUM
Magnesia  2nd most abundant extracellular cation
 Uses:  Vit. D (sunshine) - for maximum absorption
o Antacid  Parathyroid hormone (PTH) – control Ca level
o Carbonating agents o Hyperpara – Hyperca – Hypophos
o Laxative  Sources:
o Dolomite
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE o Fluoride
 Mg(OH)2 o Gypsum
 Milk of magnesia o Phosphate rock
Magnesia magma o apatite

M.
  Major component of bones and teeth (98-99%) Lime
 Muscle contraction  Component of Bordeux mixture
 Blood coagulation  Insecticide
 Neurotransmission
 Deficiency: DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE
o Osteoporosis (density)  CaHPO4
o Osteomalacia (resorption)- adult  Source of Ca and PO4
o Rickets (mineralization)- baby  Ca supplement
o Hypocalcemia
 Flame test – brick red TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE
 Ca3(PO4)
CALCIUM BROMIDE  Bone ash
 CaBr2  Antacid
 Sedative
 Depressant

CALCIUM CARBONATE
 CaCO3 CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE
 Precipitated chalk  CaClO
Carbonic acid  Chlorinated lime
Calcium salt Chloride of lime
Creta praecipitata  Bleaching agent
 Uses: Prepared chalk  Disinfectant
o Antacid
o Ingredient of dentrifice & toothpaste CALCIUM SULFATE
 CaSO4 • ½ H2O or 2 H2O
CALCIUM CHLORIDE  Gypsum
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS o CaSO4 •2 H2O 10
 CaCl2
 Muriate of lime o Dental impressions
Fosforo de Homberg o Surgical cast
 Ca replenisher o Terra alba
Satin spar
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE Alabaster light
 Ca(OH)2  Rodenticide
 Slaked lime  Emetic
Milk of lime  Plaster of Paris – Calcium sulfate hemihydrate
Calcium hydrate
 Antacid 2A. STRONTIUM
 Saponifying agent  Used in production of red pyrotechnics
 Flame test: Crimson red
CALCIUM GLUCONATE
 Ca supplement STRONTIUM CHLORIDE
 Replenisher  SrCl2
 Heart failure  Temperature desensitizing agent (Sensodyne®)
 Antidote for Magnesium poisoning  A/E: Darkening of teeth

CALCIUM LACTATE 2A. BARIUM – HEAVY

 Ca(C3H5O3)2  Use in green pyrotechnics
 Ca supplement  Toxicity: Baritosis- Benign pneumoconosis
 Antidote: Epsom salt (MgSO4)
CALCIUM OXIDE  Flame test: Yellow green
 CaO
 Quick lime BARIUM SULFATE
Calx  BaSO4
 Ba meal

M.
 Esophotrast  Zinc white
 Radiopaque for GIT imaging (non-toxic since not Lassar’s paste
soluble) Flores de Zinc
Lana o Algodon flioficos
BARIUM HYDROXIDE  Component of Calamine lotion
 Ba(OH)2  Antiseptic
 Baryte  Protective
 CO2 absorbent  Astringent

2A. RADIUM ZINC SULFATE

 Discover by Marie Curie  ZnSO4
 Radioactive element  White vitriol
 Cancer chemotherapy  Emetic (internal)
 Diagnostic purposes  Ophthalmic astringent (0.25% solution)
 Becquerel (SI unit)  Pharmaceutical necessity for white lotion
GROUP IIB- VOLATILE METAL/ZINC FAMILY
ZINC SULFIDE
2B. ZINC  ZnS
 Present in Insulin and Carbonic anhydrase  White sulfide
 Rinman’s green test White lotion
o Zinc oxide + cobalt oxide  Parasiticide
 Dithizone – red color extractable  Topical protectant
o Test for zinc  Antiseptic
o Use for the purity of human pancreas
o Preparation for the transplantation of patient with HYDRATED ZINC SILICATE
type 1 diabetes  ZnSiO4 • 1 H2O
 Container for batteries and dry cell  Natural calamine
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS 11
 Coating for galvanized iron  Topical protectant
 Metal fume fever
 Pharmacology: CALADRYL
o Astringent  ZnO + Fe2O3
o Antiseptic – present in Astring-o-sol  Calamine lotion
o Protectant
o Antiperspirant ZINC EUGENOL CEMENT
 Deficiency:  Dental protectant
o Anemia
o Hypogonadism (Male) 2B. CADMIUM
o Stunted growth  Astringent
 Manufacture of stink bomb
 Parakeratosis
o Thickened inflamed skin  Induce synthesis of metallothionein
o High binding affinity
 Antidote: Sodium bicarbonate
o Metallothionein
 Lithopone- 30% ZnS and 70% BaS
 Protect certain organs (testes)
ZINC CHLORIDE  Toxicity: Itai-itai
 ZnCl2  Antidote: BAL (British Anti-Lewisite)
 Burnet’s disinfecting fluid
CADMIUM CHLORIDE
Butter of zinc
 CdCl2
 Escharrotic, ore caustic than astringent
 Emetic
 Antiseptic in mouthwashes
 Treatment of tinea infection (Anti-infective)
 Dentin desensitizer
 Corrosive
CADMIUM SULFIDE
 CdS
ZINC OXIDE
 Anti-seborrheic
 ZnO

M.
  Yellow sulfide  Antiseptic
 Capsebon®
AMMONIATED MERCURY
CADMIUM SULFATE  HgNH2Cl
 CdSO4  White precipitate
 Ophthalmic antiseptic  Topical anti-infective

2B. MERCURY – QUICKSILVER

 Messenger of the Gods
 From the word hydrargyrum MERCURIC OXIDE
 Liquid Silver/metal  HgO
Noble metal  Yellow precipitate
 Poisonous even in free metal form  Ophthalmic and Anti-infective
 Source:
o Cinnabar/Aethrop’s mineral (HgS) GROUP IIIA – BORON FAMILY
 Hg+1
 Hg+2- toxic 3A. BORON
 Pharmacology  Non metal
o Diuretic  Component of glass
o Antiseptic  Hardness of crystalline boron
o Treatment of syphilis o Substitute for diamond (glass cutting)
o Cathartic o Gem polishing
o Parasiticidal/fungicidal  Borates:
o Thermometer and amalgams (dental cement) o Turmeric paper
 Alloy:  Acidic – Brownish red
o Amalgam  Alkaline – greenish black
o Pasta o Vulcanizing rubber
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS  Evaporites:
12
 Toxicity: Minamata
o Borax and kermite
 Antidote: EDTA
 Na formaldehyde sulfoxynate (Hydrargism o Crystalline form melts at 2000°C
 Albumin – emergency antidote  Polymorphs:
o a- Rhombohedral
MERCUROUS CHLORIDE o B- Rhombohedral
 Hg2Cl2 o Y- Orthorhombic
 Calomel o T- Tetragonal
 Cathartic, local antiseptic  Sources:
o Tincal- Na3BO3
MERCURIC CHLORIDE o H3BO3
 HgCl2  Flame test: Green-bordered flame
 Corrosive sublimate
 Disinfectant BORIC ACID
 H3BO3
MERCUROUS IODIDE  Sal sativum/sedativum
 HgI Boracic acid
 Anti-syphilis Hydrogen borate
Orthoboric acid
MERCURIC IODIDE  Lobster appearance
 HgI2  Uses:
 Stimulant for indolent ulcers (defect in cornea) o Buffer (ophthalmic 2%)
o Eyewash – 2.45 – 2.5%
POTASSIUM MERCURIC IODIDE o Antiseptic
 K2HgI4 o Tonicity adjusting agent
 Mayer’s reagent  Isotonic causes hemolysis
 Test for alkaloids  E VALUE – 0.52

M.
  Toxic by ingestion  Al(OH)3
 Absorbed in broken skin  Amphogel
 Boroglyceringlycerides – suppository base Cremalin gel
 Antacid
SODIUM BORATE  Protectant
 Na2B4O7 • 10 H2O  A/E: constipation and PO4 deficiency
 Borax
Na tetraborate ALUM
 Dobell solution – Horace Dobell  Al K(SO4)2 • 12 H2O
o Sodium borate  Astringent
o Sodium bicarbonate  Antiperspirant
o Phenol and Glycerol
Na pyroborate ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE
Tinkal  AlPO4
 Antiseptic  Phosphagel
 Eye wash  Antacid
 Wet dressing for wounds  Astringent
 Component of cold cream and preparation of sodium  Demulcent
borate  A: doesn’t interfere PO4 abs.

3A. ALUMINUM ALUMINUM CARBONATE

 Most abundant metal  Al2(CO3)3
 3rd most abundant element  Treatment of phosphatic calculi (stones)
 Pharmaceutical uses: o Phosphate with calcium oxalate and ammonium
o Astringent urate
o Antiseptic
o Antipesrpirant/ deodorant ALUMINUM OXIDE
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS 13
o Protectant  Al2O3
 Aluminum foils for burn patients  Alumina
 A/E: Constipation  Treatment of silicosis
 Toxicity: Shavers disease -exposure in Al2O3 present in o Inhalation of dust containing silica
bauxite fumes o Fibrosis of the lung
o Corundum smelter’s lung
o Bauxite lung ALUMINUM ACETATE
o Bauxite smelter’s disease  Al(CH3COO-)3
 Thenard’s blue test  Burrow’s solution, Domeboro’s solution
o Cobalt meta aluminate – blue ash o Aluminum acetate (13%)
o Aluminum o For itchy flares
 tri ammonium salts of aurintricarboxylic  Astringent
acid  Dihydroxyaluminum amino acetate
 Dye to detect the presence of aluminum o Gastric antacid
 Protein precipitation o Magma and tablet
 Sources:
o Cryolite ALUMINUM SULFATE
o Sodium Hexafluoroaluminate (Na3AlF6)  Cake
o Bauxite ore- Chief source  Pickle
 Pearl
ALUMINUM CHLORIDE  Papermaker’s alum
 AlCl3
 Astringent KAOLIN
 Antiseptic  China clay
 Antiperspirant  Native hydrated aluminum silicate
 Adsorbent and demulcent in diarrhea
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE

M.
BENTONITE
 Soap clay
Mineral soap GROUP IVA – CARBON FAMILY
 Native colloidal hydrated aluminum silicate
 Suspending agent 4A. CARBON
PUMICE  2 Allotropes of carbon
 Pumice stone o Crystalline: Diamond (purest native form) and
Piedra pomez Graphite (lead pencil)
 Dental abrasive and dentrifice o Amorphous: Coal and Anthracite
 Na, K, Al silicates  Allotropy
 Volcanic origin o Exist in more than 1 with same physical state
 Basic building unit of organic compound
3A. GALLIUM  Fundamental constituents of animals and vegetable
 Lowest melting point in all metal tissues
 Pharmacology:  Catenation- form bonds itself
o Treatment of cancer-related hypercalcemia by  Oxides of carbon:
binding with transferring (ekaaluminum) o Carbon monoxide – minor product of combustion
o Non-pharma: o Carbon dioxide – principal product of combustion
 Substitute for Hg in manufacture of arc  Occur free in nature; non-metal
lamps o C + O = CO2
 Galvanized iron o C + H =CH4
  Component of Activated charcoal
3A. THALLIUM – THALOS (Green twig or green shoot) o Component of universal antidote
 2nd most toxic metal o Adsorbent
 Rat poison o Used in diarrhea and poisoning
 Antidote: Prussian blue – absorbs thallium
CARBON DIOXIDE
PHARMACEUTICAL
GROUP CHEMISTRY
IIIB – SCANDIUM OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS
SUBGROUP 14
 CO2
 Carbonic acid
3B. SCANDIUM
 Most potent respiratory stimulant (CO poisoning)
 Ekaboron
 Treatment of persistent hiccups
 Nilson
 Used in soda and carbonated water
 Euxenite and Gadolinite
 Dry ice
 + air – yellow top pink cast o Refrigerants
 Uses: Lightweight alloys in aircraft o Solid CO2
o Acne, corns, calluses, moles, warts and eczema
3B. YTTRIUM
 Gadolin
CARBON TRIOXIDE
 Yttria and moon rocks
 CO3
 + air – stable in the air
 Antacid
 Uses: red color for CRT television, magnet in
 Pharmaceutical for effervescent tablet
microwave equipment and lasers
CARBON MONOXIDE
3B. LANTHANUM
 CO
 LANTHANIDES – (Atomic # 57- 71)
 210x greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen
 C. G Mosander
leading to asphyxia then death
 Uses: alkali resistant gloves, motion picture studio
 Targets cytochrome oxidase
lighting
 Pathogonomic of CO poisoning
o Cherry red color blood and mucous membrane
3B. ACTINIUM
 Antidote:
 ACTINIDES - (atomic # 89-103)
o Oxygen (100%)
o Artificial air (He 80%; O2 20%)
o Hyperbaric O2
o O2 – CO2 mixture

M.
  (Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH) • 4 H2O
SILICON  Antidiarrheal agent
 2ND most abundant element
TALC
SILICON DIOXIDE  Native hydrous magnesium silicate
 SiO2  Softest mineral on earth
 Silica – inert oxide  French chalk
 Abundant in nature Piedra grasa
 Toxicity: Silicosis (Hemoptysis) Soapstone
 Antidote: Alumina (Al2O3) Creta gallica
 Glass- vitreous material  Clarifying agent, dusting
o Fusion of silicon
o Na2CO3 + pure silica NATURAL CALAMINE
o Modified by:  Zn silicate
 B- decrease coefficient of expansion
 Pb – decrease refractive index SIMETHICONE
 K- amber color, light resistant  Polymeric dimethyl siloxane
 MnO2 – mask color of Fe2O3  Antiflatulent
 Type of glass:
o Type I – borosilicate TIN – STANNUM
 Package product which are alkali  Sn+2 ; Sn +3
 Good resistance to thermal shock  Principal ores:
 Does not contain soda lime o Tinstone or cassterite
o Type II – Treated soda lime/de-alkalized o SnO2
 Can be for product that remain below pH of  Manufacture of cans
7 for their shelf life  Household utensils
 Least resistant to leaching than Type I but  Solders
PHARMACEUTICAL more CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC
resistant that Type III MEDICINALS 15
 Gun metal – 10% tin ; 90% copper
 Higher level of NaOH and CaO  Alloys:
o Type III – Soda lime o Plumbers alloy – 33% lead and 66% tin
 Not for products to be autoclaved o Pewter metal – 80% tin and 20% lead
 Can be used in drug heat sterilization o Type metal – 75% lead 5% tin and 20%
 Acceptable for dry powders
antimony
 Suitable for liquid formulations
o Bearing metal – 82% tin, 14% antimony and 4%
 Insensitive to alkalI
copper
o Phosphor tin – adding phosphorus to molten tin
o Type IV - general soda lime, Non parenteral
 Chemical durability and heat shock are not
STANNOUS FLUORIDE
factors
 SnF2
 Anticariogenic 8% solution
PURIFIED SILICEOUS EARTH
 SiO2
STANNOUS OXIDE
 Kieselguhr silica
 SnO2
 Adsorbent
 Germicide against S. aureus infection
 Filtering aid
 Clarifying agent
LEAD – PLUMBUM
 Pyrogenic silica- Fumed silica
 Pb+2 ; Pb+4
o Very fine particulate or colloidal for of silicon
 Astringent
dioxide
 Protein precipitant
o Prepared by burning SiCl4 in an oxygen rixh in
 Sources:
hydrocarbon flame
o Lead of pipe
 Precipitated silica – silica gel, amorphous silica
o Cocktail glass
o Acidification of sodium silicate solution
o Canned good
ATTAPULGITE – Polymagma ®, Quintess ®
o Automobile exhaust
 Magnesium Aluminum phyllosilicate

M.
 o Paints
o Earthen utensils HAFNIUM
 Tungsten filaments, electrodes and neutron absorber
 Toxicity: Plumbism -Lead encephalopathy  Occurs in zirconium ores
o Memory loss, irritability and projectile vomiting
o Pica – eating disorder (non-nutritive foods) GROUP VA – NITROGEN FAMILY
 Antidote:
o EDTA NITROGEN – 78.09%
o Ca Na Versenate (Adults)  Mephitic air
o Succimer (Kids)  Azote (without life)
 Largest constituent of the Earth’s atmosphere
LEAD ACETATE  Haber’s process – combination of nitrogen with
 Pb(CH3COO-)2 hydrogen derived mainly from methane into ammonia
 Sugar of lead  Most abundant gas in air: 71% N2; 29% O2
Salt of Saturn  Inert atmosphere in metallurgy to prevent oxidation
 Astringent  Used as filler gas in electric lamps and high temperature
 Necesssity for preparation of Lead Subacetate solution thermometers
 Used in food packaging
LEAD SUBACETATE  Component of plants and animal tissues
 Pb2(CH3COO)2  Use by plants-nitrogen fixation
 Goulard’s extract  Liquid nitrogen – refrigerant
 Lead acetate and lead oxide solution o Cryogenics- study of production of very low
 Astringent, antiseptic temperature
 3 bonds form
LEAD OXIDE  Container: Black cylinder
 PbO
PHARMACEUTICAL
Litharge ® NITROGEN GAS
CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS 16
 Preparation for lead subacetate  Replace air in container for parenteral solution
o Lead stearates – lead stabilizers  Triple bond-responsible for inertness
 Cans (toxic)
 Alloys: NITROUS OXIDE
o Pewter metal – 80% tin and 20% lead  N2O
o Rose metal – 25% tin, 25% lead, and 50% bismuth  Laughing gas
o Solder metal – 50% tin and 50% lead Nitrogen monoxide
Dinitrogen monoxide
 Inhalational anesthetic (general)
GROUP IVB -TITANIUM FAMILY
 S/E: diffusion hypoxia (alone)
TITANIUM  Container: Blue cylinder
 Titans-sons of earth
 Powerful reducing agent NITRITE
 NO2
TITANIUM OXIDE  Vasodilator
 TiO2  For cyanide poisoning
 Solar ray protectant  Brown gas
 UV ray protectant
 Opacifying agent (Ocusert®) – clear or transparent
 + H2O – Red color
NITRATE
 MOA: reflects and absorbs UV rays
 NO3
 Protective – PABA (Para-aminobenzoic acid)
 Preservative
ZIRCONIUM
 Antiperspirant (banned)
NITRIC ACID
 Causes pulmonary granuloma formation
 HNO3
 Carcinogenic
 Spirit of nitre
 + air – Zirconium dioxide (Zirconia)
Aqua fortis/fuerte/eau forte

M.
  Acid solution of boric acid, NaCl and
DINITROGEN TRIOXIDE sodium borate
 N2O3 o Atkins and Pantin Buffer system (Ph 7.6-11)
 Equal mixing of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide  Alkaline solution of Na2CO3, boric acid and
 Gas – brown or pale blue liquid NaCl
o Gifford buffer system (Ph 6-7.8)
CYANIDE  Similar with Feldman but KCl is used
 CN instead of NaCl
 MOA: inhibits cytochrome oxidase (ETC)
 Source: PHOSPHATE
o Cassava  PO4
o Na nitroprusside  Antacid, cathartic
 Treatment:  MgNH4PO4 – only white phosphate
o NaNO2/ Amylnitrite
 MOA: Methemoglobinemia ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACID - H3PO4
o Sodium thiosulfate  Triprotic acid
 MOA: CN to thiocyanate
o Methylene blue HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID
 MOA: methemoglobinemia  HPH2O2
 Antioxidant
PHOSPHORUS – ST. ELMO’S FIRE/ LIGHT CARRIER
 Variety: ARSENIC – LEWISITE METAL
o White/ yellow (poisonous) – form phosphorus  As+3; As+5
pentoxide (exposed in air)  Toxic protoplasmic poison
o Red (non-poisonous) – Use in preparation of  Used in trypanosomiasis
matches  Anti-syphilis – discovered by Paul Erlich
 Apatite – principal ore o Component of:
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS  Salvarsan 17
 Allotropic modification
o White phosphorus  Arsphenamine
 P4 tetrahedron present in liquid and  Compound 606
gaseous phosphorus (800°C) starts  Magic bullet
decomposing to P2 molecules  Anti-leukemic
o Violet – white heat 200°C with Na  Toxicity: Aldrich Mee’s line – pale nail bond in finger
o Scarlet – tribromide heat 240°C with Hg o Bind with sulfihydryl group
o Metallic/black - 530°C with Pb  Cystein – rich in sulfihydryl
o Red – White + chromic acid  Curly hair – increase cystein
 Antidote: BAL (British Anti-lewisite)
 Component of physiologic buffer:
o HCO3; H2CO3 – plasma and kidneys  Gutzeit test
o Light brown spot with AgNO3
o HPO4-2; H3PO4 – cells and kidney
o HgB; CHON – RBC  Source:
o Arsenopyrite (FeAsS)
 Most effective single system for buffering
H2CO3  Iron arsenic sulfide
o Cu aceto arsenate
 Antidote: CuSO4
 paris green
 Insecticide
BUFFERS – pH 7.35-7.45 (blood); metabolic acidosis o K arsenite (1%)
 Fowler’s solution
 Phosphate buffer  Antileukemic
o Adv: contains dihydrogen and monohydrogen o Donovan’s solution
phosphate ions  red solution with AsI3 or HgI2
o Disadv: insoluble in Zn, Al and Ag (microbial  Arsenic triiodide
 Liam Donelly
growth)
 for rheumatism, arthritis and malaria
 Borate buffer system
 Allotrophs:
o Feldman’s buffer system (Ph 7-8.2)
o Gamma

M.
  Gray arsenic (ordinary form) SODIUM STIBOGLUCONATE
o Beta  Leishmaniasis
 Gamma is heated, black crystal deposit
nearest hot end BISMUTH – BEAUTIFUL MEADOW
o Alpha  Use in silvering of mirror
 Gamma is heated, yellow deposit powder in  Grayish white silvery solid with reddish
cooler part  Lowest thermal conductivity
 Sensitive to light, reverts to gamma  Lowest electrical conductivity inhibits hall effect and
expands on solidification
ARSENIC TRIIODIDE – AsI3  + H Sulfide- orange color precipitate
 Primary standard in the preparation of ceric sulfate  Pharmaceutical uses:
o Astringent
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE – As2O3 o Antiseptic
 Insecticide, anti-leukemic (tonic) o Internal protective for ulcer
 White arsenic  Protoplasmic poison – damage or kill living cells
 Ingredient in  Principal ore:
o Paris green o Bismuthite or bismuth glance
o Fowler’s solution o Tetradymite
o Donovan’s solution o Bismite
 1° std for CeSO4  A/E: Blue black lining of gums, black stools
 Antidote: BAL (Dimercaprol)
ANTIMONY
 Source: BISMUTH SUBCARBONATE
o Senarmontite (Antimony trioxide)  Antacid, antiseptic, astringent
o Valentinite (Antimony oxide)  60g render alimentary canal opaque to x-ray
o Cervantite (Antimony tetroxide)
 Principle source: BISMUTH SUBGALLATE
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS 18
o Antimony glance (Stibnite)  Antacid, antiseptic, astringent
 Orange red sulfide  Active ingredient in Devrom ®
 Blackening eyebrow (cosmetic) o treat malodor by deodorizing flatulence and stool
o Cuprous thio-antimonite (OTC drug)
o Silver thio-antimonite
 + H sulfide – orange precipitate BISMUTH SUBINITRATE
 Rhodamine B in HCl – violet precipitate  White bismuth
 Pharmaceutical uses:  Incompatible with tragacanth
o Expectotant o Remedy : + NaHPO4
o Emetic  Treatment of ulcer and inflammation of GIT
o Antihelmintic
 Babbit metal – Alloy of antimony MILK OF BISMUTH – BISMUTH CREAM
o 80% tin; 20% antimony  Bi(OH)3 + Bi subcarbonate
o Antifriction metal (Isaac Babbit)  Antacid, internal protective for ulcer
 Inhibits H. pylori – cancer
ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE
 SbKOC4H4O6 GROUP VB – TANTALUM FAMILY
 Tartar emetic
Brown mixture TANTALUM
 Schistosomiasis – male fever (parasitic)  Unaffected by bloody fluid
o Abdominal pain  Sheet form used in repair of bones, nerves and tissues
o Diarrhea  Corrosion resistant
o Bloody stool and urine  Electric lamp filaments (tungsten carbide)
o Schistosoma haemetobium  Source: Tantalite
 Emetic and expectorant
 Syphilis and Scabicide VANADIUM
 Hard, silvery gray, ductile and malleable transition metal

M.
  Green tongue o Gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O)
 Sources:  Allotropes:
o Carnotite o Rhombic – rock sulfur, roll sulfur, Flower of S
o Patronite o Monoclinic – needle like crystal
o Vanadinite o Mobile – straw-colored liquid
o Viscous- thick and sticky like molasses
NIOBIUM o Plastic/amorphous – rubbery, plastic mass
 Soft, grey, ductile transition metal o Sulfur vapor –Sulfur is heated above 1000°C
 Source:  Forms of sulfur
o Niobite (columbite) o Precipitated sulfur – milk of sulfur
 Found in pyrochlore mineral  Sulfur + metal hydroxides
o Main commercial source of niobium and columbite  Component of cream, ointment
 Almost similar to tantalum  Prepared by mixing
o Sublimed sulfur- Flower of Sulfur
GROUP VIA – CHALCOGENS  Azufre, rhombic S
 Condensed sulfur vapors
OXYGEN – 20.95% in earth atmosphere  Cathartic
 Dephlogisticated air (Priestly)  (+) Lime – Vleminckx’s solution
Empyreal air (Scheele) o Washed sulfur
Yne, Aire vital, Fire air, Aire puro 
 Most abundant element (Scheele)  Uses:
 Non metallic element o Preparation of scabicidal and keratolytic
 2nd most electronegative ointments and lotions
 Essential of all elements o Stimulant cathartics
 Responsible for the oxidative changes, in paints, fats o Stimulant alopecia
and fixed oils o Fumigant (SO2) – gaseous pesticide
 Green cylinder o Depilatory (sulfides) – remove hair
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS 19
 3 allotropes: o Keratolytic (SrS) – remove warts and calluses
o Nascent O o Antiseborrheic (CdS)
o Atmosphere or gaseous
o Ozone (O3) bluish irritant gas SULFURIC ACID – H2SO4
 Most reactive  Oil of vitriol
 Oxygen requirements:  Sulfonating agent
o Anoxic – Inadequate O2, tension in air  Dehydrating agent
o Anemic- decrease hemoglobin
o Stagnant – blood circulation is retarded SULFUR DIOXIDE – Sulfurous anhydride
o Histotoxic – tissue or cell oxidation, cell defect  Antioxidant

 Uses: HYDROGEN SULFIDE

o Treatment of hypoxia/asphyxia  Aitch-tu-es - gas
o Oxidative metabolism for production of energy  Reducing agent
o Final e- acceptor in ETC  Precipitating agent of metal ions
 Oxygen gas  Rotten egg odor
o Administration: Tube, masks, tents  Flammable range: 4.3 -46%
o Diluent for anesthetic agent
SULFUR OINTMENT
SULFUR – BRIMSTONE  Precipitated sulfur
 Burning stone  Liquid petrolatum
Shulbari - enemy of copper  White ointment
 Sources:  Scabicide
o Iron pyrite (FeS)  Parasiticide
o Galena (PbS)
o Cinnabar (HgS) SELENIUM – Moon, Selene (Greek goddess)
o Zinc blend (ZnS)  Trace elements

M.
  Antioxidant  Radioactive element
 Synergistic with Vitamin E  Discovered by Becquerel
 Too toxic (internally)  For atomic bombs
 Manufacture of photocopying machine  Colorants of pottery
 Catalyst in nitrogen determination  Manufacture of glass
 Similar to Sulfur  Source:
o Pitchblende or uraninite
SELENIUM SULFIDE – SeS2 o Carnotite
 Active constituent of Selsun Blue
 Antiseborrheic (antidandruff) TUNGSTEN
 Wolfram (original name)
POLONIUM  Sources:
 Radioactive isotope of decay actinides o Wolframite
o Scheelite
GROUP VIB – CHROMIUM SUBGROUP o Stolzite
o Cuproscheelite
CHROMIUM o Tungstenite
 Cr+2 – green
 Resembles molybdenum (chemical properties)
Cr+3 – blue
 Steel alloys for filaments in electric lamps
CrO4-2 – yellow
 Anti-cathode in x-ray
Cr2O7-2 – orange
 Source:
GROUP VIIA – HALOGENS
o Chrome iron ore
 Sea salt producers -Berzelius
o Chromite – principal ore
 Belstein test – qualitative test for halides
o Chrome ochre and crocoisite
o Friedrich Konrad beilstein
 Trace elements
 Etching test- permanent glass mark
 Glucose tolerance factor
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS 20
 Increases insulin sensitivity FLUORINE
 Found in brown sugar and butter  Strongest oxidizing agent
 Salts are destructive to tissues  Most electronegatvie
 Deficiency: mimics D. mellitus  Fluorosis – mottled enamel, abnormal bone growth
o Hyperglycemia  Cryolite – important source
 K2Cr2O7 -powerful oxidizing agent  Na2FPO3 – sodium monofluorophosphate
 Alloys: o Anticariogenic
o Ferrochrome – 40-80% chromium, with iron  CCl2F2 – Dichlorodifluoromethane
o Nichrome – 10-25% Chromium, 50-70% nickel o Refrigerant, aerosol propellant (Freon®)
o Stellite – chromium, cobalt and tungsten
 For surgical instrument CHLORINE
 Perchromic acid (vanishing blue test)  Greenish yellow gas
o Hydrogen peroxide and ether  Dephlogisticated muriatic acid
o Test for chromium  Most abundant extracellular anion
o Maintenance of osmotic pressure and anion-cation
balance
MOLYBDENUM  H2O disinfectant
 Essential trace element  Detection:
 Co-factor enzyme (flavin dependent) o Starch indicator – blue color
 Use in nitrogen fixation – bacterial fixing nitrogen o Bleaches litmus paper
 Molybdenum oxide + FeSO4 (Mol-iron®) – hematinic  HCl – Hydrochloric acid
 Sources: o Muriatic acid
o Molybdenite Spirit of sea salt
o Wulfenite Marine acid
o molydite Espiritu de sal marine
o Treatment of achlorhydria
URANIUM

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BROMINE
 Reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor GROUP VIIB
 Pharmaceutical uses:
o Sedative, antidepressant MANGANESE
 Brominism - toxicity  +2 – manganous
o Skin eruption  +3 – manganic
o Psychosis  +4 – manganite
o Weakness  +6 – manganate
o Headache  +7 – permanganate
 Antidote: NaCl or NH4Cl  Only metal in this group
 Koppeschaar’s solution  Occurs as oxide
o 0.1N bromine solution  12th most abundant element (0.1% or 1000 ppm)
o Sedative  Sources:
o Assay of aniline, phenol and resorcinol in replace o Pyrolusite
of iodine o rhodocrusite
IODINE
 Oldest known germicide MANGANESE SULFIDE
 Grayish black solid, violet colored vapor  Salmon-colored sulfur
 (+) starch = blue  Trace element
 CCl4 or CHCl3 – violet  Co-factor in:
 Synthesis of thyroid hormones o protein synthesis
 Elemental iodine is toxic o Phosphorylation
 Uses: o Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis
o Expectorant  Poisoning: Parkinson-like symptoms (resting tremors)
o Antiseotic
o Antimicrobial HAUSMANNITE
PHARMACEUTICAL
Antidote: Starch CHEMISTRY
or Na2S2O3 OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS  Complex oxide of manganese (di-tri valent) 21
BRAUNITE
 Iodine preparations:
o Strong iodine  Silicate mineral (di-tri valent)
 Lugol’s solution (5%)  Mn2+Mn3+6[o6]SiO4
o Saturated solution of potassium iodide
TECHNETIUM - TECHNETOS
 Alternative antidote for digoxin
 Treatment for hyperthyroidism  Eka manganese
 Negative feedback  1ST element produced artificially
o Potassium iodide  Used in preparation of pharmaceuticals
 Increase solubility of I2  Silver- gray radioactive metal
o Iodine tincture  Gray powder
 2% iodine in 50% alcohol with NaI
o Povidone-iodine (Betadine®) 4 predicted elements lighter than the rare elements
 Polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP)  Ekaboron (Eb) – Scandium
 Non-ionic surfactant  Ekaaluminum (Ea) - Gallium
o Boulton’s solution  Ekamanganese (Em)- Technetium
 Phenolated iodine solution  Ekasilicon (Es)- Germanium
 Iodine liquid, phenol and water
o Mandel’s solution GROUP VIIIA – NOBLE GASES
 Carbolised iodine solution  Inert
 Iodine, potassium iodide and glycerin  Rare

ASTATINE - EKAIODINE HELIUM

 Only metallic halogen  2nd lightest gas
 Only synthetic halogen – bombardment of bismuth with  Donald duck-like sound
alpha particles  Toxicity: Donald duck toxicity
 Only radioactive halogen o Antidote: Oxygen
 Least reactive than iodine  Uses:

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 o Diluent for/ carriers of medically important gases  Iron stone
o Component of artificial gas (brown-green cylinder)  Pyrite or fools gold (FeS)
 Container: Brown cylinder  Proteins:
o Hemoglobin
NEON o Transferrin
 For advertising o Ferritin – storage form of iron
 Bright reddish orange light o Cytochrome oxidase ( Fe, Cu)
 2nd lightest noble gas o Decrease respiratory pigment, metabolism
 Sources:
ARGON – 0.93% o Fool’s gold (FeS)
 Most abundant noble gases o Magnetite (Fe3O4)
 3rd most common gas in earth’s crust o Limonite (FeO(OH)
 Substitute for N2 in providing inert atmosphere o Ciderite (FeCO3)
 Container: Red (Argon methane) o Hematite (Fe2O3) – red oxide (most important
 By product of fractionalization of liquid air source)
o Rust – Hydrated ferric oxide
KRYPTON  Enhance absortion of:
 Least abundant of all noble gases o Vit. C (duodenum)
 Inhalational anesthetic activity o Copper
 William ramsay  Ferrous sulfate
o Green vitriol
XENON Iron sulfate
 Least abundant noble gas Iron vitriol
 Inhalational anesthetic activity o Most economical
o Ferrous salts – hematinic
RADON – NITON (Ramsay) o Copperas
 Synthetic noble gas o A/E: Black stool (tarry); constipation
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS 22
 Most stable isotope, 222 radon, 3.8 days(half-life)
 Ferrous fumarate – Toleron®
 Used for treatment of CA (cervical CA) o Great stability
 Radium salts (decomposition product)
 Ferrous gluconate – Fergon ®
o Less gastric irritation
GROUP VIIIB
 Ferrous carbonate
 3 triads
o Chalybeate pills
o 1st triad (Fe, Co, Ni)
o Blaud pills
o 2nd triad (Rh, Ru, Pd)
o Ferruginous taste
o 3rd triad (Os, Pt, Ir)
o Hematinic
IRON  Basham’s mixture – (iron + NH4 acetate)
o Astringent
 Fe+2 – green (ferrous)
o Styptic
 Fe+3 – brown (ferric)
 Elemental iron – silvery white metal  Ferric chloride
o Astringent
 Reduced iron – no luster, grayish
o Styptic
 Falling star (Shooting star)
 Essential trace element for blood and enzymes o Tannin detection
 Hydrated ferric oxide – hematinic  Blue points dye:
 Toxicity: o Ferrous ferricyanide – Fe4[Fe(CN)6]2
o Hemochromatosis/hemosiderosis  Turnbull’s blue
 Prussian blue stain of the heart o Ferric ferrocyanide - Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
o GI distress  Prussian blue
o Cardiac collapse o Misch metal
 30% iron and 70% cerium
 Antidote: Deferoxamine
 Most important metal (engineering)
COBALT
 Steels- alloys of Fe
 Essential in development of erythrocytes and
o Sources:
hemoglobin

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  Component of Vit. B12 (cyanocobalamin)  Insoluble in mineral acids but attacked by aqua regia
 Used in manufacture of beer  Crucibles and wires
 Permanent magnet making  Source: Sperrylite
 Deficiency:  Cisplastin
o Megaloblastic anemia o Cis-diaminedichloropatinum
o Pernicious anemia (Schilling’s test) o Antineoplastic
 Forms: o Treatment of prostate cancer
o Anhydrous – blue
o Hydrated – pink TYPES OF WATER
o Pure – pinkish white
 Cobaltous chloride MINERAL WATER
o Lover’s ink  Natural spring or well water
Sympathetic ink  Sufficient quantity of mineral or gaseous matter
o Dessicator indicator (silica gel beads)  Unfit for domestic use
 Cobalt zincate ALKALINE WATER
o Rinmann’s green  Contains sodium + magnesium sulfates with
o Test for Zn ion bicarbonates
CARBONATED WATER
 Cobalt meta-aluminate
o Thenard’s blue  Charged with CO2 under pressure
o Test for Al ion  Effervescence upon contact with surface
CHALYBEATE WATER
 Vogel’s reaction- cobaltous solution with ammonium
 Charged with ferruginous taste
thiocyanate
LITHIA WATER
NICKEL – Old nick’s copper  Form of carbonates or chlorides
SALINE WATER
 Raney nickel
 Purgative water’s
 Fossil fuels combustion
 Magnesium + sodium sulfate with NaCl
PHARMACEUTICAL
Fancy jewelry CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS 23
SULPHUR WATER
o Contact dermatitis
 High amount of hydrogen sulfide gas
 Catalyst
 Rotten egg smell (running water)
 Poison – decrease blood pressure and nephritis
SILICEOUS WATER
 Nickelous ion – green solution (bluish green)
 Alkali of silicates
 A-nitroso-b-naphtol – reddish brown precipitate soluble
in HCl
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS – drug that posses the
 Gives red color with dimethylglyoxime property of being radioactive
 Nickel pectinate NUCLEAR PHARMACY – practice concerned with
o Treatment of diarrhea compounding, dispensing of radiopharmaceuticals
o Tomectin
 Nickel sulfate HALF-LIFE – time required for the radioactive atoms to
o Parasiticide decrease by one-half of the decay
o Tonic
 Nickel carbonate RATE CONSTANTS – fraction of radiation disintegrating
o Tonic per unit time
PALLADIUM
 Effective catalyst (steel) CURIE (Ci) – basic unit of measurement in radioactive
materials; 3.7 x 1010 disintegration per second
OSMIUM
 Heaviest/densest metal ROENTGEN- basic unit of radiation effect; 93 ergs of
 Osmic acid + osmium tetroxide energy in 1g of soft tissue
o Used in staining microorganism for electron
microscopic RADIATION ABSORBED DOSE (RAD) – quantity of
o Fingerprint powders radiation causing the absorbance of 100 ergs of energy per
gram of tissue
PLATINUM
FORMS OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY
 Catalyst (steel)

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 Sodium phosphate (P 32 solution) – treatment of
ALPHA DECAY polycytemia vera; intraocular tumor
 Emission of alpha particle (greater than 82)
 Travel short distance Technetium (Tc 99m injection)- brain scanning to determine
 Penetrating power is low; Stopped by a thin of paper the presence of neoplastic lesion
 Heaviest and slowest (0.1 speed of light)
Cyanocobalamin (Co 57 and Co 60)- treatment of
BETA DECAY pernicious anemia
 Negatively charged (negatron)
 High neutron-proton ratio Co- 58 – isotope used in the determination of the volume of
RBC and total volume
 Move at a faster velocity (0.9 speed of light)
 Do not alter mass number but alter atomic number
Sodium rose bengal (I-131)- Determination of liver function
 More penetrating power (10-15 cm in water)
 Penetrate 1 inch thickness of AI I-131-Human serum albumin – most abundant human blood
 Unstable nuclei having neutrons in excess of protons plasma; liver

POSITRON EMISSION
Tc 99m- Phylate - Diagnosis of AFD (alcohol foaming
 Positive electron or positron
degeneration) – temporary hepatocytes dysfunction
 Low neutron-proton ration
Tc 99m- Heptagluconate – kidney imaging
K-CAPTURE OR ELECTRON CAPTURE
 Alternative mode of decay to positron emission Tc 99m – IDA (iminodiacetic acid)- hepatobiliary agent in
nuclear medicine
GAMMA EMISSION
 Photon of electromagnetic radiation Tc 99m- Etidronate- Bone imaging
 Demonstrate both wave and particle properties
 Short wavelength similar to x-rays and travel at the Tc 99m- Disofenin – Hepatobiliary and spleen imaging
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS 24
speed of light
 No mass, no charge Tc 99m- Exametazine – for cerebral vascular disease
 Excellent penetrating power
 Very thick lead is required to against it Tc 99m- Macroaggregated albumin – lung imaging; adjunct
 Disadv: hazardous in pulmonary

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT Tc 99m- Mebrofenin- liver and gall bladder imaging

IONIZATION CHAMBER- Tc 99m- Mertiatide - Treat certain diseases and study

GEIGER-MULLER COUNTER- beta and alpha particles function of organs
SCINTILLATION COUNTER – alpha particles
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC- amount of radioactive in animals Tc 99m- Sestamibi – nuclear medicine and imaging (heart
and plants tissues muscle)

RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS

Sodium chromate (Cr 51 Injection) – RBC mast, volume

and survival time and scanning of spleen

Gold (Au 198 injection)- scintillation of scanning of the

liver, secondary to neoplastic disease

Sodium iodide (I 125 solution) – diagnostic aid in the

functioning of thyroid glands

Chlormerodrin (Hg 197 injection) – scintillation scanning

of the kidney and brain

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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS 25

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