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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

In India, about 50-60% of the total area is vulnerable to the seismic activity. Thus,

the knowledge of earthquake resistant building. Past earthquakes occurrences demonstrate

that, buildings with irregularity is prone to earthquake damages. In order it is essential to

identify the seismic response of the structure even in low seismic zones to reduce the

seismic damages in buildings. Irregularities in plan and lack of symmetry may imply

significant eccentricity between the building mass and stiffness centres, giving rise to

damaging coupled lateral/torsional response. Irregular structures need a more careful

structural analysis to reach a suitable behaviour during a devastating earthquake.

The irregularity of the structure may can classify in two types i.e. plan and

vertical, these can be characterized to five different types such as torsional , re-entrant

corners, diaphragms discontinuity, out of plane offset and non-parallel system for plan

irregularity as well as vertical irregularity such as stiffness (soft storey), mass, vertical

geometric, in plane discontinuity in vertical elements resisting lateral force and

discontinuity in capacity (weak storey) (IS 1893(Part I): 2002).

The probable reasons for the need of proper analysis of a building may be as

follows:

 Buildings have not been designed and detailed to resist seismic forces.
 Buildings may have designed for seismic forces, before the publication of current
design seismic codes.
 The lateral strength of the building does not satisfy the seismic forces as per the
revised seismic zones or designed base shear.
 Construction is apparently of poor quality.

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 There have been additions of change of use of building with increased

vulnerability

1.2 Structural irregularity in buildings

The component of the building, which resists the seismic forces, is known as lateral force

resisting system (L.F.R.S). The L.F.R.S of the building may be of different types. The

most common forms of these systems in a structure are special moment resisting frames,

shear walls and frame-shear wall dual systems. The damage in a structure generally

initiates at location of the structural weak planes present in the building systems. These

weaknesses trigger further structural deterioration which leads to the structural collapse.

These weaknesses often occur due to presence of the structural irregularities in stiffness,

strength and mass in a building system. The structural irregularity can be broadly

classified as plan and vertical irregularities.

Vertical Irregularity: Vertical irregularity results from the uneven distribution of mass,

strength or stiffness along the elevation of a building structure. Mass irregularity results

from a sudden change in mass between adjacent floors, such as mechanical plant on the

roof of a structure. Stiffness irregularity results from a sudden change in stiffness between

adjacent floors, such as setbacks in the elevation of a building.

Plan Irregularity: Plan irregular structures are those in which seismic response is not

only translational but also torsional, and is a result of stiffness and/or mass eccentricity in

the structure. A regular structure may actually be asymmetric if the structure has masonry

infill walls or stiffer lateral resisting systems on one side of the structure that has not been

taken into consideration in the analysis. Asymmetry may in fact exist in a nominally

symmetric structure because of uncertainty in the evaluation of centre of mass and

stiffness, inaccuracy in the measurement of the dimensions of structural elements.

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1.3 Failures occurred during the past earthquakes

A building structure may collapse or suffer severe damage under the action of seismic

forces due to sudden change in mass, stiffness and strength along vertical or a horizontal

plane. As discussed in the previous section, presence of structural irregularities triggers

the structural collapse.

The Olive medical centre was one of the building which failed during San

Fernado earthquake in 1971. It was a six-storeyed building with mass irregularity in the

form of excess earth fill at the first storey. Furthermore, structural walls were present at

the second-floor level which resulted in stiffness and strength irregularities in the second

storey. In addition, several columns in the ground storey contained inadequate lateral

confinement. Therefore, the first two storeys of the building which were critical for the

building stability contained irregularities of mass, strength and stiffness. After occurrence

of earthquake, it was observed that the first two storeys which supported the whole

building incurred heavy damage, and in contrary the upper four floors sustained a very

less damage

Figure 1.1 Failure of Olive View Medical State Center (Moehle and Mahin, Nisee

Berkeley)

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A similar collapse of a four-storey building was observed due to open first storey

during Northridge earthquake (1994). The soft-storey effect was the main reason for

collapse of many multi-storey R/C buildings during the earthquakes that occurred in

Turkey during the last The majority of the residential and commercial buildings built in

Turkey had soft storeys at the first-floor level which 13 were often used for commercial

purposes. These storeys were generally enclosed with glass windows instead of brick

infill walls so as to be used as showrooms. The heavy masonry infills starting

immediately above the soft storey which created a large variation of mass, stiffness and

strength in the bottom storeys. The previous earthquake damages and results of analytical

studies showed that the structural systems with a soft storey led to serious problems

during severe earthquake ground shaking. During the occurrence of an earthquake, the

presence of a soft storey increased the deformation demands significantly and the first-

storey columns were expected to dissipate the whole seismic energy.

Figure 1.2 Bending of columns and failure of parking structure during Northridge

earthquake

Many failures and collapses can be attributed to the increased deformation

demands in conjunction with poorly designed columns. The soft storey has been one of

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the major reasons of damage throughout the world during earthquakes as evident from

seismic reports. Therefore, it is prescribed to avoid sudden change of mass, stiffness and

strength along the building height especially at the bottom storey.

Figure 1.3 Failure of buildings due to soft storey in Turkey during Bingol

earthquake 2003

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS

Most of the residential buildings have been designed only for dead and live loads.

People are not aware of the seismic design of buildings. But for the various buildings

which are located in the zone IV or V needs to be seismic resistant. In this thesis, an

existing building has been undertaken for retrofitting. Consider a G+ 9 storeyed

residential existing building. It is a framed structure with total eight stories above ground

level. The ground level is an open storey being utilized as parking. It thus makes up a soft

storey. On the roof, there is a water tank too. This building has already been designed for

the dead and the live loads only. Thus, two main problems are identified in this building

with respect to the seismicity of the building. Firstly, the building has not incorporated in

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it the Earthquake loads. Secondly, no provisions have been made up for the existing soft

storey. So, ground storey needs to be given special attention.

The main objective of this study is to understand the behaviour of the structure in

high seismic zone. In this purpose a ten storey-high building on eight different

configurations having re-entrant corners with a regular configuration which served as a

comparison, initially were investigated. These irregularities are taken as per clause 7.1 of

the Indian standard code, IS 1893 (Part I): 2002. The whole models were analysed with

the help of Etabs 18.1.1. The current study also considered the accidental torsion in both

negative and positive of both X and Y directions

1.5 Analysis Methods

Seismic analysis is a major tool in earthquake engineering which is used to

understand the response of buildings due to seismic excitations in a simpler manner. In

the past the buildings were designed just for gravity loads and seismic analysis is a recent

development. It is a part of structural analysis and a part of structural design where

earthquake is prevalent. There are different types of earthquake analysis methods.

1.5.1 RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS:

This approach permits the multiple modes of response of a building to be taken into

account. This is required in many building codes for all except for very simple or very

complex structures. The structural response can be defined as a combination of many

modes. Computer analysis can be used to determine these modes for a structure. For each

mode, a response is obtained from the design spectrum, corresponding to the modal

frequency and the modal mass, and then they are combined to estimate the total response

of the structure. In this the magnitude of forces in all directions is calculated and then

effects on the building is observed. Following are the types of combination methods:

 absolute - peak values are added together

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 square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS)

 complete quadratic combination (CQC) - a method that is an improvement on
SRSS for closely spaced modes

The result of a RSM analysis from the response spectrum of a ground motion is

typically different from that which would be calculated directly from a linear dynamic

analysis using that ground motion directly, because information of the phase is lost in the

process of generating the response spectrum. In cases of structures with large irregularity,

too tall or of significance to a community in disaster response, the response spectrum

approach is no longer appropriate, and more complex analysis is often required, such as

non-linear static or dynamic analysis.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Miss.Aadishri D Kadam1, Dr. P.S.Pajgade(2018),” DESIGNING OF SOFT

STOREY FOR RC STRUCTURE USING IS-1893(PART I)-2016, AND IS13920-

2016”

Many changes and improvement in the Earthquake resistant design of structure is

done in past recent years. It results in the changes in the Indian seismic code IS 1893

which is revised and drafted in year 2016, after a time elapsed of nearly 14 years. In this

paper we represent the seismic load assessment for multistory building as per IS: 1893-

2002 and IS: 1893-2016 recommendations. Considering and analyzing the four storey RC

framed multi-storey building. It is concluded that such study is done on individual RC

framed building structure which is designed using earlier code. To predict the seismic

vulnerability of building structure and to check due to revisions and changes in the IS

codal provisions the structure is safe or unsafe. As the analysis of the building structure is

carried out from both IS codes to inspect the changes done in latest IS code for

calculating lateral force of the multi-storey building. The strong and ductile structure is

designed as per seismic design approach of both IS codes. The lateral forces acting on the

upper storey are more than the lower storey of the building. As we increase the no. of

storey in the building the lateral forces acting on the upper storey of the building

increases with increase in the base shear of the building. The lateral load and seismic

force calculated is same. The building is safe as per revised code and no any structural

deficiency is found. There is no need retrofitting of building to withstand expected design

earthquake vibration

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2.2 Arun Babu M, Ajisha R(2018) , “Analysis of multistoried building in different

seismic zones with different soil conditions”,

The foundation of a building is the substructure through which the loads of the

whole structure are transmitted to the soil. There are various types of soil present in India.

The types of soil play a major role while designing a structure. Here the analysis and

design of building is done by varying the type of soil. The difference in analysis of

structure is studied. After that the seismic analysis for various zones are carried out for

the same soil conditions and also by changing the model of building, the same are done.

And the difference is studied

1. From model analysis the time period obtained from all zones are same and
its same for all soil conditions as in table.
2. By static earthquake analysis the base shear obtained is maximum for
fixed support conditions and for hard soil conditions then the base shear is
decreasing to medium soil and then to soft soil. When comparing the zones
in static earthquake analysis zone I have lowest base shear then its
increases by zone II, zone III and zone IV.
3. But in case of story displacement Zone I have lowest displacement. Then
Zone II have comparatively 7-8 % increase than zone I. when going to
zone III and zone IV an average of 7-8% increase in story displacement by
Time History analysis (Elcentro) the base shear and story displacement
obtained during analysis is comparatively lesser than Static earthquake
analysis. Due to this the steel required is comparatively lesser than static
earthquake analysis

2.3. Narayan Malviya, Sumit Pahwa,” Seismic analys is of high rise building with is

code 1893-2002 and is code 1893-2016”

This project is concerned with the study of seismic analysis and design of high-

rise building. The structural analysis of high rise multistory storey reinforced concrete

symmetrical and asymmetrical frame building is done with the help of SAP software. In

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the present study, The Response spectrum analysis (RSA) of regular RC building frames

is compare with Response spectrum analysis of regular building and carry out the

ductility-based design. as per IS 1893:2002 and IS 1893:2016.

2.4. Ravi Kiran, Sridhar.R(2017) , “Comparative study of regular and vertically

irregular building under seismic loading”,

It shows, It’s a very big challenge that building or structure must withstand lateral

forces such as earthquake and wind load. In the present work, the comparative analysis of

various structures is performed using SAP 2000. The main aim of the project is

comparative study of the stiffness of the structure by considering the three models that is

Regular Structure, Plan irregular structure and Vertical irregular structure. All these three

models are analyzed with static and dynamic earthquake loading for the Zones II, III, IV

& V. The results are tabulated and graphs are plotted for displacement, drift, base shear

and time period. Based on the results and discussion the structural behavior and stiffness

is concluded for regular and irregular structures, among these structures regular structure

shown maximum displacement and drift for all the zones in both static and dynamic

analysis.

2.5. V. Rajendra Kumar , Ranga Rao.V,(2017)” Comparative study on regular &

irregular structures using IS 1893:2002 and IS 1893:2016 ”

In this paper The national building code of India (NBC) 2015 was released by

bureau of Indian standards during December 2016/january2017. The various sections of

this NBC have undergone changes as per latest technologies and user requirements. It is

necessary to identify the performance of the structures to withstand against disaster for

both new and existing one. The paper discusses the performance evaluation of RC

(Reinforced Concrete) Buildings with plan irregularity. Structural irregularities are

important factors which decrease the seismic performance of the structures . This study as

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a whole makes an effort to evaluate the effect of plan irregularity on RC buildings using

IS 1893:2002 and IS 1893:2016 in terms of dynamic characteristics.

2.6. S.Mahesh1, Mr. Dr.B.Panduranga Rao(2015) , “ Comparison of analysis and

design of regular and irregular configuration of multi story building

In paper the behaviour of G+11 multi-story building of regular and irregular

configuration under earthquake is complex and it varies of wind loads are assumed to act

simultaneously with earth quake loads. In this paper a residential of G+11 multistory

building is studied for earth quake and wind load using ETABS and STAAS PRO V8i.

Assuming that material property is linear static and dynamic analysis are performed.

These analysis are carried out by considering different seismic zones and for each zone

the behaviour is assessed by taking three different types of soils namely Hard, Medium

and Soft .Different response like story drift, displacements base shear are plotted for

different zones and different types of soil.

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CHAPTER 2

BUILDING PARAMETERS

2.1 Specification

Table-2.1: Specifications

Number of floors G+9

Bay length 5m

Dimension of the building 30*20m

4KN/m2 ( for all floors)
Live Load
2 KN/m2(and the roof)
13.8 kN/m2 (Wall Load)
Dead Load
2 kN/m2 (Parapet Wall Load)
Density of RCC considered: 25 kN/m3

Depth of beam 450 mm

Width of beam 350 mm

Dimension of column 650 × 550mm

Slab thickness 150mm

Height of each floor 3m

Grade of Concrete M30

Grade of steel HYSD 415

Damping Ratio 5%

Type of building Important

Importance factor 1

Type of Soil Medium

Type of structure Special Moment Resisting Frame

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2.2 Load combination

Here, we have two types of Load Combinations for the analysis of the structure. Namely,

Static Load Combination:

 1.5(DL+LL)
 1.2(DL + LL + Ex)
 1.2(DL + LL – Ex)
 1.2(DL + LL + Ey)
 1.2(DL + LL – Ey)

Dynamic Load Combination:

 1.2(DL + LL + Sx)
 1.2(DL + LL + Sy)
 1.5(DL + Sx)
 1.5(DL + Sy)

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CHAPTER 4

PLAN IRREGULARITIES OF BUILDING

4.1 Introduction

The title, horizontal irregularity or plan irregularity, focuses upon plan configuration;

namely the floor plan geometry and sizes of a building as well as its structural layout in

plan. Each building requires a horizontal system that resists and then distributes inertial

forces into the vertical structure (columns, shear walls) provided, in a given direction. An

irregularity in this system distorts the stability of the building. Various factors, such as the

architectural design concept, the compatibility with the site, the building programme, the

desirability of introducing natural light and ventilation, and exploiting potential views

cause the buildings to move away from the regular configuration These plan decisions,

which are important in meeting the spatial requirements, are important when creating safe

buildings in the design of the earthquake-resistant structure. Horizontal irregularities may

occur due to different structural causes.

The geometric irregularities can be divided into

 Torsion irregularity
 Diaphragms discontinuity irregularity
 Horizontal geometric irregularity
 Re-entrant corner irregularity
 Dimension ratio irregularity
 Non-parallel system irregularity
 Out of plane-offset irregularity
1. Torsion irregularity- Because of the destructive effect it creates, one of the most
frequently observed types of irregularity in earthquake calculations is torsional
irregularity. The main factors affecting torsional irregularity are the planar
distribution of the stiffness variation of vertical structural elements and the planar
geometry of the structure. In the floor plan, it is important to keep the eccentricity

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between the rigidity centre and the mass centre to a minimum. In the case of
eccentricity between the rigidity centre and the mass centre under the effect of the
lateral forces, torsion moment occurs at the floor level. The torsional moment tends to
cause additional shear forces in the columns. The effect of these additional shear
forces on columns subjected to high shear forces under earthquake loads is
undesirable.
2. Diaphragms discontinuity irregularity- The horizontal loads on the buildings are
mainly concentrated at the slabs, and the horizontal loads are distributed to the
vertical structural elements by the slabs. For this reason, it is necessary to transfer the
inertial forces caused by the earthquake effects to the slabs and the structural system
elements such as beams, columns and shear walls from the slabs .There are openings
in slabs of varying shapes and sizes for architectural reasons such as lighting, gallery
space, or mechanical reasons such as elevator bucket, installation shafts in the
buildings. If they exceed certain ratios, these openings in the slab prevent the
earthquake forces from being transmitted to the structural members, and hence cause
diaphragms discontinuity irregularity. Stress concentration occurs in this case.
3. Horizontal geometric irregularity- The behaviour of a building during an
earthquake first depends on the general shape that influences the design of the vertical
structural members, geometry and size of the building. A simple arrangement of the
structure allows a high earthquake resistance, and avoiding the irregularities that can
occur in the plan geometry during the design phase is crucial regarding structural
behaviour). Structural behaviours of buildings with irregular geometry in plan can be
negatively affected due to the following reasons: time-dependent deformation such as
temperature difference, creep and shrinkage, different settlements, and different
reactions to dynamic forces. Thus, some load-bearing system elements may be
exposed to excessive stresses. In this study, geometrical irregularities in the plan,
which are physically different from each other in behaviour and physics are re-entrant
corners irregularity, dimensions ratio irregularity, non-parallel system irregularity,
and out of plane offset irregularity
4. Re-entrant corner irregularity- In architectural planning, setbacks on the facade,
sections or parts placed at different angles, different plan solutions compared to basic
geometries to adapt to the land are common design choices. The shape of H, L, T, U,
Y, cross, or a combination of these forms are the typical examples of building
configuration which have projections or wings in plan constituting re-entrant corners

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the building corners formed inwards, or outwards are one of the most common
applications of geometric irregularities. These applications are subject to energy
concentrations under the dynamic earthquake effects, resulting in severe stress
concentration in the corners. Definitions of irregularities for the presence of re-entrant
corners in the studied codes were generally made based on the dimensions in the plan
geometry, but the limit values differ.
5. Dimension ratio irregularity- If the dimensions of the structures are close to each
other, the structure exhibits a stable behaviour under the influence of horizontal loads.
Increasing the difference between the dimensions increases the slenderness in the
plan, and the effect of the slenderness in the plan creates different behaviours in the
structure due to vibration, heat, shrinkage and different settlements.
6. Non-parallel system irregularity- The symmetry of structures is important in the
concept of structural engineering. Non-parallel system irregularity exists if the
vertical lateral force-retaining elements are neither parallel nor symmetric with main
orthogonal axes of the earthquake-retaining axis system .This type of irregularity is
commonly seen as a result of the street intersections or requirements of the space
organisation in design. Architects generally begin planning according to the parcel
form. Their main goal for doing this is to take advantage of the maximum parcel area
in line with owner requirement. This irregularity, generated by these requirements that
are very difficult to change during design, causes the buildings to experience torsion
or local stresses concentrations.
7. Out of plane-offset irregularity- The placement of the structural elements on the
axes and the continuation of these axes along the height of the building is an
important criterion for the rational structure behaviour. Unlike the vertical member
discontinuity irregularity of the structural system, out of plane-offset irregularity
refers to the fact that the vertical members bearing horizontal force are located on
another axis rather than its own axis continuing along the height of the structure.
Divergence from the axis causes the building to shift its centre of rigidity in a certain
direction. Also, the displaced floor resulting from the movement on the boundary axis
creates a stiffness gradient between the bottom and upper floors.

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4.2 Problem statement

A 10-story(G+9) building is considered for the analysis. In this study, we have adopted 6

cases by assuming different shapes for the structure modelled using Etabs 18.1. We have

adopted three cases by assuming different plan shapes such as Rectangular Shape, L-

Shape ,I-Shape, C-Shape, O-shape, T- shape

Figure 4.1 Rectangular Shape

Figure 4.2 O-Shape

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Figure 4.3 C-Shape

Figure 4.4 H-Shape

Figure 4.5 L-Shape

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Figure 4.6 T-Shape

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CHAPTER 5

VERTICAL IRREGALARITY OF BUILDINGS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

In the past several major earthquakes have expose the shortcomings in buildings which

had caused them to damage or collapse. It has been found that regular shape buildings

perform better during earthquakes. The structural irregularities cause non- uniform load

distribution in various members of a building. There must a continuous path for these

inertial forces to be carried from ground to the building. A gap in this transmission path

results in failure of the structure at that location . There have been several studies on the

irregularities like evaluation of torsional response multistory building using equivalent

static eccentricity (Tabatabaci and Safari, 2011), three dimensional damage index for RC

building with planner irregularities (Jeong and Elnashai, 2006), and evaluation of mass,

strength, and stiffness limits for regular buildings specified by UBC ( Valmundsson and

Nau, 1997), etc. In the present chapter, response of 10 storeyed plane frame to lateral

loads is studied for mass and stiffness irregularities in the elevation. These irregularities

are introduced by changing the properties of members of the storey under consideration .

Various irregularities include story drift , heavy loads on the top floor, floating columns

as well as unusually tall first storey. Effects on story-shear forces, storey drifts and

deflection of beams is studied.

5.2 STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES

These are various types of irregularities in the buildings depending upon their location

and scope, but mainly , they are divided into two groups – plan irregularities and vertical

irregularities. In the present chapter the vertical irregularities are considered and

described as follows.

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5.2.1 STIFFNESS IRREGULARITY

Soft Storey; A soft story is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 % of that in

the storey above or less than 80% of the average lateral stiffness of three storeys above.

Extreme Soft Story: An extreme soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less

than 60% of that in the storey above or less than 70% of the average stiffness of the thee

storeys above. For example, buildings on stills that fall under this category.

5.3 MASS IRREGULARITY

Mass irregularity are considered to exist where the effective mass of any storey is more

than 150% of the effective mass of an adjacent storey. The effective mass is the real mass

consisting of the dead weight of the floor plus the actual weight of partition and

equipment . Excess mass can lead to increase in lateral inertial forces , reduced ductility

of vertical load resisting elements, and increased tendency towards collapse. Irregularities

of mass distribution in vertical and horizontal planes can result in irregular response and

complex dynamics. The central force of gravity is shifted above the basic in the case of

heavy masses in upper floors resulting in the large bending moments.

5.4 VERTICAL GEOMETRIC IRREGULARITY

Geometric irregularity exists when thehorizontal dimension of the lateral force existing

system in any storey is more than 150% of that in an adjacent storey. The setback can also

be visualized as a vertical re-entrant corner. The general solution of a setback problem is

the total seismic separation in plan through separation section , so that the portion of

building is free to vibrate independently.

Discontinuity In Capacity- Weak Storey -A weak storey is one in which the storey

lateral strength is less than 80% of that in the storey above. The storey lateral strength is

the total strength of all seismic force resisting elements sharing the storey shear in the

considered direction.

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5.5 SOFT STOREY

It is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in the storey above or

less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness of the three storeys above. In my thesis

project, the ground storey consists of columns and beams with no infill walls. It contains

the parking area and is considered as a soft storey. There should be special provisions

made for the soft storey as far as the seismic loads are concerned. As per IS 1893:2002,

Dynamic analysis of building is carried out including the strength and stiffness effects of

infill and inelastic deformations in the members, particularly, those in the soft storey, and

the members designed accordingly. Alternatively, the following design criteria are to be

adopted after carrying out the earthquake analysis, neglecting the effect of infill walls in

other storey.

a)The columns and beams of the soft storey are to be designed for 2.5 times the storey

shears and moments calculated under seismic loads specified in the other relevant clauses.

b)Besides the columns designed and detailed for the calculated storey shears and

moments ,shear walls placed symmetrically in both directions of the building as far away

from the centre of the building as feasible; to be designed exclusively for 1.5 times the

lateral storey shear force calculated as before

5.6 PROBLEM STATEMENT

A 10-story(G+9) building is considered for the analysis. In this study, we have adopted 6

cases by assuming different shapes for the structure modelled using Etabs 18.1. We have

adopted 6 cases by assuming different irregularities

FRAME 1- This is the basic Rectangular plan with storey height of 3m and the bay width

of 5m

FRAME 2- Frame having 1st and 2nd storeys soft. No floor slab has been provided which

makes these two storeys less stiff, i.e., softer.

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FRAME 3- This frame has 4th and 5th storeys soft. No floor beams (Vertical) have been

provided which makes these two storeys soft

FRAME 4- The frame carries heavier loading on the Top story, e.g, in the top story

swimming pool has been introduced hence making the top storey heavy, and the building

becomes irregular.

FRAME 5- This frame has 4th and 5th storeys soft. No floor beams (horizontal) have

been provided which makes these two storeys soft

FRAME 6- In this frame the geometry of building is changed by changing the height of

building in three bays and hence introducing the irregularity in the building.

Figure 5.1 Rectangular Shape

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Figure 5.2 Frame 2

Figure 5.3 Frame 3

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Figure 5.4 Frame 4

Figure 5.5 Frame 5

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Figure 5.6 Frame 6

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CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

6.1 PLAN IRREGULARITIES

6.1.1Story Drift

6.1.1.1 Static loading-The maximum story drift in X-direction occurs for a load
combination 1.2(DL + LL + Ex) and for Y- direction it occurs for a load combination of
1.2(DL + LL + Ey)

Table-6.1: Story drift in X direction

story Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

10 0.00344 0.00333 0.00349 0.00389 0.00319 0.003595
9 0.00496 0.00474 0.004927 0.00534 0.00456 0.004964
8 0.00681 0.00644 0.006679 0.00717 0.00622 0.006647
7 0.00872 0.00819 0.008496 0.00905 0.00794 0.008392
6 0.01056 0.00989 0.010234 0.01083 0.00958 0.01005
5 0.01219 0.01144 0.011757 0.01235 0.01103 0.011478
4 0.01339 0.0126 0.012844 0.01337 0.01208 0.012452
3 0.01369 0.01292 0.013031 0.01339 0.0123 0.012524
2 0.01201 0.01145 0.011315 0.01142 0.01073 0.010751
1 0.0059 0.00588 0.005485 0.00541 0.00523 0.005137
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

0.016
0.014
0.012
0.01
Drift

0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 base
story

Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

Graph 6.1 Story drift in X direction

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Table-6.2: Story drift in Y direction

story Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

10 0.00343 0.0037 0.003139 0.003 0.00319 0.003333
9 0.00528 0.00575 0.004821 0.00459 0.00487 0.004926
8 0.00745 0.00821 0.00679 0.00645 0.00683 0.00681
7 0.00966 0.01072 0.008794 0.00834 0.00882 0.008732
6 0.0118 0.01317 0.010727 0.01015 0.01075 0.010578
5 0.01378 0.01543 0.012508 0.01182 0.01252 0.012253
4 0.01541 0.01733 0.013972 0.01319 0.01396 0.01358
3 0.01623 0.01831 0.014684 0.01384 0.01463 0.014119
2 0.0149 0.01693 0.013448 0.01265 0.01335 0.012734
1 0.00777 0.00898 0.006991 0.00656 0.00691 0.006482
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

0.02
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
drift

0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 base
story

Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

Graph 6.2 Story drift in Y direction

6.1.1.2 Dynamic loading -The maximum story drift in X-direction occurs for a load
combination 1.2(DL +LL+ Sx) and for Y- direction it occurs for a load combination of
1.2(DL +LL+ Sy)

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Table-6.3: Story drift in X direction

story Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

10 0.001575 0.001465 0.001625 0.002025 0.001325 0.00173
9 0.003095 0.002875 0.003062 0.003475 0.002695 0.003099
8 0.004945 0.004575 0.004814 0.005305 0.004355 0.004782
7 0.006855 0.006325 0.006631 0.007185 0.006075 0.006527
6 0.008695 0.008025 0.008369 0.008965 0.007715 0.008185
5 0.010325 0.009575 0.009892 0.010485 0.009165 0.009613
4 0.011525 0.010735 0.010979 0.011505 0.010215 0.010587
3 0.011825 0.011055 0.011166 0.011525 0.010435 0.010659
2 0.010145 0.009585 0.00945 0.009555 0.008865 0.008886
1 0.004035 0.004015 0.00362 0.003545 0.003365 0.003272
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

0.014

0.012

0.01

0.008
drift

0.006

0.004

0.002

0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 base
story

Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

Graph 6.3 Story drift in X direction

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Table-6.4: Story drift in Y direction

story Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

10 0.001557 0.001827 0.001266 0.001127 0.001317 0.00146
9 0.003407 0.003877 0.002948 0.002717 0.002997 0.003053
8 0.005577 0.006337 0.004917 0.004577 0.004957 0.004937
7 0.007787 0.008847 0.006921 0.006467 0.006947 0.006859
6 0.009927 0.011297 0.008854 0.008277 0.008877 0.008705
5 0.011907 0.013557 0.010635 0.009947 0.010647 0.01038
4 0.013537 0.015457 0.012099 0.011317 0.012087 0.011707
3 0.014357 0.016437 0.012811 0.011967 0.012757 0.012246
2 0.013027 0.015057 0.011575 0.010777 0.011477 0.010861
1 0.005897 0.007107 0.005118 0.004687 0.005037 0.004609
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

0.018

0.016

0.014

0.012

0.01
drift

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 base
story

Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

Graph 6.4 Story drift in Y direction

6.1.2Story Displacement

6.1.2.1 Static loading-The maximum story drift in X-direction occurs for a load
combination 1.2(DL + LL + Ex) and for Y- direction it occurs for a load combination of
1.2(DL + LL + Ey)

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Table-6.5: Story displacement in X direction

story Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

10 275.021 259.156 264.777 276.655 248.55 257.9722
9 264.697 249.697 254.3057 264.984 238.983 247.1865
8 249.805 235.964 239.5252 248.959 225.314 232.2936
7 229.377 216.986 219.4877 227.454 206.658 212.3516
6 203.215 192.563 193.9994 200.309 182.844 187.1746
5 171.541 162.9 163.2975 167.825 154.094 157.0257
4 134.973 128.573 128.0257 130.772 121.001 122.5922
3 94.7918 90.7696 89.49511 90.6677 84.7634 85.23576
2 53.7135 51.9975 50.40079 50.4935 47.8743 47.66317
1 17.6866 17.6472 16.45539 16.226 15.6949 15.41029
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

300

250

200
displacement

150

100

50

0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 base
story

Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

Graph 6.5 Story displacement in X direction

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Table-6.6: Story displacement in y direction

story Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

10 317.146 355.602 287.6211 271.765 287.479 280.6462
9 306.852 344.511 278.2034 262.755 277.895 270.6472
8 290.999 327.25 263.7402 248.987 263.3 255.8691
7 268.644 302.627 243.3699 229.64 242.821 235.4382
6 239.661 270.459 216.9888 204.628 216.351 209.241
5 204.264 230.963 184.8068 174.164 184.104 177.5063
4 162.935 184.666 147.2827 138.697 146.554 140.7473
3 116.696 132.689 105.3664 99.1373 104.681 100.007
2 68.0083 77.7495 61.31532 57.6301 60.7807 57.64871
1 23.3088 26.9476 20.97234 19.6856 20.7204 19.4469
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

400

350

300

250
displacement

200

150

100

50

0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 base
story

Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

Graph 6.6 Story displacement in Y direction

6.1.2.2 Dynamic loading -The maximum story drift in X-direction occurs for a load
combination 1.2(DL +LL+ Sx) and for Y- direction it occurs for a load combination of
1.2(DL +LL+ Sy)

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Table-6.7: Story displacement in X direction

story Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

10 252.145 236.28 241.901 253.779 225.674 235.096
9 241.821 226.821 231.43 242.108 216.107 224.311
8 226.929 213.088 216.649 226.083 202.438 209.418
7 206.501 194.11 196.612 204.578 183.782 189.476
6 180.339 169.687 171.124 177.433 159.968 164.299
5 148.665 140.024 140.422 144.949 131.218 134.15
4 112.097 105.697 105.15 107.896 98.1251 99.7163
3 71.9159 67.8937 66.6192 67.7918 61.8875 62.3599
2 30.8376 29.1216 27.5249 27.6176 24.9984 24.7873
1 15.785 15.757 13.5796 13.0125 10.5792 10.2874
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

300

250

200
displacement

150

100

50

0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 base
story

Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

Graph 6.7 Story displacement in X direction

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Table-6.8: Story displacement in Y direction

story Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

10 297.659 336.115 268.1341 252.278 267.992 261.1592
9 287.365 325.024 258.7164 243.268 258.408 251.1602
8 271.512 307.763 244.2532 229.5 243.813 236.3821
7 249.157 283.14 223.8829 210.153 223.334 215.9512
6 220.174 250.972 197.5018 185.141 196.864 189.754
5 184.777 211.476 165.3198 154.677 164.617 158.0193
4 143.448 165.179 127.7957 119.21 127.067 121.2603
3 97.209 113.202 85.8794 79.6503 85.194 80.52
2 48.5213 58.2625 41.82832 38.1431 41.2937 38.16171
1 20.5896 24.9685 18.5256 15.0589 18.4673 13.5896
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

400

350

300
displacement

250

200

150

100

50

0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 base
story

Rectangle L shape H shape C shape O shape T shape

Graph 6.8 Story displacement in Y direction

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6.2 VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES

6.2.1 Story drift

6.2.1.1 Static loading-The maximum story drift in X-direction occurs for a load
combination 1.2(DL + LL + Ex) and for Y- direction it occurs for a load combination of
1.2(DL + LL + Ey)

Table-6.9: Story drift in X direction

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

story 10 0.003727 0.003514 0.005157 0.003931 0.003879 0.003807
story 9 0.00539 0.005086 0.006704 0.005581 0.005795 0.004859
story 8 0.007394 0.007024 0.008635 0.007544 0.008543 0.00584
story 7 0.009447 0.009111 0.010754 0.009551 0.012459 0.007072
story 6 0.011393 0.011314 0.013144 0.011458 0.018771 0.008133
story 5 0.013096 0.013745 0.048577 0.01313 0.022973 0.009601
story 4 0.014325 0.016737 0.048567 0.014338 0.019906 0.010871
story 3 0.014582 0.021057 0.012953 0.014582 0.014913 0.011394
story 2 0.012742 0.020714 0.01035 0.012736 0.011288 0.010176
story 1 0.006237 0.009421 0.00493 0.006233 0.005224 0.005057
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

0.06

0.05

0.04
drift

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
story 10 story 9 story 8 story 7 story 6 story 5 story 4 story 3 story 2 story 1 base
story
Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

Graph 6.9 Story drift in X axis

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Table-6.10: Story drift in Y axis

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

story 10 0.003695 0.003454 0.008854 0.003916 0.003705 0.003699
story 9 0.005711 0.005332 0.010693 0.00592 0.005939 0.005768
story 8 0.008057 0.007558 0.012909 0.008218 0.009129 0.008393
story 7 0.01042 0.009909 0.015314 0.010531 0.014088 0.011089
story 6 0.012677 0.012424 0.018205 0.012745 0.023667 0.01391
story 5 0.014734 0.015419 0.069198 0.01477 0.030408 0.016162
story 4 0.016408 0.019847 0.068143 0.016423 0.025116 0.017909
story 3 0.017202 0.02827 0.015009 0.017203 0.017488 0.018648
story 2 0.015733 0.030346 0.012422 0.015729 0.013521 0.016928
story 1 0.008181 0.014238 0.006327 0.008177 0.00667 0.008737
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

0.08

0.07

0.06

0.05
drift

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
story 10 story 9 story 8 story 7 story 6 story 5 story 4 story 3 story 2 story 1 base
story

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

Graph 6.10 Story drift in Y direction

6.2.1.2 Dynamic loading -The maximum story drift in X-direction occurs for a load
combination 1.2(DL +LL+ Sx) and for Y- direction it occurs for a load combination of
1.2(DL +LL+ Sy)

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Table-6.11: Story drift in X direction

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

story 10 0.002429 0.002216 0.003859 0.002633 0.002581 0.002509
story 9 0.004092 0.003788 0.005406 0.004283 0.004497 0.003561
story 8 0.006096 0.005726 0.007337 0.006246 0.007245 0.004542
story 7 0.008149 0.007813 0.009456 0.008253 0.011161 0.005774
story 6 0.010095 0.010016 0.011846 0.01016 0.017473 0.006835
story 5 0.011798 0.012447 0.047279 0.011832 0.021675 0.008303
story 4 0.013027 0.015439 0.047269 0.01304 0.018608 0.009573
story 3 0.013284 0.019759 0.011655 0.013284 0.013615 0.010096
story 2 0.011444 0.019416 0.009052 0.011438 0.00999 0.008878
story 1 0.004939 0.008123 0.003632 0.004935 0.003926 0.003759
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
displacement

0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
story 10 story 9 story 8 story 7 story 6 story 5 story 4 story 3 story 2 story 1 base
story

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

Graph 6.11 Story drift in X direction

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Table-6.12: Story drift in Y direction

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

story 10 0.002411 0.00217 0.00757 0.002632 0.002421 0.002415
story 9 0.004427 0.004048 0.009409 0.004636 0.004655 0.004484
story 8 0.006773 0.006274 0.011625 0.006934 0.007845 0.007109
story 7 0.009136 0.008625 0.01403 0.009247 0.012804 0.009805
story 6 0.011393 0.01114 0.016921 0.011461 0.022383 0.012626
story 5 0.01345 0.014135 0.067914 0.013486 0.029124 0.014878
story 4 0.015124 0.018563 0.066859 0.015139 0.023832 0.016625
story 3 0.015918 0.026986 0.013725 0.015919 0.016204 0.017364
story 2 0.014449 0.029062 0.011138 0.014445 0.012237 0.015644
story 1 0.006897 0.012954 0.005043 0.006893 0.005386 0.007453
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

0.08

0.07

0.06

0.05
drift

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
story 10 story 9 story 8 story 7 story 6 story 5 story 4 story 3 story 2 story 1 base
story

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

Graph 6.12 Story drift in Y direction

6.2.2Story Displacement

6.2.2.1 Static loading-The maximum story drift in X-direction occurs for a load
combination 1.2(DL + LL + Ex) and for Y- direction it occurs for a load combination of
1.2(DL + LL + Ey)

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Table-6.13: Story displacement in X direction

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

story 10 295.001 353.171 509.31 297.258 371.251 230.426
story 9 283.819 342.628 493.839 285.463 359.614 219.006
story 8 267.649 327.369 473.726 268.719 342.23 204.43
story 7 245.467 306.297 447.822 246.087 316.602 186.91
story 6 217.126 278.963 415.561 217.433 279.225 165.694
story 5 182.945 245.021 376.129 183.059 222.911 141.295
story 4 143.658 203.786 230.399 143.668 153.992 112.493
story 3 100.684 153.574 84.698 100.656 94.275 79.881
story 2 56.937 90.404 45.839 56.908 49.537 45.699
story 1 18.711 28.262 14.791 18.7 15.672 15.17
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

600

500

400
displacement

300

200

100

0
story 10 story 9 story 8 story 7 story 6 story 5 story 4 story 3 story 2 story 1 base
story

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

Graph 6.13 Story displacement in X direction

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Table-6.14: Story displacement in y direction

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

story 10 338.454 440.387 711.22 340.892 449.193 362.691
story 9 327.369 430.024 684.657 329.144 438.077 352.184
story 8 310.235 414.027 652.578 311.385 420.26 335.326
story 7 286.064 391.356 613.852 286.732 392.872 310.146
story 6 254.802 361.629 567.911 255.14 350.609 276.878
story 5 216.771 324.36 513.296 216.905 279.608 235.148
story 4 172.57 278.104 305.703 172.595 188.383 186.661
story 3 123.346 218.564 101.275 123.327 113.036 132.936
story 2 71.741 133.753 56.248 71.718 60.572 76.993
story 1 24.542 42.713 18.982 24.532 20.009 26.21
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

800

700

600
displacement

500

400

300

200

100

0
story 10 story 9 story 8 story 7 story 6 story 5 story 4 story 3 story 2 story 1 base
story

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

Graph 6.14 Story displacement in Y direction

6.2.2.2 Dynamic loading -The maximum story drift in X-direction occurs for a load
combination 1.2(DL +LL+ Sx) and for Y- direction it occurs for a load combination of
1.2(DL +LL+ Sy)

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Table-6.15: Story displacement in X direction

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

story 10 271.331 329.501 485.64 273.588 347.581 206.756
story 9 260.149 318.958 470.169 261.793 335.944 195.336
story 8 243.979 303.699 450.056 245.049 318.56 180.76
story 7 221.797 282.627 424.152 222.417 292.932 163.24
story 6 193.456 255.293 391.891 193.763 255.555 142.024
story 5 159.275 221.351 352.459 159.389 199.241 117.625
story 4 119.988 180.116 206.729 119.998 130.322 88.823
story 3 77.014 129.904 61.028 76.986 70.605 56.211
story 2 33.267 66.734 22.169 33.238 25.867 22.029
story 1 10.28 19.02 16.893 10.31 18.54 18.24
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

600

500

400
displacement

300

200

100

0
story 10 story 9 story 8 story 7 story 6 story 5 story 4 story 3 story 2 story 1 base
story

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

Graph 6.15 Story displacement in X direction

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Table-6.16: Story displacement in Y direction

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

story 10 311.724 413.657 684.49 314.162 422.463 335.961
story 9 300.639 403.294 657.927 302.414 411.347 325.454
story 8 283.505 387.297 625.848 284.655 393.53 308.596
story 7 259.334 364.626 587.122 260.002 366.142 283.416
story 6 228.072 334.899 541.181 228.41 323.879 250.148
story 5 190.041 297.63 486.566 190.175 252.878 208.418
story 4 145.84 251.374 278.973 145.865 161.653 159.931
story 3 96.616 191.834 74.545 96.597 86.306 106.206
story 2 45.011 107.023 29.518 44.988 33.842 50.263
story 1 13.25 27.65 12.45 13.78 10.25 19.56
base 0 0 0 0 0 0
*All values are in mm

800

700

600

500
displacemet

400

300

200

100

0
story 10 story 9 story 8 story 7 story 6 story 5 story 4 story 3 story 2 story 1 base
story

Frame 1 frame 2 frame 3 frame 4 frame 5 frame 6

Graph 6.16 Story displacement in Y direction

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, U.V.C.E. Page 42

2020-21 SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF MULTISTOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH
IRREGULARITIES

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the above project is

 In plan irregularity, the horizontal story drift due to static loading is more in

rectangle and C shape building and the vertical story drift due to static loading is

more in L shape building

 In plan irregularity, the horizontal story drift due to Dynamic loading is more in

rectangle and C shape building and the vertical story drift due to Dynamic loading

is more in L shape building

 The maximum drift in geometric irregularity occurred at 3 rd story for both static

and dynamic loading and minimum at the base

 In plan irregularity, the horizontal story displacement due to static loading is more

in rectangle and C shape building and the vertical story displacement due to static

loading is more in L shape building

 In plan irregularity, the horizontal story displacement due to Dynamic loading is

more in rectangle and C shape building and the vertical story displacement due to

Dynamic loading is more in L shape building

 The maximum displacement in geometric irregularity occurred at 10th story for

both static and dynamic loading and minimum at the base

 In vertical irregularity, the horizontal story drift due to static loading is more in

Frame 3 and the vertical story drift due to static loading is more in Frame 3.

Frame 3 shows a sharp increase in drift in story 3 and sharp decrease in story 6.

 In vertical irregularity, the horizontal story drift due to dynamic loading is more in

Frame 3 and the vertical story drift due to dynamic loading is more in Frame 3.

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, U.V.C.E. Page 43

2020-21 SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF MULTISTOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH
IRREGULARITIES

 In vertical irregularity, the horizontal story displacement due to static loading is

more in Frame 3 and the vertical story displacement due to static loading is more

in frame 3

 In vertical irregularity, the horizontal story displacement due to Dynamic loading

is more in frame 3 and the vertical story displacement due to Dynamic loading is

more in frame 3

 The maximum displacement in geometric irregularity occurred at 10th story for

both static and dynamic loading and minimum at the base

DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, U.V.C.E. Page 44

2020-21 SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF MULTISTOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH
IRREGULARITIES

REFERENCES
[1]. Miss.Aadishri D Kadam1, Dr. P.S.Pajgade,” DESIGNING OF SOFT STOREY FOR

RC STRUCTURE USING IS-1893(PART I)-2016, AND IS13920-2016”, International

Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume:

05 Issue: 05 | May-2018 p-ISSN: 2395-0072

[2]. Arun Babu M, Ajisha R,”Analysis of multistoried building in different seismic zones

with different soil conditions”, International Research Journal of Engineering and

Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 05 | May-2018 www.irjet.net

p-ISSN: 2395-0072.

[3]. Narayan Malviya, Sumit Pahwa,” Seismic analys is of high rise building with is code

1893-2002 and is code 1893-2016”, International Research Journal of Engineering and

Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov -2017 www.irjet.net

p-ISSN: 2395-0072

[4]. Ravi Kiran, Sridhar.R , “Comparative study of regular and vertically irregular

building under seismic loading”, IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering

and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 |Dec 2017 | pISSN: 2321-7308

[5]. V. Rajendra Kumar , Ranga Rao.V,” Comparative study on regular & irregular

structures using IS 1893:2002 and IS 1893:2016”, International Journal of Civil

Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 615–622

[6]. S.Mahesh1, Mr. Dr.B.Panduranga Rao, “ Comparison of analysis and design of

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Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278- 1684,p-ISSN: 2320-

334X, Volume 11, Issue 6 Ver. I (Nov- Dec. 2014), PP 45-52 various seismic zones and

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DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, U.V.C.E. Page 45