Scribd
Upload
30 views

Propositions. A Proposition Asserts That Something Is The Case or It Asserts That Something

Logic is the study of correct and incorrect reasoning. It involves constructing and evaluating arguments, which are made up of propositions. There are different types of propositions including asserting, disjunctive, and hypothetical propositions. Arguments link premises and conclusions through inference. Deductive arguments have conclusions that necessarily follow from the premises, while inductive arguments use premises to make conclusions more or less probable. The validity of an argument depends on the logical relationship between its premises and conclusion, not on whether they are true.

Uploaded by

Arvhie Santos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
30 views

Propositions. A Proposition Asserts That Something Is The Case or It Asserts That Something

Logic is the study of correct and incorrect reasoning. It involves constructing and evaluating arguments, which are made up of propositions. There are different types of propositions including asserting, disjunctive, and hypothetical propositions. Arguments link premises and conclusions through inference. Deductive arguments have conclusions that necessarily follow from the premises, while inductive arguments use premises to make conclusions more or less probable. The validity of an argument depends on the logical relationship between its premises and conclusion, not on whether they are true.

Uploaded by

Arvhie Santos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from

incorrect reasoning.

In logical reasoning we construct and evaluate arguments; arguments are built with
propositions. A proposition asserts that something is the case or it asserts that something
is not. A proposition may either be affirmed or denied because it presents a claim.
Therefore every proposition is either true or false.

Questions, commands, and exclamations—unlike propositions—are neither true nor


false.

Two different sentences, consisting of different words differently arranged, may have the
same meaning and may be used to assert the very same proposition. For example, “Leslie
won the election” and “The election was won by Leslie” are plainly two different
sentences that make the same assertion.

A statement may refer to proposition but it is not its exact synonym. Every statement
must be either true or false, although the truth or falsity of a given statement may be
unknown.

There are different kinds of propositions:

1. Asserting a conjunctive proposition is equivalent to asserting each of its


component propositions separately.
2. Disjunctive (or alternative) propositions, no one of the components is asserted.
The disjunctive proposition as a whole is true, but either one of its components
might be false.
3. In Hypothetical (or conditional) propositions, only the “if–then” proposition is
asserted by the hypothetical or conditional state- ment, and that compound
statement might be true even if both of its components were false.

With propositions as building blocks, we construct arguments. In any argument we


affirm one proposition on the basis of some other propositions. And this is the process
called Inference – a process that may bind together a cluster of propositions. Some
inferences are correct; others are not.

Arguments are clusters of propositions of which one is the conclusion and the others are
the premises offered in its support. The Premise of an argument is the statement that
provides reason for accepting the conclusion. Conclusion is a statement established by
the premises.
Note that the force of an argument can be appreciated only when one understands the
context in which that argument is presented.

An interrogative sentence can serve as a premise when its question is rhetorical—that is,
when it suggests or assumes an answer that is made to serve as the premise of an
argument. Questions can serve most effectively as premises when the answers assumed
really do seem to be clear and inescapable. Wherein the readers are led to provide the
evident answers for themselves, thus augmenting the persuasiveness of the argument.

Enthymemes are arguments that rely on some proposition that is understood but not
stated. An argument that is stated incompletely but there is an amount of truth in it.

Deductive Argument

- If the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true
- The conclusion (general) is absolutely supported by the premises (particular).
- May be valid or invalid
- The central task of deductive logic is to discriminate valid arguments from invalid
ones.

Inductive Argument

- The probability of the conclusion is supported the premises


- May become weaker or stronger with additional premises
- It starts from the particulars to the general
- The central task of inductive arguments is to ascertain the facts by which conduct
may be guided directly, or on which other arguments may be built.
- Because their conclusions are never certain, the terms validity and invalidity do
not apply to inductive arguments.

Validity refers to the relation between the propositions in an argument—namely the


relation between the set of premises and the conclusion of that argument. Truth and
falsehood are attributed to individual propositions. Validity and invalidity are
attributed to deductive arguments.

Thus, an argument may be valid even when its conclusion and one or more of its
premises are false. The validity of an argument depends only on the relation of the
premises to the conclusion.

Sound Argument

- The argument is valid


- All of the premises are true
- The conclusion is true

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy