LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Se EET VS KANCHANA BHAASKARANLINEAR INTEGRATED Circuits S. Salivahanan Principal SSN College of Engineering Chennai™ V. S. Kanchana Bhaaskaran Asst. Professor of Electronics and Communication Engineering Dept. SSN College of Engineering Chennai Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited NEW DELHI McGraw-Hill Offices ‘New Delhi New York StLouis San Francisco Auckland Bogoté Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo TorontoTata McGraw-Hill Published by the Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008 Copyright © 2008 by Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program. listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. First reprint 2008 ROLDRRBXRARRL This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, ‘Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, ISBN 13: 978-0-07-064818-0 ISBN 10: 0-07-064818-2 Managing Director: Ajay Shukla General Manager: Publishing—SEM & Tech Ed: Vibha Mahafan Asst. Sponsoring Editor: Shukti Mukherjee Jr. Editorial Executive: Sandhya Chandrasekhar Executive—Editorial Services: Sohini Mukherjee Senior Production Manager: P L Pandita General Manager: Marketing —Higher Education & School: Michael J Cruz Product Manager: SEM & Tech Ed: Biju Ganesan Controller—Production: Rajender P Ghansela Asst. General Manager—Production: 8 L Dogra Information contained in this work has been obtained by Tata McGraw-Hill, from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. Published by the Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008, Typeset at Script Makers, 19, Al-B, DDA Market, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi 110-063 and printed at Adarsh Printers, C-50/51, Panchsheel Garden, Naveen Shahdara, Delhi 110 032 Cover: RashtriyaContents Foreword xvii Preface xviii 1. Integrated Circuit Fabrication 1 11 12 13 14 15 1.6 17 18 19 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 114 Introduction 1 Manufacturing Processes of MonolithicICs 3 ‘Construction of a Monolithic Bipolar Transistor 13 PNP Transistors 18 Schottky Barrier Diode 20 Schottky Transistor 21 Monolithic Diodes 21 Integrated Resistors 22 Monolithic Capacitors 25 Inductors 26 ‘Transformation of a Hypothetical Electronic ‘Circuit into Monolithic Form 26 Fabrication of Field Effect Transistors 26 Thin and Thick Film Technology 30 Recent Trends in IC Technology 32 Summary 33 Review Questions 34 2. Circuit Configurations For Linear ICs 36 21 22 23 24 25 2.6 Introduction 36 ‘Current Sources 37 Current Sources Independent of Supply Voltage Variation 46 FET Current Sources 50 Current Sources as Active Loads 57 hae ane Voltage Sources 57 PNM MMINAANH I MYxii Contents 27 2.8 29 2.10 2.11 Voltage References 60 Bandgap Voltage Reference 63 DC Level Shift Stages 65 Differential Amplifiers 67 Differential Amplifiers with Active Loads 33 Summary 90 Review Questions 94 3. Operational Amplifier Characteristics 97 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 35 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Introduction 97 Ideal Operational Amplifier 98 Practical Operational Amplifier 99 General Operational Amplifier 100 IC 741 Bipolar Operational Amplifier 102 DC Performance Characteristics of Op-amp 112 AC Performance Characteristics of Op-amp 120 Frequency Compensation 128 Noise 136 Open-loop Op-amp Configurations 139 Closed-loop Op-amp Configurations 141 Differential Amplifier 164 General Description, Manufacturer's Specifications and Electrical Characteristics of the Op-amp 741 169 Power Supply Connections 174 Summary 175 Review Questions 179 4. Applications of Operational Amplifiers 183 4.1 4.2 43 44 45 4.6 47 48 49 4.10 Introduction 183 Sign Changer (Phase Inverter) 133 Scale Changer 183 Phase Shift Circuits 184 Voltage Follower 186 Voltage-controlled Voltage Source 188 Current Sources 188 Inverting Current Amplifier 189 Current-controlled Current Source (CCCS) 190 Voltage to Current Converter (Transconductance Amplifier) 1906. 412 4.13 414 415 4.16 417 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 Contents xiii Current to Voltage Converter (Current-controlled Voltage Sources) 192 Adder or Summing Amplifier 193 Subtractor 194 Adder-subtractor 195 Instrumentation Amplifier 196 AC Amplifier 201 Integrator 203 Differentiator 209 Logarithmic Amplifier 215 Antilogarithmic Amplifier 218 Single Power Supply Operation 220 Analog Computation 221 Summary 227 Review Questions 228 Operational Amplifier — Non-linear Circuits 231 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 57 5.8 59 5.10 Introduction 231 Op-amp Comparators 231 Schmitt Trigger 237 Precision Rectifier 240 Analog Switches 243 Peak Detectors 245 High-speed Sample / Hold Circuit using Diode Switches 246 High Speed Sample-and-hold Circuit using Four-diode Gate 247 Clippers 248 Clampers 250 Summary 251 Review Questions 252 Active Filters 254 61 62 63 64 65 6.6 Introduction 254 Comparison between Passive and Active Networks 254 Active Network Design 257 Filter Approximations 258 General Second Order Active Filter with Unity Gain 266 General Second Order Active Filter with Variable Gain 26767 68 69 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 Contents Design of Low-pass Filters 268 High-pass Filters 277 Bandpass Filters 285 Band-reject Filters 289 All-pass Filters 293 State-variable Filter 293 Impedance Converter 297 Impedance Gyration 299 Switched Capacitor Filters 301 Summary 312 Review Questions 316 7. Waveform Generators 318 71 72 73 74 75 7.6 a7 Introduction 318 Sine-wave Generators 318 Multivibrators 326 Triangular Wave Generator 332 Sawtooth Wave Generator 335 ICL8038 Function Generator 336 Timer IC 555 340 Summary 354 Review Questions 356 8. Voltage Regulators 358 8.1 82 8.3 84 8.5 86 8.7 8.8 Introduction 358 Basics of Voltage Regulator 359 Linear Voltage Regulators Using Op-amps 361 IC Voltage Regulators 364 LM117/LM317 Three Terminal Adjustable Voltage Regulator 368 IC 723 General Purpose Regulator 372 Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) 381 Monolithic Switching Regulator Circuit 385 Summary 389 Review Questions 392 9. Analog Multipliers 39494 Contents xv. Applications of Multiplier ICs 407 Summary 412 Review Questions 413 10. Phase Locked Loop 415 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 Introduction 415 Operation of the Basic PLL 415 Closed Loop Analysis of PLL 417 Integrated Circuit Phase-locked Loop 420 Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) 424 IC Voltage Controlled Oscillator NE/SE566 427 Low-pass Filter 430 Monolithic Phase-locked Loop 431 Applications of IC 565 PLL 439 Summary 447 Review Questions 449 11. D/A and A/D Converters 451 1L1 11.2 11.3 114 115 116 117 11.8 119 11.10 11.41 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 12. Special Function Integrated Circuits 121 12.2 Introduction 451 Analog and Digital Data Conversions 451 Specifications of D/A Converter 453 Basic D/A Conversion Techniques 455 Switches for D/A Converters 466 Multiplying D/A Converters (MDACs) 469 A Monolithic D/A Converter DAC 1508/1408 470 AD558 Microprocessor Compatible D/A Converter 474 Sampling Process 477 High Speed Sample-and-hold Circuit 479 A/D Converters 480 Specifications of A/D Converter 481 Classification of A/D Converters 484 ADCO080X Series A/D Converters 499 Over-sampling A/D Converters 503 Summary 508 Review Questions 512 jun ln Introduction 515 Voltage-to-frequency and Frequency-to-voltage Converters 515Contents 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 9400 Series Voltage-to-frequency and Frequency-to-voltage Converters 519 XR-2206 Function Generator 525 Integrated Circuit Tuned Amplifier 529 Audio Power Amplifier 530 Video Amplifier 538 Opto-couplers 542 Isolation Amplifier 547 Fibre-optic Integrated Circuits 552 Compander Integrated Circuits 556 Summary 559 Review Questions 562 13. Advanced Operational Amplifiers 564 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Introduction 564 CMOS Operational Amplifier 564 BiFET and BiMOS Circuits 567 JFET Operational Amplifiers 574 Programmable Transconductance Amplifier (Operational Transconductance Amplifier) 578 Summary 586 Review Questions 588 14. Simulation Using PSpice 589 14.1 14.2 143 144 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 Introduction 589 Overview of the Spice 589 General Structure and Conventions 591 Basic Analyses Types 601 Other Statements 607 Control Statements 609 Using Schematic Capture Feature of OrCAD to Prepare for Simulation 610 Simulation Examples 611 Summary 647 Review Questions 650 651LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS This book, meant for the undergraduate course on Linear Integrated Circuits and Op-amps, is written in a simple and student friendly language. A genuine attempt has been made to help build a strong foundation in the principles of linear integrated circuits. Salient features: ‘x] Strang focus on the design aspects of integrated circuits. a) Descriptive mathematical examples for practical situations given while designing circuits. a) Comprehensive coverage of Non linear circuits, Multipliers and Special function ICs. 3 Separate chapter on applications of Op-amps. &] Exposure to ORCAD PSpice with specific design problems. ‘al Strong pedagogy. Includes, > 102 Solved examples — 663 Chapter end review questions — 120 Numerical problems — Over 500 illustrations