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HYDRAU 7 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

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28 views30 pages

HYDRAU 7 Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

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lorlynvillareal.20
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CE 6:

HYDRAULICS
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
Flow (of gas or liquid) means to move in
a direction, especially continuously through a
stream. Fluid flow may be steady or unsteady;
uniform or non-uniform; continuous; laminar or
turbulent; one-dimensional, two-dimensional or
three-dimensional; and rational and irrational.

Velocity is the speed and direction of


the motion of an object.
TYPES OF FLOW
According to velocity:
UNIFORM FLOW – Velocity does not
change along a fluid path.
NON-UNIFORM FLOW – Opposite of
uniform flow in which velocity is not
constant at a given instant.
TYPES OF FLOW
According to time and cross-section:
STEADY FLOW – This occurs when
the discharge passing a given cross-
section is constant with time.
UNSTEADY FLOW – If the flow at the
cross-section varies with time, the flow
is unsteady.
TYPES OF FLOW
According to the pattern of flow:
LAMINAR FLOW – Paths of individual
particles do not cross or intersect.
TURBULENT FLOW – Streamlines are
irregular curves which constantly cross
each other.
REYNOLD’S NUMBER, Re

LAMINAR FLOW: TURBULENT


FLOW:
Re < 2100 Re > 2100
TYPES OF FLOW
ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW – This occurs
when in an incompressible fluid, the
direction and magnitude of the velocity at
all points are identical.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW – This occurs
when the fluid particles move in planes or
parallel planes and the streamline
patterns are identical in each plane.
TYPES OF FLOW
CONTINOUS FLOW – This occurs
when at any time, the discharge at
every section of the stream is the same
(principle of conservation of mass).
OTHER DEFINITION OF TERMS
STREAMLINES – These are imaginary
curves drawn through a fluid to indicate
the direction of motion in various sections
of the flow of the fluid system.
STREAMTUBES – These represents
elementary portions of a flowing fluid by a
group of streamlines which confine the
flow.
FLOW NETS – These are drawn to
indicate flow patterns in case of two-
dimensional flow, or even three-
DISCHARGE OR FLOW RATE, Q
Discharge or Flow Rate is the
amount of fluid passing through a
section per unit of time.

This is expressed in terms of


volume flow rate, mass flow rate and
weight flow rate.
DISCHARGE OR FLOW RATE, Q
Q=discharge in m³/s of ft³/s
M=mass flow rate in kg/s or
slug/s
W=weight flow rate in N/s or
lb/s
A=cross-sectional area of flow in
m² or ft²
v=mass velocity of fluid in m/s
or ft/s
=mass density in kg/m³ or
slug/ft³
CONTINUITY EQUATION
For incompressible fluids:

For compressible fluids:


ENERGY POSSESED BY FLUID
POTENTIAL ENERGY, PE
Elevation Energy – potential energy
possessed by the fluid by virtue of position
or elevation with respect to arbitrary
selected datum.
ENERGY POSSESED BY FLUID
POTENTIAL ENERGY, PE
Pressure Energy – potential energy
possessed by the fluid due to pressure.
ENERGY POSSESED BY FLUID
KINETIC ENERGY, KE – ability of fluid to do
work by virtue of velocity.
HEAD – amount of energy per pound or Newton
of fluid.
 Elevation Head

 Pressure Head

 Velocity Head
TOTAL FLOW ENERGY
The total energy or head in a fluid flow is the sum of
the kinetic and potential energies.
HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE (HGL)
Also known as pressure gradient,
hydraulic grade line is the graphical
representation of total potential energy flow.
It is the line that connects the water level in
successive piezometer tubes placed at
intervals along the pipe. It’s distance from
the datum is
HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE (HGL)
Characteristics of HGL:
• HGL slopes downward in the direction of flow but
it may rise or fall due to change in pressure.
• HGL is parallel to EGL for uniform pipe cross
section.
• For horizontal pipes with constant cross section,
the drop in pressure gradient between two points
is equivalent to the head lost between these
points.
ENEGRY GRADE LINE (EGL)
Is always above the HGL by an amount
equal to the velocity head. Thus, the
distance of energy gradient above the
datum plane is always EGL therefore is the
graphical representation of the total energy
of flow.
ENERGY GRADE LINE (EGL)
Characteristics of EGL:
• EGL slopes downward in the direction of flow and
will only rise with the presence of pump.
• EGL is parallel to HGL for uniform pipe cross-
section.
• EGL is always above the HGL by
• Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.
Illustration showing the behavior of energy and hydraulic grade lines.
HEAD LOSS
Head loss is a measure of the
reduction in the total head (sum of
elevation head, pressure head and
velocity head) of the fluid as it moves
through a fluid system.
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
• In 1738, an Italian Engineer, Daniel Bernoulli,
demonstrated that in any stream flowing steadily
without friction the total energy contained in a given
mass of water is the same at every point in its path
flow.
• Kinetic energy and potential energy may each be
converted into either of the two forms, theoretically
without loss. If there is a reduction in the amount of
energy contained in one form there must be an equal
gain the sum of the other two.
• Bernoulli’s theorem is the application of law of
conservation of energy in flowing fluid.
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
Bernoulli’s Energy Equation
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
Bernoulli’s Energy Equation
Without Head Lost
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
Bernoulli’s Energy Equation With
Head Lost
POWER AND EFFICIENCY
POWER is the rate of doing work per unit of
time. For a fluid of unit weight (N/m3) flowing at a
rate of Q (m3/s) with a total energy of E (m), the
power (Watt) is:
ENERGY EQUATION OF PUMP
• Pump is used, basically, to
add head or energy (usually
to rise water from lower to
higher elevation).
• The input power of the pump
is electrical energy and the
output power is the flow
energy.

𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑=𝑸 𝜸 𝑯𝑨


ENERGY EQUATION OF TURBINE
• Turbine or motors extracts
energy to do mechanical
work which in turn converted
into electrical energy.
• The input power of the
turbine is flow energy and the
output power is the electrical
energy.

𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆=𝑸 𝜸 𝑯𝑬

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