Scribd
Upload
46 views34 pages

6 - Fundamentals of Liquid

This document discusses fundamentals of liquid hydraulics including flow rate, mass flow rate, volume flow rate, weight flow rate, steady and unsteady flow, uniform and non-uniform flow, laminar and turbulent flow, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional flow, rotational and irrotational flow, compressible and incompressible flow, energy concepts including kinetic energy, potential energy, total energy, Bernoulli's energy theorem, and hydraulic grade line and energy grade line.

Uploaded by

Gray Fiore Fullbuster
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
46 views34 pages

6 - Fundamentals of Liquid

This document discusses fundamentals of liquid hydraulics including flow rate, mass flow rate, volume flow rate, weight flow rate, steady and unsteady flow, uniform and non-uniform flow, laminar and turbulent flow, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional flow, rotational and irrotational flow, compressible and incompressible flow, energy concepts including kinetic energy, potential energy, total energy, Bernoulli's energy theorem, and hydraulic grade line and energy grade line.

Uploaded by

Gray Fiore Fullbuster
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

FUNDAMENTALS OF LIQUID

CE123-1
HYDRAULICS
DISCHARGE OF FLOW RATE, Q

• IS THE AMOUNT OF FLUID PASSING THROUGH A SECTION PER UNIT OF TIME


• MASS FLOW RATE (KG/SEC)
• WEIGHT FLOW RATE (KN/SEC)
• VOLUME FLOW RATE OR FLOW RATE (M3/S, LIT/S)
VOLUME FLOW RATE

𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗
WHERE:

Q = DISCHARGE IN M3/S OR FT3/S


A = CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF FLOW IN M2 OR FT2
𝒗 = MEAN VELOCITY OF FLOW IN M/S OR FT/S
MASS FLOW RATE

𝑴 = 𝝆𝑸
WHERE:
Q = DISCHARGE IN M3/S OR FT3/S
M = MASS FLOW RATE
𝝆 = MASS DENSITY IN KG/M3 OR SLUGS/FT3
WEIGHT FLOW RATE

𝑾 = 𝜸𝑸
WHERE:
W = WEIGHT FLOW RATE
Q = DISCHARGE IN M3/S OR FT3/S
𝜸 = WEIGHT DENSITY IN N/M3 OR LB/FT3
TYPES OF FLUID FLOW

STEADY UNIFORM CONTINUOUS


UN-STEADY NON-UNIFORM LAMINAR
TURBULENT

ONE DIMENSIONAL TWO- ROTATIONAL COMPRESSIBLE


DIMENSIONAL THREE-
DIMENSIONAL IRROTATIONAL INCOMPRESSIBLE
STEADY FLOW VS. UNSTEADY FLOW
UNSTEADY FLOW
• FLOW NOT CHANGING
WITH TIME
• THIS OCCURS WHEN THE
DISCHARGE, Q, PASSING A
STEADY FLOW
GIVEN CROSS-SECTION IS
CONSTANT WITH TIME.
• IF THE FLOW Q AT THE
CROSS-SECTION VARIES
WITH TIME, THE FLOW IS
UNSTEADY.
UNIFORM VS. NON-UNIFORM FLOW
• UNIFORM FLOW: THIS OCCURS IF , WITH • NON-UNIFORM FLOW: IN STREAM WHERE
STEADY FLOW FOR A GIVEN LENGTH, OR THE CROSS-SECTIONS AND VELOCITY
REACH, OF A STREAM, THE AVERAGE CHANGES, THE FLOW IS SAID TO BE NON-
VELOCITY OF FLOW IS THE SAME AT EVERY UNIFORM.
CROSS-SECTION.
• THIS USUALLY OCCURS WHEN AN
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID FLOWS THROUGH A
STREAM WITH UNIFORM CROSS-SECTION.
CONTINUOUS FLOW
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• THIS OCCURS WHEN AT ANY TIME, THE DISCHARGE, Q AT EVERY SECTION OF THE STREAM IS
THE SAME.

CONTINUITY EQUATION

For incompressible fluids:


𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴3 𝑣3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
For compressible fluids:
𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝜌3 𝐴3 𝑣3
𝛾1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝛾2 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝛾3 𝐴3 𝑣3
LAMINAR FLOW

THE FLOW IS SAID TO BE LAMINAR WHEN THE PATH OF INDIVIDUAL FLUID PARTICLES DO NOT
CROSS OR INTERSECT. THE FLOW IS ALWAYS LAMINAR WHEN THE REYNOLDS NUMBER 𝑅𝑒 IS LESS
THAN (APPROXIMATELY) 2,100.
TURBULENT FLOW
THE FLOW IS SAID TO BE TURBULENT WHEN THE PATH OF INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES ARE IRREGULAR
AND CONTINUOUSLY CROSS EACH OTHER.
TURBULENT FLOW NORMALLY OCCURS WHEN THE REYNOLD’S NUMBER EXCEED 2,100
(ALTHOUGH THE MOST COMMON SITUATION IS WHEN IT EXCEEDS 4000)
ONE-DIMENSIONAL
FLOW
THIS OCCURS WHEN IN AN
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID, THE
DIRECTION AND MAGNITUDE OF
THE VELOCITY AT ALL POINTS ARE
IDENTICAL.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL
FLOW
THIS OCCURS WHEN THE FLUID
PARTICLES MOVE IN PLANES OR
PARALLEL PLANES AND THE
STREAMLINE PATTERNS ARE
IDENTICAL IN EACH PLANE.
STREAMLINES
THESE ARE IMAGINARY CURVES
DRAWN THROUGH A FLUID TO
INDICATE THE DIRECTION OF
MOTION IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF
THE FLOW OF THE FLUID SYSTEM.
STREAMTUBES

THESE REPRESENTS ELEMENTARY PORTIONS OF


A FLOWING FLUID BOUNDED BY A GROUP OF
STREAMLINES WHICH CONFINE THE FLOW.
FLOW NETS
THESE ARE DRAWN TO INDICATE
FLOW PATTERNS IN CASE OF TWO-
DIMENSIONAL FLOW, OR EVEN
THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW.
ENERGY AND HEAD

THE ENERGY POSSESSED BY A FLOWING FLUID CONSIST OF


- KINETIC ENERGY
- THE ABILITY OF THE FLUID MASS TO DO WORK BY VIRTUE OF ITS VELOCITY
- POTENTIAL ENERGY
- THE ENERGY POSSESSED BY THE FLUID BY VIRTUE OF ITS POSITION OR
ELEVATION WITH RESPECT TO A DATUM PLANE.
KINETIC ENERGY

1 2
1𝑊 2
𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑀 𝑣 = 𝑣
2 2𝑔
𝐾𝐸 𝑣2
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =
𝑊 2𝑔
KINETIC ENERGY
FOR CIRCULAR PIPE OF DIAMETER D FLOWING FULL:
𝑄 2
𝑣2 𝐴 𝑄2
= =
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔𝐴2

𝑣2 𝑄2
= 2
2𝑔 2𝑔 𝜋ൗ4 𝐷2
𝒗𝟐 𝟖𝑸𝟐
= 𝟐 𝟒
𝟐𝒈 𝝅 𝒈𝑫
ELEVATION ENERGY

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊𝑧 = 𝑀𝑔𝑧


𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =𝑧
𝑊
PRESSURE ENERGY

𝑃
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑊
𝛾
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =
𝑊 𝛾
WHERE:
𝑧=POSITION OF THE FLUID ABOVE (+) OR BELOW (-) THE DATUM PLANE
𝑝 = FLUID PRESSURE
𝑣 = MEAN VELOCITY OF FLOW
TOTAL FLOW ENERGY, E

SUM OF KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ENERGY


TOTAL ENERGY = KINETIC ENERGY + POTENTIAL ENERGY

𝒗𝟐 𝑷
TOTAL HEAD, 𝑬 = + + 𝒛
𝟐𝒈 𝜸
POWER AND EFFICIENCY
• POWER- A RATE WHICH THE WORK IS DONE
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑸𝜸𝑬
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚, 𝜼 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
WHERE:
Note:
𝑄 = DISCHARGE (M3/S)
1 Horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts
𝛾 = UNIT WEIGHT (N/M3) 1 Horsepower (hp) = 550 ft-lb/sec
1 Watt = 1 N-m/s = 1 Joule/sec
E = TOTAL ENERGY (M)
POWER = N-M/S (JOULE/SEC) OR WATTS
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
• APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY
• FIRST DERIVED (1738) BY THE SWISS MATHEMATICIAN
DANIEL BERNOULLI, THE THEOREM STATES, IN EFFECT, THAT
THE TOTAL MECHANICAL ENERGY OF THE FLOWING FLUID,
COMPRISING THE ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH FLUID
PRESSURE, THE GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY OF
ELEVATION, AND THE KINETIC ENERGY OF FLUID MOTION,
REMAINS CONSTANT.
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
Assumptions made for deriving the
Bernoulli’s equation from Euler’s
equation of motion:

1. Fluid is ideal, i.e. inviscid and


incompressible.
2. Fluid flow is steady, one-
dimensional and uniform
3. Fluid flow is irrational
4. Forces which are considered are
only pressure force and gravity
force. Rest forces acting on fluid
are neglected.
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
𝒑𝑨 𝑽𝟐𝑨 𝒑𝑩 𝑽𝟐𝑩
𝒛𝑨 + + + 𝒉𝑷 = 𝒛𝑩 + + + 𝒉𝑳
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
Where:
𝑍= Vertical distance above an arbitrary horizontal datum
𝑃
= pressure head
𝛾
V= average velocity flow
𝑉𝐴2
= Velocity head
2𝑔
ℎ𝑃 = energy head imparted to the water by the pump
Note: + ℎ𝑃 will be replaced by -ℎ𝑃 if turbine is in the line instead of a pump
ℎ𝐿 = total head loss between sections A and B
FORMS OF ENERGY EQUATION
1. VELOCITY FORM
2. HEAD FORM
FORMS OF ENERGY EQUATION
1. VELOCITY FORM
• ENERGY GRADE LINE (EGL)
• ENERGY GRADE LINE IS ALWAYS ABOVE THE HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE BY AN
AMOUNT EQUAL TO THE VELOCITY HEAD. THUS, THE DISTANCE OF ENERGY
GRADIENT ABOVE THE DATUM PLANE IS ALWAYS (V /2G + P/Γ + Z). ENERGY GRADE
LINE THEREFORE IS THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY OF
FLOW.
FORMS OF ENERGY EQUATION
1. VELOCITY FORM
• CHARACTERISTICS OF EGL
➢EGL SLOPES DOWNWARD IN THE DIRECTION OF FLOW AND WILL ONLY RISE WITH
THE PRESENCE OF PUMP.
➢THE VERTICAL DROP OF EGL BETWEEN TWO POINTS IS THE HEAD LOST BETWEEN
THOSE POINTS.
➢EGL IS PARALLEL TO HGL FOR UNIFORM PIPE CROSS SECTION.
➢EGL IS ALWAYS ABOVE THE HGL BY V /2G.
➢NEGLECTING HEAD LOSS, EGL IS HORIZONTAL.
FORMS OF ENERGY EQUATION

2. HEAD FORM
• HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE (HGL)
• HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE, ALSO CALLED HYDRAULIC GRADIENT AND PRESSURE
GRADIENT, IS THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE POTENTIAL HEAD (PRESSURE
HEAD + ELEVATION HEAD). IT IS THE LINE TO WHICH LIQUID RISES IN SUCCESSIVE
PIEZOMETER TUBES. THE LINE IS ALWAYS AT A DISTANCE (P/𝛾 + Z) ABOVE THE
DATUM PLANE.
FORMS OF ENERGY EQUATION

2. HEAD FORM
• CHARACTERISTICS OF HGL
➢HGL SLOPES DOWNWARD IN THE DIRECTION OF FLOW BUT IT MAY RISE OR FALL
DUE TO CHANGE IN PRESSURE.
➢HGL IS PARALLEL TO EGL FOR UNIFORM PIPE CROSS SECTION.
➢FOR HORIZONTAL PIPES WITH CONSTANT CROSS SECTION, THE DROP IN PRESSURE
GRADIENT BETWEEN TWO POINTS IS EQUIVALENT TO THE HEAD LOST BETWEEN
THESE POINTS.
NEXT: SAMPLE PROBLEMS

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy