AVALON Direct English

Book 2
teacher's version

AVALON Direct
English
Book 2
Third Ed i t i on
An English Language Course for Intermediate Level
Study
Tor Nicol, Andrew Leishman, Andrew Day

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 Unit 1
5 Unit 1

v. to feel + adjective n. feeling adj. physical

felt adj. emotional
felt

Tired, thirsty and hungry are all examples of physical feelings.

e.g. I felt tired yesterday.
Happy, sad and angry are all examples of emotional feelings.
e.g. She feels happy today.

Q. What is the verb form of to feel ?

A. The verb form of to feel is: feel felt felt.

Q. How did you feel when you got up this morning ?

A. I felt tired when I got up this morning.

Q. Do you feel happier when the weather is nice ?

A. Yes, I feel happier when the weather is nice.

Q. How do you feel when people are rude to you?

A. I feel angry when people are rude to me.

Q. Give me some examples of :

a. physical feelings.
A. Tired, thirsty and hungry are all examples of physical feelings.

b. emotional feelings.
A. Happy, sad and angry are all examples of emotional feelings.

n. emotion n. love v. to love + gerund

n. hate v. to hate + gerund
n. happiness n. sadness

Q. Give me some examples of emotions.

A. Love, hate, happiness and sadness are some examples of emotions.

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Q. Who do you love the most?
A. I love my parents the most.

Q. What kind of things do you love doing?

A. I love going to the cinema.

Q. What kind of things do you hate doing?

A. I hate shopping.

Q. Which is more important for your happiness, love or money?

A. Love is more important for my happiness than money.

Q. Do you think love is stronger than hate?

A. Yes, I think love is stronger than hate.

Q. Are you a very emotional person?

A. Yes, I’m a very emotional person.

n. jealousy adj. jealous to be jealous of someone

to feel jealous of someone

If you are jealous of someone, you feel angry because they have things
that you want.

Q. Have you ever been jealous of anyone?

A. Yes, I’ve been jealous of my best friend.

Q. Do you think that jealousy is a dangerous emotion?

A. Yes, I think jealousy is a dangerous emotion.

Q. Are you a jealous person?

A. No, I’m not a jealous person.

6 Unit 1

Q. Do you ever feel jealous of rich people?

A. Yes, I sometimes feel jealous of rich people.

Q. Have you ever felt jealous because someone you know :

a. bought something you wanted ?
A. Yes, I felt jealous because my best friend bought a new car.

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b. could do something better than you ?
A. Yes, I felt jealous because my sister could play the piano better than
me.

n. relationship n. girlfriend
n. marriage n. boyfriend

We have relationships with people we know or people we love.

Q. Who was Romeo’s girlfriend?

A. Juliet was Romeo’s girlfriend.

Q. Do you think marriage is the most important relationship?

A. Yes, I think marriage is the most important relationship.

Q. Which is more important in a relationship, love or money?

A. Love is more important in a relationship than money.

*****
Q. Do you have a good relationship with the people in this class?
A. Yes, I have a good relationship with the people in this class.

Q. Give me an example of someone you have a very good

relationship with.
A. I have a very good relationship with my mother.

expr. to make someone + adjective

eg. Rude people make me angry. = I get angry when people are rude to
me.
My girlfriend’s present made me happy. = I was happy because I got a
nice present from my girlfriend.

Q. Does working hard make you tired?

A. Yes, working hard makes me tired.

Q. Does sunny weather make you happy?

A. Yes, sunny weather makes me happy.

Q. Do your friends ever make you :

a. happy ?
A. Yes, my friends sometimes make me happy.
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b. angry?
A. Yes, my friends sometimes make me angry.

c. jealous?
A. Yes, my friends sometimes make me jealous.

expr. to make something happen

eg. The film made me cry. = I cried because the film was sad.

Q. What kind of films make you laugh?

A. Funny films make me laugh.

Q. Has a book ever made you cry?

A. Yes, a book has made me cry.

Q. Does bad weather make you feel sad?

A. Yes, bad weather makes me feel sad.

Q. What kind of things make people cough?

A. Smoking makes people cough.

expr. to make the bed

expr. to make friends
expr. to make money

Q. Do you make your bed every day?

A. Yes, I make my bed every day.

Q. What do we use to make the bed?*

A. I need my own hands and bedclothes to make the bed.

Q. Do children like making new friends at school?

A. Yes, children like making new friends at school.

Q. Have you made any new friends since you came to this school?
A. Yes, I’ve made some new friends since I came to this school.

7 Unit 1

Q. What kind of people make a lot of money?

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A. Businessmen make a lot of money.

Q. How can you make money if you don’t work?

A. If you don’t work, you can make money selling things.

v. to show v. to hide

showed hid
shown hidden

show something to someone -She showed her photos to everyone.

hide something from someone = He hid his cigarettes from his parents.

Q. When do you have to show your passport?

A. You have to show your passport at the airport.

Q. What do new students have to show the teacher at this school?

A. New students have to show the teacher their card at this school.

Q. Did you ever play games where you tried to hide from your
friends?
A. Yes, I played games where I tried to hide from my friends.

Q. What kind of things did you hide from your parents?

A. I hid my cigarettes from my parents.
*****
eg. It is difficult for very emotional people to hide their feelings.
It is good to show your feelings when you love someone.

Q. How do people show their love for others ?*

A. People show their love for others by kissing.

Q. Is it difficult for you to hide your emotions when you are :

a. very angry ?
A. Yes, it’s difficult for me to hide my emotions when I’m very angry.

b. very jealous?
A. Yes, it’s difficult for me to hide my emotions when I’m very jealous.

Q. Do you think people from your country show their emotions

more than English people ?

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A. Yes, I think people from my country show their emotions more than
English people.

v. to look at v. to look for n. timetable n. dictionary

Q. What do you look at when you want to know the time?

A. I look at my watch when I want to know the time.

Q. What am I looking at?

A. You’re looking at your book.

Q. If you want someone’s telephone number, where do you look for

it ?
A. If I want someone’s telephone number, I look for it in a phone book.

Q. If you want to know the meaning of a word, where do you look

for it ?
A. If I want to know the meaning of a word, I look for it in a dictionary.

Q. Where would you look for :

a. a telephone number ?
A. I would look for a telephone number in a phone book.

b. train times?
A. I would look for train times on a timetable.

v. to describe n. description

If you describe someone or something you say what kind of person or

thing they are.
eg. My brother is 19 years old, he is quite tall with short, blond hair and
blue eyes.
A tomato is a small, round, red vegetable.

Q. Which famous person am I describing ?* He’s a famous

comedian. He has a black hat, a moustache and a funny walk.
A. You’re describing Charlie Chaplin.

8 Unit 1

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Q. Which country am I describing ?
a. It is a very big, hot country in South America.
A. You’re describing Brazil.

b. It is a small, cold country north of England.

A. You’re describing Scotland.

Q. Describe a room in your house.

A. My bedroom is a big room with white walls, a green carpet and green
curtains.

Q. What do adjectives describe?

A. Adjectives describe nouns.

Q. What do adverbs describe?

A. Adverbs describe verbs.

Q. Do the police sometimes give descriptions of criminals they are

looking for in newspapers or on television ?
A. Yes, the police sometimes give descriptions of criminals they are
looking for in newspapers and on television.

Participles

A verb has two participles in English :

1. the past participle.
2. the present participle.
The present participle is the same as the gerund - We add the letters
ING to a verb.
eg. verb past participle present participle
bore bored boring
interest interested interesting

Q. What are the present and past participles of :

a. bore?
A. Boring and bored are the present and past participles of bore.

b. interest?
A. Interesting and interested are the present and past participles of
interest.

NB. In English we can use present and past participles as adjectives.

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We often do this when we are describing feelings and emotions.
eg. I felt very bored during the film.
It was a very interesting lesson.

1. We use the past participle to describe how people feel.

eg. I was bored so I went home.
She was tired because the party finished very late.

2. We use the present participle to describe the thing or person that

makes us feel something.
eg. The party was boring so I went home.
It was a very interesting lesson.
He was a very interesting teacher.

exercise
Fill in the gaps with the right participle from the verb in brackets ( ).
1. I went home early because I was .................................... (to bore).
2. We went home early because the party was ......................... (to bore).
3. It was a very ............................ (to interest) book. I would like to read it
again.
4. Are you .................................... (to interest) in mathematics?

9 Unit 1

Present or past participle ?

Q. If you have to wait a long time for a bus, are you bored or
boring?
A. If I have to wait a long time for a bus, I’m bored.

Q. If a film is too long and you don’t like it, is it bored or boring ?
A. If a film is too long and I don’t like it, it’s boring.

Q. If you only sleep for two hours, do you feel tired or tiring in the
morning ?
A. If I only sleep for two hours, I feel tiring in the morning.

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Q. If you can’t stop reading a book and you don’t want it to end, is it
interested or interesting ?
A. If I can’t stop reading a book and I don’t want it to end, it’s interesting.

v. to frighten adj. frightening adj. frightened

n. snake n. spider

verb: Snakes frighten my sister.

present participle (adj) My sister thinks snakes are frightening animals.
past participle (adj.) My sister was very frightened when she saw a
snake.

Q. Are you frightened of snakes or spiders ?

A. Yes, I’m frightened of spiders.

Q. Are all snakes dangerous ?

A. No, not all snakes are dangerous.

Q. How many legs does :

a. a spider have ?
A. A spider has eight legs.

b. a snake have ?
A. A snake doesn’t have any legs.

Q. What kind of animals do you think are frightening ?

A. I think sharks are frightening.

Q. Give me an example of an animal that is :

a. frightening.
A. A lion is frightening.

b. easily frightened.
A. A rabbit is easily frightened.

expr. to be frightened of + gerund

eg. A lot of people are frightened of flying.

Q. Are you frightened of flying ?

A. No, I’m not frightened of flying.

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Q. Would you be frightened of touching a snake ?
A. Yes, I would be frightened of touching a snake.

Q. Are some people frightened of showing their feelings ?

A. Yes, some people are frightened of showing their feelings.

adj. dark n. the dark adj. light

Q. Is the sky light blue or dark blue during the day ?

A. The sky is light blue during the day.

Q. Do you generally prefer light colours or dark colours ?

A. I generally prefer dark colours.

Q. What colour are your eyes ?

A. My eyes are green.

Q. Light blue/brown/green or dark blue/brown/green ?

A. Light green.

Q. What time does it :

a. get light at the moment ?
A. It gets light at about eight in the morning.

b. get dark at the moment ?

A. It gets dark at the moment at about five.

Q. Can you see well in the dark ?

A. No, I can’t see well in the dark.

Q. What do people use to see in the dark ?

A. People use a torch to see in the dark.

Q. Were you frightened of the dark when you were a child ?

A. Yes, I was frightened of the dark when I was a child.

10 Unit 1

v.. to annoy adj. annoyed adj. annoying

verb: My friend annoys me when he gets drunk.

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past participle (adj.) I was very annoyed when my sister lost my car
keys.
present participle (adj.) It is annoying when buses are late.

Q. What kind of things annoy you ?

A. Rude people annoy me.

Q. What do people do when they get annoyed ?

A. People kick walls when they get annoyed.

Q. Do you know any annoying people ?

A. Yes, I know some annoying people.

Q. Is it annoying when people play music late at night ?

A. Yes, it’s annoying when people play music late at night.

v. to be made of n. metal n. gold n. silver

n. ring n. leather n. plastic n. wood

eg. My shoes are made of leather.

My ring is made of gold.
The chair is made of plastic.

Q. What is this table made of ?

A. That table is made of wood.

Q. What are your shoes made of ?

A. My shoes are made of leather.

Q. Is anyone wearing a ring ?

A. Yes, Patricia is wearing a ring.

Q. What is it made of ?
It’s made of gold.

Q. What kind of things are usually made of :

a. leather ? b. gold ? c. plastic ?
A. Belts are usually made of leather.

b. gold ?
A. Rings are usually made of gold.

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c. plastic
A. Pens are usually made of plastic

n. cardboard n. box

Q. What are boxes usually made of ?

A. Boxes are usually made of cardboard.

Q. Have you ever given a box of chocolates as a present ?

A. Yes, I gave a box of chocolates to my mother as a present.

Q. Do you have any cardboard boxes at home ?

A. Yes, I have some cardboard boxes at home.

Q. What do you keep in them ?

A. I keep old shoes in them.

adj. real adv.. really

eg. My shoes are real leather.

Her earrings are real gold
My mother always says she is 38 but she is really 45.

Q. Is your watch made of real gold ?

A. No, my watch isn’t made of real gold.

Q. Are you shoes made of real leather ?

A. Yes, my shoes are made of real leather.

Q. If shoes aren’t made of real leather, what are they usually made
of ?
A. If shoes aren’t made of real leather, they’re usually made of plastic.

Q. Some people think New York is the capital of the USA. Which city
really is the capital ?
A. Washington DC is the capital.

Q. Do you always say what you really think about your friends’
clothes ?
A. No, I don’t always say what I really think about my friends’ clothes.

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11 Unit 1

n. problem

Q. Do you have problems with English spelling ?

A. Yes, I have problems with English spelling.

Q. Is jealousy sometimes a problem in relationships ?

A. Yes, jealousy is sometimes a problem in relationships.

Q. Do people who smoke a lot have a problem playing sport ?

A. Yes, people who smoke a lot have a problem playing sport.

Q. What kind of problems do people who live in big cities have ?

A. People who live in big cities have problems with pollution and traffic.

v. to help n. homework (uncountable)

to do homework
1. help someone (to) do something
eg. He helped me (to) carry the heavy table.
2. help someone with something.
eg. My parents helped me with my homework when I was a child.

Q. Do children have to do a lot of homework in your country ?

A. Yes, children have to do a lot of homework in my country.

Q. Do your teachers help you to speak English well ?

A. Yes, teachers help me to speak English well.

Q. Does anyone help you with your English homework ?

A. No, no one helps me with my English homework.

Q. Did you ever help with the washing up when you were a child ?
A. Yes, I often helped with the washing up when I was a child.

Q. Who helps people who are ill ?

A. Doctors help people who are ill.

Q. What do some people wear to help them read more easily ?

A. Some people wear glasses to help them read more easily.
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Q. Do you think it is important to show your emotions in a
relationship ?
A. Yes, I think it’s important to show your emotions in a relationship.

Q. Describe a frightening animal.

A. It’ s big, lives in the sea and has big teeth.

Q. Do you get annoyed easily when you are tired ?

A. Yes, I get annoyed easily when I’m tired.

Q. Do you think your friends really understand your feelings and

emotions ?
A. Yes, I think my friends really understand my feelings and emotions.

v. to pretend

If you pretend to do something, you are not really doing it.

Q. What am I pretending to do ?
A. You’re pretending to smoke a cigarette.

Q. When you were a child, did you ever pretend to be ill because
you didn’t want to go to school ?
A. Yes, when I was a child, I often pretended to be ill because I didn’t
want to go to school.

Q. Were you really ill ?

A. No, I wasn’t really ill.

Q. Have you ever pretended to like a meal that someone cooked for
you?
A. Yes, I’ve pretended to like a meal that someone cooked for me.

Q. Do you ever pretend to be happy when really you feel sad ?

A. Yes, I sometimes pretend to be happy when really I feel sad.

adv. really = very much

Q. Have you ever been really drunk ?

A. Yes, I’ve been really drunk.

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Q. What do people do when they feel really sad ?
A. People cry when they feel really sad.

Q. Give me an example of a really expensive :

a. car.
A. A Ferrari is an expensive car.

b. drink.
A. Champagne is a really expensive drink.

c. shop.
A. Harrods is a really expensive shop.

12 Unit 1

v. to break adj. broken

broke
broken

Q. Have you ever broken an arm or a leg ?

A. Yes, I broke my leg when I was twelve.

Q. Is there anything broken in this classroom ?

A. No, there isn’t anything broken in this classroom.

Q. Have you ever broken :

a. a window ?
No, I’ve never broken a window.

b. a mirror ?
A. Yes, I’ve broken a mirror.

c. a glass ?
A. Yes, I’ve broken a glass.

Q. Do you ever break things when you get really angry ?

A. No, I never break things when I get really angry.

mod v. must mod v. must not

Must has almost the same meaning as ‘have to’.

Must means we have no choice.
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eg. People must eat if they want to live- No choice
You must not smoke in the classroom- No choice

exercise
Choose must or must not for these sentences.
1. In England you ...................... drive on the left.
2. Trees ..................... have water to live.
3. You ...................... smoke in the classroom.
4. You ...................... use the gerund after a preposition.
5. People ...................... drink and drive.

Q. What side of the road must you drive on in your country ?

A. We must drive on the left in my country.

Q. How old must you be to get married in your country ?

A. You must be eighteen to get married in my country.

Q. Make a sentence with :

a. must.
A. We must drive on the left in England.

b. must not.
A. I must not smoke in the classroom.

must not and don’t have to

Have to and must mean almost the same thing in the positive.
But in the negative they have very different meanings.

1. The negative of must is must not. - contraction = mustn’t

Mustn't is similar to can't. eg. You must not smoke in the classroom.

2. The negative of have to is don’t have to.

Don’t have to means you have a choice. You can do something if
you want, but it is not necessary.
eg. I don’t have to get up early at the weekend.
Students don’t have to study at home but it helps.

It is unusual to use must or must not in questions.

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13 Unit 1

exercise
Choose must not or don’t have to for these sentences.
1. You ............................. drive on the right in England.
2. I’m not working tomorrow so I .............................. get up early.
3. Children .................................. study German in my country.
4. You ............................. travel without a ticket.
5. You ............................ forget to bring this book tomorrow.
6. You ............................ drive a car without wearing a seatbelt.
7. You ............................ cook carrots before eating them.

Q. Do you have to study English ?

A. No, I don’t have to study English.

Q. Do you have to get up early at the weekend ?

A. No, I don’t have to get up early at the weekend.

Unit 2
14 Unit 2

n. accommodation (uncountable)
n. hotel n. hostel n. Bed and Breakfast

Accommodation is the general noun which describes all the places we

stay in.

Q. What kind of accommodation do you prefer when you go on

holiday ?
A. I prefer hotels when I go on holiday.

Q. What do you get in a B &B ?

A. You get a room and breakfast in a Bed and Breakfast.

Q. What is the difference between a hotel and a hostel?

A. A hotel is usually more expensive than a hostel.
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Q. Have you ever stayed in a really expensive hotel?
A. Yes, I stayed in a really expensive hotel in Tokyo.

Q. What is the cheapest kind of accommodation in this city?

A. A youth hostel is the cheapest kind of accommodation in this city.

Q. Where do you look if you are trying to find some

accommodation?
A. I look in a local newspaper if I’m trying to find some accommodation.

n. tent n. camping n. camp site

Q. Have you ever been camping ?

A. Yes, I’ve been camping.

Q. Are camping holidays always expensive ?

A. No, camping holidays usually aren’t expensive.

Q. Where do you stay if you are camping ?

A. You stay on a camp site if you’re camping.

adj. recent adv. recently

Recently means in the near past.

Q. Have you been to the cinema recently ?

A. No, I haven’t been to the cinema recently.

Q. Has anyone famous died recently ?

A. No one famous has died recently.

Q. Have you bought any new clothes recently ?

A. Yes, I bought a jumper last week.

Q. Give me an example of a recent film.

A. ‘Titanic’ is a recent film.

v. to move n. movement adj./ adv. still

n. traffic v. to stay / be still

Q. Am I moving ?
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A. Yes, you’re moving.

Q. Can children stay still for a long time ?

A. No, children can’t stay still for a long time.

Q. Do people always stay still when they are asleep ?

A. No, people don’t stay still when they’re asleep.

Q. When you go on holiday do you like moving from one place to

another or do you prefer to stay in the same place ?
A. When I go on holiday, I prefer to stay in the same place.

Q. At what time of day does traffic move very slowly in this city ?
A. Traffic moves very slowly during the rush hour in this city.

Q. Are you strong enough to move this table from here to the wall ?
A. Yes, I’m strong enough to move that table from there to the wall.

Q. How would you describe the movement of a cat ?

A. I would describe the movement of a cat as elegant.

15 Unit 2

v. to move (house)

To move (house) means to start living in a new house or flat.

Q. Have you moved house recently ?

A. Yes, I moved house four months ago.

Q. Have you lived in the same house all your life?

A. No, I haven’t lived in the same house all my life.

Q. When did you last move?

A. I last moved four months ago.

Q. What kind of things do you need to do if you are moving?

A. You need to organize transport if you’re moving.

Q. Has your family ever moved to another city ?

A. No, my family has never moved to another city.

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 adv. away (from)

When you are away, you are in a different place from where you live.
eg. People usually go away on holiday.

Q. Have you been away recently ?

A. Yes, I’ve been away recently.

Q. Where did you go ?

A. I went to Paris.

Q. Did you ever have parties when your parents were away ?
A. Yes, I sometimes had parties when my parents were away.

Q. What is the longest you have ever been away from home ?
A. The longest I’ve ever been away from home is three years.

v. to feel at home = to feel comfortable away from home

Q. Do you feel at home in foreign countries ?

A. Yes, I feel at home in foreign countries.

Q. Do you feel at home here ?

A. Yes, I feel at home here.

Q. Would you feel at home living in a tent ?

A. No, I wouldn’t feel at home living in a tent.

Q. Do you always try to make people feel at home when they stay
with you ?
A. Yes, I always try to make people feel at home when they stay with me.

v. to push v. to pull adv. forwards adv. backwards

Q. What am I doing ?*
A. You’re pushing the table.

Q. What kind of animals do we use to pull things ?

A. We use horses to pull things.
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Q. Have you ever had to push your car ?
A. No, I’ve never had to push my car.

Q. Am I moving backwards or forwards ?

A. You’re moving forwards.

Q. Count from one to ten.

A. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.

Q. Now count from one to ten backwards.

A. Ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, one.

expr. to take time + infinitive.

Q. How long does it take to boil an egg ?

A. It takes about five minutes to boil an egg.

Q. How long does it take to fly to America from here ?

A. It takes about seven hours to fly to America from here.

Q. How long does it take you to have a quick shower ?

A. It takes me about five minutes to have a quick shower.

16 Unit 2

n. housework n. cleaning v. to iron v. to clean

v. to hoover v. to polish
v. to dust

NB. These words are verbs but we can often use to do the + gerund
eg. The house is dirty. I must do the cleaning.
I cooked, so you can do the washing up.

Q. Who does most of the housework where you live ?

A. I do most of the housework where I live.

Q. What kind of housework do you find the most boring ?

A. I find ironing the most boring.

Q. What kind of clothes do we iron ?

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A. We iron shirts.

Q. What kind of furniture do we polish ?

A. We polish tables and shirts.

Q. About how long does it take to clean your house ?

A. It takes about an hour to clean my house.

adj. tidy adj. messy

Q. Are you a tidy person ?

A. No, I’m a messy person.

Q. Is your bedroom usually tidy or messy ?

A. My bedroom is usually messy.

Q. Is your hair messy when you first get up ?

A. Yes, my hair is very messy when I first get up.

Q. Which is the tidiest room in your house ?

A. The kitchen is the tidiest room in my house.

n. mess v. to make a mess

Q. Do babies make a mess when they eat ?

A. Yes, babies make a mess when they eat.

Q. Do you make a mess in the kitchen when you cook ?

A. Yes, I make a mess in the kitchen when I cook.

Q. Have you ever made a mess of an examination ?

A. Yes, I’ve made a mess of an examination.

phr v. to tidy up = to put things in the right place

Q. Do you have to tidy up after you have made a mess ?

A. You have to tidy up after you’ve made a mess.

Q. Did your mother tidy up your things when you were a child ?
A. No, my mother didn’t tidy up my things when was a child.

Q. Does it take a long time to tidy up after a big party ?

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A. Yes, it takes a very long time to tidy up after a big party.

n. laundry (uncountable) n. washing machine

laundry = dirty clothes, or clothes we have recently washed.

Q. Who does the laundry at home ?

A. I do the laundry at home.

Q. Do you have a washing machine at home ?

A. Yes, I have a washing machine at home.

Q. Where can you do your laundry if you haven’t got a washing

machine?
A. You can do your laundry at a launderette if you haven’t got a washing
machine.

17 Unit 2

v. to dry clean n. material n. cotton n. wool n. silk

Clothes are made of different kinds of material.

Some materials, for example silk, must not be washed in a machine, so
we have to dry clean them.

Q. What material is your shirt made of ?

A. My shirt is made of cotton.

Q. Do you have any clothes that you have to dry clean ?

A. Yes, I have some clothes that I have to dry clean.

Q. What are they made of ?

A. They’re made of silk.

Q. Which material is difficult to iron ?

A. Silk is difficult to iron.

Q. Which animal gives us wool?

A. A sheep gives wool.

Q. Do you usually dry clean wool or do you wash it by hand ?

A. I usually dry clean wool.
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Q. Is silk more expensive than cotton ?
A. Yes, silk is more expensive than cotton.

Q. How often do you do the washing up at home ?

A. I do the washing up every day at home.

Q. Do men make more mess than women ?

A. Yes, men make more mess than women.

Q. What is the messiest room in your house?

A. My bedroom is the messiest room in my house.

v. to sign n. signature

Q. Have you ever signed something without reading it ?

A. No, I’ve never signed something without reading it.

Q. Was your signature different when you were a child ?

A. Yes, my signature was different when I was a child.

Q. When do you have to sign your name ?

A. I have to sign my name when I write a cheque.

n. sign

Q. Are there any signs in this school ?

A. Yes, there are some signs in this school.

Q. What kind of signs do people make with their hands in your

country ?
A. People hold their thumb up in my country.

Q. Why do some people need sign language?

A. People need sign language to communicate when they can’t speak
and hear.

Q. What does this sign mean?

A. That sign means OK.

Q. Where can you see the signs: PUSH and PULL ?

A. You can see the signs PUSH and PULL on a door.
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 v. to warn someone about something n. warning

Q. What kind of things do parents warn their children about ?

A. Parents warn their children about talking to strangers.

Q. What kind of things do road signs warn us about ?

A. Road signs warn us about children crossing and hills.

Q. Where do you find health warnings ?

A. You find health warnings on cigarette packets.

v. to promise to do something v. to break a promise

Q. What do people promise to do/be when they get married ?

A. People promise to stay together forever when they get married.

Q. Do you get annoyed when people break their promises ?

A. Yes, I get annoyed when people break their promises.

18 Unit 2

Q. Are you going to come to school tomorrow ?

A. Yes, I’m going to come to school tomorrow.
Q. Do you promise ?
A. Yes, I promise.

Q. Do you think he/she will break his/her promise ?*

A. Yes, I think she will break her promise.

Q. Have you ever promised to do something and then broken your

promise ?
A. Yes, I have promised to do something and then broken my promise.

v. to continue + gerund / to + infinitive

If you continue doing something, you don’t stop doing it.

Q. Will you continue studying after finishing this book ?

A. Yes, I will continue studying after finishing this book.

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Q. Do people often continue working after the age of sixty in your
country?
A. No, people don’t often continue working after the age of sixty in my
country.

Q. Do you ever continue drinking at home after you have been to the
pub?
A. Yes, I often continue drinking at home after I’ve been to the pub.

v. to need

To need means to be necessary.

1. to need + noun
eg. I need some more money to buy a car.
John needs help with his homework.
You need a passport to travel abroad.
This city needs a new swimming pool.
2. need to + infinitive / don’t need to + infinitive
eg. I need to get a passport before I go to America.
European people don’t need to get a visa to work in England.

Q. Do you need a visa to stay in London ?

A. Yes, I need a visa to stay in London.

Q. Why do you need to learn English ?

A. I need to learn English for my job.

Q. Do you need a lot of money to buy a house ?

A. Yes, you need a lot of money to buy a house.

Q. What do you need to do :

a. when your house is messy ?
A. You need to clean your house when it’s messy.

b. when you have done your washing ?*

A. You need to iron your washing when you’ve done it.

Q. About how much money do you need to buy :

a. a cup of coffee ?
A. You need about a pound to buy a cup of coffee.

b. a pair of leather shoes ?

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A. You need about fifty pounds to buy a pair of leather shoes.

c. a new bicycle ?
A. You need about a hundred pounds to buy a new bicycle.

Q. What kind of things do you think your city needs ?

A. I think my city needs better transport and more houses.

expr. all over = in every place

eg. People speak English all over the world.

When my little sister eats ice-cream it goes all over her face.

Q. What famous drink can you buy all over the world ?
A. You can buy coca – cola all over the world.

19 Unit 2

Q. Do people drive on the same side of the road all over the world ?
A. No, people don’t drive on the same side of the road all over the world.

Q. Do babies get food all over their faces when they eat ?
A. Yes, babies get food all over their faces when they eat.

prep. apart from

eg. All my family live in England apart from my sister, who moved to
Australia three years ago.

Q. Do you speak any foreign languages apart from English ?

A. Yes, apart from English I speak Spanish.

Q. Are there any Europeans here apart from me ?

A. Yes, there are some Europeans here apart from you.

Q. Apart from England, are there any countries in the world where
they drive on the left ?
A. Yes, apart from England there are some countries where they drive on
the left, for example, Japan and Australia.

adv. also (subject + also + verb)

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When we give another example we use the word also.
eg. My favourite music is jazz, but I also like classical.
We have two cats and we also have a dog.

Q. Apart from me, which teachers do you also have ?

A. Apart from you I also have...

Q. In which countries do they also speak English, apart from

England ?
A. They also speak English in Canada, the USA, Australia, New Zealand
and South Africa.

Q. Apart from a bed, what other furniture do you also have in your
bedroom ?
A. Apart from a bed I also have a table and a chair in my bedroom.

n. memory

Memory has two meanings.

1. We use our memory to remember things.
eg. If you can remember things easily, you have a good memory.

Q. Do old people sometimes lose their memory ?

A. Yes, old people sometimes lose their memory.

Q. What kind of jobs do you need a good memory for ?

A. Doctors and teachers need a good memory.

Q. Apart from people, what else has a good memory ?

A. Apart from people, computers have a good memory.

Q. Have you got a good memory for :

a. names ?
A. No, I haven’t got a good memory for names.

b. faces ?
A. Yes, I’ve got quite a good memory for faces.

c. numbers ?
A. Yes, I’ve got a very good memory for numbers.

2. A memory is one thing we can remember, for example, a holiday.

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eg. On my tenth birthday I went to the zoo with my family.
It is a very happy memory.

n./adj. childhood = from when you are born to the age of about
sixteen.

Q. Give me an example of a happy memory from your childhood.

A. Going on holiday to France is a happy memory from my childhood.

Q. When do you think childhood ends ?

A. I think childhood ends at about sixteen.

Q. Do you have happy memories of school ?

A. Yes, I have very happy memories of school.

Q. Do you have happy memories of your childhood friends ?

A. Yes, I have happy memories of my childhood friends.

Q. Will you have happy memories of studying English at this

school?
A. Yes, I will have happy memories of studying English at this school.

20 Unit 2

v. to remind n. diary* n. list

to remind someone + to infinitive

to remind someone of + noun

If someone reminds you, they help you to remember.

eg. A diary is a book that reminds you to do important things.

People often make lists to remind them of things they need.
NB. We often say Don’t forget to ... to remind someone to do
something.
eg. Don’t forget to turn off the lights before you go to bed.

Q. Do you ever make lists to remind you to do things ?

A. No, I never make lists to remind me to do things.

Q. When you forget things, who reminds you to do them ?

A. When I forget things, my mother reminds me to do them.
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Q. Do your parents ever remind you to buy presents for your
family?
A. Yes, my parents always remind me to buy presents for my family.

Q. Do you need a diary to remind you of important dates ?

A. Yes, I need a diary to remind me of important dates.

Q. Remind him/her to do their homework.

A. Don’t forget to do your homework.

v. to look+ adjective adj. smart adj. scruffy

eg. When people smile and laugh a lot, they look happy.
When people don’t sleep enough, they look tired.

Q. Do I look tired today ?

A. Yes, you look tired today.

Q. Do you look tired when you first get up in the morning ?

A. Yes, I look very tired when I first get up in the morning.

Q. Do you think men look good with long hair ?

A. Yes, I think some men look good with long hair.

Q. Give me some examples of smart clothes.

A. Suits and dresses are examples of smart clothes.

Q. What kind of people need to look smart for their job ?

A. Secretaries and policemen need to look smart for their job.

Q. What kind of people often look scruffy ?

A. Builders often look scruffy.

Q. Can you think of a kind of food that looks horrible but is really
very nice ?*
A. Snails look horrible but are really very nice.

expr. What is it like ?

When we want someone to describe something, we can ask ‘ What is it

like?’
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eg. ‘I saw a Shakespeare play last night.’
‘What was it like?’
‘It was really interesting.’

Q. What was the last film you saw ?

A. ‘Titanic’ was the last film I saw.

Q. What was it like ?

A. It was OK but very long.

Q. Have you been to a restaurant recently ?

A. Yes, I’ve been to a restaurant recently.

Q. What was the food like ?

A. The food was very good.

Q. What is the weather like in your country :

a. in the summer ?
A. It’s hot in the summer in my country.

b. in the winter ?
A. It’s cold in the winter in my country.

Q. Where did you go on your last holiday ?

A. I went to Paris on my last holiday.
Q. What was it like ?
A. It was beautiful.

21 Unit 2

adj. similar(to) expr. a bit like

similar = nearly the same (but not the same)

eg. Angry is similar to annoyed.
a bit like = a little like, but with important differences.
eg. A lion is a bit like a cat, but it is bigger and more dangerous.

Q. Do you think we are a similar age ?

A. Yes, I think we’re a similar age.

Q. Is your city a similar size to London ?

A. Yes, my city is a similar size to London.
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Q. Is angry similar to annoyed ?
A. Yes, angry is similar to annoyed.

Q. Which is stronger ?
A. Angry is stronger.

Q. Can you think of two words that :

a. have a similar meaning ?*
A. Pretty and beautiful have a similar meaning.

b. have the same meaning ?*

A. Sad and unhappy have the same meaning.

Q. Which animals are a bit like people ?

A. Monkeys are a bit like people.

Q. Is bed and breakfast accommodation a bit like a hotel ?

A. Bed and breakfast accommodation is a bit like a hotel.

Q. What’s the difference ?

A. A bed and breakfast is cheaper.

v. to look like

eg. I look like my father (we both have blue eyes and black hair) but
I don’t look like my mother.

Q. Do you look like any of your brothers and sisters ?

A. Yes, I look like my brother.

Q. Do you look more like your mother or your father ?

A. I look more like my father.

Q. Do you have another teacher apart from me ?

A. Yes, apart from you I have …

Q. What does he/she look like ?

A. He’s tall with blond hair.

Q. Do you look like anyone famous ?

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A. No, I don’t look like anyone famous.

Q. Who would you like to look like ?

A. I would like to look like Julia Roberts.

Q. Can plastic sometimes look like leather/wood ?

A. Yes, plastic can sometimes look like leather.

expr. to eat like a pig = to eat a lot and with a lot of noise
expr. to drink like a fish = to drink a lot of alcohol

Q. Do you know anyone who drinks like a fish ?

A. Yes, I know a lot of people who drink like a fish.

Q. What does to eat like a pig mean ?

A. To eat like a pig means to eat a lot and with a lot of noise.

phrasal verbs

A phrasal verb is a verb and a particle (preposition or adverb).

Sometimes the meaning of a phrasal verb is very different from the
verb.
eg. The phrasal verb to give up means to stop doing something.
phr v. to get up phr v. to give up
eg. I get up at 8 o’clock in the morning.
It is very difficult to give up smoking.

Q. What time did you get up this morning ?

A. I got up at seven o’clock this morning.

22 Unit 2

Q. Do you have to get up early at the weekend ?

A. No, I don’t have to get up early at the weekend.

Q. Is it easy to give up smoking ?

A. No, it’s very difficult to give up smoking.

Q. Do people often give up doing something when they think it is

too difficult ?

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A. Yes, people often give up doing something when they think it’s too
difficult.

Q. What kind of things do people often try to give up ?

A. People often try to give up smoking, drinking and chocolate.

Q. When something is very difficult, do you think it is better to try

harder or to give up ?
A. When something is very difficult, I think it’s better to try harder.

Q. What kind of accommodation do you use when you go on

holiday ?
A. I use hotels when I go on holiday.

Q. Who do you need to call if :

a. your house is on fire ?
A. If your house is on fire, you need to call the fire brigade.

b. you feel ill ?

A. If you feel ill, you need to call the doctor.

c. you have problems with the police ?

A. You need to call a lawyer if you have problems with the police.

Q. What is the best language to speak if you travel all over the
world?
A. English is the best language to speak if you travel all over the world.

Q. Do you make a shopping list to remind you to buy things ?

A. No, I don’t make a shopping list to remind me to buy things.

phr v. to look up phr v. to stay up

Look up means to try to find something in a book.

eg. If I don’t know a word, I look it up in a dictionary.
Stay up means not to go to bed.
eg. Last night I stayed up until 3 o’clock watching television.

Q. Where do you look up :

a. telephone numbers ?
A. I look up telephone numbers in a phone book.

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b. the meanings of words ?
A. I look up the meanings of words in a dictionary.

c. a friend’s address ?
A. I look up a friends address in my diary.

Q. Have you ever stayed up all night ?

A. Yes, I have stayed up all night.

Q. Do you often stay up late :

a. studying English ?
A. No, I don’t often stay up late studying English.

b. watching television ?
A. Yes, I often stay up late watching television.

c. using the internet ?

A. No, I never stay up late using the internet.

n. education n. university n. examination / exam

n. qualifications n. degree (to take an examination)

Q. Have you been to university ?

A. Yes, I’ve been to university.

Q. What subject(s) did you study?

A. I studied German.

Q. Is university a bit like school ?

A. Yes, university is a bit like school.

Q. What kind of qualifications can you get from university ?

A. You can get a degree from university.

Q. Which universities are famous all over the world ?

A. Cambridge and Harvard universities are famous all over the world.

Q. Have you got a degree?

A. Yes, I’ve got a degree.
Q. In what?
A. In German.

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Q. Has anyone in this class got a degree ? Ask ?
A./Q. Has any of you got a degree?
A. I’ve got a degree.
Q. In what ?
A. In Physics.

Q. Have you taken any English exams ?

A. No, I haven’t taken any English exams.

Q. Are you going to take any soon ?

A. Yes, I’m going to take some soon.

Q. What qualifications would you like to have ?

A. I’ve got a degree in German.

Q. Is a good education the most important thing for a child ?

A. Yes, a good education is the most important thing for a child.

23 Unit 2

v. to pass v. to fail n. test

If you do well enough in an exam, you pass it.

If you do not do well enough in an exam, you fail it.
We take an exam to get a qualification in a subject we study.
eg. a history exam, a geography exam
We take a test for other things.
eg. a driving test, an eye test

Q. Have you ever had an eye test ?

A. Yes, I’ve had an eye test.

Q. Did you fail any exams at school ?

A. Yes, I failed some exams at school.

Q. How do you feel when you pass an important exam ?

A. I feel happy when I pass an important exam.

Q. Did you take a test when you first came to this school ?
A. Yes, I took a test when I first came to this school.

Q. Have you passed your driving test ?

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A. Yes, I’ve passed my driving test.

Q. How many times did you take it before passing ?

A. I took it once before passing.

n. experience (uncountable)

experience = all the things you know and all the things you have done in
your life

Q. Do you need a lot of experience to teach a subject well ?

A. Yes, you need a lot of experience to teach a subject well.

Q. Have you got any experience of :

a. working in a factory ?
A. Yes, I’ve got some experience of working in a factory.

b. living in a foreign country ?

A. Yes, I’ve got a lot of experience of living in a foreign country.

Q. Which is more important when you are trying to get a job, good
qualifications or a lot of experience ?
A. A lot of experience is more important than good qualifications when
you’re trying to get a job.

n. experience (countable)

An experience is an interesting thing you have done in your life.

eg. Traveling in Asia was the most interesting experience of my life.

Q. Have you had any interesting experiences recently ?

A. Yes, my mother came to visit recently.

Q. Do you think travelling all over the world would be an interesting

experience ?
A. Yes, I think travelling all over the world would be a very interesting
experience.

Q. Is taking an examination always a horrible experience ?

A. Yes, taking an examination is always a horrible experience.

adj. useful adj. useless

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 If something is useful it helps you to do something more easily.

Q. Why is one shoe useless ?

A. One shoe is useless because we have two feet.

Q. What is the most useful language to know if you travel a lot ?

A. English is the most useful language know if you travel a lot.

Q. What is a useful subject to study at school if you want to be a

journalist ?
A. Languages are a useful subject to study at school if you want to be a
journalist.
Q. And the most useless ?
A. Art is the most useless.

Q. Do you think qualifications are more useful than experience ?

A. No, I don’t think qualifications are more useful than experience.

Q. What is the most useful thing you have ever bought ?

A. My watch is the most useful thing I’ve ever bought.

Q. What is the most useless?

A. A pair of shoes that were too small are the most useless things I’ve
ever bought.

Q. Do you think videos are useless now we have DVDs ? ?

A. No, I don’t think videos are useless now we have DVDs.

24 Unit 2

adj. private adj. public n. transport= different ways people

travel
A public place is somewhere anyone can go.
eg. Parks and libraries are public places.
A private place is somewhere only particular people can go.
eg. People’s homes are private places.

Q. Is your garden public or private ?

A. My garden is private.

Q. Are city parks public or private ?

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A. City parks are public.

Q. Do you show your private letters to anyone ?

A. No, I don’t show my private letters to anyone.

Q. If you see a sign on a door that says Private, what does it mean ?
A. If you see a sign on a door that says private, it means you can’t go in.

Q. Give me an example of:

a. a public building.
A. A library is an example of a public building.

b. public transport.
A. A bus is an example of public transport.

c. private transport.
A. A car is an example of private transport.

Q. Do you think your city needs better public transport ?

A. Yes, I think my city needs better public transport.

v. to gossip n./adj. gossip

To gossip means to talk about other people’s private lives.

Q. Do you ever read gossip columns ?

A. Yes, I often read gossip magazines.

Q. Do you ever gossip ?

A. Yes, I often gossip.

Q. Do you think people gossip all over the world ?

A. Yes, I think people gossip all over the world.

Q. Can you think of anyone that people often gossip about ?

A. People often gossip about Bill Clinton.

n. habit

bad habits good habits

smoking playing sport
drinking studying hard
talking too much looking up words you don’t know
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gossiping calling your parents

Q. Give me an example of one of your :

a. good habits.
A. Going swimming is one of my good habits.

b. bad habits.
A. Smoking is one of my bad habits.

Q. Do you think that smoking is the hardest habit to give up ?

A. Yes, I think that smoking is the hardest habit to give up.

Q. Have you ever tried to give up a bad habit ?

A. Yes, I’ve tried to give up smoking.

Q. Give me an example of a good habit when you are studying for

an exam ?
A. Staying in every night is a good habit when you are studying for an
exam.

v. to bite n. tooth (pl. teeth) nail

bit n.
bitten

Q. What is the verb form of bite ?

A. The verb form of to bite is : bite bit bitten.

Q. At what age do children lose their first teeth ?

A. Children lose their first teeth at seven.

Q. What animals have got really big teeth ?

A. Sharks and lions have got really big teeth.

Q. Do you think biting your nails is a bad habit ?

A. Yes, I think biting your nails is a bad habit.

25 Unit 2

Q. Has an animal ever bitten you ?

A. Yes, a dog has bitten me.

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Q. What is a toothbrush ?
A. We use a toothbrush to clean our teeth.

v. keep + gerund n. mistake

to make a mistake

If you make a mistake, you do something wrong.

Another meaning of to keep is to continue.
If you keep doing something, it is usually a bad habit.
eg. I keep getting up late.
She keeps speaking to her friend during the lesson.

Q. Do you know anyone who keeps drinking after they are drunk ?
A. Yes, I know many people who keep drinking after they are drunk.

Q. Do children keep making a mess after you have tidied up ?

A. Yes, children keep making a mess after you’ve tidied up.

Q. Do you keep making the same kind of mistakes in English ?

A. Yes, I keep making the same kind of mistakes in English.

Q. What kind ?
A. I keep making mistakes in pronunciation.

Q. What happens if you make a lot of mistakes in an exam ?

A. If you make a lot of mistakes in an exam, you’ll fail.

Q. What is the mistake in these sentences :

a. Me go home.
A. Me is the mistake in that sentence because we say: I go home.

b. I have been to America two years ago.

A. Have been is the mistake in that sentence because we say: I went to
America two years ago.

Q. Do you keep making spelling mistakes when you write in English

?
A. Yes, I keep making spelling mistakes when I write in English.

We use keep with these other expressions:

expr. keep a promise = opposite of break a promise
expr. keep going = continue or don’t stop
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expr. keep out = do not go in

Q. Is it important to keep your promises ?

A. Yes, it’s important to keep your promises.

Q. Do you always keep your promises ?

A. No, I don’t always keep my promises.

Q. What do I mean when I say keep going ?

A. When you say keep going you mean don’t stop.

Q. What can’t you do when a sign says: ‘Private. Keep out.’

A. When a sign says: ‘Private. Keep out.’ you can’t go in.

Unit 3
26 Unit 2

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 adj. possible adj. impossible

If something is possible, it can happen.

If something is impossible, it can never happen.

Q. Is it possible to swim from Japan to America ?

A. No, it isn’t possible to swim from Japan to America.

Q. Is it possible to run 100 metres in less than 10 seconds ?

A. Yes, it’s possible to run 100 metres in less than 10 seconds.

Q. Do you think it is possible to learn English without taking

lessons ?
A. Yes, I think it’s possible to learn English without taking lessons.

Q. Is it possible to eat soup with a fork ?

A. No, it’s impossible to eat soup with a fork.

Q. Is it possible to sneeze without closing your eyes ?

A. No, it’s impossible to sneeze without closing your eyes.

n. possibility

There is a possibility that ... = it is possible.

There is no possibility ... = it is impossible.
eg. There is a possibility that he will be late.

Q. Is there a possibility that you will be ill in the next two months ?
A. Yes, there’s a possibility that I’ll be ill in the next two months.

Q. Is there any possibility that you will live for two hundred years ?
A. No, there’s no possibility that I’ll live for two hundred years.

Q. Is there a possibility that you will take an English exam this

year?
A. Yes, there’s a possibility that I will take an English exam this year.
Q. Is there a possibility that you will still be at this school in a year’s
time?
A. No, there’s no possibility that I’ll still be at this school in a year’s time.

NB. We do not say ‘I have the possibility to do something.’

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 We say ‘I can do something.’

v. to worry v. to be worried

to worry about something/someone

to worry that something will happen
to worry = to think there is a possibility that something bad will happen

eg. My parents worry about me too much.

I am worried that I will fail my exam.

Q. Do you ever worry that you will never speak English well ?
A. Yes, I sometimes worry that I’ll never speak English well.

Q. Do you smoke ?
A. Yes, I smoke.

Q. Are you worried about getting ill ?

A. Yes, I’m worried about getting ill.

Q. What kind of things do parents worry about ?

A. Parents worry about their children’s health.

Q. Do you think your parents worry about you ?

A. Yes, I think my parents worry about me.

Q. Are you worried about your future ?

A. Yes, I am worried about my future.

27 Unit 3

by + gerund

When we want to say how we do something, we use by + gerund.

eg.
Q. How can you make a child happy ?
A. By playing a game with him/her.
Q. How did you learn English ?
A. I learnt English by studying at a school in England.

Q. How can you find the meaning of a new word ?

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A. You can find the meaning of a new word by looking it up in a
dictionary.

Q. How can you get news about your country when you are abroad?
A. I can get news about my country when I’m abroad by reading the
paper.

Q. How do people get money ?

A. People get money by working.

n. way

The word way means how we can do something or how we get

somewhere.
eg. The quickest way to cook soup is in a microwave.
A good way to remember birthdays is by writing them in a diary.
There are different ways to cook potatoes.

Q. What is the quickest way to cook food ?

A. The quickest way to cook food is in a microwave.

Q. What do you think the best way to learn a language is ?

A. The best way to learn a language is to go to a language school.

Q. How many different ways are there to cook potatoes ?

A. There’re many ways to cook potatoes, for example, roasting, baking
and frying.

Q. What is a nice way to show your parents that you really love
them ?
A. A nice way to show your parents that you really love them is to phone
them often.

Q. What is the easiest way for you to come to school ?

A. The easiest way for me to come to school is by underground.

Q. Do you know the way to the nearest underground station ?

A. Yes, I know the way to the nearest underground station.

Q. What do you say if you don’t know how to get somewhere ?*

A. If I don’t know how to get somewhere, I say: Excuse me, could you
tell me the way to the post office?
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 expr. a long way expr. not far

Q. What is the opposite of a long way ?

A. The opposite of a long way is not far.

Q. Is it a long way from England to Australia ?

A. Yes, it’s a long way from England to Australia.

Q. Is it a long way from your house to the nearest supermarket ?

A. No, it isn’t far from my house to the nearest supermarket.

adjective. far comparative. further superlative. furthest

Q. Who is sitting furthest from the door ?

A. Anna is sitting furthest from the door.

Q. Which country is further from England, France or China ?

A. China is further from England than France.

n. direction

If you go north, north is your direction.

Q. What direction is north ? - student points

A. North is that way.

Q. So, what direction is south ?

A. South is this way.

Q. In which direction do you travel when you come to school ?

A. I travel south when I come to school.

28 Unit 3

prep. towards adv. away

If you travel to Scotland it means you arrive in Scotland.

But if you travel towards Scotland, you travel in the direction of
Scotland.
(It is not important if you arrive there or not.)
Away (from) is the opposite of towards.
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eg. To get to the North of England, you travel towards Scotland.
(But you don’t arrive in Scotland.)

Q. Am I walking towards the door ?

A. Yes, you’re walking towards the door.

Q. Am I walking away from the door ?

A. Yes, you’re walking away from the door.

Q. If you travel towards America from here, are you going north,
south, east or west ?
A. If you travel towards America from here, you’re going west.
Q. If someone is smoking next to you, do you move away ?
A. No, if someone is smoking next to me, I don’t move away.
Q. Would you run away from :
a. a mouse ?
A. No, I wouldn’t run away from a mouse.
b. a tiger ?
A. Yes, I would run away from a tiger.

n. neighbour next door

A neighbour is someone who lives near you.

A next-door neighbour lives in the house next to yours.

Q. Have you met your neighbours ?

A. Yes, I’ve met my neighbours.

Q. Do you know them well ?

A. No, I don’t know them well.

Q. What kind of problems do people have with their neighbours ?

A. Neighbours sometimes play loud music late at night.

Q. What kind of place is next door to this school ?

A. There is a pub next door to this school.

adj. quiet adj. noisy n. noise adj. loud

eg. Libraries and hospitals are usually quiet places.

Markets and airports are noisy places.
Planes make a very loud noise.
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Q. Would you prefer to live in a quiet or a noisy street ?
A. I would prefer to live in a quiet street.

Q. Have you ever had to live next door to noisy neighbours ?

A. Yes, I’ve had to live next door very noisy neighbours.

Q. What kind of animals make a lot of noise ?

A. Dogs make a lot of noise.

Q. When do you have to keep very quiet ?

A. You have to keep very quiet during an exam.
Q. What kind of music do you like playing loud ?
A. I like playing dance music loud.

Q. Have you ever been at a nightclub or party when the music was
too loud ?
A. Yes, I’ve been at a nightclub when the music was too loud.

v. to relax adj. relaxed adj. relaxing

eg. A good way to relax is to take a long, hot bath.

Most people feel relaxed at home.

Q. Do you feel more relaxed at the weekend than during the week ?
A. Yes, I feel more relaxed at the weekend than during the week.

Q. Is it possible to relax when you are worried about something ?

A. No, it isn’t possible to relax when you’re worried about something.

29 Unit 3

Q. Do you think that smoking helps people to relax?

A. Yes, I think that smoking helps people to relax.

Q. In what other ways do people relax ?

A. People relax by having a bath or drinking alcohol.

Q. Can you relax when there is a lot of noise ?

A. No, I can’t relax when there’s a lot of noise.

Q. Do you think qualifications are useless without experience ?

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A. Yes, I think qualifications are useless without experience.

Q. What’s the public transport like in this city ?

A. The public transport in this city is crowded and often late.

Q. Have you ever made your parents angry ?

A. Yes, I’ve made my parents angry.

Q. How ?
A. By staying out too late when I was a teenager.

Q. What kind of weather makes a very loud noise ?

A. Thunder makes a very loud noise.

adj. busy adj. free n. free time

If you are busy, you have things to do.

If something is free, you don’t have to pay or nobody is using it.
Free time is when you can do what you want. You don’t have to work or
study.

Q. How do you relax after a busy day ?

A. I relax after a busy day by going to the pub.

Q. If something is free, how much do you pay for it ?

A. If something is free, you don’t have to pay for it.

Q. Do babies usually travel free on public transport ?

A. Yes, babies usually travel free on public transport.

Q. How much free time do you have ?

A. I have about three hours a day.

Q. Is that enough ?
A. No, it isn’t enough.

Q. What do you do in your free time?

A. I watch TV or go swimming.

Q. Are people more relaxed when they are not busy?

A. Yes, people are more relaxed when they’re not busy.
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Q. Is the seat next to you free ?
A. Yes, this seat next to me is free.

v. to hurry expr. hurry up!

expr. to be in a hurry expr. to take your time

If you are in a hurry you have to do something very quickly because you
don’t have much time.
Take your time is the opposite.

Q. Do people hurry when they are late ?

A. Yes, people hurry when they’re late.

Q. Are you always in a hurry in the morning ?

A. Yes, I’m always in a hurry in the morning.

Q. Do you think it is better to hurry in an exam or to take your time ?

A. It’s better to take your time in an exam.

Q. Do you like to take your time when eating ?

A. Yes, I like to take my time when eating.

Q. What kind of people are often in a hurry ?

A. Busy people are often in a hurry.

Q. What do we say when we want someone to do something more

quickly ?
A. When we want someone to do something more quickly, we say: hurry
up!
adj. lazy adj. hard-working

Q. Are you lazy or hard-working ?

A. I’m quite lazy.

Q. Do you feel lazy after eating a big meal ?

A. Yes, I feel lazy after eating a big meal.

30 Unit 3

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Q. What kind of food do you eat when you are feeling too lazy to
cook ?
A. I eat takeaways when I’m feeling too lazy to cook.

Q. Do hard-working students learn faster than lazy students ?

A. Yes, hard – working students learn faster than lazy students.

n. confidence adj. confident

If you are confident, you are sure you can do something well.
eg. I am confident I will pass the exam because I have studied very
hard.
I have a lot of confidence when I drive so I think I’ll pass my test.
Q. Are you confident that you will learn English well?
A. Yes, I’m confident that I’ll learn English well.

Q. Do you usually feel confident before taking an exam?

A. No, I don’t usually feel confident before taking an exam.

Q. What can people do to look more confident?

A. People can wear smart clothes to look more confident.

Q. Do people lose confidence when they keep making mistakes?

A. Yes, people lose confidence when they keep making mistakes.

Q. What kind of people need a lot of confidence for their job?

A. Prime ministers need a lot of confidence for their job.

Q. Do you feel confident speaking in English on the phone ?

A. No, I don’t feel confident speaking in English on the phone.

Q. Give me some examples of ways we can give children more

confidence ?
A. We can give children more confidence by helping them and saying
they’ve done something very well.

adj. nervous

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We use nervous to describe the emotions we feel when we have to do
something
difficult or dangerous.
Nervous people don’t have much confidence.
eg. People often feel nervous before an exam.

Q. Do you feel nervous before flying ?

A. No, I don’t feel nervous before flying.

Q. If you are very worried about an exam do you feel nervous or

confident ?
A. If you’re very worried about an exam, you feel nervous.

Q. Did you feel nervous in you first lesson at this school ?

A. Yes, I felt nervous in my first lesson at this school.

Q. When do people often feel nervous ?

A. People often feel nervous in a job interview.

Q. Do you feel nervous if you have to :

a. see your doctor ?
A. Yes, I feel nervous if I have to see my doctor.
b. speak English on the telephone ?
A. No, I don’t feel nervous if I have to speak English on the telephone.
c. cook dinner for a lot of people ?
A. Yes, I feel nervous if I have to cook dinner for a lot of people.

n. government n. politics n. prime minister

n. politician n. president

Q. Does your government pay for your education ?

A. Yes, my government pays for my education.

Q. Who is the most important person in your government ?

A. The Prime Minister is the most important person in my government.

Q. Who is the President of the USA ?

A. George W. Bush is the President of the USA.

Q. Are you interested in politics ?

A. Yes, I’m quite interested in politics.
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Q. Give me an example of a famous woman politician ?
A. Margaret Thatcher is a famous woman politician.

31 Unit 3

v. to spend money on something

spent
spent

eg. I spent fifty pounds on a new pair of shoes.

I don’t spend much money on clothes.

Q. Do you spend a lot of money on clothes ?

A. No, I don’t spend a lot of money on clothes.

Q. When was the last time you went to the supermarket ?

A. The last time I went to the supermarket was last week.

Q. About how much money did you spend ?

A. I spent about thirty pounds.

Q. Have you ever spent more than a thousand pounds on anything?

A. No, I’ve never spent more than a thousand pounds on anything.

Q. Do you try not to spend too much money in the pub ?

A. No, I don’t try to spend to much money in the pub.

Q. What kind of things do children like spending their money on ?

A. Children like spending their money on sweets.

Q. About how much do you spend a week on food ?

A. I spend about twenty pounds a week on food.

v. to cost n. price
cost
cost

If something costs £1, you have to pay £1 to buy it.

The price of something is the money we pay for it.

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Q. Give me an example of something that costs a lot of money ?
A. A house costs a lot of money.

Q. Are food prices higher now than they were last year ?
A. Yes, food prices are higher now than they were last year.

Q. How much do the books cost at this school ?

A. The books cost £10 at this school.

Q. How much did you pay for your shoes ?

A. I paid forty pounds for my shoes.

Q. So how much they cost ?

A. They cost £40.

Q. How much does it cost to see a film at the cinema ?

A. It costs about £7 to see a film at the cinema.
Q. Are prices usually higher in big cities ?
A. Yes, prices are usually higher in big cities.

v. to spend time + gerund

Q. How many hours a day do you spend studying English ?

A. I spend about an hour studying English a day.

Q. Do you spend a lot of your free time watching television ?

A. No, I don’t spend a lot of my time watching television.

Q. What other things do you spend your free time doing ?

A. I spend my free time reading, going out and swimming.

Q. Do you think children spend too much time watching television ?

A. Yes, I think children spend too much time watching television.

n. period n. break

5 minutes, 2 hours, 3 years and a century are all periods of time.

A break is a short period when people stop working or studying.
eg. There is a ten-minute break between classes at this school.
Most people have a coffee break in the morning.

Q. Give me an example of a period of time ?

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A. Ten minutes is an example of a period of time.

32 Unit 3

Q. Have you ever spent a long period of time in another country ?

A. Yes, I’ve spent a long period of time in another country.

Q. At what time to people usually have their lunch break ?

A. People usually have their lunch break at lunchtime.

Q. Why is important for people to have breaks at work ?

A. It’s important for people to have breaks at work to relax.

expr. to have time + infinitive = to have enough time.

Q. Do you have time to watch television in the evening ?

A. Yes, I have time to watch television in the evening.
Q. Do you have time to take a long bath in the morning ?
A. No, I don’t have time to take a long bath in the morning.

Q. Have we got time to study another five pages of work this

lesson?
A. No, we haven’t got time to study another five pages of work this
lesson.

Q. Do you usually have time to do some shopping in your lunch

break ?
A. Yes, I usually have time to do some shopping in my lunch break.

used to + infinitive

We use the words used to when we talk about a past habit or something
we
often did in the past. We don’t usually do the action any more.
We use the infinitive after used to.
eg. I used to smoke but I gave up last year.
I used to be frightened of spiders when I was a child.
(I am not frightened of spiders any more.)
NB. When we make a question or a negative with used to we write:
eg. I didn’t use to like vegetables when I was a child.
Q. Did you use to have long hair ?

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Q. Did you use to play a lot of sport at school ?
A. Yes, I used to play a lot of sport at school.

Q. Do you still play a lot of sport ?

A. No, I don’t play a lot of sport any more.

Q. Give me an example of a politician who used to be

president/prime minister of your country ?
A. Margaret Thatcher used be prime minister of my country.

Q. How did people use to travel before cars ?

A. People used to travel by horse and carriage before cars.

Q. Give me an example of something you used to play with when

you were a child ?
A. I used to play with dolls when I was a child.

n. toy n. doll n. / adj. model

Q. What kind of toys do children often play with ?

A. Children often play with dolls and model cars.

Q. What used to be your favourite toy when you were a child ?

A. My favourite toy when I was a child was a ‘Cindy’ doll.

Q. Do you still have it ?

A. No, I don’t have it any more

Q. Did you use to play with :

a. a doll ?
A. Yes, I used to play with a doll.
b. a model plane ?
A. No, I never played with a model plane.
c. model cars ?
A. Yes, I used to play with model cars.

Q. What kind of toys would you buy for :

a. a six-year-old girl ?
A. I would buy a doll for a six-year-old girl.
b. a new-born baby ?
A. I would buy a rattle for a new-born baby.

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33 Unit 3

1.to miss + noun

If you miss someone, you feel sad because they are not there.
eg. I always miss my family and friends when I go abroad.

Q. Do people miss their friends when they move to another city ?

A. Yes, people miss their friends when they move to another city.

Q. Who do you miss the most when you are abroad ?

A. I miss my friends the most when I’m abroad.

Q. Do young children miss their parents when they first start

school?
A. Yes, young children miss their parents when they first start school.

Q. Do you miss your mother’s cooking when you are away from
home ?
A. Yes, I miss my mother’s cooking when I’m away from home.

Q. Do you miss anyone at the moment ?

A. Yes, I miss my family and friends at the moment.

2. to miss + gerund

We can also miss things we don’t do any more.

eg. Since I finished my degree, I really miss studying.

Q. What do you miss doing the most when you are abroad ?
A. I miss going to an English pub when I’m abroad.

Q. Do you miss working when you are on holiday ?

A. No, I don’t miss working when I’m on holiday.

Q. Do you think people who have given up cigarettes miss

smoking?
A. Yes, I think people who’ve given up cigarettes miss smoking.

Q. Do you miss coming to school at the weekends ?

A. No, I don’t miss coming to school at the weekends.

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 adj. homesick

When you really miss your family and friends you feel homesick.

Q. Do you ever feel homesick ?

A. Yes, I sometimes feel homesick.

Q. Are you homesick at the moment ?

A. No, I’m not homesick at the moment.

Q. Who do you call when you feel really homesick ?

A. I call my mother when I feel really homesick.

Q. What do you say if you can’t help someone because you have to
do something ?
A. If I can’t help someone because I have to do something, I say: Sorry,
I’m busy.
Q. Are busy streets noisy places ?
A. Yes, busy streets are noisy places.

Q. What kind of experiences give you more confidence ?

A. Living and working abroad gives you more confidence.

Q. Do you think doing housework is an interesting way to spend

your free time ?
A. No, I don’t think doing housework is an interesting way to spend your
free time.

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34 Unit 4

Unit 4
n. business (countable or uncountable)
n. businessman/woman

Q. Give me some examples of businesses.

A. Shops, pubs and restaurants are examples of businesses.

Q. What is a useful qualification to have if you want to be a

businessman/woman ?
A. Business studies is a useful qualification to have if you want to be a
businessman.

Q. Give me an example of a rich and famous businessman/woman.

A. Bill Gates is a rich and famous businessman.

Q. Which is the most useful language to know if you do business all

over the world ?
A. English is the most useful language to know if you do business all
over the world.

n. manager n. boss (infml.) v. to be in charge of

If someone is in charge of a business they are the most important

person.
eg. A boss or a manager is someone who is in charge of a business.

Q. What is a football manager in charge of ?

A. A football manager is in charge of a football team.

Q. Would you like to be the manager of a big business ?

A. No, I wouldn’t like to be the manager of a big business.

Q. Do you work ?
A. Yes, I work.

Q. Who is your boss ?

A. Paul is my boss.

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Q. Do you think you would be a good boss ?
A. No, I don’t think I would be a good boss.

Q. Have you ever been in charge of a business ?

A. No, I’ve never been in charge of a business.

Q. Who is in charge of the biggest computer company in the world?

A. Bill Gates is in charge of the biggest computer company in the world.

n. tourist n. travel agent n. trip v. to book n.

journey

Q. Are you a tourist if :

a. you go abroad on holiday ?
A. Yes, you’re a tourist if you go abroad on holiday.
b. go on a business trip abroad ?
A. No, you’re not a tourist if you go on a business trip abroad.

Q. What is the longest journey you have ever made ?

A. The longest journey I’ve ever made was to Japan.

Q. Have you ever taken a trip by boat ?

A. Yes, I’ve taken many trips by boat.

Q. Who do you book a holiday with ?

A. You book a holiday with a travel agent.

Q. What is the difference between a trip and a journey ?

A. The difference between a trip and a journey is that a trip is a return
journey to a particular place for a particular reason, for example, a
business trip.

Q. How long does your journey to school take ?

A. My journey to school takes about half an hour.

Q. Do you think travel agents get cheap holidays ?

A. Yes, I think travel agents get heap holidays.

Q. What kind of things do you have to book before you do them ?

A. You have to book holidays and theatre trips before you do them.

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Q. Are you going to take any trips soon ?
A. Yes, I’m going to take a trio to Italy soon.

35 Unit 4

n. planet n. star n. the earth n. moon

Q. What planet are you on ?

A. I’m on the earth.

Q. What countries have stars on their flags ?

A. The United States and Australia have stars on their flags.

Q. Who was the first man to walk on the moon ?

A. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.

Q. Is it possible to see the moon during the day ?

A. Yes, it’s sometimes possible to see the moon during the day.

Q. Give me some examples of planets.

A. Mercury and Jupiter are some examples of planets.

Q. Which planet is the furthest from the sun ?

A. I think Pluto is the furthest from the sun.

Q. Do you think it will be possible to take day trips to the moon in

the future ?
A. Yes, I think it’ll be possible to take day trips to the moon in the future.

n. ocean n. island n. lake

Q. Which is the biggest ocean in the world ?*

A. The Pacific Ocean is the biggest ocean in the world.

Q. In which ocean can you find these islands ?

a. Sri Lanka
A. You can find Sri Lanka in the Indian Ocean
b. Iceland
A. You can find Iceland in the Atlantic Ocean.
c. Hawaii
A. You can find Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.
d. Ireland
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 A. You can find Ireland in the Atlantic Ocean.

Q. Which countries are islands ?

A. Japan and Australia are islands

Q. Give me an example of a famous lake.

A. Loch Ness is a famous lake.

Q. What sports can you do on a lake ?

A. You can go sailing or windsurfing on a lake.

n. space n. alien = life from another planet

The word space has two meanings.

1. Where there are stars and planets.

Q. Do you believe the stories about aliens coming to earth ?

A. No, I don’t believe stories about aliens coming to earth.

Q. Who was the first man in space ?

A. Jurij Gagarin was the first man in space.

Q. Give me an example of a film about aliens.

A. ‘Independence Day was a film about aliens

2. This room has enough space for about 12 students.

There is never enough space on the underground in the morning.

Q. Do you have enough space at home ?

A. Yes, I have enough space at home.

Q. Do you have enough space for another wardrobe in your

bedroom ?
A. No, I don’t have enough space for another wardrobe in my bedroom.

Q. Do you have enough space at home for another two people to

live ?
A. I don’t have enough space at home for another two people to live.

Q. Does a big family need a car with a lot of space ?

A. Yes, a big family needs a car with a lot of space.

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Q. Does a family car usually need a big parking space ?
A. Yes, a family car usually needs a big parking space.

36 Unit 4

n. gap
A gap is a small space between two things.
eg. There is a gap between the door and the floor.
A gap can also be a period of time between two actions.
eg. There is a gap of four years between World Cups.

Q. About how big is the gap between my fingers ?*

A. The gap between your fingers is about two centimetres.

Q. Do you know anyone with a gap between their front teeth ?

A. Yes, my mother has a gap between her front teeth.

Q. How long is the gap between full moons ?*

A. The gap between full moons is about 28 days.

Q. What is the age gap between you and your parents ?

A. The age gap between me and my parents is about 25 years.

Q. What do you think a gap year is for a student ?

A. I think a gap year is a year off between school and university.

adv. else
else = another example.
We use else with many pronouns.
eg. what else something else
who else anyone else
anything else someone else
We don’t usually use else in an answer.
eg. Q. Would you like anything else to drink ?
A. Yes, I would else like some coffee.

Q. Do you like going to the cinema ?

A. Yes, I like going to the cinema.

Q. What else do you like doing in the evenings ?

A. I also like going to the pub.

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Q. Do you know me ?
A. Yes, I know you.

Q. Who else do you know in the class ?

A. I also know Ana and John.

Q. What language do you speak at home ?

A. I speak Polish at home.

Q. Does anyone else in the class speak … ?

A. Yes, Ana speaks …

Q. What’s your favourite food ?

A. Roast lamb is my favourite food.

Q. Is there anything else you particularly like ?

A. Yes, there is something else I particularly like.

Q. What ?
A. I pizza.

adj. together adj. alone expr. on your own

When you are alone there is no-one else with you.

When two people are together, they are in the same place or doing the
same thing.
eg. A husband and wife live together.
I never go to a resturant alone.

Q. Can you play tennis on your own ?

A. No, you can’t play tennis on your own.

Q. Do you prefer studying on your own ?

A. Yes, I prefer studying on my own.

Q. Have you ever been on holiday alone ?

A. Yes, I’ve been on holiday alone.

Q. When was the last time all your family was together ?
A. The last time all my family was together was last Christmas.

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Q. Do you two ever go out together ?*
A. Yes, we sometimes go together.

Q. Do you ever go out alone ?

A. No, I never go out alone.

adj. lonely = when you feel sad because you are alone.

Q. Have you ever felt lonely ?

A. Yes, I’ve felt lonely.

Q. What do you do when you feel lonely ?

A. When I feel lonely I phone a friend

Q. Why would someone feel lonely at a party ?

A. Someone would feel lonely at a party if they didn’t know anyone.

Q. Do you think there are a lot of lonely people in big cities ?

A. Yes, I think there’re a lot of lonely people in big cities.

n. group = a lot of things or people together

n. crowd = a large group of people doing the same thing.

Q. What do we call a large group of people ?

A. We call a large group of people a crowd.

Q. Do you like going out with a group of people ?

A. Yes, like going out with a group of people.

Q. Have you ever been on holiday in a group ?

A. I’ve been on holiday in a group.

Q. Is it possible to feel lonely in a large crowd ?

A. Yes, it’s possible to feel lonely in a large crowd.

Q. Give me an example of a group of islands.*

A. The Canary Islands are a group of islands.

adj. crowded n. rush hour

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Q. When are trains and buses really crowded ?
A. Trains and buses are really crowded during the rush hour.

Q. What time is the rush hour in your city ?

A. The rush hour in my city is between 7 and 10 o’clock in the morning
and 4 and 7 o’clock in the evening.

Q. What is the difference between a crowd and a crowded place ?

A. The difference between a crowd and a crowded place is that a crowd
is a group of people and a crowded place is a place where there are a lot
of people.

Q. Do you really hate travelling during the rush hour ?

A. Yes, I really hate travelling during the rush hour.

Q. Is there a lot of space in a crowded room ?

A. No, there isn’t a lot of space in a crowded room.

Q. What kind of places can get really crowded at night ?

A. Pubs and clubs can get really crowded at night.

v. to shout v. to whisper

Q. Can you hear me when I whisper ?

A. No, I can’t hear you when you whisper.

Q. What is the opposite of to whisper ?

A. The opposite of to whisper is to shout.

Q. Did your teachers ever shout at you when you were at school ?
A. Yes, my teachers sometimes shouted at me when I was at school.

Q. Is it polite to whisper in front of other people ?

A. No, it isn’t polite to whisper in front of other people.

Q. What kind of things do people shout about in markets ?

A. People shout about the price of fruit and vegetables in the markets.

Q. In what kind of places do people have to:

a. shout ?
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 A. People have to shout in night clubs.
b. whisper ?
A. People have to whisper in libraries.

38 Unit 4

v. to scream v. to whistle v. to wave

Q. What am I doing ?*
A. You are waving.

Q. When do people scream ?

A. People scream when they’re frightened.

Q. Can you whistle ?

A. Yes, I can whistle

Q. Did you use to scream a lot when you were a child ?

A. Yes, I think I used to scream a lot when I was a child.

Q. Do men ever whistle at women in your country ?

A. Yes, men often whistle at women in my country.

Q. Does that make you angry ?

A. No, it doesn’t make me angry.

Q. How do people say goodbye without speaking ?

A. People say goodbye without speaking by waving.

n. attention v. to get someone’s attention

We can get people’s attention by shouting or by saying, ‘excuse me’.

Q. What is a polite way to get someone’s attention ?

A. A polite way to get someone’s attention is by saying, ‘excuse me’.

Q. If you are in a restaurant how do you get the waiter’s attention ?

A. If I’m in a restaurant I get the waiter’s attention by waving or by
saying, ‘excuse me’.
Q. If you are meeting someone at the airport how do you get their
attention ?
A. If I’m meeting someone at the airport, I get their attention by waving.
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Q. Do people cough quietly to get someone’s attention in your
country ?
A. Yes, people sometimes cough quietly to get someone’s attention in
my country.

Q. What kind of people need a lot of attention ?

A. Babies and elderly people need a lot of attention.

v. to pay attention = to listen / watch carefully

Q. Are you paying attention ?

A. Yes, I’m paying attention.

Q. Do you really have to pay attention when you watch English

television?
A. Yes, I really have to pay attention when I watch English television.

Q. Can you understand my questions if you don’t pay attention ?

A. No, I can’t understand your questions if I don’t pay attention.

Q. What do children do when they aren’t paying attention at school?

A. Children look out the window when they aren’t paying attention at
school.

adv. so + adjective n. exclamation

n. exclamation mark !

So means the same as very but we often use so for exclamations.

We use an exclamation mark at the end of an exclamation.
eg. I am so hungry ! = I am very hungry.
She is so beautiful !
He used to be so unhealthy before he gave up smoking.

Exercise
Make an exclamation with ‘so’.
1. The weather is……………………..!
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2. The last book I read was………………………….....!
3. I have never been.........................................in my life!
4. I had to go to bed early because I was .......................................!
5. We didn’t go to the beach because the weather was
...............................!

Unit 4 39

conj. that so + adj / adv + that

eg. The film was so sad that I cried.

He speaks so quickly that I can’t understand him.

Q. Have you ever been so tired that you went to sleep at work / in
the lesson ?
A. No, I’ve ever been so tired that I went to sleep in the lesson.

Q. Have you ever been so lazy that you stayed in bed all day ?
A. Yes, I’ve been so lazy that I stayed in bed all day.

Q. Have you ever felt so lonely that you cried ?

A. Yes, I’ve felt so lonely that I cried.

Q. When was the last time that you ate so much food that you felt
ill?
A. The last time that I ate so much food that I felt ill was last Christmas.

Q. Do I sometimes speak so quickly that you can’t understand me ?

A. Yes, you sometimes speak so quickly that I can’t understand you.

Q. Have you ever been so angry that you started breaking things ?
A. No, I’ve never been so angry that I started breaking things.

Q. When was the last time you were so frightened that you
screamed ?
A. The last time I was so frightened that I screamed was about six
months ago.
Q. Have you ever taken an exam that was so difficult you couldn’t
finish it?
A. Yes, I have taken an exam that was so difficult I couldn’t finish it.

Exercise
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Make sentences with so + adj / adv + that.
1. Yesterday/hungry/eat/three bowls of rice.
………………………………………………………………………………….…
2. Last night/drunk/can’t walk
………………………………………………………………………………….…
3. Last weekend/see/film/boring/go to sleep.
………………………………………………………………………………….…
4. My friend/drive/fast/feel frightened.
………………………………………………………………………………….…
5. He/sing/badly/last night/everyone/laughed.
………………………………………………………………………………….…

so and such

Such has the same meaning as so, but we use it in a different way.
We use so before an adjective only.
eg. The weather is so cold!
My exam was so difficult.
We use such before a noun with an adjective (with a/an).
eg. It is such a cold day!
It was such a difficult exam.

exercise
Choose so or such (don’t forget the article)
1. He was .................. a good teacher.
2. Andy always wears ................. smart clothes.
3. The English countryside is ................. beautiful at this time of year.

40 Unit 4
4. This book is ...so............... interesting.
5. I enjoyed it a lot, it was ...so............... good party.
6. I was ....so.............. tired because we walked .....such a............. long
way.11

n. plan v. to plan to + infinitive

v. to make a plan

If you plan to do something, you think about how you are going to do it.

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People usually make plans before they do something important like
going on holiday,moving home, continuing their education or looking for
a job.

eg. My parents spent a long time planning my education.

I don’t have any plans for this weekend, so I am free.

NB. We often use the future intention (going to + infinitive) when we talk
about our future plans.
eg.
Q. What are your plans for next year ?
A. I’m going to take a holiday and then I’m going to study maths at
university.

Q. Do you have any plans for this weekend ?

A. Yes, I have some plans for this weekend.

Q. How long are you planning to study English ?

A. I’m planning to study English for about five years.

Q. Do you usually make plans before going on holiday ?

A. No, I don’t usually make plans before going on holiday.

Q. Where do people write their plans ?*

A. People write their plans in a diary or on a calendar.

Q. Did your parents make plans for your education ?

A. Yes, my parents made plans for my education.

Q. Do you think they were good plans ?

A. Yes, I think they were good plans.

Q. What are your plans when you finish studying English ?

A. I am going to work for a large company.

adj. local adj. national adj. international

Q. Does your city have a local newspaper ?

A. Yes, my city has a local newspaper.

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Q. What is the name of your local supermarket ?
A. My local supermarket is Tesco’s.

Q. Which is more important, local or national government ?

A. National government is more important than local government.

Q. About how many national newspapers are there in your country?

A. There’re about ten national newspapers in my country.

Q. Give me an example of an international company.

A. McDonald’s is an international company.

v. to organise n. organisation

To organise means to plan something and then do it.

A holiday company organises travel, accommodation, trips and
sometimes
parties, for tourists.
An organisation is a place where a group of people work together.
eg. The BBC, the UN and the EU.

Q. Are you good at organising things ?

A. No, I’m not good at organising things.

Q. Give me an example of an international organisation.

A. The United Nations is an example of an international organisation.

41 Unit 4

Q. Which country is going to organise the next Olympic Games ?

A. Australia is going to organise the next Olympic Games.

Q. Has your country ever organised the Olympics ?

A. No, my country has never organised the Olympics.

Q. Does this school ever organise parties ?

A. Yes, this school sometimes organises parties.
Q. Have you ever organised a party ?
A. Yes, I’ve organised a party.

Q. What kind of things did you have to organise ?*

A. I had to buy drink and food and send invitations.
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Q. Is the UN a national or international organisation ?
A. The UN is an international organisation.

Q. Which is further from the earth, the sun or the moon ?

A. The sun is further from the earth than the moon.

Q. Does everyone look like they are in a hurry during the rush hour?
A. Yes, everyone looks like they’re in a hurry during the rush hour.

Q. How do children feel when other children are getting a lot of

attention ?
A. Children feel jealous when other children are getting a lot of attention.

n. holiday n. package holiday

n. bank/ public holiday = a holiday for everyone on the same date
every year.

On a package holiday, the holiday company organises everything.

Q. What’s the most important public holiday in your country ?

A. Christmas Day is the most important public holiday in my country.

Q. What kind of people have to work on public holidays ?

A. Doctors, train drivers and policemen have to work on public holidays.

Q. Have you ever been on a package holiday ?

A. Yes, I’ve been on a package holiday.

Q. What does the holiday company organise for you on a package

holiday ?
A. The holiday company organises your flights, accommodation and day
trips on a package holiday.

adv. once = one time twice = two times three times etc...

How often ... ? How many times a day/week/month/year ... ?

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eg.
Q. How often do you wash your face ?
A. I wash my face twice a day.

Q. How often do people usually go on holiday ?

A. People usually go on holiday about twice a year.

Q. How many times a week do you come to school ?

A. I come to school five times a week.

Q. How many times a day do people usually have a meal ?

A. People usually have a meal three times a day.

Q. Do you call your parents more than once a month ?

A. Yes, I call my parents about twice a month.

Q. How often do you :

a. do the washing up ?
A. I do the washing up once a day.
b. do your ironing ?
A. I do the ironing once a month.
c. hoover your house ?
A. I hoover my house about once a week.

every week / month / 6 months / 10 years

eg. I only go to the doctor when I am ill, but I go to the dentist every 6
months.

Q. How often is the Olympic Games ?

A. The Olympic Games is every 4 years.

Q. What else happens every 4 years ?

A. The world Cup happens every 4 years.

Q. Give me an example of something that happens :

a. every Sunday.
A. Some people go to church every Sunday.
b. every year.
A. Christmas happens every year.
c. every 6 months.
A. People go on holiday every 6 months.
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42 Unit 4

We can use once/twice/three times etc. with the Present Perfect.

eg. I have been abroad three times.

Q. How many times have you flown ?

A. I’ve flown about 20 times.

Q. What is your favourite film ?

A. My favourite film is ‘Star Wars’.

Q. How many times have you seen it ?

A. I’ve seen it about ten times.

Q. Is this the first time you have studied English since you were a
child ?
A. No, this isn’t the first time I’ve studied English since I was a child.

Q. How many times have you been abroad ?

A. I’ve been abroad about ten times.

Q. Give me an example of something you have done:

a. only once.
A. I’ve only been to America once.
b. four or five times.
A. I’ve only eaten sushi four or five times.
c. many times.
A. I’ve been swimming many times.

Q. Have you ever seen a film more than three times ?

A. Yes, I’ve seen ‘Star Wars’ more than three times.

fractions
whole = 1 half =1 quarter = 1 three quarters = 3
244

Q. How many halves are there in a whole ?

A. There’re two halves in a whole.

Q. How long is half an hour ?

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A. Half an hour is thirty minutes.

Q. How long is three quarters of an hour ?

A. Three quarters of an hour is forty five minutes.

Q. How much is half a half ?

A. Half a half is a quarter.

Q. How much is two and a half plus two and a half ?

A. Two and a half plus two and a half is four.

Q. If there are 12 students in a class, and half of them are ill and
another quarter are10 minutes late, how many students are there at
the beginning of the lesson?
A. If there’re 12 students in a class, and half of them are ill and another
quarter are 10 minutes late, there’re 3 students at the beginning of the
lesson.

decimal numbers
1/2 = 0.5 We say ‘nought point five’ (nought = zero in decimal numbers)

1/4 = 0.25 We say ‘nought point two five’

Q. How do we say these decimal numbers ?

0.5
A. Nought point five.
0.75
A. Nought point seven five.
7.5
A. Seven point five.
99.9
A. Ninety nine point nine.

Q. What are these fractions as decimal numbers ?

a. a half
A. A half is nought point five.
b. a quarter
A. A quarter is nought point two five.
c. three quarters
A. Three quarters is about nought point seven five.

n. part (of)
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Q. Is Scotland part of the UK ?
A. Yes, Scotland is part of the UK.

Q. What part of your body do you use to :

a. eat food ?
A. I use my mouth to eat.
b. listen to music ?
A. I use my ears to listen to music.
c. watch television ?
A. I use my eyes to watch television.

Q. Which part of your country do you come from ?

A. I come from the north of my country.

Q. What is the most beautiful part of your country ?

A. The south is the most beautiful part of my country.

Q. Which countries used to be parts of other countries ?

A. Bosnia and Serbia used to be parts of other countries.

Q. What is a part-time job ?

A. A part-time job is a job you only do two or three days a week.

43 Unit 4

the past continuous (1)

We make the past continuous in the same way as the present

continuous, but we use the past of the verb ‘to be’ (was / were).

subject + was / were + present participle

We use the present continuous for a continuous action we are doing

now.
eg. I am working at this school now.

We use the past continuous for a continuous action we were doing at a

particular time in the past.
eg. I was teaching at a school in Italy three years ago.

Q. Where were you living five years ago ?

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A. I was living in Madrid five years ago.

Q. What were you doing at 9 o’clock last night ?

A. I was watching a video at 9 o’clock last night.

Q. Were you studying this book three months ago ?

A. No, I wasn’t studying this book three months ago.

Q. What were you doing before this lesson ?

A. I was sitting on a train before this lesson.

Q. Who was sitting there yesterday ?*

A. John was sitting there yesterday.

Q. Were you paying attention in the lesson yesterday ?

A. Yes, I was paying attention in the lesson yesterday.

Q. What are you wearing ?

A. I am wearing a jumper and jeans.

Q. What were you wearing yesterday ?

A. I was wearing a jumper and a skirt yesterday.

prep. while

We use while with continuous actions.

While means ‘at the same time’.
eg. It is rude to smoke while someone is eating.
It is difficult to read while someone is speaking to you.

Q. Is it annoying if someone phones while you are sleeping ?

A. Yes, it’s very annoying if someone phones while I’m sleeping.

Q. Do you ever listen to the radio or watch TV while you are having
dinner ?
A. Yes, I often watch TV while I’m having dinner.

Q. Was it raining while you were coming to school today ?

A. No, it wasn’t raining while I was coming to school today.

Q. Were you listening while he/she was answering the last

question?
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A. Yes, I was listening while she was answering the last question.

Q. So, was it raining or not ?

A. No, it wasn’t raining.

Q. Were you paying attention while I was teaching you yesterday ?

A. Yes, I was paying attention while you were teaching me yesterday.

Q. When you were a child, did you use to help your mother while she
was cooking the dinner ?
A. Yes, when I was a child, I often used to help my mother while she was
cooking the dinner.

n. year
We write 1995.
We say ‘nineteen ninety-five’.
1888 = 18 / 88 ( eighteen eighty-eight)
2010 = 20 / 10 (twenty ten)

44 Unit 4

When there is a zero in a date we say ‘O’ (like the letter O) not zero.
1709 = 17 / 09 - ‘Seventeen - O - Nine’
1907 = 19 / 07 - ‘Nineteen -O- Seven’

Q. Say these dates.

2006
A. Two thousand and six.
1649
A. Sixteen forty-nine.
1999
A. Nineteen ninety-nine.
1588
A. Fifteen eighty-eight.
1815
A. Eighteen fifteen.
1415
A. Fourteen fifteen.
1805
A. Eighteen – O – five.
1066
A. Ten sixty-six.
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Q. What year were you born in ?
A. I was born in nineteen seventy.

Q. What year did man first walk on the moon ?

A. Man first walked on the moon in nineteen sixty-nine.

Q. What were you doing last year ?

A. I was living in Spain last year.

n. decade = ten years

When we talk about a particular decade we say :

‘the Nineteen-sixties’ or ‘the Sixties’ = 1960-1969
‘the Nineteen-eighties’ or ‘the Eighties’ = 1980-1989
We can also use teens, twenties, thirties etc. for people’s ages. We
use a possessive
adjective before the noun :
eg. My mother is in her forties.
I was in my thirties before I learnt to drive.

Q. Which decade were you born in ?

A. I was born the Seventies.

Q. What decade are we in now ?

A. We are in the Nineties now.

Q. Do you like the music of the Sixties ?

A. Yes, I like the music of the Sixties.

Q. What happened at the end of the Thirties ?

A. The Second World War started at the end of the Thirties.

Q. Are you in your twenties ?

A. Yes, I’m in my Twenties.

n. century = 100 years

eg. the 19th (Nineteenth) Century = 1800 - 1899

the 20th (Twentieth) Century = 1900 - 1999

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Q. What is this century ?
A. This is the 21st Century.

Q. What was last century ?

A. The last century was the 20th Century.

Q. How old will you be if you live for a century?

A. If I live for a century, I’ll be a hundred.

Q. Do you know anyone who was born in the 19th Century ?

A. Yes, my great-grandmother was born in the 19th Century.

Q. How old are they ?

A. She is a hundred and four.

Q. What do you think was the most important decade of the 20th
Century?
A. I think the Forties were the most important decade of the 20th
Century.

Q. How did people use to travel in the 19th Century ?

A. People used to travel by horse and carriage in the 19th Century.

45 Unit 4

v. to grow phr. v. to grow up

grew
grown

We can use the verb to grow with or without an object.

eg. Flowers grow in my garden.
Farmers grow fruit and vegetables in their fields.

Q. What kinds of fruit grow on trees ?

A. Apples grow on trees.

Q. What kinds of vegetables do farmers grow in your country ?

A. Farmers grow carrots and potatoes in my country.

Q. At about what age do people stop growing ?

A. People stop growing at about 17.
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Q. Where did you grow up ?
A. I grew up in the south of France.

Q. Did you enjoy growing up there ?

A. Yes, I enjoyed growing up there.

Q. What decade(s) did you grow up in ?

A. I grew up in the Seventies and the Eighties.

Q. Did you ever feel lonely while you were growing up ?

A. Yes, I sometimes felt lonely while I was growing up.

Q. Have you grown up or are you still growing up ?

A. I’ve grown up.

n. New Year’s Eve (31st December)

n. New Year’s Day (1st January )
n. Christmas Eve (24th December)
n. Christmas Day (25th December)

Q. Which is more important in your country, Christmas Day or New

Year’s Day ?
A. Christmas Day is more important in my country than New Year’s Day.

Q. What do you really enjoy doing at Christmas ?

A. I really enjoy eating and drinking at Christmas.

Q. Is there anything you don’t like about Christmas ?

A. Yes, I don’t like Christmas shopping at Christmas.

Q. Is New Year’s Day a public holiday in your country ?

A. Yes, New Year’s Day is a public holiday in my country.

Q. Do you always eat the same kind of food on Christmas Day ?

A. Yes, we always eat turkey on Christmas Day.

Q. What were you doing last Christmas ?

A. I was living in Germany last Christmas.

n. celebration n. fireworks v. to celebrate

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Q. Is there a big celebration for the New Year in your country ?
A. Yes, there is a big celebration for the New Year in my country.

Q. How do people celebrate Christmas ?

A. People celebrate Christmas by eating and drinking with their families.

Q. What were you doing on New Year’s Eve last year ?

A. I was celebrating with my friends on New Year’s Eve last year.

Q. Does your country use fireworks to celebrate anything ?

A. Yes, my country uses fireworks to celebrate something.

Q. What ?
A. New Year.

Q. What do people drink when they celebrate something really

important?
A. People drink Champagne when they celebrate something really
important.

v. to surprise n. surprise

If something is a surprise, we don’t know it is going to happen.

eg. My friends surprised me by organising a party for my birthday.
The party was a very nice surprise.

Q. Do children love nice surprises ?

A. Yes, children love nice surprises.

46 Unit 4

Q. Have you ever surprised your best friend by giving them a

present ?
A. Yes, I’ve surprised my best friend by giving them a present.

Q. Do you like choosing your presents or do you prefer surprises?

A. I prefer choosing my presents.
Q. Have you had any surprises recently ?
A. Yes, I’ve had a surprise recently. My friend from Japan called.

Q. Were you surprised when you passed your exams at school ?

A. Yes, I was surprised when I passed my exams at school.
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Q. Why / Why not ?
A. Because I didn’t study very hard.

Q. Have you ever organised a surprise birthday party for a friend ?

A. Yes, I’ve organised a surprise birthday party for a friend.

n. film n. star n. cartoon

There are many different kinds of films.

eg. western, horror, thriller, comedy and science fiction

Q. What kind of films do you like ?

A. I like thrillers.

Q. Give me an example of a famous:

a. horror film.
A. ‘The Exorcist’ is a famous horror film.
b. western.
A. ‘The Good, the Bad and the Ugly’ is a famous western.
c. science fiction film.
A. ‘Independence Day’ is a famous science fiction film.
d. cartoon.
A. ‘Tom & Jerry’ is a famous cartoon.

Q. Did you use to watch cartoons when you were a child ?

A. Yes, I used to watch cartoons when I was a child.

Q. What were your favourites ?

A. ‘Mickey Mouse’ and ‘Tom & Jerry’ were my favourites.

Q. Which famous American film company makes a lot of cartoons ?

A. Disney makes a lot of cartoons.

Q. Can you give me some examples ?

A. Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck are some examples.

Q. What was the last film you saw ?

A. The last film I saw was ‘Titanic’

Q. Who were the stars ?

A. Kate Winslet and Leonardo Di Caprio were the stars.
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Q. What do people do while they are watching:
a. horror films ?
A. People scream while they’re watching horror films.
b. comedies ?
A. People laugh while they’re watching comedies.

v. expr to be in love adj. romantic

Q. Who was Juliet in love with ?

A. Juliet was in love with Romeo.

Q. Were you in love with anyone when you were a child at school ?
A. Ye, I was in love with a lot of people when I was a child at school.

Q. Give me an example of a romantic:

a. present.
A. A rose is a romantic present.
b. film.
A. ‘Pretty Woman’ is an example of a romantic film.

Q. Do you think people used to be more romantic in the past than

they are now ?
A. Yes, I think people used to be more romantic in the past than they’re
now.

Q. How can you show that you love someone in a romantic way ?
A. You can show someone that you love them in a romantic way by
giving them flowers.

adj. violent n. violence

Q. What kind of films usually have a lot of violence ?

A. Action films usually have a lot of violence.

Q. Do you think that some films are too violent ?

A. Yes, I think that some films are too violent.
Q. Do you think that there is too much violence on television ?
A. Yes, I think there is too much violence on television.

Q. Give me an example of a violent:

a. film.
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 A. ‘Pup Fiction’ is a violent film.
b. sport.
A. Boxing is a violent sport.

47 Unit 4

Q. What kind of things can make people violent ?

A. Alcohol and drugs can make people violent.

Q. Do you think violence on television is bad for children ?

A. Yes, I think violence on television is bad for children.

Q. In what way ?
A. Because they might copy it.

still and any more

Still means that an action continues to happen.

We can use still in the past, present and future.
eg. I couldn’t sleep last night and I was still awake at 6 o’clock this
morning.
My grandmother died ten years ago but I still miss her.
I’m busy now, but I’ll still be here at 6 o’ clock if you want to speak to
me.
The opposite of still in the present is not any more.
eg. He does not work here any more. ( He used to work here.)
I do not smoke any more. ( I have given up smoking.)

Q. Do you still live with your parents ?

A. No, I don’t live with my parents any more.

Q. Are you still studying Book 1 ?

A. No, I’m not studying Book 1 any more.

Q. When you were a baby did you use to cry when you were
hungry?
A. Yes, when I was a baby I used to cry when I was hungry.

Q. Do you still cry when you are hungry ?

A. No, I don’t cry any more.

Q. Did you like watching cartoons when you were a child ?

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A. Yes, I liked watching cartoons when I was a child.

Q. Do you still like watching them ?

A. Yes, I still like watching them.

Q. If someone has given up smoking, what don’t they do any more ?

A. If someone has given up smoking, they don’t smoke any more.

Q. Give me an example of something you don’t do any more.

A. I don’t eat baby food any more.

past continuous (2)

The past continuous and the past simple

We often use the past continuous and the past simple together.
We use when before the past simple and we use while before the past
continuous.
eg. I was waiting for a bus when I saw my friend.
I saw my friend while I was waiting for a bus.
NB. An action in the past simple happens during an action in the past
continuous.

exercise
Choose one action in the past simple and one in the past continuous to
finish these sentences.
1. I ....……………… (to make) a lot of friends while I ......…………….
(to live) in London.
2. I .....................(to study) at university when I ..........................(to meet)
my best friend.
3. My father ................................................. (to iron) a shirt and my
mother……......................(to cook) dinner when I .................... (to get)
home.

48 Unit 4

4. I was so nervous that I .........smoked........................................ (to

smoke) twenty cigarettes while I ....was
waiting.........................(to wait).
5. The cat ....was walking.........................(to walk) in the garden when it
.....saw........................(to see) a big dog.

Q. Was it raining when you got up this morning ?

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A. No, it wasn’t raining when I got up this morning.

Q. What were you doing when I came into the classroom today ?
A. I was chatting to my friends when you came to the classroom today.

Q. Did you read anything while you were travelling to school today?
A. Yes, I read a newspaper when I was travelling to school today.

Q. Were you watching television when you had dinner last night ?
A. Yes, I was watching television when I had dinner last night.

Q. Have you ever broken a cup or a glass while you were doing the
washing up ?
A. Yes, I’ve broken a glass while I was doing the washing up.

Q. Do you think people will go on holiday to other planets in the

21st century ?
A. Yes, I think people will go on holiday to other planets in the 21st
century.

Q. Did you always enjoy Christmas while you were growing up ?

A. Yes, I always enjoyed Christmas while I was growing up.

Q. Would you like to be a film star ?

A. Yes, I would like to be a film star.

Q. Do horror films frighten you ?

A. Yes, horror films frighten me.

Unit 5
Unit 5 49

v. to win v. to lose n. prize

won lost n. competition
won lost n. the lottery
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The Olympic Games and the World Cup are the most famous
international competitions in sport.
If you win a competition or do something very well you can get a prize.
The lottery is a national competition where people can win a lot of
money.

Q. Who won the last World Cup ?

A. France won the last World Cup.

Q. What is the opposite of the verb to win ?

A. The opposite of the verb to win is to lose.

Q. When you play games do you usually win or lose ?

A. When I play games, I usually win.

Q. Do magazines sometimes have competitions in them ?

A. Yes, magazines sometimes have competitions in them.

Q. What kind of prizes can you win ?

A. You can win holidays and cars.

Q. Did your school use to give prizes to the best students every
year ?
A. Yes, my school used to give prizes to the best students every year.

Q. Did you ever get one ?

A. No, I never got one.

Q. Does your country have a national lottery ?

A. Yes, my country has a national lottery.

Q. How much can you win ?

A. You can win thirty million.

Q. Do you ever play the lottery ?

A. Yes, I sometimes play the lottery.

Q. Have you ever won anything ?

A. No, I’ve never won anything.

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Q. How do you feel when you lose a game ?
A. I feel annoyed when I lose a game.

n. race adj./n. semi/quarter final

Q. Which famous international competition has a lot of running

races ?
A. The Olympics has a lot of running races.

Q. What kind of animals are often in races ?

A. Horses and dogs are often in races.

Q. Did they have running and swimming races every year at your
school ?
A. Yes, they had running and swimming races every year at my school.

Q. Have you ever won a race ?

A. Yes, I won swimming races at school.

Q. Which two countries were in the last World Cup final ?

A. France and Brazil were in the last World Cup final.

Q. What is the final day of the year ?

A. The 31st of December is the final day of the year.

v. to interview n. interview

Q. Did you have an interview when you first came to this school ?
A. Yes, I had an interview when I first came to this school.

Q. Do you know the name of the teacher who interviewed you ?

A. No, I don’t know the name of the teacher who interviewed me.

Q. How do people feel before an important interview ?

A. I feel nervous before an important interview.

Q. Would you wear scruffy clothes to an interview ?

A. No, I wouldn’t wear scruffy clothes to an interview.

50 Unit 5

n. argument v. to argue
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(to have an argument) (with someone / about something )
People argue when they get angry because they have different opinions.
eg. I had an argument with my friend about football.
We argued about who was going to win the World Cup.

Q. What kind of things do people argue about ?

A. People argue about money, politics and sport.

Q. Do you ever get really angry when you argue with someone ?
A. No, I never get really angry when I argue with someone.

Q. Did you use to argue a lot with your parents when you were a
teenager ?
A. Yes, I used to argue a lot with my parents when I was a teenager.

Q. Have you ever had an argument with your boss ?

A. Yes, I’ve had an argument with my boss.

Q. What did you argue about ?

A. We argued about my work.

Q. How do you feel when you lose an argument ?

A. I feel irritated when I lose an argument.

n. expression v. to express

An expression is a group of words with a particular meaning.

eg. To keep a promise.
To express means to show your feelings with words or actions.
eg. People often smile and laugh to express happiness.

Q. What do you think these expressions mean :

a. It’s raining cats and dogs.
A. I think it means: it’s raining hard.
b. It’s not my cup of tea.
A. I think it means: it’s not really my taste.
c. I can’t stand someone/something.
A. I think it means: I hate someone.

Q. How do children express unhappiness ?

A. Children express unhappiness by crying.
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Q. How can you express something without words ?
A. You can express something without words with body language,
gestures and facial expressions.

Some expressions with the verb to lose are :

expr. to lose your way/mind
expr. to lose weight
expr. to lose interest (in something)

Q. Do taxi drivers usually lose their way ?

A. No, taxi drivers don’t usually lose their way.

Q. Is it easy to lose your way in a foreign city ?

A. Yes, it’s easy to lose your way in a foreign city.

Q. What about your mind ?

A. It’s easy to lose your mind in a foreign city.

Q. Do people sometimes lose weight when they are ill ?

A. Yes, people sometimes lose weight when they’re ill.

Q. Have you ever tried to lose weight ?

A. Yes, I’ve tried to lose weight.

Q. Do children lose interest in things quickly ?

A. Yes, children lose interest in things quickly.

Q. Give me an example of something you have lost interest in since

you were a child ?
A. I’ve lost interest in toys since I was a child.

n. builder v. to build
n. building built
n. machine built

Q. Give me some examples of different kinds of buildings ?

A. Houses, hospitals and churches are examples of different kinds of
buildings.

Unit 5 51

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Q. What do we call people who build houses ?
A. We call people who build houses builders.

Q. What machines do we use for:

a. travelling ?
A. We use cars for travelling.
b. playing music ?
A. We use CD players for playing music.

Q. Have you ever worked in a factory ?

A. Yes, I’ve worked in a factory.

Q. Was it interesting ?
A. No, it wasn’t interesting.

n. construction

A construction is something we build, so buildings, bridges and tunnels

are constructions.
NB. We use the word construction to say how we build an English
sentence.
eg. This is the construction of most English sentences : subject + verb
+ object.
English tenses have different constructions.
The construction of the present perfect is : subject + have + past
participle

Q. What is the construction of :

a. the present perfect ?
A. The construction of the present perfect is: subject + have + past
participle.
b. the present continuous ?
A. The construction of the present continuous is : subject + to be + the
present participle.
c. the future simple ?
A. The construction of the future simple is : subject + will + infinitive.

if (2)

We can use if with many different tenses.

Here are two different kinds of constructions with if.
0 / zero conditional = if + present + present
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We use the zero conditional when we talk about something we do often
or something that can easily happen.
If I go to Manchester, I always take the train.
If I get a cold, I stay in bed.

Q. If you drink too much do you feel sick ?

A. No, if I drink too much I don’t feel sick.

Q. If it rains, do you always use an umbrella ?

A. No, if it rains I don’t always use an umbrella.

Q. If someone is rude to you, do you get angry ?

A. Yes, if someone is rude to me I get angry.

NB. We can use the word when or if in this construction.

Q. When it’s your birthday do you usually have a party ?

A. No, when it’s my birthday, I don’t usually have a party.

Q. Do you like shopping when you have a lot of money ?

A. Yes, I like shopping when I have a lot of money.

Q. When you study, do you usually listen to music ?

A. No, when I study I don’t usually listen to music.

Q. What do you wear :

a. when it’s hot and sunny ?
A. I wear T-shirts and shorts when it’s hot and sunny.
b. to a job interview ?
A. I wear a suit to a job interview.

Q. What do you do when your clothes are dirty ?

A. When my clothes are dirty I wash them.

1st conditional = if + present + future

We use the first conditional when we talk about things that are possible
in the future.
eg. If I have enough money, I will buy that car.
If I go to the party, I will take a bottle of wine.

52 Unit 5

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Q. If you go on holiday in the summer, where will you go ?
A. If I go on holiday in the summer, I’ll do to Italy.

Q. If there is a good film on TV tonight, will you watch it ?

A. Yes, if there’s a good film on TV tonight, I’ll watch it.

Q. If you go to the cinema this week, what kind of film will you see ?
A. If I go to the cinema this week, I’ll see a thriller.

Q. If it’s cloudy tomorrow, will you bring an umbrella to school ?

A. Yes, if it’s cloudy tomorrow, I’ll bring an umbrella to school.

Q. If you learn English well, will you get a good job ?

A. Yes, If I learn English well, I’ll get a good job.

adv. Yet

We use yet when an action has not happened, but when we are waiting
for it to happen.
eg. He isn’t here yet. (We are still waiting for him.)
I’m not married yet. (I’m still single.)
Our baby has started walking, but she can’t speak yet.
NB. We can’t use yet in a positive sentence.

Q. Have you finished Book 1 yet ?

A. Yes, I’ve finished Book 1.

Q. Have you finished Book 2 yet ?

A. No, I haven’t finished Book 2 yet.

Q. Are you in your thirties yet ?

A. No, I’m not in my thirties yet.

Q. Have you taken any English exams yet ?

A. Yes, I’ve taken some English exams.

Q. Have you passed your driving test yet ?

A. Yes, I’ve passed my driving test.

adj. full (of) adj. empty

Q. When you buy a bottle of wine is it full or empty ?

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A. When you buy a bottle of wine it’s full.

Q. When you finish a bottle of wine is it full or empty ?

A. When you finish a bottle of wine it’s empty.

Q. What are these things full of ?

a. a swimming pool
A. A swimming pool is full of water.
b. a bus during the rush hour
A. A bus during the rush hour is full of people.

Q. How do you feel when your stomach is empty ?

A. I feel hungry when my stomach is empty.

Q. Do you feel full after a big meal ?

A. Yes, I feel full after a big meal.

Q. If a restaurant is usually empty, do you think the food will be

good or bad ?
A. If a restaurant is usually, I think the food will be bad.

n. information (uncountable and singular)

We say : This information is important.

I would like some information about hotels in this city please.

Q. What information did you give this school when you first came ?
A. When I first came to this school, I gave them my name, my address
and my telephone number.

Q. What kind of information can you find in a telephone directory ?

A. You can find telephone numbers and addresses in a telephone
directory.

Q. Where would you go to get some information about:

a. train times ?
A. I would go to the station to get some information about train times.
b. theatre tickets ?
A.I would go to the theatre to get some information about theatre
tickets.
c. holidays in Scotland ?

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 A. I would go to a travel agent’s to get some information about
holidays in Scotland.

Q. What kind of machines do we use for keeping information ?

A. We use computers for keeping information.

Q. What kind of information is useful if you travel to a foreign

country ?
A. If you travel to a foreign country, information about the food,
accommodation and prices is useful.

Unit 5 53

uncountable nouns (2)

There are some words we use with uncountable nouns to make them
countable.
eg. Wine is uncountable.
A glass of wine is countable.
bread, meat etc.
n. a piece of news, information etc.
paper, wood etc.

Q. How many pieces of bread make a sandwich ?

A. Two pieces of bread make a sandwich.

Q. Give me an interesting piece of information about your country.

A. My country is the biggest country in the world.

Q. What can these things be useful for :

a. a piece of wood ?
A. piece of wood can be useful for making a fire.
b. a piece of paper.
A. A piece of paper can be useful for writing a letter.

Q. When is a piece of paper useful ?

A. A piece of paper is useful when you want to write something.

adj. few adj. little

Few and little have the opposite meaning of much and many.
We use few with countable nouns and little with uncountable nouns.
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eg. There are few people who can who can speak five foreign
languages.
There is very little milk in the fridge, can you buy some more.

Q. What is the opposite of much and many ?

A. The opposite of much and many is few and little.

Q. What is the difference between few and little ?

A. The difference between few and little is that we use few with
countable nouns and little with uncountable nouns.

Q. Give me an example of :
a. few.
A. I have few friends in this city.
b. little.
A. There is very little wine in a bottle.

NB. We don’t often use few and little.

We prefer to use not much, not many or not a lot
eg. There aren’t many German students here.
I haven’t got much money.
I don’t have a lot of time.

a few a little

We use a few and a little more often than few and little.
They have a positive meaning.
We use them to say there is enough of something (but not a lot).
eg. Q. Will he be lonely in London ?
A. No, he has a few friends there.
eg. Q. Do you want milk in your tea ?

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A. Yes, a little, please.

Q. Do people usually put a little salt in their food ?

A. Yes, people usually put a little salt in their food.

Q. Do you have a few friends at this school ?

A. Yes, I have a few friends at this school.

Q. Do you sometimes need a little help to answer the question ?

A. yes, I sometimes need a little help to answer the question.

Q. Do you have a few English books at home ?*

A. Yes, I have a few English books at home.

54 Unit 5

v. to apply phr v. to fill in n. occupation = job

n. personal details = information about you n. application form

eg. You often have to fill in an application form when you apply for a
job.

Q. Have you ever applied for a job in another country ?

A. Yes, I’ve applied for a job in another country.

Q. Did you have to fill in an application form when you started at

this school ?
A. Yes I had to fill in an application form when I started at this school.

Q. What details did you have to give ?

A. I had to give my name, my address and telephone number.

Q. Give me an example of a well-paid occupation ?

A. Lawyers and doctors are examples of well-paid occupations.

Q. Do you have to fill in a long application form when you apply for
university ?
A. Yes, you have to fill in a long application form when you apply for
university.

Q. Do you know how to fill in an application form in English ?

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A. Yes, I know how to fill in a long application form in English.

Exercise

Fill in your personal details

Surname: .............................. First name(s): …………………………....
Title: ........... Sex: male / female
Date of Birth : . . / . . . /. . . . Age: . . . .
Occupation: ..........................................
Nationality: ............................................
Address: ..............................................
...............................................
Post Code : . . . . . .
Telephone number: Daytime ........................ Evening ……………………..

v. to imagine n. imagination
To imagine means to make pictures in your head.
Children often have good imaginations.
eg. When I was a child I used to imagine being a pop star.
Actors need a good imagination.

Q. What kind of people did you imagine being when you were a
child ?
A. I imagined being an astronaut when I was a child.

Q. Can you imagine what it is like to be very rich ?

A. Yes, I can imagine what it’s like to be very rich.

Q. Can you imagine what aliens look like ?

A. No, I can’t imagine what aliens look like.

Q. Do you think that children have better imaginations than adults ?

A. Yes, I think that children have better imaginations than adults.

Q. Do you think that television stops us using our imagination ?

A. Yes, I think that television stops us using our imagination.

Q. Did you use to imagine your toys were real when you were a
child ?
A. Yes, I used to imagine my toys were real when I was a child.

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55 Unit 5

if (3)

2nd conditional
construction = if + past simple + would+ infinitive
eg. If I had enough money I would travel all over the world.
We use the second conditional when we imagine something happening
now or in the future.
Sometimes we would like it to happen, but we know it probably won’t
happen.
If I won the lottery, I would buy an island in the Caribbean.
- It probably won’t happen - I am just imagining ...
If I didn’t smoke, I would be more healthy.
- But I do smoke - I am just imagining ...

Q. If you won the lottery, what would you buy ?

A. If I won the lottery, I would buy a house in the south of France.

Q. If you found a wallet full of money, would you keep it ?

A. No, if I found a wallet full of money, I wouldn’t keep it.

Q. If you had an exam tomorrow, would you be very nervous ?

A. Yes, if I had an exam tomorrow, I would be very nervous.

Q. Would you be surprised if aliens came to earth ?

A. Yes, I’d be very surprised if aliens came to earth.

Q. If you had an argument during an interview, do you think you

would get the job ?
A. No, if I had an argument during an interview, I don’t think I would get
the job.

When we use the verb to be after if, we usually use were for all subjects
and not was.
eg. If I were rich, I would be happy.

Q. If you were rich, where would you live ?

A. If I were rich, I would live in the south of France.

Q. If you were abroad for a year, would you miss your family and
friends?
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A. Yes, if I were abroad for a year, I would miss my family and friends.

Q. Who would you miss the most ?

A. I would miss my mother the most.

Q. If you were an animal, what animal would you like to be ?

A. If I were an animal, I would like to be a bird.

Q. If you were very drunk, would you drive home ?

A. No, if I were very drunk, I wouldn’t drive home.

n. art
n. painting n. painter v. to paint
n. writing n. writer n. novel n. play n. poem

Q. Are you interested in art ?

A. Yes, I’m interested in art.

Q. If you bought a piece of art, what would you buy ?

A. If I bought a piece of art, I would buy a sculpture.

Q. What do you think the most famous painting in the world is ?

A. I think the most famous painting in the world is the Mona Lisa.

Q. Give me an example of a famous play.

A. ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is a famous play.

Q. Who is the most famous writer in your country ?

A. ‘Gabriel García Marquéz is the most famous writer in my country.

56 Unit 5

Q. Have you ever written a poem ?

A. Yes, I’ve written a poem.

Q. Who painted the Mona Lisa ?

A. Leonardo DaVinci painted the Mona Lisa.

Q. Have you ever painted :

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 a. a picture ?
A. Yes, I’ve painted a picture.
b. a wall ?
A. Yes, I’ve painted a wall.

Q. Do artists have to have a good imagination ?

A. Yes, artists have to have to have a good imagination.

n. gallery n. museum n. concert

Q. What is the name of a famous art gallery in your country ?

A. ‘The National Gallery’ is a famous art gallery in my country.

Q. Is there a museum in your home town ?

A. Yes, there is a museum in my home tome.

Q. Did your school use to organise trips to museums when you

were a child ?
A. Yes, my school used to organise trips to museums when I was a child.

Q. Were they usually interesting or boring ?

A. They were usually interesting.

Q. Have you ever been to a pop/rock concert ?

A. Yes, I’ve been to a rock concert.

Q. What kind of musical instruments do they play at a classical

concert ?
A. They play violins, flutes and trumpets at a classical concert.

v. to apologise (to someone - for something)

v. to be sorry excuse me
We say excuse me before we do something.
We say sorry to apologise after we do something wrong.

Q. What would say if you were late for the lesson ?

A. If I were late for the lesson, I would say : ‘Sorry, I’m late’.

Q. Do polite people always apologise for doing something wrong ?

A. Yes, polite people always apologise for doing something wrong.

Q. Would you apologise to a friend if you lost their book ?

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A. Yes, I would apologise to a friend if I lost their book.

Q. What would you say ?

A. I would say : ‘Sorry, I’ve lost your book’.

Q. Ask to do these things in a polite way.

a. Open the window.
A. Can I open the window, please ?
b. Go home early.
A. Can I go home early, please ?

Q. Have you ever had an argument with your parents ?

A. Yes, I’ve had an argument with my parents.

Q. What did you argue about ?

A. We argued about me staying out late.

Q. What kind of people need a good imagination for their work ?

A. Writers and artists need a good imagination for their work.

Q. If someone wrote a poem for you, would you think it was

romantic ?
A. Yes, if someone wrote a poem for me, I’d think it was romantic.

Q. If you were an artist, who or what would you paint ?

A. If I were an artist, I would paint portraits.

Q. Do you think art has to be beautiful ?

A. No, I don’t think art has to be beautiful.

Unit 6
57 Unit 6

v. to tell

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told
told

1. to tell someone something means to give information to someone.

eg. He told me his name.
They told me their address.

Q. Tell me your address.

A. My address is : The Red House, Queen Street, London.

Q. What did he/she tell me ?

A. She told you her address.

Q. Tell me your mother’s name ?

A. My mother’s name is Pamela.

Q. What did he/she tell me ?

A. She told you her mother’s name.

Q. Tell me something about your city.

A. My city is big, crowded and full of old buildings.

Q. Ask him/her to tell you something about his/her country.

A. Tell me something about your country.

Q. Who would you tell if you lost a credit card ?

A. If I lost a credit card, I would tell the credit company.

2. to tell someone to do something

eg. A manager or a boss tells people what to do.
The teacher told me to do my homework.

Q. Give me your book.

Q. What did I tell you do ?
A. You told me to give you my book.

Q. Who tells children what to do :

a. at home ?
A. Parents tell children what to do at home.
b. at school ?
A. Teachers tell children what to do at school.

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Q. What kind of things do parents tell their children:
a. to do ?
A. Parents tell children to clean their rooms.
b. not to do ?
A. Parents tell their children not to talk to strangers.

Q. Did you always do what your parents told you ?

A. No, I didn’t always do what my parents told me.

the imperative

We use the imperative when we tell someone what to do.

We make the imperative with the infinitive without ‘to’.
eg. Sit down.
Be quiet!
Open your books at page 25.
NB. Teachers often use the imperative to tell students what to do.
But using the imperative can be rude so don’t use it if you are not sure.

Q. When do we use the imperative ?

A. We use the imperative when we tell someone what to do.

Q. Tell me to do something using the imperative.

A. Be quiet!

Q. Is it polite to use the imperative ?

A. No, it isn’t polite to use the imperative.

Q. How can we make it more polite ?

A. We can make it more polite by saying ‘please.

58 Unit 6

n. story

A story is a description of what happens to someone.

A story can come from your imagination or a real experience.

Q. Do children like stories ?

A. Yes, children like stories.
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Q. Did your parents use to read you stories before you went to
sleep ?
A. Yes, my parents used to read me stories before I went to sleep.

Q. Have there been any interesting news stories recently ?

A. Yes, there’ve been a lot of interesting news stories recently.

Q. Can you think of a film that came from a real story ?

A. ‘Ghandi’ came from a real story.

Q. What is the difference between a story and history ?

A. The difference between a story and history is that a story is a
description of what happens to someone and can come from your
imagination or a real experience, and history is the study of facts from
the past.

v. to lie n. liar n. the truth (to tell the truth)

lying present participle adj. true

lied past participle

Q. Do you always tell your parents the truth ?

A. No, I don’t always tell my parents the truth.

Q. Have you ever lied in a job interview ?

A. Yes, I’ve lied in a job interview.

Q. How do you know when someone is lying ?

A. You know when someone is lying when they can’t look at you and
their face goes red.

Q. Which of these films is a true story ?

a. Titanic b. ET
A. Titanic is a true story.

Q. Would I be a liar if I said I was really rich ?

A. Yes, I think you’d be a liar if you said you were really rich.

Q. Did you use to lie to your teachers about your homework ?

A. Yes, I sometimes used to lie to my teachers about my homework.
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 expression using tell

expr. tell the time expr. tell a story expr. tell a joke

Q. Can you tell me the time ?

A. It’s ten past three.

Q. What do we use to tell the time ?

A. We use a watch or a clock to tell the time.

Q. Are you good at telling jokes ?

A. No, I’m not good at telling jokes.

Q. Who told you exciting stories when you were a child ?

A. My uncle told me exciting stories when I was a child.

n./adj. secret expr. keep a secret

A secret is private information that you don’t want other people to know.

Q. Who can you tell your secrets to ?

A. I can tell my secrets to my friends.

Q. Can you keep a secret ?

A. Yes, I can keep a secret.

Q. What do we call people who try to find out secret information

about other countries ?
A. We call people who try to find out secret information about other
countries spies.

Q. Do you have a secret place where you hide important things ?

A. Yes, I have a secret place where I hide important things.

Q. Where is it ?
A. It’s in my cupboard behind some books.

Q. Would you tell your best friend’s secrets to anyone else ?

A. No, I wouldn’t tell my best friend’s secrets to anyone else.

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n. make-up phr v. to put on

phr v. to take off

Q. Am I wearing make-up ?
A. No, you’re not wearing make up.

Q. How many different kinds of make-up can you think of ?

A. I can think of many different kinds of make up, for example, eye-
shadow, mascara, foundation, blusher and lipstick.

Q. What would you put on before you went skiing ?

A. I would put on skis before I went skiing.

Q. When do people put on and take off their make-up ?

A. People put on make-up in the morning and take it off in the evening.

Q. Where do you keep your make-up ?

A. I keep my make-up in my bag.

v. to hang (up) phr v. to hang on

hung
hung

Q. Where do we hang pictures ?

A. We hang pictures on the wall.

Q. Where do you hang up your clothes ?

A. I hang up my clothes in my wardrobe.

Q. Do you always hang up your clothes after taking them off ?

A. No, I don’t always hang up my clothes after taking them off.

Q. If I told you to hang on a minute, what would I want you to do ?

A. If you told me to hang on a minute, you would want me to wait a
minute.

Q. What does ‘to hang up the phone’ mean ?

A. ‘To hang up the phone’ means to put the receiver down’.

adj. honest adj. dishonest

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If you are honest, you tell the truth.
If you are dishonest, you tell lies.

Q. Are you an honest person ?

A. Yes, I’m usually an honest person.

Q. Is it difficult to be honest all the time ?

A. Yes, it’s difficult to be honest all the time.

Q. Can you think of a person who is famous for being dishonest ?

A. Ronnie B. is famous for being dishonest.

Q. Do you always work hard ?

A. Yes, I always work hard.

Q. Do you think that was an honest answer ?*

A. Yes, I think that was an honest answer.

n. law v. to break the law

n. rule v. to break a rule

Rules and laws are things we must or must not do.

Laws are national or international.
Rules are made for games, sports or organisations (eg. school rules)

Q. Give me an example of :
a. a school rule.
A. An example of a school rule is : You musn’t smoke in the
classrooms.
b. a law.
A. An example of a law is : You must drive on the left.

Q. Have you ever broken the law when driving ?

A. Yes, I’ve broken the law when driving.

Q. Did you ever break the rules at school ?

A. Yes, I used to break the rules at school.

Q. What kind of things did you use to do ?

A. I used to smoke in the toilets.

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Q. Can you think of anyone famous who has broken the law ?
A. Garry Glitter has broken the law.

Q. Do you know all the rules of football ?

A. No, I don’t know all the rules of football.

Q. If you used your hands in a game of tennis, would you break the
rules?
A. Yes, if I used my hands in a game of tennis I would break the rules.

Q. Who can use their hands a lot in a game of football ?

A. A goalkeeper can use their hands a lot in a game of football.

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v. to believe

Q. Do you believe everything you read in the newspapers ?

A. No, I don’t believe everything I read in the newspapers.

Q. If I told you I had five children, would you believe me ?

A. No, if you told me you had five children, I wouldn’t believe you.

Q. If I told you I had three houses, would you believe me ?

A. No, if you told me you had three houses, I wouldn’t believe you.

Q. When your friends promise to do something, do you believe

them ?
A. Yes, when my friends promise to do something, I believe them.

v. to hope

We use to hope for things we want to happen in the future.

1. hope + infinitive
eg. I hope to pass my driving test next week.

Q. Do children always hope to get lots of presents for their birthday

?
A. Yes, children always hope to get lots of presents for their birthday.

Q. Do you hope to live for more than a century ?

A. No, I don’t hope to live for more than a century.
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Q. Have you ever been to the USA ?
A. Yes, I’ve been to the USA.

Q. Do you hope to go there (again) in the future ?

A. Yes, I hope to go there again in the future.

Q. What do you hope to do next year ?

A. I hope to get a very good job next year.

Q. Do you hope to get a good job when you finish studying ?

A. Yes, I hope to get a good job when I finish studying.

2. hope (that) something/someone + future

eg. I hope that my brother will pass his exam next week.

Q. Do you hope that your children will be very rich and famous ?
A. No, I don’t hope that my children will be very rich and famous.

Q. Do you hope that the weather will be nice tomorrow ?

A. Yes, I hope the weather will be nice tomorrow.

Q. Give me an example of something you hope will happen.

A. I hope my brother will visit me soon.

n. ambition my ambition is + infinitive

adj. ambitious

An ambition is something you really hope to do in the future.

It is often the job you want or the places you want to visit.
An ambitious person wants to do many difficult things.

Q. What is your ambition ?*

A. My ambition is to be a pop star.

Q. Do you think politicians are very ambitious people ?

A. Yes, I think politicians are very ambitious people.

Q. Do you think you have to be ambitious to be very rich and

famous ?
A. Yes, I think you have to be ambitious to be very rich and famous.
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Q. Are you an ambitious person ?
A. Yes, I’m an ambitious person.

Q. Have you always had the same kind of ambitions ?

A. No, I haven’t always had the same kind of ambitions.

adj. successful v. to succeed (in something)

Q. What is the opposite of to succeed ?

A. The opposite of to succeed is to fail.

61 Unit 6

Q. Do you hope to succeed in all your ambitions ?

A. Yes, I hope to succeed in all my ambitions.

Q. Do you think people have to be ambitious to be successful ?

A. Yes, I think people have to be ambitious to be successful.

Q. Which would you prefer to be, a successful businessman or a

famous artist ?
A. I would prefer to be a famous artist.

Q. Do you think honest people are more successful than dishonest

people ?
A. No, I don’t think that honest people are more successful than
dishonest people.

Q. Give me an example of a very successful:

a. businessman/woman.
A. Madonna is a very successful businesswoman.
b. politician.
A. Tony Blair is a very successful politician.
c. artist.
A. Picasso was a very successful artist.
d. company.
A. Microsoft is a very successful company.

v. to dream (about something / someone) n. dream

dreamt
dreamt
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 n. nightmare

Dreams are stories in our imagination while we are sleeping.

eg. Last night I dreamt about sitting on top of a very tall tree.
A nightmare is a very bad dream.

Q. Do you dream every night ?

A. Yes, I dream every night.

Q. Have you ever had the same dream twice ?

A. Yes, I’ve had the same dream twice.

Q. Can you always remember your dreams after you have woken up
?
A. No, I can’t always remember my dreams after I’ve woken up.

Q. Did you use to have nightmares when you were a child ?

A. Yes, I used to have nightmares when I was a child.

Q. Do you still have them ?

A. Yes, I still have them.

Q. Do you think English grammar is a nightmare ?

A. Yes, I think English grammar is a nightmare.

n. complaint v. to complain (to someone about something)

When you complain about something, you say you don’t like it.

Q. Who would you complain to if your telephone stopped working ?

A. I would complain to BT if my telephone stopped working.

Q. If you bought an expensive bottle of wine in a restaurant and it

was horrible, would you complain ?
A. Yes, if I bought an expensive bottle of wine in a restaurant and it was
horrible, I would complain.

Q. Do you sometimes feel too embarrassed to complain ?

A. Yes, I sometimes feel too embarrassed to complain.

Q. Do you think people in your country complain less than English

people ?
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A. No, I don’t think people in my country complain less than English
people.

v. to care (about)

If you care about something, you think it is important.

If you care about someone, you like them and you think they are very
important.

Q. Do you care about money more than anything else ?

A. No, I don’t care about money more than anything else.

Q. Who are the people that you care about the most ?
A. I care about my family and my friends the most.

Q. Do you think people who smoke care about their health ?

A. No, I don’t think people who smoke care about their health.

Q. Do you care about how you look ?

A. Yes, I sometimes care about how I look.

Q. What do you think ambitious people care about the most ?

A. Ambitious people care about the money and success the most.

62 Unit 6

Q. Can you remember any children’s stories you used to like when
you were young ?
A. Yes, I used to like ‘Cinderella’ when I was young.

Q. If I told you a secret could you keep it or would you tell anyone
else ?
A. If you told me a secret I could keep it.

Q. Do you think it is wrong for men to wear make-up ?

A. No, I don’t think it’s wrong for men to wear make up.

Q. What kind of people have to wear make-up for their jobs ?

A. Actors and models have to wear make-up for their jobs.

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Q. If you don’t think you can succeed in something, do you usually
give up ?
A. Yes, if I think I can’t succeed in something, I usually give up.

adj. careful adj. carefully

Q. Do you have to be careful when you use a knife ?

A. Yes, you have to be careful when you use a knife.

Q. Do children have to be careful when they cross the road ?

A. Yes, children have to be careful when they cross the road.

Q. Do you have to drive carefully in the rain ?

A. Yes, you have to drive carefully when you cross the road.

v. to mind (+ if)

We often use the construction ‘do you mind if...?’ when we ask
someone’s opinion about something we want to do.

eg. ‘Do you mind if I smoke ?’

‘Yes I mind !’ = ‘I don’t want you to smoke.’
‘No I don’t mind.’ = ‘It’s okay if you smoke.’

Q. Do you mind if I sit down ?

A. No, I don’t mind if you sit down.

Q. Do you mind if I open the window ?

A. No, I don’t mind if you open the window.

Q. Do you mind if people smoke while you are eating ?

A. Yes, I mind if people smoke while I’m eating.

Q. Would you mind if a stranger asked you for the time ?

A. No, I wouldn’t mind if a stranger asked me for the time.

Q. Would you mind if someone used your toothbrush ?

A. Yes, I would mind if someone used my toothbrush.

v. to vote (for someone) n. election n. political party

Q. Have you ever voted ?

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A. Yes, I’ve voted.

Q. When was the last election in your country ?

A. The last election in my country was three years ago.

Q. What do people do in an election ?

A. People vote in an election.

Q. How long is the gap between elections in your country ?

A. The gap between elections in my country is five years.

Q. Which political party is in charge of your country ?

A. The Labour Party is in charge of my country.

Q. What are the two most important political parties in the USA ?
A. The two are the Republicans and the Democrats.

v. to join n. club n. member

A club is a kind of organisation where people meet to do a particular

thing they are interested in.
eg. There are sports clubs, film clubs, and wine clubs.
If you join a club you are a member.

Q. Have you ever joined a political party ?

A. No, I’ve never joined a political party.

63 Unit 6

Q. What kind of clubs did they have at your school/university ?

A. They had sport, music and art clubs at my university.

Q. Have you ever been a member of a club ?

A. Yes, I was a member of a tennis club at school.

Q. Are there any clubs you would like to join ?

A. No, there aren’t any clubs I would like to join.

Q. Why do people join:

a. health clubs ?
A. People join health clubs to lose weight
b. youth clubs ?
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 A. People join youth clubs to meet people.
c. fan clubs ?
A. People join fan clubs to learn more about their favourite famous
people.

n. joint n. shoulder n. hip

n. elbow n. knee
n. wrist n. ankle

Q. Touch your :
a. hip.
A. This is my hip.
b. left elbow.
A. This is my left elbow.
c. right knee.
A. This is my right knee.
d. shoulder.
A. This is my shoulder.

Q. How many joints are there in your leg ?

A. There are three joints in my leg.

Q. What joints do football players often break ?

A. Football players often break their ankles.

prep. above prep. below

Q. Is your ankle above or below your knee ?

A. Your ankle is below your knee.

Q. Have you ever broken an arm or a leg ?

A. Yes, I broke my leg when I was 12.

Q. Did you break it above or below the knee/elbow ?

A. I broke it below the knee.

Q. When you write a letter, do you put the date above or below your
address ?
A. When I write a letter, I put the date below my address.

Q. Which room is above/below this one ?

A. Room 22 is above this one.
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Q. Do planes usually fly below the clouds ?
A. No, planes usually fly above the clouds.

v. to fight
fought
fought

Q. In what sports do people fight ?

A. People fight in boxing.

Q. Did you use to fight with your friends at school ?

A. Yes, I used to fight with my friends at school.

Q. Who usually won ?

A. I usually won.

Q. Did you use to fight with your brothers and sisters when you
were children ?
A. Yes, I used to fight with my brothers and sisters when we were
children.

Q. What is the verb form of to fight ?

A. The verb form of to fight is : fight fought fought.

Q. If you had a fight with him/her, who do you think would win ?
A. If I had a fight with him, I think he would win.

n. soldier n. army
n. war n. weapons = guns etc.

Q. What kind of people carry weapons ?

A. Soldiers and policemen carry weapons.

Q. Do young men have to join the army in your country ?

A. No, young men don’t have to join the army in my country.

Q. For how long ?

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Q. Do you think your government spends too much money on

weapons ?
A. Yes, I think my government spends too much money on weapons.

Q. Are there any women soldiers in the army in your country ?

A. Yes, there’re some women soldiers in the army in my country.

Q. If there was a war, would you join the army ?

A. No, if there was a war, I wouldn’t join the army.

pron. each other

James is talking to Diana.

Diana is talking to James. They are talking to each other.
He is looking at her.
She is looking at him. They are looking at each other.

Q. Do you help each other during the lesson ?

A. Yes, we help each other during the lesson.

Q. Do you think people help each other enough ?

A. No, I don’t think people help each other enough.

Q. Do people who work together always like each other ?

A. No, people who work together don’t always like each other.

Q. Do brothers and sisters often look like each other ?

A. Yes, brothers and sisters often look like each other.

Q. Can you think of any famous people who look like each other ?
A. Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson look like each other.

Q. Do neighbours often gossip about each other ?

A. Yes, neighbours often gossip about each other.

adj. normal adj. strange

adv. normally = usually n. stranger

A stranger is someone we don’t know.

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Q. Do strangers know each other ?
A. No, strangers don’t know each other.

Q. If I wore make-up to school, would it be strange or normal ?

A. If you wore make-up to school, it would be strange.

Q. Can you describe your normal day ?

A. I get up at 8, go to work, finish work at 6.go home, watch TV and then
go to bed at 12.

Q. Give me an example of a strange way of travelling ?

A. A strange way of travelling is by hot-air balloon.

Q. What time do you normally get up during the week ?

A. I normally get up at 8 in the morning.

Q. What do you normally eat for breakfast ?

A. I normally eat a bowl of cereal for breakfast.

adj. common adj. rare

n. pigeon n. tiger

Pigeons are common birds in a city.

Tigers are very rare animals.

Q. Give me an example of a common animal in your country.

A. Cats are common animals in my country.

Q. Give me an example of a rare animal.

A. Tigers are rare animals.

Q. What is the most common business language in the world ?

A. English is the most common business language in the world.

Q. What is the most common way to travel:.

a. across oceans ?
A. The most common way to travel across oceans is by plane.
b. across cities ?
A. The most common way to travel across cities is by underground.

Q. Are home computers very common in your country ?

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A. Yes, home computers are very common in my country.

Q. Do you think holidays on other planets will be common in the

future ?
A. Yes, I think holidays on other planets will be common in the future.

65 Unit 6

adj. popular adj. unpopular

If you are popular a lot of people like you.

If something is popular a lot of people enjoy it, buy it, or use it.
People, places, sports, music, films, newspapers and food can all be
popular.

Q. Give me an example of a popular singer.

A. Robbie Williams is a popular singer.

Q. What sports are popular in your country ?

A. Football, rugby and tennis are popular in my country.

Q. What kinds of foreign food are popular in your country ?

A. Chinese, Indian and Italian food popular in my country.

Q. What kind of music is popular with:

a. teenagers ?
A. Pop music is popular with teenagers.
b. old people ?
A. Jazz music is popular with old people.

one of the + superlative + plural

eg. Brazil is one of the hottest countries in the world.

Argentina has one of the best football teams in the world.

Q. Who is one of the richest people in the world ?

A. Bill Gates is one of the richest people in the world.

Q. Who is one of the most famous artists in your country ?

A. Picasso is one of the most famous artists in my country.
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Q. Give me an example of one of the :
a. most famous actors in the world.
A. Tom Cruise is one of the most famous actors in the world.
b. fastest cars in the world.
A. A Ferrari is one of the fastest cars in the world.
c. most popular singers in your country.
A. George Michael is one of the most popular singers in my country.

v. to explain n. explanation

When you explain something, you say how it happens or why it

happens.
eg. English teachers explain how to use words and grammar.

Q. Do you understand when we use the present continuous ?

A. Yes, I understand when we use the present continuous.

Q. Please explain it to the class.

A. We use the present continuous for an action we’re doing now.

Q. Do teachers have to be good at explaining their subjects ?

A. Yes, teachers have to be good at explaining their subjects.

Q. Explain the difference between a law and a rule.

A. The difference between a law and a rule is that a law is made by the
government, and a rule is for games sports and organisations.

Q. Did you understand his/her explanation ?

A. Yes, I understood her explanation.

n. reason = why something happens or why we think something.

eg. The reason he is such a good teacher is that he explains things so

well.
A good reason to give up smoking is that it is so unhealthy.

Q. Tell me the reason why you are learning English.

A. The reason why I’m learning English is because I want to get a good
job.

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Q. What reasons do people give when they are late ?
A. When they’re late people say the train was late.

Q. Explain the reason why you must not drink and drive.
A. You musn’t drink and drive because it is dangerous and you might
have an accident.

66 Unit 6

Q. Do you care a lot about what other people think about you ?
A. Yes, I care a lot about what other people think about me.

Q. Do you think there would be less war if more politicians were

women ?
A. Yes, I think there would be less war if more politicians were women.

Q. Would it be strange or normal for you to :

a. go to church ?
A. It would be strange for me to go to church.
b. drink alcohol at the weekend ?
A. It would be normal for me to drink alcohol at the weekend.
d. get to school early ?
A. It would be normal for me to get to school early.

Q. If your government made food very expensive would they be

popular or unpopular ?
A. If my government made food very expensive they would be
unpopular.

prep. in order to

We use the words ‘in order to’ to show the reason why we do
something.
eg. I am studying a foreign language in order to get a better job.
She got up early in order to go shopping before work.
We can also use ‘to + infinitive’ with the same meaning as ‘in order to’.
eg. I went to the supermarket to buy some milk.
I stayed up very late to watch my favourite film.

Q. What do you have to do in order to pass an exam ?

A. You have to study in order to pass an exam.

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Q. What do you have to say in order to apologise ?
A. You have to say ‘I’m sorry’ in order to apologise.

Q. Where do you have to go to buy a newspaper ?

A. You have to go to a newsagent to buy a newspaper.

Q. Answer these questions with to + infinitive.

a. Why do you come to school ?
A. I come to school to learn English.
b. Why do people drink Champagne ?
A. People drink Champagne to celebrate something.
a. Why do people use a diary ?
A. People use a diary to remind themselves to do things.

v. to decide + infinitive n. decision

to make a decision

To decide means to choose to do something after thinking about it a lot.

eg. I have decided to vote for John Jones in the next election.
It is necessary to make important decisions when you plan your future.

Q. Why did you decide to come to this school ?

A. I decided to come to this school because my friends said it was very
good.

Q. Have you decided to go on holiday this year ?

A. Yes, I’ve decided to go on holiday this year.

Q. Where have you decided to go ?

A. I’ve decided to go to Italy.

Q. Is it sometimes really difficult to make the right decision ?

A. Yes, it’s sometimes really difficult to make the right decision.

Q. Give me some examples of important decisions people have to

make.
A. People have to decide where to live, what job to do and who to marry.

Q. What makes people decide to move to another country ?

A. A new job abroad can make people decide to move to another
country.

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v. to arrange + infinitive n. arrangement
v expr. to make an arrangement

If you arrange something, you plan it and make decisions with other
people.
eg. We arranged to meet at 6 o’clock in the pub.

Q. Have you arranged to do anything with your friends this

evening?
A. Yes, I’ve arranged to go to the pub with my friends this evening.

67 Unit 6

Q. Why would someone arrange to see their doctor ?

A. Someone would arrange to see their doctor if they felt ill.

Q. Who would you call if you wanted to arrange a holiday ?

A. I would call a travel agent if I wanted to arrange a holiday.

Q. Have you made any arrangements for next weekend ?

A. Yes, I’ve arranged to go to the cinema with my friends.

present continuous for the future

We often use the present continuous for the future when we are sure
something will happen because we have arranged it with other people.
eg. I am taking my driving test next Tuesday.

Q. What are you doing this weekend ?

A. I am going to Wales to see my sister.

Q. Have you arranged to do anything this weekend ?

A. Yes, I’ve arranged to do something this weekend.

Q. What are you doing ?

A. I’m going to a party.

Q. Have you booked your holidays yet ?

A. Yes, I’ve booked my holidays.

Q. Where are you going ?

A. I’m going to Italy.
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Q. When are you going ?
A. I’m going in June.

Q. Give me an example of an arrangement you have made using the

present continuous.
A. I’m meeting my friends at 7 o’clock tonight.

n. meeting n. appointment
expr. to make an appointment

A meeting is when two or more people meet to talk about something for
a particular reason. An appointment is the time and date you arrange to
meet someone.

Q. Did you make an appointment for an English test when you

started at this school ?
A. Yes, I made an appointment for an English test when I started at this
school.

Q. Have you ever had a meeting with your bank manager ?

A. Yes, I’ve had a meeting with my bank manager.

Q. Do you have to make an appointment to see your friends ?

A. No, you don’t have to make an appointment to see your friends.

Q. What kind of people is it necessary to make an appointment to

see ?
A. It’s necessary to make an appointment to see doctors, dentists,
hairdressers and bank managers.

Q. What is the difference between these sentences ?

i. I’m going to see my doctor tomorrow.
ii. I am seeing my doctor at 10 o’clock tomorrow morning.
A. The difference between those sentences is in the first sentence I
haven’t arranged to see my doctor yet, in the second sentence I have.
iii. I am going to take my driving test in the summer
iv. I am taking my driving test next Tuesday.
A. The difference between those sentences is in the first
sentence I haven’t arranged to take my driving test yet, in the second
sentence I have.

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v. to let n. permission expr. to let
let
let

If you let someone do something, you tell them they can.

eg. My parents don’t let me smoke in the house.
If my boss lets me leave work early, I’ll meet you at the pub.
If someone gives you permission to do something, you can do it.
eg. I used to need my parents’ permission to stay out later than 10
o’clock.

Q. Would you let a dirty old dog sleep on your bed ?

A. No, I wouldn’t let a dirty old dog sleep on my bed.

Q. No, I wouldn’t let you see my private letters.

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Q. If a house is to let, can I buy it ?

A. No, if a house is to let, you can’t buy it.

Q. At what age did your parents let you stay out late ?
A. My parents let me stay out late at sixteen.

Q. Do they let you smoke on trains in your country ?

A. No, they don’t let you smoke on trains in my country.

Q. Do you need your parents’ permission to get married ?

A. No, I don’t need my parents permission to get married.

Q. Do you need permission to sell alcohol ?

A. Yes, you need permission to sell alcohol.

n. cathedral n. palace n. castle

Q. Is there a castle in your town ?

A. Yes, there’s a castle in my town.

Q. What kind of people live in palaces ?

A. Royalty live in palaces.

Q. Do people still build cathedrals today ?

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A. No, people don’t build cathedrals any more.

Q. Can you tell me the name of a famous cathedral ?

A. Notre Dame is the Name of a famous Cathedral.

adj. modern adj. old adj. ancient

Q. Are there any ancient buildings in your country ?

A. Yes, there’re many ancient buildings in my country.

Q. Give me an example of a famous ancient building ?

A. The Parthenon in Athens is a famous ancient building.

Q. Which would you prefer to live in, a modern house or an old

house ?
A. I would prefer to live in an old house.

Q. Do you know anything about the ancient history of your country?

A. No, I don’t know anything about the ancient history of my country.

Q. Do you like modern art ?

A. Yes, I like modern art.

n. idea expr. I have no idea. = I really don’t know.

Q. What famous people had lots of good ideas ?

A. Einstein had lots of good ideas.

Q. Is it a good idea to plan your future before you leave school ?

A. No, it isn’t a good idea to plan your future before you leave school.

Q. Do you think it is a bad idea to get married before you are

eighteen ?
A. Yes, I think it’s a bad idea to get married before you’re eighteen.

Q. Do you have any idea how many people there are in Europe ?
A. No, I have no idea how many people there are in Europe.

Q. Do you have any idea how far it is to the moon ?

A. No, I have no idea how far it is to the moon.

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v. to lend (something to someone) v. to borrow (something
from someone) n. library

lend lent lent

If you give someone something for a short time, you lend it to them.
If you take something from someone for a short time, you borrow it from
them.

Q. Have you ever borrowed a book from a library ?

A. Yes, I’ve borrowed many books from a library.

Q. Where do you go if you want to borrow some money ?

A. If I want to borrow some money, I go to the bank.

Q. If you had a new car, would you lend it to anyone ?

A. Yes, if I had a new car, I would lend it to some people.

69 Unit 6

Q. Would you lend someone a thousand pounds if you had it ?

A. Yes, I would lend someone a thousand pounds if I had it.

Q. Do you think it is a bad idea to borrow money from friends ?

A. No, I think it’s a good idea to borrow money from friends.

v. to rent n. rent n. landlord / landlady

Q. Are you renting your accommodation in this city ?

A. Yes, I’m renting my accommodation in this city.

Q. Who do you pay your rent to ?

A. I pay my rent to my landlord.

Q. Do you think you pay too much rent ?

A. Yes, I think I pay too much rent.

Q. What else can we rent apart from accommodation ?

A. Apart from accommodation we can rent cars, TVs and videos.

n. oil n. petrol n. petrol station

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NB. We make petrol from oil.

Q. Where does petrol come from ?

A. Petrol comes from oil.

Q. Is it dangerous to smoke in a petrol station ?

A. Yes, it’s dangerous to smoke in a petrol station.

Q. Is petrol very expensive in your country ?

A. Yes, petrol is very expensive in my country.

Q. Give me some examples of things we make from oil.

A. We make petrol and tyres from oil.

Q. Give me some examples of different kinds of oil.*

A. Olive oil and suntan oil are different kind of oil.

phr v. to run out (of) = not have any more

Q. Have you ever run out of petrol when driving ?

A. Yes, I’ve run out of petrol when driving.

Q. What did you do ?

A. I phoned the garage.

Q. Where do you go when you run out of money ?

A. When I run out of money, I go to a bank.

Q. Have you ever run out of time in an exam ?

A. Yes, I’ve run out of time in an exam.

Q. Where do you go when you run out of :

a. milk ?
A. I go to the supermarket when I run out of milk.
b. soap ?
A. I go the chemist when I run out of soap.
c. stamps ?
A. I go to the post office when I run out of stamps.

prep. instead of + gerund / noun

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Q. What can you add to tea instead of milk ?*
A. You can add honey or lemon instead of milk.

Q. Is there anything we can use in cars instead of petrol ?

A. Yes, we can use alcohol, electricity or diesel in cars instead of petrol.

Q. If you felt ill, would you stay in bed instead of coming to school ?
A. Yes, if I felt ill, I would stay in bed instead of coming to school.

NB. We use instead without “of” at the end of a sentence.

Q. Do you think the world will run out of oil in the future ?
A. Yes, I think the world will run out of oil in the future.

Q. What do you think we will use instead ?

A. I think we will use solar power and hydroelectric power.

Q. If you are too tired to go out at the weekend, what do you like
doing instead ?
A. If I’m too tired to go out at the weekend, I like watching videos instead.

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v. to work (2)

If a machine or an idea works, it is successful.

eg. I did my laundry in the bath because the washing machine has
stopped working.
His new idea for onion ice-cream will never work.

Q. Do new ideas always work ?

A. No, new ideas don’t always work.

Q. Do you have a computer ?

A. Yes, I have a computer.

Q. Has it ever stopped working ?

A. No, it’s never stopped working.

Q. What would you do if your telephone stopped working ?

A. If my telephone stopped working, I’d phone BT.

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Q. Have you ever bought something that didn’t work ?
A. Yes, I’ve bought something that didn’t work.

Q. Did you take it back and complain ?

A. Yes, I took it back and complained.

phr v. to break down v. to repair n. mechanic

broke down
broken down

If a car or a machine doesn’t work, it has broken down.

If you repair something you make it work again after it has broken
down.

Q. Do old cars break down more often than new cars ?

A. Yes, old cars break down more often than new cars.

Q. Who would repair your car if it broke down ?

A. A mechanic would repair my car if it broke down.

Q. What would happen if you forgot to put oil in your car ?

A. If I forgot to put oil in my car, it would break down.

Q. How would you feel if your car broke down late at night ?
A. If my car broke down late at night, I would feel frightened.

v. to change n. change

To change from something to something else.

eg. I changed my doctor’s appointment from the morning to the
afternoon.

Q. Have you changed your job recently ?

A. No, I haven’t changed my job recently.

Q. Do you know how to change the oil in a car ?

A. No, I don’t know how to change the oil in a car.

Q. If you won the lottery, would it change your life ?

A. Yes, if I won the lottery, it would change my life.

Q. What letters do we change to make the plural of :

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 a. country ?
A. To make the plural of ‘country’ we change ‘y’ to ‘ies’.
b. knife ?
A. To make the plural of ‘knife’ we change ‘fe’ to ‘ves’.

Q. What letters do we change to make the past of :

a. carry ?
A. To make the past of ‘carry’ we change ‘y’ to ‘ied’
b. try ?
A. To make the past of ‘try’ we change ‘y’ to ‘ied’

n. change = the money that we get back when we pay for something.

Q. Do shops always give the right change ?

A. No, shops don’t always give the right change.

Q. Do you always count your change before you leave a shop ?

A. No, I don’t always count my change before I leave a shop.

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n. coin n. note

Q. What is the biggest note in your country ?

A. The biggest note in my country is 10 000 yen.

Q. How many different coins are there in your country ?

A. There are eight different coins in my country.

Here are some common expressions with the verb to change.

v. to change your mind

If someone changes their mind, they decide to do something else

instead.
eg. I wanted to go to America on holiday but now I’ve changed my mind
and I
want to go to China instead.

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Q. Have you ever taken something back to a shop because you
changed your mind ?
A. Yes, I’ve taken some clothes back to a shop because I changed my
mind.

Q. Do you often change your mind about your future plans ?

A. Yes, I often change my mind about my future plans.

Q. What do you think about people who are always changing their
minds ?
A. I think that people always changing their mind are confused.

to get changed = to change your clothes n. changing room

Q. Why do people usually get changed after playing sport ?

A. People usually get changed after playing sport because they smell.

Q. Where do people get changed at the swimming pool ?

A. People get changed at the swimming pool in a changing room.

Q. Where did Superman get changed ?

A. Superman got changed in a phone box.

Q. In what different ways do artists express their ideas ?

A. Artists express their ideas by painting, sculpting and drawing.

Q. Does this way of learning English work for you ?

A. Yes, I think this way of learning English works for me.

Q. Would you change class if the lesson was too difficult for you ?
A. Yes, I would change class if the lesson was too difficult for me.

Unit 7
72 Unit 7

n. tap n. switch

phr v. to turn (something) on phr v. to turn (something) off

phr v. to leave (something) on
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eg. When we want water, we turn on the tap.
Turn off is the opposite.

Q. What do we turn on with a switch ?

A. We turn on lights, TVs, stereos and microwaves with a switch.

Q. Do you always turn all the lights off before going to bed ?
A. Yes, I always turn all the lights off before going to bed.

Q. Would a car start in the morning if you left its lights on all night ?
A. No, a car wouldn’t start in the morning if you left its lights on all night.

Q. Do you think it is a good idea to leave a light on when you go out

at night ?
A. Yes, I think it’s a good idea to leave a light on when you go out at
night.

n. channel n. remote control n. button

phr v. to turn up phr v. turn down n. volume

Q. Where can you find buttons ?

A. You can find buttons on clothes, TVs, stereos and remote controls.

Q. How do you make :

a. the TV louder ?
A. You make the TV louder by turning it up.
b. the TV quieter ?
A. You make the TV quieter by turning it down.

Q. What do you use to change the volume on the TV ?

A. You use the remote control or the volume button to change the
volume on the TV.

Q. How many TV channels are there in your country ?

A. There’re five TV channels in my country.

Q. What do you do when you don’t like the television programme

you are watching ?
A. When I don’t like the television programme I’m watching I change
channels.

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 n. mirror n. reflection v. to shave

Q. What do you see in a mirror ?

A. I see my reflection in a mirror.

Q. Where else can you see a reflection ?

A. You can see a reflection in a window.

Q. Could you put on your make-up / shave without a mirror ?

A. No, I couldn’t put my make up on without a mirror.

reflexive pronouns

singular plural
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
himself themselves
herself
itself

We use a reflexive pronoun when the same person is both the subject
and the object of a
sentence.
eg. My friend taught himself Chinese by listening to CDs.
I looked at myself in the mirror and thought I needed to shave.

73 Unit 7

NB. We can’t say ‘I looked at me in the mirror.’

We must say ‘I looked at myself in the mirror.’
Here are some verbs we often use with reflexive pronouns.
teach yourself
talk to yourself / talk about yourself
look at yourself
laugh at yourself
express yourself

Q. Do you ever talk to yourself ?

A. Yes, I sometimes talk to myself.

Q. Is it easy to express yourself in a foreign language ?

A. No, it isn’t easy to express yourself in a foreign language.
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Q. When do people need to look at themselves in a mirror ?
A. People need to look at themselves in a mirror in the morning and
before they go out at night.

Q. Do men talk about themselves more than women ?

A. Yes, men talk about themselves more than women.

Q. Can you laugh at yourself when you make a mistake during the
lesson?
A. Yes, I can laugh at myself when I make a mistake during the lesson.

v. to cut v. to hurt
cut hurt
cut hurt

Q. What is the verb form of:

a. to cut ?
A. The verb form of to cut is : cut cut cut.
b. to hurt ?
A. The verb form of to hurt is : hurt hurt hurt.

Q. What do we use to cut vegetables ?

A. We use a knife to cut vegetables.

Q. Have you ever cut your finger when cooking ?

A. Yes, I ‘ve cut my finger when cooking.

Q. Did it hurt ?
A. Yes, it hurt.

Q. Have you ever hurt yourself when playing sport ?

A. Yes, I broke my leg when I was playing netball at school.

Q. Have you ever cut yourself when shaving ?

A. Yes, I’ve cut myself when shaving.

expr. to hurt someone’s feelings

If you hurt someone’s feelings, you make them feel sad because of
something you say or do.

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Q. Do children often hurt each other’s feelings ?
A. Yes, children often hurt each other’s feelings.

Q. If I laughed at your English, would it hurt your feelings ?

A. No, if you laughed at my English, it wouldn’t hurt my feelings.

Q. Would it hurt your feelings if your best friend forgot your

birthday ?
A. Yes, it would hurt my feelings if my best friend forgot my birthday.

n. fashion adj. fashionable

n. model

Q. Are you interested in fashion ?

A. No, I’m not interested in fashion.

Q. Do you ever read fashion magazines ?

A. Yes, I sometimes read fashion magazines.

Q. Which is one of the most popular fashion magazines in the world

?
A. ‘Vogue’ is one of the most popular fashion magazines in the world.

Q. Are fashionable clothes usually quite expensive ?

A. Yes, fashionable clothes are usually quite expensive.

74 Unit 7

Q. Have you ever dreamt of being a fashion model ?

A. No, I’ve never dreamt of being a fashion model.

Q. Who is one of the most famous fashion models in the world ?

A. Kate Moss is one of the most famous fashion models in the world.

Q. Do you think some models are too thin ?

A. Yes, I think some models are too thin.

expr. in fashion expr. out of fashion

When particular kinds of clothes, music, or anything else are in fashion,

it means they are very popular.

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Out of fashion is the opposite.

Q. Are my clothes in fashion ?

A. No, your clothes aren’t in fashion.

Q. Are hats in fashion ?

A. No, hats aren’t in fashion.

Q. Can you tell me what kind of clothes are out of fashion at the
moment ?
A. White ties are out of fashion at the moment.

Q. Is long hair for men in fashion ?

A. No, long hair for men isn’t in fashion.

v. to become
became
become

To become means to change from one thing to another.

eg. He gave up teaching and became a policeman.
It is very hot in summer in New York, but it becomes much colder by
October.
Long hair became fashionable for men in the nineteen-seventies.

Q. At what age do children become adults ?

A. children become adults at the age of 18.

Q. In what decade did home computers become common ?

A. Home computers became common in the Eighties.

Q. In what decade did Rock n’ Roll become popular ?

A. Rock n’ Roll became popular in the Fifties.

Q. What do people who study law at university usually become ?

A. People who study law at university usually become lawyers.

Q. What kind of things make people become violent ?

A. Alcohol and drugs make people become violent.

to become in present continuous = start to change

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Q. Do you think cities are becoming more dangerous places to live?
A. Yes, I think cities are becoming more dangerous places to live.

Q. Is marriage becoming more or less popular in your country ?

A. Marriage is becoming less popular in my country.

Q. What kind of people find it difficult to express themselves ?

A. Shy people find it difficult to express themselves.

Q. What kind of people have to wear fashionable clothes for their

job ?
A. Models have to wear fashionable clothes for their job.

Q. Would it hurt your feelings if I said your clothes were out of

fashion ?
A. No, it wouldn’t hurt my feelings if you said my clothes were out of
fashion.

Q. Which companies are famous for making fashionable clothes ?

A. Versace and Armani are famous for making fashionable clothes.

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v. to do something yourself = to do it without help

eg. I always cook my dinner myself. (No one helps me cook my dinner.)

Q. Did you do this homework yourself ?

A. No, my brother helped me.

Q. Do you usually cut your hair yourself ?

A. No, I don’t usually cut my hair myself.

Q. At school, did you always do your homework yourself ?

A. No, I didn’t always do my homework myself at school.

Q. Where did you go for your last holiday ?

A. I went to Paris for my last holiday.

Q. Did you organise the trip yourself ?

A. Yes, I organised the trip myself.

Q. If your car broke down, would you try to repair it yourself ?

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A. No, if my car broke down, I wouldn’t try to repair it myself.

v. to have something done

When you have something done, someone else does something

because you can’t do it yourself.
SUB + TO HAVE + NOUN + PAST PARTICIPLE
e.g. I can’t repair my car myself, so I’m going to have it repaired at the
garage.
Where did you have your hair cut ? It looks really nice !

Q. When was the last time you had your hair cut ?
A. The last time I had my hair cut was about two months ago.

Q. Have you had your eyes tested recently ?

A. Yes, I had my eyes tested two weeks ago.

Q. Have you ever had your head shaved ?

A. No, I’ve never had my had shaved.

Q. Would you like to have all your housework done by someone

else ?
A. Yes, I’d like to have all my housework done by someone else.

Q. Did you have your photograph taken at school ?

A. Yes, I had my photograph taken at school.

Q. Did you like the picture ?

A. No, I didn’t like the picture.

n. hairdresser

Q. Where do you go to have your hair cut ?

A. I go to the hairdresser to have my hair cut.

Q. Do you like going to the hairdresser ?

A. No, I don’t like going to the hairdresser.

Q. Do you like having your hair washed at the hairdresser ?

A. Yes, I like having my hair washed at the hairdresser.

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 v/n. brush v./n. comb n. shampoo
n. scissors n. hairstyle

Q. What does a hairdresser use to cut your hair ?

A. A hairdresser uses scissors to cut your hair.

Q. Give an example of a famous person who has:

a. a good hairstyle.
A. Madonna has a good hairstyle.
b. a strange hairstyle.
A. Dennis Rodman has a strange hairstyle.

Q. How often do you brush your hair ?

A. I brush my hair twice a day.

Q. What do you do if you are not happy with your hairstyle ?

A. If I’m not happy with my hairstyle, I go to the hairdresser.

Q. Do you usually keep a brush or comb in your bag ?

A. Yes, I usually keep a brush in my bag.

76 Unit 7

at the back / front at / on the side(s) n. fringe

Q. Is your hair short at the back and sides ?

A. My hair isn’t short at the back and sides.

Q. Are long fringes in fashion ?

A. No, long fringes aren’t in fashion.

Q. Describe his/her/my/your hairstyle.

A. Her hairstyle is short at the sides, longer at the back and she has a
fringe.

Q. Is this classroom at the back or the front of this building ?

A. This classroom is at the front of this building.

Q. Do you prefer to sit at the front or the back of the cinema ?

A. I prefer to sit at the back of the cinema.

Q. Where are your ears ?

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A. My ears are on the sides of my head.

v. to dry n. towel n. hairdryer

adj. dry adj. wet

Q. What do you use to dry your hair ?

A. I use a towel to dry y hair.

Q. Are hairdryers good for your hair ?

A. No, hairdryers aren’t good for your hair.

Q. Have you ever tried to dry your clothes with a hairdryer ?

A. Yes, I’ve tried to dry my clothes with a hairdryer.

Q. Did it work ?
A. Yes, it worked.

Q. Do you like drying yourself with a wet towel ?

A. No, I don’t like drying myself with a wet towel.

n. emergency n. accident
n. the emergency services* n. the ambulance service
n. the fire brigade

Q. What are the emergency services ?

A. The emergency services are the ambulance service, the fire brigade
and the police.

Q. Have you ever had a car accident ?

A. No, I’ve never had a car accident.

Q. Who would you call if there was a car accident ?

A. If there was a car accident, I would call the emergency services.

Q. Have you ever had to call any of the emergency services ?

A. No, I’ve never had to call any of the emergency services.

Q. What number do you call in an emergency ?

A. You call 999 in an emergency.

v. to enter n. entrance
n. exit = the way out
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Q. What kind of places do we have to pay to enter ?
A. We have to pay to enter clubs, cinemas and some museums.

Q. On what street is the entrance to this school ?

A. The entrance to this school is on Denmark Street.

Q. What kind of buildings must have an emergency exit ?

A. Public buildings must have an emergency exit.

Q. If there were a fire in a building, which sign would you look for ?
A. If there were a fire in a building, I would look for the exit sign.
You can also enter a competition.

Q. Have you ever entered a competition ?

A. Yes, I’ve entered a competition.

Q. Did you win ?

A. No, I didn’t win.

77 Unit 7

v. to fall (in, into, off, over, down, out)

fell
fallen

Q. Did you ever fall off your bike when you were a child ?
A. Yes, I often fell off my bike when I was a child.

Q. Have you ever fallen into a swimming pool ?

A. Yes, I‘ve fallen into a swimming pool.

Q. Did you fall or did someone push you ?

A. I fell.

Q. Do young children often fall over when they are learning to walk?
A. Yes, young children often fall over when they are learning to walk.

Q. Have you ever fallen out of bed ?

A. Yes, I’ve fallen out of bed.

Q. What falls off trees in autumn ?

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A. Leaves fall off trees in autumn.

Q. Have you ever dreamt that you were falling ?

A. Yes, I’ve dreamt that I was falling.

n. nurse n. hospital
phr v. to look after n. patient

Q. Who looks after the patients in a hospital ?

A. Nurses look after the patients in a hospital.

Q. Do you think nurses are paid enough in your country ?

A. No, I don’t think nurses are paid enough in my country.

Q. Have you ever looked after someone else’s child ?

A. Yes, I’ve looked after someone else’s child.

Q. Have you ever had to look after someone who was ill ?
A. Yes, I’ve had to look after someone who was ill.

v. to operate (on someone) n. operation

n. surgeon

Q. What kind of doctor operates on a patient ?

A. A surgeon operates on a patient.

Q. Do you think it is right for doctors to try new operations on

animals?
A. Yes, I think it ‘s right for doctors to try new operations on animals.

Q. How would you feel if you had to have an operation?

A. I would feel very nervous if I had to have an operation.

adj. sick expr. to be off sick

expr. to get / feel better

Q. When was the last time you were sick ?

A. The last time I was sick was a month ago.

Q. Did you get better quickly ?

A. Yes, I got better quickly.

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Q. Have you been off school/work sick recently ?
A. Yes, I’ve been off school sick recently.

Q. Do you feel better now ?

A. Yes, I feel better now.

Q. What kind of things can make people feel sick ?*

A. Travelling or too much alcohol can make people feel sick.

n. pain adj. painful n. ache

An ache is a continuous pain.

Q. Do you often get headaches ?

A. No, I don’t often get headaches.

Q. Who would you see if you had a very painful toothache ?

A. I would see the dentist if I had a very painful toothache.

78 Unit 7

Q. If you broke your arm, would it be painful ?

A. Yes, if I broke my arm, it would be very painful.

Q. What kind of things can give you :

a. a headache ?
A. Hangovers and stress can give you a headache.
b. a stomach-ache?
A. Too much food and stress can give you a stomach-ache.

adj. legal adj. illegal n. drug

If something is illegal, it breaks the law.

Paracetamol and aspirin are legal drugs.
Heroin and cocaine are illegal drugs.

Q. What drugs do you take when you have a headache ?

A. I take painkillers when I have a headache.

Q. Give me an example of :
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 a. a legal drug.
A. Aspirin is a legal drug.
b. an illegal drug.
A. Heroin is an illegal drug.

Q. Are illegal drugs a big problem in big cities ?

A. Yes, illegal drugs are a big problem in big cities.

Q. Is it legal to drink and drive ?

A. No, it’s illegal to drink and drive.

n. medicine (uncountable) n. chemist / pharmacy n. pill

Medicine is the kind of drugs we get from a doctor or chemist when we

are ill.

Q. Where do we buy medicine ?

A. We buy medicine in a chemist or pharmacy.

Q. What kind of medicine comes in a pill ?

A. Aspirin and paracetamol come in a pill.

Q. What kind of people can get free medicine in your country ?

A. Children, the unemployed and elderly people can get free medicine in
my country.

Q. What else can you buy in a chemist apart from medicine ?

A. You can buy many things in a chemist apart from medicine, for
example, shampoo and soap.

n. hangover v./n. cure

Doctors try to cure patients.

Some illnesses are easy to cure and some are very difficult.

Q. Can doctors cure all illnesses?

A. No, doctors can’t cure all illnesses.

Q. Give me an example of an illness which is very difficult to cure.

A. Cancer is very difficult to cure.
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Q. How do people get hangovers ?
A. People get hangovers by drinking too much alcohol.

Q. What is a good cure for a hangover ?

A. Lots of water is a good cure for a hangover.

Q. How often do you have your hair cut ?

A. I have my hair cut once every two months.

Q. Why do cars have mirrors on the sides ?

A. Cars have mirrors on the sides so the driver can see behind him.

Q. What do hairdressers use to dry your hair after washing it ?

A. Hairdressers use a hairdryer to dry your hair after washing it.

Q. Why would I ask you to look after my bag ?

A. You would ask me to look after your bag if you went somewhere for a
short period of time and didn’t want to lose it.

Q. Is falling down the stairs very painful ?

A. Yes, falling down the stairs is very painful.

79 Unit 7

v. to call expr. to be called

n. nickname

Q. What is your full name ?

A. My full name is Gale Montgomery.

Q. What do people call you ?

A. People call me Gale.

Q. Do children sometimes call each other horrible names ?

A. Yes, children sometimes call each other horrible names.

Q. What are people between the age of 13 and 19 called ?

A. People between the age of 13 and 19 are called teenagers.

Q. What is the meat from a cow called ?

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A. The meat from a cow is called beef.

Q. Did you have a nickname at school ?

A. Yes, I had a nickname at school.

Q. What were you called ?

A. I was called Monty.

n. vet (veterinary surgeon) n. pet

Q. Do you have a pet ?

A. Yes, I have a pet.

Q. What kind of animal is it ?

A. It’s a cat.

Q. What is it called ?
A. It’s called Suzy.

Q. Give me an example of :
a. a common pet.
A. A cat is a common pet.
b. a strange pet.
A. A spider is a strange pet.

Q. Is it expensive to take a pet to the vet ?

A. Yes, it’s expensive to take a pet to the vet.

Unit 8
80 Unit 8

v. to talk v. to speak

These two verbs are very similar and sometimes either can be used.
There is no difference between to speak to someone and to talk to
someone.
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But we say : to speak a language NOT talk a language
to speak well / badly NOT talk well/ badly
NB. speak to someone / talk to someone NOT speak/talk with someone

Q. What languages can you speak ?

A. I can speak Spanish, German, Japanese and English.

Q. Do you talk too much when you are drunk ?

A. Yes, I talk too much when I’m drunk.

Q. When was the last time you talked to your family ?

A. The last time I talked to my family was last week.

Q. Who do you talk to about your personal problems ?

A. I talk to my friends about my personal problems.

n. journalist v. to report n. report

We can hear news reports on radio and television, or we can read them
in newspapers.
Journalists report the news.

Q. Would you like to be a journalist ?

A. No, I wouldn’t like to be a journalist.

Q. Do you think that reporting the news is an interesting job ?

A. Yes, I think that reporting the news is an interesting job.

Q. Do newspaper reports always tell the truth ?

A. No, newspaper reports don’t always tell the truth.

Q. What kind of reports do you like reading in a newspaper ?

A. I like reading political reports in a newspaper.

Q. Did you use to get a school report from your teachers when you
were a child ?
A. Yes, I used to get a school report from my teachers when I was a
child.

Q. How do you feel when you read reports about accidents ?

A. I feel very sad when I read reports about accidents.

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 v. to repeat n. repeat n. repetition

If you repeat something you do it again.

If you repeat words you say the same words again.
Repeats are old programmes that have been on TV before.
eg. I had to repeat my last year at university because I failed all my
exams.
I’m sorry, I didn’t hear your name. Can you repeat it please ?

Q. Do you repeat what your teacher says ?

A. Yes, I repeat what my teacher says.

Q. Did you ever have to repeat a piece of homework at school

because it wasn’t good
enough ?
A. Yes, I sometimes had to repeat a piece of homework at school
because it wasn’t good enough.

Q. Do you like watching repeats on television ?

A. Yes, I like watching repeats on television.

Q. Do they often repeat the same films every year at Christmas in

your country ?
A. Yes, they always repeat the same films every year at Christmas in my
country.

81 Unit 8

Reported Speech (1) n. speech marks ‘ ’

1. Direct speech - we repeat the same words using speech marks:

eg. ‘I am sorry,’ he said.

NB. Direct speech is often used in newspapers and books.

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2. Reported speech - to give the general meaning of what people have
said
eg. Direct speech = ‘I am sorry,’ he said.
Reported Speech = He said that he was sorry.

A. If you are reporting what someone else has said you must use he,
she or they as the subject.

B. We often use that in reported speech.

C. The verb must be in the past.

Remember : When we use reported speech we put the tenses into

the past.

present simple- past simple

present perfect - past perfect (had + past participle)
will - would = past of will
present continuous- past continuous

Direct Speech Reported Speech

‘I am very angry,’ he said. He said that he was very angry.
present simple past simple

‘I will come,’ she said. She said that he would come.

future simple would = past of will

‘We have been in London They said that they had been in
for a year. London for a year.
present perfect past perfect (had + past participle)

‘I am going to Cuba next year,’ He said that he was going to Cuba

next year.
present continuous past continuous

exercise
Change these sentences from direct into reported speech.
D. ‘I don’t come to school on Tuesdays,’she said.
R. She said that ...she didn’t come to school on Tuesdays.
D. ‘I want to go to Paris on holiday,’ she said.
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R. She said that ...she wanted to go to Paris on holiday.
D. ‘I have never been to Germany,’ he said.
R. He said that …he had never been to Germany.
D. ‘I’ll speak to John soon,’ he said.
R. He said that …he’d speak to John soon.

82 Unit 8

Q. What is his/her mother’s name ? – Ask.

A./Q. What is your mother’s name ?

A. My mother’s name is Jackie.

Q. What did he/she say ?

A. He said that his mother’s name was Jackie.

Q. Where is he/she from ? - Ask.

A./Q. Where are you from ?

A. I am from Italy.

Q. What did he/she say ?

A. He said that he was from Italy.

Q. Where is he/she living ? - Ask.

A./Q. Where are you living ?
A. I am living in London.

Q. What did he/she say ?

A. He said that he was living in London.

Q. Has he/she ever studied Geography ? - Ask.

A./Q. Have you ever studied Geography ?

A. Yes, I have studied Geography.

Q. What did he/she say ?

A. He said that he had studied Geography.

Q. Has he/she ever been to America ? - Ask.

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A./Q. Have you ever been to America ?

A. No, I have never been to America.

Q. What did he/she say ?

A. He said that he had never been to America.

Q. Will he/she be here tomorrow ? - Ask.

A./Q. Will you be here tomorrow?

Q. What did he/she say ?

A. He said that he would be here tomorrow.

say and tell

We can use both say and tell in reported speech.

The difference between say and tell is :

1. You say something (to someone).

eg. ‘I am very good at English,’ he said (to his friend).
The teacher always says hello at the beginning of the lesson.
BUT

2. You tell someone something.

eg. He told me his age.
He told me that he came from Spain.
NB. We never use to tell in direct speech.
We must use an object with tell.
We don’t have to use an object with say.
eg. He said his name was Pedro.
He told his name was Pedro.
exercise
Use say or tell in these sentences
1. What is the first word children usually learn to ….......?
2. You never ................ me the truth. You are such a liar !
3. ‘I won’t go,’ Peter ............. to his friend.
4. ‘It is late. I have to go to bed’ he …….......
5. My parents ............ me stories when I was a child.
6. He ......... that he would come to the party.
7. ‘I’m sorry, I wasn’t listening. What did you ....................?’
8. Could you ............... me what time the train leaves please ?
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83 Unit 8

exercise
These sentences are in reported speech; write what the speaker said.
1. My brother told me that he would be late.
………………………………………………………………………………….…
2. He told me he was studying at Avalon School.
………………………………………………………………………………….…
3. My friend told me that he had never been to Brazil.
………………………………………………………………………………….…
4. He told me that he liked Italian food.
………………………………………………………………………………….…

v. to depend on + noun it depends (on) ... what / where / how / who

eg.

Q. Are you going on holiday this year ?

A. I don’t know, it depends on how much money I have.

Q. Are we going to the beach tomorrow ?

A. I don’t know, it depends on the weather.

Q. Does happiness depend on money ?

A. No, happiness doesn’t depend on money.

Q. What else does it depend on ?

A. It also depends on relationships and your work.

Q. What does a good party depend on ?

A. A good party depends on the music, the people and how much food
and drink there is.

Answer these questions with it depends on ...

Q. What clothes do you like wearing ?

A. It depends on the weather.

Q. What music do you like listening to ?

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A. It depends on my mood.

Q. How much money do you take on holiday ?

A. It depends on where I’m going.

Q. What time do you get up in the morning ?

A. It depends on what day of the week it is.

v. to collect n. collection

n. hobby = things you enjoy doing in your free time (not sports)
eg. My father collects stamps as a hobby.

Q. Do you have any hobbies ?

A. No, I don’t have any hobbies.

Q. What do postmen collect from post boxes ?

A. Postmen collect letters from post boxes.

Q. What kind of things do people collect as a hobby ?

A. People collect stamps, beer mats and postcards as a hobby.

Q. Where can you find collections of famous paintings ?

A. You can find collections of famous paintings in a gallery.

Q. Do you have to be very rich to collect famous paintings ?

A. Yes, you have to be very rich to collect famous paintings.

Q. Give me an example of a common hobby in your country ?

A. Stamp collecting is a common hobby in my country.

84 Unit 8

v. to taste n. taste

Q. Do you like the taste of :

a. chocolate ?
A. Yes, I like the taste of chocolate.
b. vodka ?
A. Yes, I like the taste of vodka.
c. black coffee ?
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 A. No, I don’t like the taste of black coffee.

Q. Have you ever tasted snails ?

A. No, I’ve never tasted snails.

Q. Do you think you would like the taste ?

A. No, I don’t think I would like the taste.

Q. Do you think onion ice-cream would taste nice ?

A. No, I don’t think onion ice-cream would taste nice.

Q. Have you ever had a meal in a restaurant that tasted really

horrible ?
A. Yes, I’ve had a meal in a restaurant tasted really horrible.

Q. What is one of the worst things you have ever tasted ?

A. Beetroot is one of the worst things I’ve ever tasted.

expr. to have good / bad taste in something

Q. Do you have the same taste in music as your parents ?

A. No, I don’t have the same taste in music as my parents.

Q. Give me an example of someone who has good taste in :

a. clothes.
A. My brother has good taste in clothes.
b. music.
A. My flatmate has good taste in music.

Q. Do very rich people always have good taste ?

A. No, very rich people don’t always have good taste.

Q. Do your parents like your taste in clothes ?

A. No, my parents don’t like my taste in clothes.

adj. formal adj. informal (uncountable)

n. uniform n. suit

People wear formal clothes to work or job interviews, weddings etc.

People wear informal clothes in their free time.

Q. What kind of people have to wear uniforms ?

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A. Schoolchildren, policemen and soldiers have to wear uniforms.

Q. Did you have to wear a uniform to school ?

A. Yes, we had to wear a uniform at school.

Q. Describe it.
A. We had to wear a blue skirt and jumper, and a yellow blouse.

Q. What kind of clothes would you wear to :

a. a job interview ?
A. I would wear formal clothes to a job interview.
b. the pub ?
A. I would wear informal clothes to the pub.

Q. Have you ever been to a formal dinner party ?

A. Yes, I’ve been to a formal dinner party.

Q. What did you wear ?

A. I wore a dress.

Q. Are your birthday parties usually formal or informal ?

A. My birthday parties are usually informal.

We use formal English when we write business letters or talk to

business people, and informal English when we write or talk to friends
and family.

v. to introduce someone (to someone else)

When we meet someone for the first time, we can introduce ourselves
formally
or informally, depending on who we are talking to.

Formal: Informal:
‘How do you do.’ ‘Hi.’
‘Pleased to meet you, my name is ...’ ‘How’s it going?’ (to someone
you already know.)

Q. What do you do when you meet someone for the first time ?
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A. When I meet someone for the first time, I introduce myself.

Q. Do you ever introduce yourself to people at parties ?

A. Yes, I often introduce myself to people at parties.

85 Unit 8

Q. Introduce yourselves to each other:

a. formally.
A. Pleased to meet you, my name is Gale.
b. informally.
A. Hi, I’m Gale.

Q. Would you use formal or informal English to introduce :

a. yourself to my mother ?
A. I would use formal English to introduce myself to your mother.
b. your friends to each other ?
A. I would use informal English to introduce my friends to each other.

Q. Have you ever introduced yourself to a famous person ?

A. Yes, I introduced myself to Chris Evans at a club last month.

n. conversation v/n. chat (informal)

When two people talk to each other about something, they have a
conversation.

Q. Can you understand two English people having a conversation ?

A. Yes, I can sometimes understand two English people having a
conversation.

Q. Have you ever had a long conversation in English ?

A. Yes, I’ve had a long conversation in English.

Q. Do you enjoy chatting to friends in the pub ?

A. Yes, I enjoy chatting to friends in the pub.

Q. Do teenagers spend a long time chatting to each other on the

phone ?
A. Yes, teenagers spend a long time chatting to each other on the
phone.

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Q. How often do you have a chat with your family ?
A. I have a chat with my family about once a week.

adj. attractive (formal) adj. good-looking (informal)

Q. Give me an example of a really good-looking film star.

A. Johnny Depp is a really good-looking film star.

Q. Do you think men with make-up look attractive ?

A. No, I don’t think men with make-up look attractive.

Q. Which is more important, to be good-looking or to be honest ?

A. It’s more important to be honest.

n. modal verbs (mod v.)

(1)
Here are some modal verbs you know : must - have to/had to -
can/could
A modal verb does not express an action. It changes the meaning of the
sentence.
eg. Children go to school every day. (a habit)
Children must go to school every day. (a rule)
NB. We use the infinitive (without to) after a modal verb.

Q. What are the modal verbs we have studied ?

A. We’ve studied ‘must’, ‘have to’ and ‘can’.

Q. Make a sentence with a modal verb.

A. I have to buy some milk because we’ve run out.

mod v. should mod v. should not (shouldn’t)

We use should to express the meaning of ‘it is better if we do

something’.
We have a choice, but one choice is better than the other.
eg. People should help each other - People don’t have to help each
other but it is
better if they do.
You should phone your mother more often, she is lonely.
You shouldn’t smoke, it is bad for your health.

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Q. Should children watch violent television ?
A. No, children shouldn’t watch violent television.

86 Unit 8

Q. What should you say when someone gives you a present ?

A. When someone gives you a present, you should say ‘thank you’.

Q. Do you think you should call your parents more often ?

A. Yes, I think I should call my parents more often.

Q. Do you think you should study English at home ?

A. Yes, I think I should study English at home.

Q. Do you think (famous fat person) should lose weight ?

A. No, I don’t think Pavarotti should lose weight.

Q. Do you think parents should leave young children on their own ?

A. No, I don’t think parents should leave young children on their own.

must and should

Look at these two sentences.
eg. You should give up smoking, it is very unhealthy.
You must give up smoking, you are very ill.

exercise
Choose must or should for these sentences.
You .……............... not drive on your own before passing your test.
You ............................... eat less fat because it is very unhealthy.
People ............................... not get married until you are 16 in the UK.
People ............................... not get married if they are not really in love.
You .............................. call your grandmother more often, she is lonely.
Children ............................... not eat sweets every day.
You ............................... not smoke when you see a No Smoking sign.

Q. Why would you take a pet to the vet ?

A. I would take a pet to the vet if it was ill.

Q. Do they often repeat very popular programmes on television in

your country ?
A. Yes, they often repeat very popular programmes on television in my
country.
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Q. Did you ever collect things as a child ?
A. Yes, I collected shells as a child.

Unit 9
87 Unit 9

n. currency £ $ ¥ = different kinds of money n. bill

Q. What currency do they use in your country ?

A. They use German marks in my country.

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Q. Where can you change currency ?
A. You can change currency at a bureau de change.

Q. What different kind of bills do we have to pay ?

A. We have to pay the phone bill, the gas bill and the electricity bill.

Q. How much was your last telephone bill ?

A. My last telephone bill was about £50.

Q. How often do you get an electricity bill ?

A. I get an electricity bill every three months.

phr v. to go up phr v. to go down

If something goes up, it gets more expensive or bigger.

Prices, currencies and bills can all go up or down.
eg. Cigarettes have gone up recently.
My gas bill goes down by £50 during the summer.

Q. Are prices going up at the moment ?

A. Yes, prices are going up at the moment.

Q. Has your telephone bill gone up recently ?

A. Yes, my telephone bill has gone up recently.

Q. Do electricity bills usually go up or down in summer ?

A. Electricity bills usually go down in summer.

Q. Would you be surprised if your rent went down ?

A. Yes, I’d be very surprised if my rent went down.

adj. high adj. low

We can use the adjectives high and low to describe prices and bills.

Q. If your gas bill is high, is it cheap or expensive ?

A. If your gas bill is high, it’s expensive.

Q. Are prices usually high or low in a market ?

A. Prices are usually low in a market.

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Q. What is the highest price you would pay for a:
a. bottle of wine ?
A. The highest price I would pay for a bottle of wine is £10.
b. pair of shoes ?
A. The highest price I would pay for a pair of shoes is £50.

Q. Do you think your rent is too high ?

A. Yes, I think my rent is too high.

n. unemployment adj. unemployed

Q. Is unemployment a big problem in your country ?

A. Yes, unemployment is a big problem in my country.

Q. Is unemployment going up or down in your country ?

A. Unemployment is going up in my country.

Q. Do you think unemployed people get enough help from your

government ?
A. Yes, I think unemployed people get enough help from

Q. What can you do to find work if you are unemployed ?

A. If you are unemployed, you can look in the newspapers and go to the
job centre to find work.

88 Unit 9

v. to measure n. measurement n. distance

n. ruler n. tape measure

If you want to know how long, tall or high something is, it is necessary to
measure it.
We measure distance in centimetres (cm), metres (m) and kilometres
(km).
1 mile = 1.6 km
eg. It’s about 200 miles from London to Manchester.
My father is 1.7m tall.
The classroom is about 4m long.

Q. How tall are you ?

A. I’m 1.72 m tall.

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Q. About how high is the wall ?
A. The wall is about 2 m high.

Q. About how long is the classroom ?

A. Classroom is about 5 m long.

Q. How far do you live from the school ?

A. I live about half an hour by train from the school.

Q. What do we use to measure distance ?

A. We use miles and kilometres to measure distance.

Q. What distances do people run in the Olympic Games ?

A. People 100 metres, 200 metres, 400 metres, 800 metres and 1500
metres in the Olympic Games.

Q. How fast can you run 100 metres ?

A. I can run 100 metres in about 15 seconds.

n. weight v. to weigh
n. scales (plural) n. gram (g) n. kilogram (kg) n. tonne

Q. What do we use to measure weight ?

A. We use kilograms to measure weight.

Q. About how much does a baby weigh ?

A. A baby weighs about 3 to 4 kilos.

Q. What kind of scales do people use to weigh:

a. food ?*
A. People use kitchen scales to weigh food.
b. themselves ?
A. People use bathroom scales to weigh themselves.

Q. Can you think of any animals that weigh more than a tonne ?
A. Yes, a whale weighs more than a tonne.

n. temperature n. degree n. centigrade n. ice

Q. At what temperature does :

a. water boil ?
A. Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade.
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 b. water become ice ?
A. Water becomes ice at 0 (nought) degrees centigrade.

Q. In what countries does the temperature often go above 40

degrees ?
A. The temperature often goes above 40 degrees in north African
countries.

Q. In what countries does the temperature often go below zero ?

A. The temperature often goes below zero in Russia and Greenland.

Q. Why do people put ice in their drinks ?

A. People put ice in their drinks to keep them cold.

v. to guess

Q. Do you know how tall I am ?

A. No, I don’t know how tall you are.

Q. Guess !
A. I think you are about 1.80.

Q. Can you guess how much a car weighs ?

A. I think a car weighs about 2 tonne.

Q. Guess how many students there are at this school.

A. I think there are about 400 students at this school.

89 Unit 9

Q. Do you ever guess the answer in an exam ?

A. Yes, I often guess the answer in an exam.

Q. Guess what the temperature is today.

A. I think it’s about 12 degrees centigrade today.

n. litre (l) n. pint

We can measure water, beer, milk etc. in litres and pints.

Q. Do you use litres to measure petrol in your country ?

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A. Yes, we use litres to measure petrol in our country.

Q. How much is a litre of petrol ?

A. A litre of petrol is about 65 p.

Q. Is the price going up ?

A. Yes, the price is going up.

Q. Is a pint more than a litre ? (1 pint = 0.473 litres)

A. No, a pint isn’t more than a litre.

Q. How do you ask for beer in an English pub ?

A. You ask for a beer in an English pub by saying : ‘Can I have a pint of
beer, please ?’

v. to earn n. salary
earnt/earned
earnt/earned

Q. What kind of people earn a lot of money ?

A. Lawyers and accountants earn a lot of money.

Q. Does your company pay your salary every month ?

A. Yes, my company pays my salary every month.

Q. Has your salary gone up recently ?

A. Yes, my salary has gone up recently.

Q. Do people who don’t earn much money get help from your
government ?
A. Yes, people who don’t earn much money get some help from the
government.

n. tax % = per cent n. percentage

We can measure unemployment and tax as a percentage (%).
eg. Unemployment has gone up to 8 %.
People pay 25% tax in the UK.

Q. How much tax do you pay in your country ?

A. I pay about 25% tax in my country.

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Q. Do you think rich people should pay more tax than normal
people ?
A. Yes, I think rich people should pay more tax than normal people.

Q. What percentage of the class are men/women ?

A. This class is 40% women and 60% men.

Q. Is unemployment higher than 10 % in your country ?

A. Yes, unemployment is higher than 10% in my country.

measurements for buying clothes

collar-size shoe-size
chest-size waist-size

v. to fit
If clothes fit you, they are the right size.
NB. For shoes we say: I take size seven.

Q. Can you guess what size shoes he / she takes ?

A. Yes, I think he takes size 10 shoes.

Q. Would my shoes fit you ?

A. No, your shoes wouldn’t fit me.

Q. Are they too big or too small ?

A. They’re too big.

90 Unit 9

Q. When a man buys a formal shirt, what measurements does he

need to know ?
A. When a man buys a formal shirt, he needs to know his collar and
chest measurements.

Q. Are you the same size as anyone in your family ?

A. Yes, I’m the same size as my mother.

Q. Do you borrow each other’s clothes ?

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A. No, we don’t borrow each other’s clothes.

adj. tight adj. loose

Q. Are tight jeans in fashion ?

A. No, tight jeans aren’t in fashion.

Q. Are loose clothes in fashion ?

A. Yes, loose clothes are in fashion.

Q. Are tight shoes comfortable ?

A. No, tight shoes aren’t comfortable.

Q. Why do people often prefer wearing loose clothes in summer ?

A. People often prefer wearing loose clothes in summer because they’re
cooler.

v. to suit adj. colourful adj. bright / dark

Colourful clothes are full of different colours.

When clothes or colours suit you, it means you look good when you
wear them.

Q. Is red wine bright red or dark red ?

A. Red wine is dark red.

Q. Why do they paint post-boxes bright colours ?

A. They paint post-boxes bright colours so that people can see them
easily.

Q. Do bright colours suit you ?

A. No, bright colours don’t suit me.

Q. Which colours really don’t suit you ?

A. Yellow and orange really don’t suit me.

Q. Do you like colourful clothes ?

A. No, I don’t like colourful clothes.

Q. Would you wear colourful clothes to:

a. a job interview ?
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 A. No, I wouldn’t wear colourful clothes to a job interview.
b. a party ?
A. Yes, I would wear colourful clothes to a party.
c. a wedding ?
A. Yes, I would wear colourful clothes to a wedding.

n. tie n. belt

Q. What do people wear if their trousers are a bit loose ?

A. People wear a belt if their trousers are a bit loose.

Q. What are belts usually made of ?

A. Belts are usually made of leather.

Q. Do you like colourful ties ?

A. Yes, I like colourful ties.

Q. When do people usually wear ties ?

A. People usually wear ties at work.

mod v. may mod v. might

May and might express the possibility that something will happen in the
future.
eg. I may be late for the meeting because I’m very busy.
( I’m not sure, but it’s possible I will be late.)
The President said that unemployment might go down next year.
( The President doesn’t know, but it’s possible unemployment will go
down.)

Q. Do you think there might be life on other planets ?

A. Yes, I think there might be life on other planets.

Q. Do you think the price of petrol might go up next year ?

A. Yes, I think the price of petrol might go up next year.

Q. Do you think you might take an English exam in the future ?

A. Yes, I think I might take an English exam in the future.

NB. We don’t usually use may or might in questions.

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Q. What are you going to do next week ?

A. I think I might ...go to the theatre..........., or I might ...go to the
cinema.

Q. Who do you think will still be at this school in a year’s time ?

A. I think you might still be at this school in a year’s time.

Q. What do you think the weather will be like next week ?

A. I think it might rain next week.

v. to insure n. insurance

medical insurance car insurance

house insurance travel insurance

We get insurance because something bad might happen in the future,

like an accident or a fire.

Q. Do you think people should get travel insurance when they go

abroad ?
A. Yes, I think people should get travel insurance when they go abroad.

Q. Why do people buy insurance ?

A. People buy insurance because something bad might happen in the
future.

Q. Do you have medical insurance ?

A. No, I don’t have medical insurance.

Q. Is it illegal for people to drive without car insurance in your

country ?
A. Yes, it is illegal for people to drive without car insurance in my
country.

Q Do you think it is important to have house insurance ?

A. Yes, I think it’s very important to have house insurance.

Q. What kind of people insure their legs ?

A. Footballers insure their legs.

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 passive voice (1) active and passive
Most sentences in English are active.

eg. Helen found the keys.

subject + verb + object

Some sentences in English are passive.

eg. The keys were found by Helen.

subject + to be + past participle + by + object

We use the passive voice when the object of the sentence is more
important or interesting than the subject.

A dog bit me. (active voice)

The subject of this sentence is ‘a dog’ and the object is ‘me’.
But, because I am more important than the dog, we can say :

I was bitten by a dog. (passive voice)

The subject of this sentence is ‘I’ and the object is ‘a dog’.
NB. In an active sentence the verb changes the tense.
In a passive sentence the verb to be changes the tense.

past simple
active Shakespeare wrote ‘Romeo and Juliet’.
passive ‘Romeo and Juliet’ was written by Shakespeare.

future
active The President will open the new museum.
passive The new museum will be opened by the President.

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exercise
Change these active sentences to the passive.
(Remember: We use the same tense in the passive as in the active.)
1. John hid the money under my bed.
The money ...............................................................
2. The shop sells gold watches.
Gold watches ...............................................................
3. My brother ironed my shirt.
My shirt ...............................................................
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4. Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.
The Mona Lisa ...............................................................
5. Everyone will use computers in 10 years’ time.
Computers ................................................................
6. A million people read this magazine every week.
This magazine . ...............................................................

Q. Who were the Pyramids built by ?

A. The Pyramids were built by the ancient Egyptians.

Q. Who was ‘Romeo and Juliet’ written by ?

A. ‘Romeo and Juliet’ was written by Shakespeare.

Q. Who was the famous painting ‘Sunflowers’ painted by ?

A. ‘Sunflowers’ was painted by Van Gogh.

Q. Who was the song ‘Imagine’ sung by ?

A. ‘Imagine’ was sung by John Lennon.

v. to arrest n. crime = an action that breaks the law

n. criminal = someone who breaks the law

We often use the verb to arrest in the passive voice.

eg. He was arrested by the police.

Q. Why are people arrested ?

A. People are arrested when they break the law.

Q. Do you know anyone who has been arrested ?

A. Yes, I know someone who has been arrested.

Q. What for ?
A. They were arrested for drink-driving.

Q. Is it a crime to drink and drive in your country ?

A. yes, it’s a crime to drink and drive in my country.

Q. Has anyone famous ever been arrested in your country ?

A. Yes, some famous people have been arrested in my country.

Q. Can you think of any famous criminals ?

A. Jack the Ripper is a famous criminal.
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Q. What did they do ?
A. He killed many women.

Q. Do you like crime novels ?

A. Yes, I like crime novels.

v. to steal v. to rob
stole
stolen
To steal and to rob have a similar meaning, but we say :
to steal something / from someone - ( single or double object )
to rob somewhere (or to rob someone) - ( single object only )
eg. They stole some money from the bank.
They robbed the bank.

93 Unit 9

Q. Would you steal food from a shop if you had no money ?

A. No, I wouldn’t steal food from a shop if I had no money.

Q. What would you do if you saw someone robbing a bank ?

A. I would phone the police if I saw someone robbing a bank.

Q. Have you ever been robbed in the street ?

A. Yes, I’ve been robbed in the street.

Q. Has anyone ever stolen a famous painting from a museum ?

A. Yes, people have stolen famous paintings from museums.

Q. Did you use to steal sweets or chocolate when you were a child ?
A. No, I didn’t use to steel sweets or chocolates when I was a child.

n. prison adj. guilty adj. innocent

Q. Give me an example of a famous prison ?

A. Alcatraz is a famous prison.

Q. Do you think all criminals should go to prison if they are guilty ?

A. No, not all criminals should go to prison if they are guilty.

Q. Do innocent people ever go to prison ?

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A. Yes, innocent people sometimes go to prison.

expr. to feel guilty (about something)

Q. Do you feel guilty when you tell lies ?

A. Yes, I sometimes feel guilty when I tell lies.

Q. Could you steal something without feeling guilty ?

A. No, I couldn’t steal something without feeling guilty.

n. lawyer
A lawyer works with the law.
If you are arrested, you need a lawyer.

Q. If you want to be a lawyer, what subject do you need to study ?

A. If you want to be a lawyer, you need to study law.

Q. Do you think that lawyers are paid too much ?

A. Yes, I think that lawyers are paid too much.

Q. If you were arrested, who would you call ?

A. If I was arrested, I would call a lawyer.

v. to trust = believe that someone is honest and keeps their promises

Q. Can you always trust a lawyer ?

A. No, you can’t always trust a lawyer.

Q. Who do you trust with your secrets ?

A. I trust my friends with my secrets.

Q. Can you trust anyone who doesn’t belong to your family ?

A. Yes, I can trust some people who don’t belong to my family.

Q. Would you trust someone again if they broke a promise ?

A. Yes, I would trust someone again if they broke a promise.

v. to agree / disagree (with someone about something)

Q. What is the most difficult thing to learn in English ?

A. The most difficult thing to learn in English is the second conditional.

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Q. Do you agree ?
A. Yes, I agree.

Q. What do people do when they disagree with each other ?

A. People argue when they disagree with each other.

Q. Did you always agree with your parents when you were a
teenager ?
A. No, I didn’t always agree with my parents when I was a teenager.

Q. What kind of things did you disagree about ?

A. We disagreed about me staying out late.

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v. to agree to + infinitive

Q. Would you agree to pay more tax if your government spent more
money on health and education ?
A. Yes, I would agree to pay more tax if my government spent more
money on health and education.

Q. Would you agree to pay more for your lessons if the teacher
spoke your language ?
A. No, I wouldn’t agree to pay more for my lessons if the teacher spoke
my language.

Passive Voice (2)

Sometimes we use the passive voice without ‘by + object’ because we
don’t know or it is not important who did the action.
eg. My car was stolen last night. - The person who stole my car is not
known.
This book was written in 1997. - It is not important who wrote the book.
My shoes were made in Italy. - It is not important who made my shoes.

Q. Do you know when this book was written ?

A. Yes, this book was written in 1999.

Q. In which countries is English spoken ?

A. English is spoken in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, Australia,
the USA, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.

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Q. Where were your shoes made ?
A. My shoes were made in Spain.

Q. Do you know when your house was built ?

A. No, I don’t know when my house was built.

Q. In what century was the Titanic built ?

A. The Titanic was built in the 20th Century.

exercise
Use the information to write sentences in the passive voice.
1. Mona Lisa/to paint/16th. Century
...............................................................
2. My car/to repair/at the garage/next week
...............................................................
3. $3,000,000/to steal/from the bank/last night
...............................................................
4. A lot of beer/to make/in Germany.
...............................................................

Q. What would you do if you couldn’t pay the bill in a restaurant ?

A. If I couldn’t pay the bill in a restaurant, I would borrow some money
from a friend.

Q. Which is one of the strongest currencies at the moment ?

A. The pound is one of the strongest currencies at the moment.

Q. What do we mean by ‘organised crime’ ?

A. By organised crime we mean groups of criminals working together.

Q. What is the difference between to be guilty and to feel guilty ?

A. The difference between to be guilty and to feel guilty is that to be
guilty means to have done something wrong and to feel guilty means to
feel bad about doing something.

Q. Do you always trust your pilot when you fly ?

A. Yes, I always trust my pilot when I fly.

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 Unit 10
95 Unit 10

v. to afford (to)

If you can afford something, you have enough money to buy a particular
thing without having money problems.

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eg. I have £1000 in the bank so I can afford to spend £500 on my
holiday.

Q. How much can you afford to spend on your next holiday ?

A. I can afford to spend £150 on my next holiday.

Q. When you can’t afford to go out, what do you do instead ?

A. When I can’t afford to go out, I stay in and watch videos instead.

Q. If you could afford to go on holiday anywhere in the world, where

would you go ?
A. If I could afford to go on holiday anywhere in the world, I would go to
Thailand.

Q. Do you think it is a good idea to spend a lot of money on clothes

if you can’t really afford it ?
A. No, I don’t think it’s a good idea to spend a lot of money on clothes if
you can’t really afford it.

Q. What kind of accommodation would you stay in if you couldn’t

afford a hotel ?
A. If I couldn’t afford a hotel, I would stay in a Bed & Breakfast.

v. to pack/unpack n. luggage (uncountable) n. label

n. backpack n. suitcase

Q. Give me some examples of luggage.

A. Suitcases and backpacks are all examples of luggage.

Q. What kind of things do you always pack when you go on

holiday?
A. I always pack a bikini and sunglasses when I go on holiday.

Q. Do you feel sad when you pack your bags at the end of a holiday
?
A. Yes, I feel sad when I pack my bags at the end of a holiday.

Q. Has your luggage ever been lost at the airport ?

A. No, my luggage has never been lost at the airport.

Q. Do you carry your luggage onto the plane yourself ?

A. No, I don’t carry my luggage onto the plane myself.
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Q. Why is it important to fill in the label on your luggage ?
A. It’s important to fill in the label on your luggage because it might get
lost.

You can also find labels on clothes.

Q. What kind of things do labels tell you about your clothes ?

A. Labels tell you what size your clothes are and how to wash them.

v. to check
n. customs n. immigration

Q. Who checks your passport at the airport ?

A. Immigration checks your passport at the airport.

Q. Have you ever seen anyone arrested at customs ?

A. Yes, I’ve seen someone arrested at customs.

Q. Has your luggage ever been checked at the airport ?

A. Yes, my luggage has often been checked at the airport.

Q. Do you have to fill in a form at immigration ?

A. Yes, you have to fill in a form at immigration.

Q. What kind of information do you have to give ?

A. You have to tell them why you’re coming to their country and what
you’re carrying.

Q. Who checks your homework ?

A. My teacher checks my homework.

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n. flight = a journey by air phr v. to check in

To check in means to show your ticket, passport and luggage before the
flight.

Q. How long is the flight from your country to the USA ?

A. The flight from my country to the USA is about seven hours.

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Q. What do you have to show when you check in for a flight ?
A. You have to show your passport and ticket when you check in for a
flight.

Q. What was the last flight you took ?

A. The last flight I took was to Greece.

n. queue v. to queue - queuing

adj. patient / impatient

Q. In what kind of places do you have to queue ?

A. You have to queue in the post office and in the bank.

Q. Would you get impatient if you had to wait more than an hour in
a queue ?
A. Yes, I would get impatient if I had to wait more then an hour in a
queue.

Q. Do you think a good teacher needs to be patient ?

A. Yes, I think a good teacher needs to be patient.

Q. In what other jobs is it important to be patient ?

A. A shop-assistant needs to be patient.

n. flight attendant n. cabin

adj. tax-free n. perfume n. spirits = strong alcoholic drink

Q. Do you ever buy tax-free perfume, spirits or cigarettes on the

plane ?
A. Yes, I sometimes buy tax-free cigarettes on the plane.

Q. Who looks after you when you fly ?

A. A stewardess looks after you when you fly.

Q. What is your favourite perfume ?

A. My favourite perfume is Calvin Klein.

Q. And your favourite spirit ?

A. My favourite spirit is gin.

expr. to be likely to + inf expr. to be unlikely to + inf

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If something is likely, it will probably happen.
If something is unlikely, it probably won’t happen.
eg. She is likely to leave her job soon because she hates it.
I am unlikely to pass this exam because I haven’t studied very hard.
Answer these questions using likely or unlikely.

Q. Do you think it’s likely to rain tonight ?

A. Yes, it’s likely to rain tonight.

Q. Are you likely to win the lottery ?

A. No, I’m unlikely to win the lottery.

Q. What is likely to happen if you keep breaking the law ?

A. If you keep breaking the law, you’re likely to be arrested.

v. to allow

If you are allowed to do something, you can do it without breaking the

rules or the law.

Q. Are you allowed to travel to America without a visa ?

A. No, you’re not allowed to travel to America without a visa.

Q. How many kilos of luggage are you allowed to take on a normal

flight ?
A. You’re allowed to take about 20 kilos of luggage on a normal flight.

Q. Are children allowed to buy cigarettes in your country ?

A. No, children aren’t allowed to buy cigarettes in my country.

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97 Unit 10

Q. Were you allowed to stay up late when you were young ?

A. No, I wasn’t allowed to stay up late when I was young.

Q. Would you allow a stranger to stay at your house ?

A. No, I wouldn’t allow a stranger to stay at my house.

n. bin n. rubbish (uncountable singular.)

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Q. Where do you put your rubbish ?
A. I put my rubbish in a bin.

Q. Is there a lot of rubbish in the streets of this city ?

A. Yes, there is a lot of rubbish in the streets of this city.

Q. How often is the rubbish collected in your city ?

A. Rubbish is collected about twice a week in my city.

phr v. to throw something away

threw away
thrown away

Q. What do people do with rubbish ?

A. People throw it away.

Q. Will you throw this book away when you finish it or will you keep
it ?
A. I will keep it.

Q. Do you throw away your old:

a. CDs ?
A. No, I don’t throw away my old CDs.
b. clothes ?
A. Yes, I throw away my old clothes.

Q. What do people do with their old clothes instead of throwing

them away ?
A. People give their old clothes to charity or to friends instead of throwing
them away.

v expr. to get rid of

If you get rid of something you throw it away or give it to someone
because you don't like it or need it any more.

Q. Do you get rid of things you don’t need any more ?

A. Yes, I get rid of things I don’t need any more.

Q. How do you get rid of clothes you don’t wear any more ?
A. I give my clothes to friends.

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Q. What do you take to get rid of a cold ?
A. I take (aspirin) to get rid of a cold.

Q. How would you get rid of an annoying person at a party ?

A. I would ask them to leave.

Q. What is the best way to get rid of rats ?

A. The best way to get rid of rats is to poison them.

v. to waste expr. a waste of time/money

To waste means to use something badly.

eg. He wasted his money on drink and cigarettes.
I didn’t enjoy myself. That holiday was a waste of time and money.

Q. Do you think queuing is a waste of time ?

A. Yes, I think queuing is a waste of time.

Q. What kind of things do you think are a waste of time ?

A. I think filling in application forms is a waste of time.

Q. What kind of things did you use to waste your money on when
you were a child ?
A. I used to waste my money on sweets and toys when I was a child.

Q. Do you ever waste food by making too much and throwing some
away ?
A. Yes, I sometimes waste food by making too much and throwing it
away.

Q. Do you think cigarettes are a waste of money ?

A. No, I don’t think cigarettes are a waste of money.

Q. Do you agree that rich countries waste too much food ?

A. Yes, I agree that rich countries waste too much food.

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v. to recycle n. wastepaper

Q. What can we do with wastepaper instead of throwing it away ?

A. We can recycle wastepaper instead of throwing it away.
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Q. Do you always buy recycled paper ?
A. No, I never buy recycled paper.

Q. Do you try to recycle some of your rubbish ?

A. Yes, I try to recycle bottles and newspapers.

Q. What else can we recycle apart from wastepaper ?

A. We can recycle glass and cans.

n. nature (uncountable) adj. natural

NB. We never use the definite article with the word nature.

Q. Are cities, factories and cars part of nature ?

A. No, cities, factories and cars aren’t part of nature.

Q. Is plastic a natural material ?

A. No, plastic isn’t a natural material.

Q. Give me some examples of natural materials.

A. Wood, cotton and wool are examples of natural materials.

Q. Have you ever taken natural medicine ?

A. No, I’ve never taken natural medicine.

Q. Where do people go to enjoy nature ?

A. People go to parks or to the countryside to enjoy nature.

Q. Do you like watching nature programmes ?

A. Yes, I like watching nature programmes.

n. the environment

The environment is the natural world we live in.

eg. The land*, rivers, seas and air are all part of the environment.

Q. What is the environment ?

A. The environment is the natural world we live in.

Q. Do you think governments care enough about the environment ?

A. No, I don’t think governments care enough about the environment.
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Q. Is there anything you can do to help the environment ?
A. Yes, I can recycle wastepaper, bottles and cans.

n. pollution (uncountable) v. to pollute

The things we throw away often pollute the environment.

Smoke from factories, plastic bottles and oil on beaches are all examples
of pollution.

Q. What kind of things pollute the environment ?

A. Cars and factories pollute the environment.

Q. Are there any rivers in your country that are very polluted ?
A. Yes, there are some rivers in my country that are very polluted.

Q. Do you think pollution will get worse in the future ?

A. Yes, I think pollution will get worse in the future.

v. to damage n. damage (uncountable)

Q. Do cars usually get damaged in an accident ?

A. Yes, cars usually get damaged in an accident.

Q. What kind of things can damage your health ?

A. Smoking, drinking and drugs can damage your health.

Q. Can computers damage your eyes if you use them for too long ?
A. Yes, computers can damage your eyes if you use them for too long.

Q. What kind of things are easily damaged if you are not careful ?
A. Glasses and contact lenses can easily be damaged if you’re not
careful.

99 Unit 10

Q. Do you ever spend your money on things you can’t really afford?
A. Yes, I often spend my money on things I can’t really afford.

Q. Why do people at customs always ask : ‘Did you pack your

luggage yourself ?’ ?

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A. People at customs always ask : ‘Did you pack your luggage yourself?’
because if they find something illegal, they will want to know if it’s yours
or not.

Q. When do you think we are likely to finish the book ?

A. We are likely to finish this book in about 2 weeks’ time.

Q. Do you think that there should be a law to make people recycle

their waste paper?
A. Yes, I think there should be a law to make people recycle their waste
paper.

Q. Is a zoo a natural environment for animals ?

A. No, a zoo isn’t a natural environment for animals.

Q. Do you think pollution from cars damages the environment ?

A. Yes, I think pollution from cars damages the environment.

v. to regret + gerund

We regret doing something when we feel bad after we have done it.
eg. She regrets marrying him. He is lazy and selfish.
I regret not eating breakfast. I’m so hungry now !
Do you regret buying that car ?

Q. What do you most regret ?

A. I regret not learning another language.

Q. Do you regret coming to this school ?

A. No, I don’t regret coming to this school.

Q. Is there anything you did in the past that you regret doing now ?
A. Yes, I regret buying my car because it’s always breaking down.

Q. Is there anything you regret not doing ?

A. Yes, I regret not saving money.

Q. Have you bought anything recently that you really regret buying?
A. Yes, I really regret buying this jumper because it’s too small.

phr v. to go out v. to enjoy something

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Q. What do you like doing when you go out ?
A. I like going dancing when I go out.

Q. Do you like going out with a big group of friends ?

A. Yes, I like going out with a big group of friends.

Q. Do you enjoy:
a. spending time alone ?
A. Yes, I enjoy spending time alone.
b. these lessons ?
A. Yes, I enjoy these lessons.

Q. Which nights of the week do people usually go out ?

A. People usually go out on Friday and Saturday nights.

Q. Do you think it’s important to enjoy your job ?

A. Yes, I think it’s important to enjoy your job.

v. to enjoy yourself

Q. How do people enjoy themselves ?

A. People enjoy themselves by going out with friends.

Q. Do you think people always enjoy themselves when they go out?

A. No, people don’t always enjoy themselves when they go out.

Q. Are holidays a waste of money if you don’t enjoy yourself ?

A. Yes, holidays are a waste of money if you don’t enjoy yourself.

Q. What about lessons ?

A. No, lessons aren’t a waste of money.

n. night life = pubs, clubs, concerts, restaurants, bars, cinemas,

theatres...

Q. What do you think of the night life in this city ?

A. I think the night life in this city is very good.

100 Unit 10

Q. Do you ever go to night clubs ?

A. Yes, I sometimes go to nightclubs.
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Q. Do you usually dance, or do you prefer to sit and watch ?
A. I usually dance.

Q. Are night clubs good places to meet people ?

A. Yes, night clubs are quite good places to meet people.

Q. Would you be embarrassed to go to a night club with your

parents ?
A. Yes, I would be embarrassed to go to a night club with my parents.

v. to invite = to ask someone to go somewhere or do

something with you.
n. guest n. host

Q. If you have a party at home, do you think it is a good idea to

invite your neighbours ?
A. Yes, if you have a party at home I think it’s a good idea to invite your
neighbours.

Q. When was the last time you were invited to a party ?

A. The last time I was invited to a party was last Saturday.

Q. Do you prefer being a guest or a host at a party ?

A. I prefer being a guest at a party.

Q. If you came to my house for a party, who would be your host ?

A. If I came to your house for a party, you would be the host.

NB. In English the verb invite does not mean to pay.

In English you should say ‘Can I buy you ...’
phr v. to get on with (someone) = to have a good relationship with
someone,
or to enjoy spending time with them.

Q. Do you get on with everyone ?

A. No, I don’t get on with everyone.

Q. How well do you get on with your neighbours ?

A. I don’t know my neighbours.

Q. Do brothers and sisters always get on well with each other ?

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A. No, brothers and sisters don’t always get on well with each other.

Q. Do you get on well with your teachers ?

A. Yes, I get on well with my teachers.

adj. young adj. middle-aged adj. old

Q. Who is the oldest person you know ?

A. The oldest person I know is my grandfather.

Q. Is a 30-year-old middle-aged ?*
A. No, a 30-year-old is young.

Q. What kind of music is popular with middle-aged people ?

A. Jazz music is popular with middle-aged people.

Q. Are you worried about getting old ?

A. No, I’m not worried about getting old.

Q. Do teenagers generally get on with middle-aged people ?

A. No, teenagers don’t generally get on with middle-aged people.

n. generation = the people who were born and grew up at about the
same time

Q. Is life easier for you than for your parents’ generation ?

A. Yes, life is easier for me than for my parents’ generation.

Q. What kind of music do you think your grandparents’ generation

listened to ?
A. I think my grandparents’ generation listened to jazz.

Q. Do you think your generation is more relaxed than your parents’

generation ?
A. Yes, I think my generation is more relaxed than my parents’
generation.

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n. tradition adj. traditional

Eating turkey at Christmas is an English tradition.

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It is traditional to have fireworks on 5th November in England.

Q. What kind of food is traditional at Christmas in your country ?

A. Turkey and Christmas cake is traditional at Christmas in my country.

Q. Does your generation listen to traditional music ?

A. No, my generation doesn’t listen to traditional music.

Q. Do you think the younger generation are forgetting your

country’s traditions ?
A. Yes, I think the younger generation are forgetting my country’s
traditions.

adj. modern adj. old-fashioned

Q. Do you like modern art ?

A. Yes, I like modern art.

Q. If you bought a house, would you want it to be modern or old-

fashioned ?
A. If I bought a house, I would like it to be old-fashioned.

Q. Would you describe yourself as modern or old fashioned ?

A. I would describe myself as modern.

Q. Are there any modern buildings in this city ?

A. Yes, there’re a lot of modern buildings in this city.

Q. Where ?
A. In the city centre.

v. to be able (+ inf) n. ability

If you can do something, you are able to do it.

Your ability to do something is how well you can do it.
Can has no future, so we use will be able.

Q. Are you able to touch your toes when standing up ?

A. Yes, I’m able to touch my toes when standing up.

Q. Will you be able to speak English well if you study hard ?

A. Yes, I’ll be able to speak English well if I study hard.
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Q. What kind of animals have the ability to :
a. carry heavy things ?
A. Horses have the ability to carry heavy things.
b. run very fast ?
A. Cheetahs have the ability to run very fast.

modal verbs (2)

Here are some examples of modal verbs.

To express possibility.
may
might

To express ability.
can/could

To express obligation.
must have to
should

We use a modal verb before another verb to change the meaning of a

sentence.

Compare :
1. I go shopping twice a week. - a habit
2. I must go shopping, there is no food in the house. - an obligation.
Remember: the modal verbs are followed by the infinitive without to.

102 Unit 10

Q. Do you think children should smoke cigarettes ?

A. No, I don’t think children should smoke cigarettes.

Q. How often do you have to ring your parents ?

A. I have to ring my parents about once a week.

Q. Do you think you might become famous one day ?

A. No, I don’t think I might become famous one day.

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Q. Can you keep a promise ?
A. Yes, I can usually keep a promise.

mod v. ought to = should

The modal verb ought to means the same as should.

Q. Do you think people ought to smoke in front of children ?

A. No, I don’t think people ought to smoke in front of children.

Q. Does the government help old people in your country ?

A. Yes, the government helps old people in our country.

Q. Do you think they ought to do more ?

A. Yes, I think they ought to do more.

Q. Do you think that all children ought to learn a foreign language ?

A. Yes, I think that all children ought to learn a foreign language.

Q. Why/Why not ?
A. Because I think children need to learn that different countries have
different coultures.

NB. We don’t use ought to with questions and negatives very often.
Should is much more common.

n. event
The Olympic Games has many different events, for example, the 100
metres, the
marathon and sports like football, boxing and weightlifting.

Q. What is the most exciting Olympic event in your opinion ?

A. Te most exciting Olympic event in my opinion is the 100 metres.

Q. What is the most dangerous event in the Olympics ?

A. Boxing is the most dangerous event in the Olympics.

Q. Which athletics events do you know ?

A. I know the 100 metres and the high jump.

An event can also be something important that happens.

Q. What are the happiest events in most people’s lives ?

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A. Weddings and the birth of children are the happiest events in most
peoples lives.

Q. Give me an example of an important event in your country’s

history.
A. The Second World War was an important event in my country’s
history.

Q. In the newspapers, do you prefer reading gossip or reading

about political events ?
A. In the newspapers, I prefer reading gossip.

adj. regular adv. regularly

Q. Do you play any sports regularly ?

A. Yes, I go swimming regularly.

Q. Is regular exercise good for you ?

A. Yes, regular exercise is good for you.

Q. Give me an example of a regular national event.

A. The Wimbledon Tennis Tournament is an example of a regular
national event.

Q. Do you speak to your family regularly ?

A. Yes, I speak to my family regularly.

Q. How often ?
A. About once a week.

103 Unit 10

v. to kick v. to throw
threw
thrown

Q. In what kind of sports do we kick the ball ?

A. We kick the ball in football and rugby.

Q. In what kind of sports do we throw the ball ?

A. We throw the ball in basketball and cricket.
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Q. Are there any throwing events in the Olympics ?
A. Yes, the javelin, the discus and the and the shot put are the throwing
events in the Olympics.

Q. Do you ever kick machines if they don’t work ?

A. Yes, we sometimes kick machines if they don’t work.

v. to hit n. racket (racquet) n. net

hit
hit

Q. What do we use to hit a tennis ball ?

A. We use a racket to hit a tennis ball.

Q. Do you have to hit the ball over the net in tennis ?

A. Yes, you have to hit the ball over the net in tennis.

Q. Apart from tennis, in which other sports do we use a net ?

A. Apart from tennis we use a net in volleyball.

Q. Are teachers allowed to hit school children in your country ?

A. No, teachers aren’t allowed to hit school children in our country.

Q. Have you ever hit anyone when you were very angry ?
A. Yes, I have hit someone when I was very angry.

Q. Have you ever hit another car when driving ?

A. No, I’ve never kit another car when driving.

v. to catch
caught
caught

Q. When did you learn to throw and catch ?

A. I learnt to throw and catch when I was a child.

Q. If I threw my pen to you, could you catch it ?

A. Yes, if you threw your pen to me, I could catch it.

Q. Is the ability to catch important in :

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 a. basketball ?
A. Yes, the ability to catch is important in basketball.
b. golf ?
A. No, the ability to catch isn’t important in golf.

The verb to catch has some other meanings.

1. to catch an illness

Q. If you catch a cold, how do you treat it ?

A. If you catch a cold, you treat it by taking paracetamol and vitamin C.

Q. Are you more likely to catch a cold in winter ?

A. Yes, you’re more likely to catch a cold in winter.

2. to catch a bus/train

Q. Where can you catch a bus ?

A. You can catch a bus at a bus stop.

Q. Have you ever caught the wrong train ?

A. Yes, I’ve caught the wrong train.

104 Unit 10

3. to catch someone doing something wrong

eg. I caught them looking at the answers in the back of the book.

Q. Were you ever caught stealing when you were a child ?

A. Yes, I was caught stealing when I was a child.

Q. By who ?
A. By my mother.

Q. Did your parents ever catch you smoking ?

A. Yes, my parents caught me smoking.

4. to catch a fish

Q. What do fishermen use to catch fish ?

A. Fishermen use a net or a fishing rod to catch fish.

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Q. Have you ever been fishing ?
A. Yes, I’ve been fishing.

Q. Did you catch anything ?

A. Yes, I caught a very small fish.

n. an individual adj. individual n. team

eg. There are eleven players in a football team.

Football and baseball are team sports.

Q. Did you like sport at school ?

A. Yes, I liked sport at school.

Q. Did you play for any school teams ?

A. Yes, I played for the tennis and rounders teams.

Q. Do you have a favourite football team ?

A. Yes, I have a favourite football team.

Q. Who are they ?

A. They’re Westham United.

Q. Do you like team sports ?

A. Yes, I like team sports.

Q. Is tennis a team sport ?

A. No, tennis isn’t a team sport.

Q. Give me an example of a team sport.

A. Football and rugby are team sports.

Q. Which do you prefer, team sports or individual sports ?

A. I prefer team sports.

When a group of people work together, we call them a team.

Q. Do you like working as part of a team ?

A. Yes, I like working as part of a team.

Q. Do builders usually work in teams ?

A. Yes, builders usually work in teams.
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Q. What about teachers?
A. No, teachers don’t usually work in teams.

v. to improve = to get better at something

v. to practise = to do something many times in order to
improve n. practice

NB. We spell the verb to practise with an s.

We spell the noun practice with a c.

Q. Have you improved your English since you came to this school ?
A. Yes, I’ve improved my English since I came to this school.

Q. Do you need more practice at English ?

A. Yes, I need a lot more practice at English.

Q. How do you practise your English, apart from coming here ?

A. Apart from coming here, I practise my English by talking to English
friends and watching TV.

Q. How do people improve their ability to :

a. speak a foreign language ?
A. People improve their ability to speak a foreign language by
practising.
b. play a musical instrument ?
A. People improve their ability to speak a foreign language by
practising.

105 Unit 10

n. musician n. athlete adj. professional

Q. Why do professional athletes practise so much ?

A. Professional athletes practise so much to improve.

Q. Do you think professional musicians practise a lot ?

A. Yes, I think professional musicians practise a lot.

Q. Are all pop stars good musicians ?

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A. No, not all pop stars are good musicians.

Q. Do professional athletes have a lot of natural ability ?

A. Yes, professional athletes have a lot of natural ability.

Q. Would you like to be a professional :

a. sportsperson ?
A. No, I wouldn’t like to be a professional sportsperson.
b. model ?
A. No, I wouldn’t like to be a professional model.

v. to cheat (at a game)

To cheat is to try to win a game (or pass an exam) by breaking the rules.

Q. Have you ever cheated at cards ?

A. Yes, I’ve cheated at cards.

Q. Have you ever cheated during an examination ?

A. Yes, I’ve cheated during an examination.

Q. Do professional athletes ever cheat ?

A. Yes, professional athletes sometimes cheat.

Q. How ?
A. By taking drugs.

Q. Have you ever been caught cheating ?

A. No, I’ve never been caught cheating.

n. luck adj. lucky / unlucky

Q. Do you have a lucky number ?

A. Yes, I have a lucky number.

Q. What is it ?
A. Five.

Q. Would you describe yourself as lucky or unlucky ?

A. I would describe myself as lucky.

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Q. Do you think you need luck to succeed in business ?
A. Yes, I think you need luck to succeed in business.

Q. Which games depend on luck more than ability ?

A. Card games depend on luck more than ability.

Q. Is it unlucky if you break a mirror in your country ?

A. Yes, it is unlucky if you break a mirror in my country.

v. to gamble n. gambling n. casino

People gamble by playing games for money.

If they win they make more money.
If they lose the game they lose their money.

Q. Which city in America is famous for its casinos ?

A. Las Vegas is famous for its casinos.

Q. Do you think gambling is dangerous ?

A. Yes, I think gambling is dangerous.

Q. Have you ever been to a casino ?

A. Yes, I’ve been to a casino.

Q. Did you win or lose money ?

A. I won money.

Q. What are some popular games in casinos ?*

A. Roulette and Black Jack are some popular games in casinos.

Q. Do you think that most gamblers lose money ?

A. Yes, I think that most gamblers lose money.

Q. Is gambling illegal ?
A. No, gambling isn’t illegal.

Q. Do you think it ought to be ?

A. No, I don’t think it ought to be.

106 Unit 10

v. to bet (on something) n. bet

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bet
bet
You can bet on many things; horses, cards or a game in a casino.
Each time you put money on something, you are betting.

Q. Have you ever bet on a horse ?

A. Yes, I’ve bet on a horse.

Q. Did it win ?
A. No, it didn’t win.

Q. Do you think betting makes sport more exciting ?

A. Yes, I think betting makes sport more exciting.

Q. Have you ever made a bet with a friend ?

A. Yes, I’ve made a bet with a friend.

Q. What did you bet on ?

A. We bet on who would win the World Cup.

NB. I bet ...

We can use I bet ... when we think something is very likely to happen.
Look at those clouds ! I bet it’s going to rain.
I invited John to the party but I bet he won’t come.

modal verbs (3)

must and can
Must and can have no infinitive, no past and no future so:
we use to have to instead of MUST. We use to be able instead of CAN.
must can
to have to - infinitive to be able to - infinitive
had to - past was able to - past
will have to - future will be able to - future
would have to - conditional would be able to – conditional

Q. If you made a million pounds a year, would you have to pay a lot
of tax ?
A. Yes, if I made a million pounds a year, I would have to pay a lot of tax.

Q. Did you have to fill in an application form before you started at

this school ?
A. Yes, I had to fill in an application form before I started at this school.
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Q. Would you be able to learn English if you didn’t go to a school ?
A. No, I wouldn’t be able to learn English if I didn’t go to a school.

Q. Was she able to speak English a year ago ? - Ask.

A./Q. Were you able to speak English a year ago?

A. No, wasn’t able to speak English a year ago.

Q. Can you swim ?

A. Yes, I can swim.

Q. How long have you been able to swim ?

A. I’ve been able to swim since I was very young.

Remember : COULD is also the past and conditional of CAN

eg. I could speak when I was five.
I was able to speak when I was five.

Q. Could you drive when you were 16 ?

A. No, I couldn’t drive when I was 16.

Q. If you could live in another country, which would you choose ?

A. If I could live in another country, I would choose Australia.

Q. How long do you think you could live without eating ?

A. I think you could live about a week without eating.

107 Unit 10

adj. extra adj. spare

If something is extra, there is more of it than normal.
eg. The government is spending extra money on education this year.
If something is spare it is extra but we are not using it.
eg. I have a spare key for my house.

Q. How do students often make some extra money ?

A. Students often make some extra money by working in pubs and
restaurants.

Q. Have you got a spare pen ?

A. Yes, I’ve got a spare pen.
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Q. Have you got a lot of spare time ?
A. No, I haven’t got a lot of spare time.

Q. If you had an exam next week, would you spend extra time
studying ?
A. Yes, if I had an exam next week, I would spend extra time studying.

Q. Is there a spare bedroom in your house ?

A. No, there isn’t a spare bedroom in my house.

Q. Do companies pay their workers extra money at Christmas in

your country ?
A. Yes, some companies pay their workers extra money at Christmas in
my country.

n. the attic / loft n. the basement / cellar

Q. What do people keep in the basement of a house ?

A. People keep wine and old furniture in the basement of a house.

Q. Do you have an attic ?

A. No, I haven’t got an attic.

Q. Where do people keep spare furniture ?

A. People keep spare furniture in the basement.

phr v. to find out

To find out is to get information, or get an answer to a question.
eg. We have found out who stole the milk.

Can you find out how many students are coming to the party, please ?
They never found out that I was cheating.

Q. How can you find out what is on TV ?

A. You can find out what’s on TV by looking in the newspaper.

Q. How could you find out someone’s phone number ?

A. You could find out someone’s phone number by looking it up in a
phone-book.

Q. Find out how many students here :

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 a. have computers.
A./Q. Who has a computer ?
b. can drive.
A./Q. Who can drive ?
c. are going out tonight.
A./Q. Who’s going out tonight ?

to wish (1)
v. to wish + past simple
We use to wish when we want something very much but know that we
probably can’t have it.
When talking about the present we use the past tense after to wish.
eg. I wish I had a car. - I don’t have a car, but I would like one.
I wish I lived closer to the school.
I wish I could go to the party.

Q. Do you wish you had more :

a. money ?
A. Yes, I wish I had more money.
b. spare time ?
A. Yes, I wish I had more spare time.

108 Unit 10

Q. Do you wish you could :

a. speak English really well ?
A. Yes, I wish I could speak English really well.
b. travel around the world ?
A. Yes, I wish I could travel around the world.

Q. Make a sentence with the verb to wish.

A. I wish I had enough money to go on holiday.

NB. Like the second conditional, when we use the verb to be after ‘to
wish’, we
often use were for all subjects.
eg. If I were rich, I would live in Hawaii. (Second Conditional)
I wish I were rich. (Wish + Past )

Q. Do you wish you were rich ?

A. Yes, I wish I were rich.

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Q. Do you ever wish you were sitting on the beach instead of
studying ?
A. Yes, I often wish I were sitting on the beach instead of studying.

Q. When do people write ‘wish you were here’ ?

A. People write ‘wish you were here’ on postcards to friends when
they’re on holiday.

any of ? none of a few of (countable nouns only)

some of most of all of

We use these words to say how much or how many of a particular group
or thing we are talking about.
eg. None of my friends can speak Italian, but a few of them can speak
French.
I went to Greece on holiday. I spent most of the time on the beach, but
some
of the time I went sight-seeing.
I said he could have some of my cake, but he has eaten all of it.

Q. Are all of your family from Argentina ?

A. Yes, all my family are from Argentina.

Q. Can any of your family speak Welsh ?

A. No, none of my family can speak Welsh.

Q. Are any of the students at this school children ?

A. Yes, some of the students at this school are children.

Q. Do you know anyone who is in a bad mood most of the time ?

A. No, I don’t know anyone who is in a bad mood most of the time.

Q. Are most of your friends men or women ?

A. Most of my friends are women.

Q. Are any of them foreign/English ?

A. Yes, some of them are English.

Q. Who do you spend most of your time with ?

A. I spend most of my time with my friends.

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Q. If you had a big bag of sweets, would you give some of them to
your friends ?
A. Yes, if I had a big bag of sweets, I would give some o them to my
friends.

Q. Would you keep most of them for yourself ?

A. No, I wouldn’t keep most of them for myself.

Q. Are any of the taxi drivers in your country women ?

A. Yes, some of the taxi drivers in my country are women.

Q. Are most of them men ?

A. Yes, most of them are men.

Q. Do all of the students have a book ?

A. Yes, all of the students have a book.

109 Unit 10

tense review

You have learnt to use all these important tenses in English.

the present simple
the present continuous
the present perfect
the past simple
the past continuous
the future simple
to be going to
the conditional

Can you answer all these questions correctly ?

Q. Do you speak English ?

A. Yes, I speak English.

Q. Are you studying English ?

A. Yes, I’m studying English.

Q. Have you ever studied another foreign language ?

A. Yes, I’ve studied French and German.
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Q. When did you start studying at this school ?
A. I started studying at this school 6 months ago.

Q. Where were you living when you started studying English ?

A. I was living in London when I started studying English.

Q. What will you do when your lessons finish today ?

A. I’ll go shopping when my lesson finishes today.

Q. What book are you going to study next ?

A. I’m going to study Book 3 next.

Q. Would you like to study book 1 again ?

A. No, I wouldn’t like to study Book 1 again.

Q. How would you feel if I said that you had to study it ?

A. I would feel annoyed if you said that I had to study it.

A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

Irregular Verbs
infinitive simple past participle
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become became become
bet bet bet
bite bit bitten
break broke broken
build built built
catch caught caught
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
earn earnt earnt
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fit fit fit
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
lend lent lent
let let let
lose lost lost
show showed shown
speak spoke spoken
tell told told
throw threw thrown
win won won

A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

Phrasal Verbs
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be made of Tables are often made of wood. (passive)
break down If a machine or a car breaks down, it stops working.
check (someone) in Before you fly, you have to check in at the airport.
find (something) out To find out means to get information or get an answer.
get on with If you get on with someone, you are friendly with them.
get rid of If you get rid of something you don’t like, you throw it away.
get up When you get out of bed in the morning, you get up.
give (something) up When you stop doing something like smoking, you give it up .
go up If something goes up, it gets higher or more expensive.
grow up As a child gets bigger and more like an adult, it grows up.
hang on To hang on means to wait.
keep out To keep out means you are not allowed in.
leave (something) on If you don’t turn something off, you leave it on.
look after To look after means to take care of something.
look (something) up To look up means to find information in a book.
put (something )on When you get dressed, you put on clothes.
run out If you run out of something, you have used all of it.
stay up If you stay up, you go to be later than normal.
take (something) off When you get undressed, you take off your clothes.
throw (something) away When you put something in a bin, you throw it away.
turn (something) on/off When you need a light, you turn it on. To turn off is the
opposite.
turn (something) up/down If you turn up/down a TV or a stereo, you make it
louder/quieter.

A
p
p
e
n
d
i
x

Review of Modal Verbs

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Modal verbs change the meaning of a sentence in three basic ways:
1. to express an obligation
a. must and have to
We use must and have to when we feel there is no choice.
eg. He talks to her every day
He must talk to her - it’s very important !
b. should and ought to
We use should and ought to when we feel it is better to do something even though
there is a choice.
eg. He studies very hard.
He should study hard, because he has got an exam next week.
2. to express a possibility
may and might
We use may and might when we think something is likely to happen.
eg. I’m going to go the pub tonight.
I might go to the pub tonight, but I’m not sure.
3. to express an ability
can
eg. I drive to work every day.
I can drive to work now that I have passed my test.
NB.
i. Modal verbs are followed by the infinitive without to.
eg. I should go to the bank.
NOT
I should to go to the bank.
ii. We do not use the third person ‘s’ with a modal verb (except has to).
eg. He must come home now.
NOT
He musts come home now.
He must comes home now.

Must and can have no infinitive, no past and no future.

So we use have to for MUST and be able to for CAN.
MUST / have to CAN / to be able to
infinitive to have to infinitive to be able to
past had to past was able to
future will have to future will be able to
conditional would have to conditional would be able to

eg. I must get money from the bank before I go to the restaurant.
I had to get money from the bank, before I went to the restaurant.
I will have to get money from the bank before we go to the restaurant.
I would have to get money from the bank if we went to the restaurant.
I can’t go on holiday this year, I haven’t got enough money.
I wasn’t able to go on holiday last year. or I couldn’t go on holiday last year.
I will be able to go on holiday if I have enough money.
I would be able to go on holiday if I had enough money.
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or I could go on holiday if I had enough money.
NB. Could is the past and conditional of can.

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Index
A
a bit like 21
a few 53
a little 53
ability 101
above 63
accident 76
accommodation 14
ache 77
active and passive 91
afford, to 95
age 54
agree, to 93
agree to, to 94
alien 35
all over 18
allow, to 96
alone 36
also 19
ambition 60
ambitious 60
ambulance service 76
ancient 68
ankle 63
annoy 10
annoyed 10
annoying 10
any more 47
apart from 19
apologise, to 56
application form 54
apply, to 54
appointment 67
argue, to 50
argument 50
army 63
arrange, to 66
arrangement 66
arrest, to 92
art 55
at front 76
at the back 76
athlete 105
attention 38
attic 107
attractive 85
away 15, 28
B
backpack 95
bank holiday 41
basement 107
be able, to 101
be called, to 79
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be frightened of + gerund, to
9
be in a hurry, to 29
be in charge of, to 34
be in love, to 46
be jealous of 5
be likely to, to 96
be made of, to 10
be off sick, to 77
be sorry, to 56
be still, to 14
be unlikely to, to 96
be worried, to 26
become, to 74
bed and breakfast 14
believe, to 60
below 63
belt 90
bet 106
bet, to 106
bill 87
bin 97
bite, to 24
book, to 34
borrow, to 68
boss 34
box 10
boyfriend 6
break 31
break a promise, to 17
break a rule, to 59
break down, to 70
break the law, to 59
break, to 12
bright 90
brush 75
build, to 50
builder 50
building 50
business 34
businessman 34
businesswoman 34
busy 29
button 72
by + gerund 27
C
call, to 79
camp site 14
camping 14
car insurance 91
cardboard 10
care, to 61
careful 62
carefully 62
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cartoon 46
castle 68
catch a bus / train, to 103
catch a fish, to 104
catch an illness, to 103
catch someone doing something
wrong, to 104
catch, to 103
cathedral 68
celebrate, to 45
celebration 45
centigrade 88
century 44
change 70
change, to 70
change your mind, to 71
changing room 71
channel 72
chat, to 85
cheat, to 105
check in, to 96
check, to 95
chemist 78
childhood 19
Christmas Day 45
Christmas Eve 45
clean, to 16
cleaning 16
club 62
coin 71
collect, to 83
collection 83
colourful 90
comb 75
common 64
competition 49
complain, to 61
concert 56
confidence 30
confident 30
construction 51
continue, to 18
conversation 85
cost, to 31
cotton 17
crime 92
criminal 92
crowd 37
crowded 37
cure 78
currency 87
customs 95
cut, to 73
D
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damage 98
damage, to 98
dark 9, 90
date of birth 54
daytime 54
decade 44
decide, to 66
decimal numbers 42
decision 66
degree 22, 88
depend on, to 83
describe, to 7
description 7
diary 20
dictionary 7
direct speech 81
direction 27
disagree 93
dishonest 59
distance 88
do something yourself, to 75
doll 32
dream, to 61
drink like a fish, to 21
drug 78
dry 76
dry clean, to 17
dry, to 76
dust, to 16
E
each other 64
earn, to 89
Earth, the 35
eat like a pig, to 21
education 22
elbow 63
election 62
else 36
emergency 76
emergency services 76
emotion 5
emotional 5
empty 52
enjoy, to 99
enjoy yourself, to 99
enter, to 76
entrance 76
environment 98
event 102
every 41
exam 22
examination 22
exclamation 38
exclamation mark ! 38
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excuse me 56
exit 76
experience 23
explain, to 65
explanation 65
express, to 50
express yourself, to 73
expression 50
F
fail, to 23
fall, to 77
far 27
fashion 73
fashionable 73
feel at home, to 15
feel guilty, to 93
feel jealous of, to 5
feel, to 5
feeling 5
female 54
few 53
fight, to 63
fill in, to 54
film 46
final 49
find out, to 107
fire brigade 76
fireworks 45
first conditional 51
first name 54
fit, to 89
flight 96
formal 84
forwards 15
fractions 42
free 29
free time 29
frighten, to 9
frightened 9
frightening 9
fringe 76
full 52
further 27
furthest 27
G
gallery 56
gamble, to 105
gambling 105
gap 36
generation 100
get changed, to 71
get on with, to 100
get rid of, to 97
get someone’s attention, to
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38
get up, to 21
get/feel better, to 77
girlfriend 6
give up, to 21
glass of 53
go down, to 87
go out, to 99
go up, to 87
gold 10
good-looking 85
gossip 24
gossip, to 24
government 30
gram 88
group 37
grow, to 45
grow up, to 45
guess, to 88
guest 100
guilty 93
H
habit 24
hairdresser 75
hairdryer 76
hairstyle 75
half 42
hang on, to 59
hang, to 59
hangover 78
happiness 5
hard-working 29
hate 5
hate, to 5
have good/bad taste in, to 84
have no idea, to 68
have something done, to 75
have time + infinitive, to 32
help, to 11
hide, to 7
high 87
hip 63
hit, to 103
hobby 83
holiday 41
homesick 33
homework 11
honest 59
hoover, to 16
hope, to 60
hospital 77
host 100
hostel 14
hotel 14
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house insurance 91
housework 16
how many 41
how often 41
hurry, to 29
hurry up 29
hurt someone’s feelings, to
73
hurt, to 73
I
ice 88
idea 68
if (2) 51
if (3) 55
illegal 78
imagination 54
imagine, to 54
immigration 95
impatient 96
imperative, the 57
impossible 26
improve, to 104
in fashion 74
in order to 66
individual 104
informal 84
information 52
innocent 93
instead of 69
insurance 91
insure, to 91
international 40
interview 49
interview, to 49
introduce, to 84
invite, to 100
iron, to 16
island 35
it depends 83
J
jealous 5
jealousy 5
join, to 62
joint 63
journalist 80
journey 34
K
keep a promise, to 25
keep a secret, to 58
keep going, to 25
keep out, to 25
keep, to 25
kick, to 103
kilogram 88
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knee 63
L
label 95
lake 35
landlady 69
landlord 69
laugh at yourself, to 73
laundry 16
law 59
lawyer 93
lazy 29
leather 10
leave on, to 72
legal 78
lend, to 68
let, to 67
liar 58
library 68
lie, to 58
light 9
list 20
litre 89
little 53
local 40
lonely 37
long way 27
look + adjective, to 20
look after, to 77
look at, to 7
look at yourself, to 73
look for, to 7
look like, to 21
look up, to 22
loose 90
lose interest, to 50
lose, to 49
lose weight, to 50
lose your way, to 50
lottery 49
loud 28
love 5
love, to 5
low 87
luck 105
lucky 105
luggage 95
M
machine 50
make a decision, to 66
make a mess, to 16
make a mistake, to 25
make a plan, to 40
make an appointment, to 67
make an arrangement, to 66
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make friends, to 6
make money, to 6
make someone + adjective, to
6
make something happen, to
6
make the bed, to 6
make-up 59
male 54
manager 34
marriage 6
material 17
may 90
measure, to 88
measurement 88
medicine 78
meeting 67
member 62
memory 19
mess 16
messy 16
metal 10
middle-aged 100
might 90
mind, to 62
mirror 72
miss, to 33
mistake 25
modal verbs 85
modal verbs (2) 101
modal verbs (3) 106
model 32, 73
modern 68, 101
moon 35
move, to 14, 15
movement 14
museum 56
musician 105
must 12
must and should 86
must not 12
must not and don’t have to
12
N
nail 24
national 40
nationality 54
natural 98
nature 98
need, to 18
neighbour 28
nervous 30
net 103
New Year’s Eve 45
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next door 28
nickname 79
night life 99
nightmare 61
noise 28
noisy 28
normal 64
normally 64
not far 27
note 71
novel 55
nurse 77
O
occupation 54
ocean 35
oil 69
old 68, 100
old-fashioned 101
Olympic Games 41
on your own 36
once 41
one of the + superlative +
plural 65
operate, to 77
operation 77
organisation 40
organise, to 40
ought to, to 102
out of fashion 74
P
pack, to 95
package 41
pain 77
painful 77
paint, to 55
painter 55
painting 55
palace 68
part 42
participles 8
pass, to 23
passive voice (1) 91
passive voice (2) 94
past continuous (1) 43
past continuous (2) 47
patient 77, 96
pay attention, to 38
per cent 89
percentage 89
perfume 96
period 31
permission 67
personal details 54
pet 79
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petrol 69
petrol station 69
pharmacy 78
phrasal verbs 21
physical 5
piece of 53
pigeon 64
pill 78
pint 89
plan 40
plan to, to 40
planet 35
plastic 10
play 55
plural 72
poem 55
polish, to 16
political party 62
politician 30
politics 30
pollute, to 98
pollution 98
popular 65
possibility 26
possible 26
post code 54
practice 104
practise, to 104
present continuous for the
future 67
present participle 8
president 30
pretend, to 11
price 31
prime minister 30
prison 93
private 24
problem 11
professional 105
promise, to 17
public 24
public holiday 41
pull, to 15
push, to 15
put on, to 59
Q
qualifications 22
quarter 42
queue 96
queue, to 96
quiet 28
R
race 49
racket 103
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rare 64
real 10
really 10, 11
reason 65
recent 14
recently 14
recycle, to 98
reflection 72
reflexive pronouns 72
regret, to 99
regular 102
regularly 102
relationship 6
relax, to 28
relaxed 28
remind, to 20
remote control 72
rent 69
rent, to 69
repair, to 70
repeat 80
repeat, to 80
report 80
report, to 80
reported speech 81
reported speech (1) 81
ring 10
rob, to 92
romantic 46
rubbish 97
rule 59
ruler 88
run out, to 69
rush hour 37
S
sadness 5
salary 89
say and tell 82
scales 88
scissors 75
scream, to 38
scruffy 20
second conditional 55
secret 58
sex 54
shampoo 75
shave, to 72
should 85
should not 85
shoulder 63
shout, to 37
show, to 7
sick 77
sign 17
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sign, to 17
signature 17
silk 17
silver 10
similar 21
singular 72
smart 20
snake 9
so 38, 39
so + adj / adv + that 39
soldier 63
space 35
spare 107
speak, to 80
speech marks ‘ ’ 81
spend time, to 31
spend, to 31
spider 9
star 35, 46
stay, to 14
stay up, to 22
steal, to 92
steward 96
stewardess 96
still 14, 47
stomach 52
story 58
strange 64
stranger 64
succeed, to 60
successful 60
such 39
suit 84
suit, to 90
suitcase 95
surgeon 77
Surname 54
surprise 45
surprise, to 45
switch 72
T
take off, to 59
take time, to 15
take your time, to 29
talk about yourself, to 73
talk to yourself, to 73
talk,to 80
tap 72
tape measure 88
taste 84
taste, to 84
tax 89
tax-free 96
teach yourself, to 73
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team 104
teens 44
tell a joke 58
tell a story 58
tell the time 58
tell, to 57
temperature 88
tense review 108
tent 14
test 23
that 39
three quarters 42
three times 41
throw away, to 97
throw, to 103
tidy 16
tidy up, to 16
tie 90
tiger 64
tight 90
timetable 7
title 54
together 36
tonne 88
tooth 24
toothbrush 25
tourist 34
towards 28
towel 76
toy 32
tradition 101
traditional 101
traffic 14
transport 24
travel 34
travel agent 34
travel insurance 91
trip 34
true 58
trust, to 93
truth, the 58
turn down, to 72
turn off, to 72
turn up, to 72
twice 41
U
uncountable nouns (2) 53
unemployed 87
unemployment 87
uniform 84
university 22
unlucky 105
unpopular 65
used to 32
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useful 23
useless 23
V
vet 79
violence 46
violent 46
volume 72
vote, to 62
W
war 63
warn, to 17
warning 17
washing machine 16
waste of money 97
waste of time 97
waste, to 97
wastepaper 98
wave, to 38
way 27
weapons 63
weigh, to 88
weight 88
well-paid 54
wet 76
what is it like ? 20
while 43
whisper, to 37
whistle, to 38
whole 42
win, to 49
wish (1), to 107
wood 10
wool 17
work (2), to 70
World Cup 49
worry, to 26
wrist 63
writer 55
writing 55
Y
year 43
yet 52
young 100
Z
zero conditional 51

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