ELECTIVE 3 (F, 13:00-16:00)

Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Design

Engr. Joel Tianchon Lao, CE, M.ASCE

College of Mathematics and Engineering
Asia Pacific College of Advanced Studies, Bataan
Course Outcomes

After completing this course, you should be able to:

1. Identify the composition of reinforced or prestressed concrete
materials and understand their behavior.
2. Understand and apply the different types of loads to structures in
accordance with the National Structural Code of the Philippines.
3. Appraised the local code of practice, i.e., the National Structural Code
of the Philippines.
4. Apply the fundamental principles of reinforced and prestressed
concrete design.
5. Apply techniques in structural design and analysis of structural
concrete.
6. Formulate correct design strategies based on theoretical and
situational experiences.
7. Identify advanced design methods.
Course Outline:

1. Course Overview, Introduction, Minimum Design Loads

2. Flexural Analysis of Beams – Cracking Moment
3. Singly Reinforced Beams
4. One-Way Slabs
5. Two-Way Slabs
6. T-Beams
7. Doubly Reinforced Beams
8. Shear in Reinforced Concrete Beams
9. Development lengths, Hooks, Splices
10. Beam Deflections
11. Columns
12. Beam-Columns
13. Prestressed Concrete
References

1. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc., (2015)

National Structural Code of the Philippines NSCP C101-15
Volume 1 Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures, 7th
Edition Second Printing 2019, Philippines: ASEP.
2. McCormac, Jack C. and Brown, Russell H., (2015) Design of
Reinforced Concrete, 10th Edition, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3. Wright, James K., (2015) Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and
Design, 7th Edition, USA: Pearson Education Inc.
4. Aghayere, Abi O., (2018) Reinforced Concrete Design, 9th Edition,
USA: Person Education Inc.
5. Nawy, Edward G., (2009) Prestressed Concrete A Fundamental
Approach, 5th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc.
6. Zamani, Arzhang, (2017) Essential Prestressed Concrete
Examples: In accordance with ACI 318-14, 1st Edition, USA:
Structure Gate LLC.
Grading System

Term Grade
Weekly Output 30%
Quizzes 30%
Major Exam 40%
100%
Semestral Grade
Revalida 5%
Semestral Output 15%
EP Subject 10%
(Prelim+Midterm+Finals)/3 70%
100%
Course Requirements

Weekly Output
There will be a total of 5 outputs per term which
aim to enrich your understanding of the topics recently
discussed in class. These outputs may be in a form of
solved problems on assigned exercises.
The details of each output are discussed in the
Weekly Output guides made available in the course site
(Google Classroom).

Semestral Output
Hardbound book with Structural Design and Analysis
of Two-Storey Reinforced Concrete Building.
Quizzes
There are two quizzes, 50pts each, that you have to take
per term. The types of tests in the quiz may vary to assess
different levels of learning.
Revalida
Revalida will be in a form of book review entries,
wherein you have to record your learnings for the week on
your Revalida Journal. For PS Design 12, you are required to
list 5 situational problems came from the pass board exam
problems about the topics discussed on a weekly basis, for a
total of 25 situational problems per term. Revalida journal
shall be submitted at the end of the semester.
Major Exam
You will take 3 major exams for this sem (labeled as
Prelim Exam, Midterm Exam and Final Exam). Before taking
any major exam, you have to secure an exam permit first.
Study Schedule

In preparing for the discussion of each topic and all the

class requirements in advance, you may refer to the course
outline as your guide. However, you are highly encouraged
to check our Google Classroom course site at least twice a
week for the specific instructions and the latest
announcements, so you will be able to adjust accordingly.
Please note that real-time classes will be conducted via
Google Meet following your class schedule.
Lesson 1: Introduction

Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel (crushed rock or other

aggregates) held together on rocklike mass with a paste of
cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are
added to change certain characteristics of the concrete.
Concrete admixtures are of different types and they are:
1. Water Reducing 10. Alkali Aggregate
2. Retarding Expansion Inhibiting
3. Accelerating 11. Anti-washout
4. Air-entraining concrete 12. Grouting
5. Pozzolanic 13. Corrosion Inhibiting
6. Damp-proofing 14. Bonding
7. Gas forming 15. Fungicidal, Germicidal,
8. Air-detraining Insecticidal
9. Coloring
The most important property:
Concrete has high compressive strength and low tensile
strength. The simplest way to determine concrete
material strength is to perform a compression test of a
cylinder (28 days).

Concrete Cylinder Mold

ACI Committee 363 recommends
using 4 × 8 𝑖𝑛. (100 × 200 𝑚𝑚)
cylinders for testing strength and
6 × 12 𝑖𝑛. (150 × 300 𝑚𝑚)
Concrete Cylinder Compression Testing cylinders for testing modulus of
elasticity.
Concrete Cube Compression Testing
Concrete Core Test
Core tests are generally performed to assess whether
suspect concrete in a new structure complies with
strength-based acceptance criteria or not. In addition, it is
critically used to determine in-place concrete strengths in
an existing structure for the evaluation of structural
capacity.
Slump Test of Concrete
The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh
concrete before it sets. It is performed to check the
workability of freshly made concrete.

Recommended slumps for various types of construction

Slump (𝑚𝑚)
Type of Construction
Max. Min.
Reinforced foundation walls and
75 25
footings
Plain footings, caissons and sub
75 25
structure walls
Slabs, beams, and reinforced walls 100 25
Building columns 100 25
Pavements 75 25
Heavy mass construction 75 25
Common Specified Strength of Concrete for
Structural Members 𝑓𝑐 ′:
SI (𝑀𝑃𝑎) U.S. Customary (𝑝𝑠𝑖)
21 3,000
28 4,000
35 5,000
42 6,000
Flexural Behavior (Crack Moment)
Modulus of rupture test for 150 × 150 × 750 𝑚𝑚
unreinforced concrete specimen:
𝑃 𝑃
2 2

𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
3 3 3
𝑃𝐿 Concrete Flexural Test
𝑓𝑟 = 2
𝑏ℎ
Reinforcing Steel

Two main types of reinforcing steel are used in

reinforced concrete:
• Reinforcing bars (rebar) – most common type of
reinforcement (usually deformed)
• Welded wire fabric (WWF) – used either for shear
reinforcement or in slabs reinforcement

Rebars WWF
The modulus of elasticity of steel for most grade is
𝐸𝑠 = 200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Density of steel is 7850 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .
Tension Testing of
Rebars Stress-Strain Diagram of Steel
Grade of Steel
Grade refers to the specified yield strength 𝑓𝑦 of steel.
Based on Philippine National Standards (PNS 49:2002) for
Steel Bars, the locally available grade of steel reinforcing
bars in the Philippines are as follows:
Class PNS ASTM Color
Standards Standards Code
230 33 *
Regular 275 40 *
Steel Bar
415 60 *
- 75 **
Weldable 230W **
Steel 275W **
Bar
415W **
*At both ends of the bar ** One color per end of the bar
 NSCP Chapter 4 Appendix A
Philippine standard sizes of reinforcing bars:
Bar Size Nominal Area, Nominal Mass,
Designation 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝒌𝒈/𝒎
10 79 0.617
12 113 0.888
16 201 1.578
20 314 2.466
25 491 3.853
28 616 4.834
32 804 6.313
36 1018 7.990
40 1257 9.865
50 1964 15.41
Sizes 40 and 50 are produced via special order
Philippine National Standards PNS Reinforcing Steel Bars
Mass
Prestressing steel
Tendons – a stretched element used in concrete member of
structure to impart prestress to the concrete.

• Wire – prestressing wire is a single unit made of steel.

• Strand – two, three or seven wires are wound to form a
prestressing strand.
• Cable – a group of tendons form a prestressing cable.
• Bar − a tendon can be made up of a single steel bar with
the diameter that is much larger than that of a wire.

Bonded tendons – when there is adequate bond between

the prestressing tendon and concrete.
Unbonded tendons – when there is no bond between the
prestressing tendon and concrete.
Anchorage – a device used to enable the tendon to impart
and maintain prestress in concrete.
Prestressing Tendons
Properties of prestressing steel and anchorages shall be based on the
manufacturer’s data.
 Eugène Freyssinet (13 July 1879 –
8 June 1962) was a French
structural and civil engineer. He
was the major pioneer and
inventor of prestressed concrete.
Founded in 1943, Freyssinet today
brings together an unrivalled
range of skills in the specialist civil
engineering sector, offering
integrated technical solutions in
two major fields: construction and
structural repair.

Freyssinet International Manila, Inc. (FIMI) is the duly licensed

subsidiary of Soletanche Freyssinet (headquarters in France) in the
Philippines.
Project Development
Design Process and The Role of Structural Engineers

Structural Design Objectives

• Aesthetic demands of the architect and client
• Structural strength and safety
• Serviceability performance (i.e. day-to-day performance)
• Constructability
• Economy

Project Definition and Planning

• Building function, general layout, design criteria
• Pre-construct negotiations: schedules, fees, scope of
responsibilities, communication, etc.
• Contracting
Preliminary Configurations and Costs
• Define structural criteria
• Loads and initial design of structure types: main
members and layout
• Select optimal structural type: materials and
structural system
• Identify geotechnical requirements

Final Design Development

• Loads and analysis
• Evaluation and optimization
• Cost Estimates
• Foundations
Contract Documents
• Structural Drawings
• Construction specifications
• Method of construction
• Bid documents

Contract Administration
• Pre-bid conference/meetings
• Bid review
• Construction inspection
The Goal of Structural Design
• The primary goal of structural design is to size
members and components of a system to adequately
and safely sustain loads. However, how do we
reliably and accurately assure this safety? Answer:
address uncertainty.
• Examples of uncertainty:
Loads Resistance
Load estimation Material quality
Possible overloading Fabrication tolerances
Probabilities of different Construction
load cases Etc.
Design Philosophies

In engineering practice today, there are two main

philosophies used:

• Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) –

Probabilistic (reliability-based) approach
Required strength 𝑅𝑢 ≤ design strength 𝜙𝑅𝑛

• Allowable Stress/Strength Design (ASD) –

Based on safety factors
𝑅
Allowable strength 𝑅𝑎 ≤ 𝑛
Ω
where
𝑅𝑛 = nominal strength
𝜙 = strength reduction factor (see Table 421.2.1 for the values)
Ω = safety factor
ASD or LRFD − know the difference
ASD is a tradition allowable strength design that uses a
constant factor of safety for all design, no matter what the
load type, while LRFD requires a higher variability (less
predictability). The LRFD method requires the use of
higher load factors for loads with higher variance, such as
live load.
Dead loads(such as structure self-weight) are usually very
predictable live loads not so much. So there is much
higher probability of a design live load being exceeded
than a design dead load being exceeded.
LRFD targets a statistically consistent structural reliability,
by requiring a higher safety factor for loading with greater
variance. In contrast, the traditional ASD uses a constant
safety factor, resulting in reduced reliability under design
loads with greater levels of uncertainty.
The National Structural Code of the Philippines NSCP
formulated by the codes and standards committee of the
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines,
Inc. ASEP is designed to meet these needs through
various model codes/regulations, generally from the
United States, to safeguard the public and safety
nationwide. This structural code establishes minimum
requirements for structural systems using prescriptive
and performance-based provisions. It is founded on
broad-based principles that make possible the use of new
materials and new building designs.

National Structural Code History:

First Edition NSCB 1972, Second Edition NSCB 1981,
Third Edition NSCP 1987, Fourth Edition NSCP 1992,
Fifth Edition NSCP 2001, Sixth Edition NSCP 2010,
Seventh Edition NSCP 2015 is the latest.
National Structural Code of the Philippines NSCP 7th
edition is referenced from the following standards and
publications:
• American Society of Civil Engineers ASCE
• American Institute of Steel Construction AISC
• American Society for Testing Materials ASTM
• American Concrete Institute ACI
• American National Standard Institute ANSI
• Uniform Building Code UBC
• International Building Code IBC
• National Design Specification NDS for Wood
Construction
• Concrete Masonry Handbook
• Reinforced Masonry Engineering Handbook of America
• American Iron and Steel Institute AISI
1.1 Minimum Design Loads

Symbols and Notations

𝐷 = dead load
𝐸 = earthquake load set forth in NSCP Section 208.6.1
𝐸𝑚 = estimated maximum earthquake force that can be
developed in the structure as set forth in NSCP
Section 208.6.1
𝐹 = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and
maximum height
𝐻 = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
𝐿 = live load, except roof live load, including any
permitted live load reduction
𝐿𝑟 = roof live load, including any permitted live load
reduction
𝑃 = ponding load
𝑅 = rain load on the undeflected roof
𝑇 = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction
or expansion resulting from temperature change,
shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component
materials, movement due to differential settlements,
or combination thereof
𝑊 = load due wind pressure
𝑓1 = 1.0 for floor in places assembly, for live loads in excess
of 4.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎, and for garage live load, or 0.5 for other
live loads
Basic Load Combinations (LRFD)
1.4(𝐷 + 𝐹) (203-1)
1.2 𝐷 + 𝐹 + 𝑇 + 1.6 𝐿 + 𝐻 + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 or 𝑅) (203-2)
1.2𝐷 + 1.6 𝐿𝑟 or 𝑅 + (𝑓1 𝐿 or 0.5𝑊) (203-3)
1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 𝑓1 𝐿 + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 or 𝑅) (203-4)
1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 𝑓1 𝐿 (203-5)
0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 1.6𝐻 (203-6)
0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 1.6𝐻 (203-7)

Other loads where load 𝑃 is to be considered in design,

the applicable load shall be added to factored as 1.2𝑃.
Basic Load Combinations (ASD)
𝐷+𝐹 (203-8)
𝐷+𝐻+𝐹+𝐿+𝑇 (203-9)
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + (𝐿𝑟 or 𝑅) (203-10)
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.75[𝐿 + 𝑇 + 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 ] (203-11)
𝐸
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.6𝑊 𝑜𝑟 (203-12)
1.4
Alternate Basic Load Combinations shall be permitted for the
most critical effects resulting from the following load
combinations, a one-third increase including 𝑊 or 𝐸:
𝐸
𝐷 + 𝐻 + 𝐹 + 0.75 𝐿 + 𝐿𝑟 + 0.6𝑊 𝑜𝑟 (203-13)
1.4
0.6𝐷 + 0.6𝑊 + 𝐻 (203-14)
𝐸
0.6𝐷 + + 𝐻 (203-15)
1.4
𝐷 + 𝐿 + 𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅 (203-16)
𝐷 + 𝐿 + 0.6𝑊 (203-17)
𝐸
𝐷+𝐿+ (203-18)
1.4
Other Loads
Where 𝑃 is to be considered in design, each applicable load
shall be added to the combinations specified in ASD
Equations 203-8 to 203-18.

Special Seismic Load Combinations

Both LRFD and ASD for steel, the following special load
combinations for seismic design shall be used:
1.2𝐷 + 𝑓1 𝐿 + 1.0𝐸𝑚 (203-19)
0.9𝐷 ± 1.0𝐸𝑚 (203-20)

See Tables 204-1 and 204-2 for Minimum Densities for

Design Loads from Materials (𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 ).
See Tables 205-1 for Minimum Uniform and Concentrated
Live loads.
See Table 205-2 for Special Loads.
See Table 205-3 for Minimum Roof Live Loads.
Reduction of Live Loads
The design live load determined using the unit live loads
as set forth in Table 205-1 for floors and Table 205-3,
Method 2, for roofs may be reduced on any member
supporting more than 15 𝑚2 , including flat slabs, except
for floors in places of public assembly and for live loads
greater than 4.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎, in accordance with the equation:
𝑅 = 𝑟(𝐴 − 15) (205-1)
The reduction shall not exceed 40 percent for members
receiving load from one floor only, 60 percent for other
members or 𝑅, as determined by the equation:
𝐷
𝑅 = 23.1 1 + (205-2)
𝐿
where
𝐴 = area of floor or roof supported by the member, 𝑚2
𝐷 = dead load per square meter of area supported by the
member, 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐿 = unit live load per square meter of area supported
by the member, 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑅 = reduction in percentage
𝑟 = rate of reduction equal to 0.8 for floors. See Table
205-3 for roofs

For storage loads exceeding 4.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎, no reduction

shall be made, except that design live loads on
columns may be reduced to 20 percent.

The live load reduction shall not exceed 40 percent in

garages for the storage of private pleasure cars having
a capacity of not more than nine passengers per
vehicle.
Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction
As an alternate to Equation 205-1, the unit live loads set
forth in Table 205-1 may be reduced in accordance with
Equation 205-3 on any member, including flat slabs, having
an influence area of 40 𝑚2 or more.
1
𝐿 = 𝐿0 0.25 + 4.57 (205-3)
𝐴𝐼
where
𝐴𝐼 = influence area, 𝑚2
𝐿 = reduced design live load per square meter of area
supported by the member
The reduced live load shall not be less than 50 percent of
the unit live load 𝐿0 for members receiving load from one
level only, nor less than 40 percent of the unit live load 𝐿0
for other members.

For other Minimum Loads just refer to NSCP Section 206.

Example 1.1.1:
Determine the factored or ultimate moment and the
allowable moment of a beam that is subjected to service dead
load moment of 120 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 and service live load moment of
68 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚. Assume 𝜙𝑏 = 0.90, Ω = 1.67.
a) LRFD
b) ASD
Solution:
a) LRFD
Combination 1:
1.4𝐷 = 1.4 120 = 168 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
This combination only governs when 𝐷 ≥ 8𝐿.
Combination 2:
1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿 = 1.2 120 + 1.6 68 = 252.8 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Combination 2 governs.
Thus, the required factored or ultimate moment is
𝑀𝑢 ≤ 𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛 = 252.8 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
 The nominal moment is
𝑀𝑢 252.8
𝑀𝑛 = = = 280.89 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝜙𝑏 0.90
The allowable moment is
𝑀𝑛 280.89
𝑀𝑎 ≤ = = 168.2 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Ω𝑏 1.67
b) ASD
The allowable moment is
𝑀𝑎 = 𝐷 + 𝐿 = 120 + 68 = 188 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
The nominal moment is
𝑀𝑛 = Ω𝑏 𝑀𝑎 = 1.67 188 = 313.96 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
The required factored or ultimate moment is
𝑀𝑢 ≤ 𝜙𝑏 𝑀𝑛 = 0.90 313.96 = 282.56 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
Example 1.1.2:

A column (compression member) in the upper story of a

building is subject to the following axial loads:
Dead load: 520 𝑘𝑁 compression
Floor live load: 305 𝑘𝑁 compression
Earthquake load: 200 𝑘𝑁 compression
a) Determine the controlling load combination for LRFD
and the corresponding factored load 𝑃𝑢 .
Use 𝑓1 = 0.5.
b) If the resistance factor 𝜙𝑐 is 0.75, what is the required
nominal load 𝑃𝑛 based on a?
Solution:
a) For LRFD:
Combination 1: 1.4𝐷 = 1.4 520 = 728 𝑘𝑁
This combination may govern only when 𝐷 ≥ 8𝐿.
Combination 2: 1.2𝐷 + 1.6𝐿
= 1.2 520 + 1.6 305
= 1112 𝑘𝑁
Combination 3: 1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 𝑓1 𝐿
= 1.2 520 + 1.0 200 + 0.5(305)
= 976.5 𝑘𝑁
The rest of the load combinations for LRFD are obviously
less than the above combinations.
Combination 2 controls, and the factored load is
𝑃𝑢 ≤ 𝜙𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = 1112 𝑘𝑁.
b) The factored load 𝑃𝑢 ≤ 𝜙𝑐 𝑃𝑛 , then the required nominal
strength is
𝑃𝑢 1112
𝑃𝑛 = = = 1482.67 𝑘𝑁.
𝜙𝑐 0.75
 Column

Floor beam
Slab spans in this direction
Girder

One-Way Slab System 𝑳/𝑺 > 𝟐

Distribution of loads Floor beam
from slabs to beams − the
shaded portion is the
tributary area of the floor
beam where 𝐿 is the long
Two-way Slab System 𝑳/𝑺 ≤ 𝟐
span and 𝑆 is the short
span.
Actual load on beams under uniform design load:
Two-way slab system:

One-way slab system:

(a) 𝐿/𝑆 = 1
𝐿/𝑆 > 2

(b) 1 < 𝐿/𝑆 ≤ 2

To ease the structural analysis, the use of the equivalent
uniform load to be supported by the floor beam is
permitted and can be calculated as
𝑝𝑑 𝐴𝐼
𝑤𝑜 = in 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
ℓ
where 𝑝𝑑 = design pressure load, in 𝑘𝑃𝑎
ℓ = nominal span of the beam, in 𝑚
𝐴𝐼 = influence or tributary area, in 𝑚2
𝑤𝑜
Example 1.1.3:
Determine the equivalent uniform dead and live loads to be
carried by the edge beam given the following:
Total dead load including allowance for weight of beams
= 3.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Live load = 2.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎 Edge Beam 𝑆
a) 𝐿 = 6 𝑚, 𝑆 = 2 𝑚
b) 𝐿 = 𝑆 = 4 𝑚 𝐿
c) 𝐿 = 6 𝑚, 𝑆 = 4 𝑚
Solution:
𝐿 6
a) = = 3 > 2, the concrete slab will behave as a one-way slab.
𝑆 2
𝐴𝐼 = 1 6 = 6𝑚2
𝑤𝐷 = 3.6 1 = 3.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚, 𝑤𝐿 = 2.4 1 = 2.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐿
b) = 1 < 2, the concrete slab will behave as a two-way slab.
𝑆
1
𝐴𝐼 = 4 2 = 4 𝑚 2
2
3.6(4) 2.4(4) 𝑝𝑑 𝐴𝐼
𝑤𝐷 = = 3.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚, 𝑤𝐿 = = 2.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 𝑤𝑜 =
4 4 ℓ
 𝐿 6
c) = = 1.5 < 2, the concrete slab will behave as a two-way slab.
𝑆 4
1
𝐴𝐼 = 2 + 6 2 = 8 𝑚 2
2
3.6(8) 2.4(8)
𝑤𝐷 = = 4.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚, 𝑤𝐿 = = 3.2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
6 6

𝐿 = 6 𝑚, 𝑆 = 4 𝑚

𝑝𝑑 𝐴𝐼
𝑤𝑜 =
ℓ
Example 1.1.4:
The office building has interior columns spaced 6.5 m apart
in perpendicular directions. Determine the reduced live
load supported by a typical interior column located on the
first floor under the offices. Assuming the column only
receiving load from one level only. The unit live load is
2.40 𝑘𝑃𝑎.
Solution:
𝐿0 = 2.40 𝑘𝑃𝑎
The influence area is
𝐴𝐼 = 6.5 6.5 = 42.25 𝑚2 > 40 𝑚2
The reduced live load is
1
𝐿 = 2.40 0.25 + 4.57 = 2.29 𝑘𝑃𝑎 > 0.50𝐿0 𝑂𝐾 .
42.25
Exercise 1.1:

1. A column is subjected to the following loads: dead

load = 200 𝑘𝑁, occupancy live load = 90 𝑘𝑁, roof live
load = 40 𝑘𝑁, rain load = 20 𝑘𝑁, and wind load =
30 𝑘𝑁. All loads are compression except for the wind
load, which can be either tension or compression.
a) If LRFD is used, determine the factored load
(required ultimate strength) to be used in the
design of the column. Which NSCP load
combination controls? Use 𝑓1 = 1.0.
b) What is the required nominal design strength of the
column for a resistance factor 𝜙𝑐 of 0.70?
2. From Example 1.2.3, Determine the equivalent
uniform dead and live loads to be carried by the
edge beam.
a) 𝐿 = 5 𝑚, 𝑆 = 2 𝑚
b) 𝐿 = 𝑆 = 5 𝑚
c) 𝐿 = 5 𝑚, 𝑆 = 3 𝑚

3. The library stack room has interior columns spaced

8 𝑚 apart below in perpendicular directions.
Determine the reduced live load supported by a
typical interior column located on the first floor
under the library stack room. Assuming the column
is receiving load from multiple level. The unit live
load is 7.20 𝑘𝑃𝑎.
1.2 Lateral Loads

Lateral loads are loads that are applied parallel to the

ground; that is, they are horizontal forces acting on a
structure. The most common types are:
• Wind load
• Seismic load
• Water and earth pressure.

For other minimum design lateral loads like wind loads,

earthquake loads, etc., refer to NSCP Chapter 2 Sections
207(Wind Loads), 208(Earthquake Loads), 209 (Soil Lateral
Loads), ... And will be discussed thoroughly or more details
in Structural Analysis, Earthquake Engineering, Foundation
Engineering, and other related subjects.
Examples of Lateral Resisting Systems:

Moment-resisting frames Braced frames

Frames with shear-walls

1.2.1 Wind load

Wind load may not be significant concern for small, massive,

low-level buildings, but becomes more importance with
height, the use of lighter materials and the use of shapes that
may affect the flow of air, typically roof forms.

Velocity Pressure Equation

Velocity pressure, 𝑞𝑧 , evaluated at height 𝑧 shall be calculated
by the following equation:
𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2 in 𝑁/𝑚2
where
𝑞𝑧 = velocity pressure calculated at height 𝑧 or 𝑞𝑧𝑡 at mean
roof height ℎ
The numerical coefficient 0.613 shall be used except where
sufficient climatic data are available to justify the selection of a
different value of this coefficient for a design application.
NSCP defines three exposure
categories: B, C and D.
• Exposure B is defined as “urban
and suburban areas, wooded
areas, or other terrain with
numerous closely spaced
obstructions having the size of
single-family dwelling or larger.
• Exposure C is defined as “ open
terrain with scattered
obstructions having heights less
than 9 𝑚. This category includes
flat open country and
grasslands”.
• Exposure D is defined as “flat
unobstructed areas and water
surfaces. This category includes
smooth mud flats, salt flats, and
unbroken ice”.
Exposure B Category

Exposure D Category

Exposure C Category
Notes:
1. The velocity pressure exposure coefficient 𝐾𝑧 can be
obtained using the equation:
2/𝛼
𝑧
2.01 For 4.5 𝑚 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑧𝑔
𝑧𝑔
𝐾𝑧 = 2/𝛼
4.5
2.01 For 𝑧 < 4.5 𝑚
𝑧𝑔
2. The constants 𝛼 and 𝑧𝑔 are tabulated in NSCP Table
207A.9-1.
3. Linear interpolation for intermediate values of
height 𝑧 is acceptable.
4. Exposure categories are defined in NSCP Section
207A.7.

𝐾𝑧𝑡 = topographic factor, see NSCP Section 207A.8

 Occupancy Category:
I. Essential Facilities
II. Hazardous Facilities
III. Special Occupancy Structures
IV. Standard Occupancy
Structures
V. Miscellaneous structures

See NSCP Figures 207A.5-1A to C

for the Basic Wind Speeds, 𝑉 in
𝐾𝑝ℎ.

Figure 207A.5-1A
Basic Wind Speeds for Occupancy
Category I and II Buildings and Other
Structures
 Figure 207A.5-1B Figure 207A.5-1C
Basic Wind Speeds for Occupancy Basic Wind Speeds for Occupancy
Category III Buildings and Other Category IV and V Buildings and Other
Structures Structures
The ASEP first edition of Manual
for Wind Load Calculations 2019
provides a wide variety of
detailed examples based on the
type, occupancy category,
topographic location, geometric
shapes, and more of the
structures.
Example 1.2.1:
Determine the basic wind pressure in each story of the
building with braced system as shown below.
• Uniform story height of 3.0 𝑚
• Basic wind speed of Occupancy Category I (essential
facilities) for Exposure D Category around Bataan may be
taken as 260 𝑘𝑝ℎ
• Wind directionality factor for building 𝐾𝑑 = 0.85
• Velocity pressure exposure coefficient 𝐾𝑧 see Table
207B.3-1
• Topographic factor 𝐾𝑧𝑡 = 1.0
Solution:
The simplified procedure of determining the wind pressure can be
solved using the equation
𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2 in 𝑁/𝑚2

Height
above 𝑞𝑧
Story 𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑
ground (𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 )
(m)
1 3 1.03 1.0 0.85 36.28
2 6 1.08 1.0 0.85 38.04
3 9 1.16 1.0 0.85 40.86
4 12 1.22 1.0 0.85 42.97
5 15 1.27 1.0 0.85 44.73
Design wind pressures for Moment Wind Frame
Resisting System of rigid buildings of all heights shall be
determined by
𝑝 = 𝑞𝐺𝐶𝑝 − 𝑞𝑖 𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖
where
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑧 for windward walls, 𝑞ℎ for leeward walls
evaluated at height 𝑧 and ℎ above the ground
respectively.
𝑞𝑖 = initial pressure evaluation.
𝐺 = gust-effect factor, see NSCP Section 207A.9.
𝐶𝑝 = external pressure coefficient, see NSCP Figures
207B.4-1, 207B.4-2 and 207B.4-3.
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = internal pressure coefficient, see NSCP Table
207A.11-1.
From Example 1.2.1, determine the design external wind
pressure acting over the windward wall.
Use 𝐺 = 0.85 for rigid building
𝐶𝑝 = 0.80 for windward wall
𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖 = ±0.18 (for enclosed building).
Solution:
𝑝 = 𝑞𝐺𝐶𝑝 − 𝑞𝑖 𝐺𝐶𝑝𝑖
𝑞𝑖 = 44.73 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑝 = 𝑞 0.85 0.80 − 44.73(±0.18)
𝑝 = 0.68𝑞 ∓ 8.05

Story 𝒒 (𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 ) 𝒑 (𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 )

1 36.28 16.62 32.72
2 38.04 17.82 33.92
3 40.86 26.53 35.83
4 42.97 21.17 37.27
5 44.73 22.37 38.47
To find the lateral force in each level of the frame
𝐹𝑊 = 𝑝𝐴𝑡
where
𝑝 = design wind pressure.
𝐴𝑡 = ℎ𝑥 𝑏 = level height × tributary width = the tributary or
influence area in each level.
1.2.2 Seismic or Earthquake Loads

Seismic loads can be imposed on a structure during an

earthquake. They are likely to be relatively instantaneous
loads compared to wind loads. Buildings in areas of
seismic activity need to be carefully designed to ensure
they do not fail if an earthquake should occur.

Static Force Procedure

The total design base shear in a given direction shall be
determined from
𝐶𝑣 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊.
𝑅𝑇
The total design base shear need not exceed
2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊.
𝑅
The design base shear shall not be less than
𝑉 = 0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑊.
In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall
also not be less than
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊.
𝑅
Where
𝐶𝑎 = seismic coefficient, as set forth in NSCP Table 208-7
𝐶𝑡 = seismic coefficient given in NSCP Section 208.5.2.2
𝐶𝑣 = seismic coefficient, as set forth in NSCP Table 208-8
𝐼 = importance factor given in NSCP Table 208-1
𝑊 = the total seismic dead load defined in NSCP Section
208.4.2.1
𝑍 = seismic zone factor given in NSCP Table 208-3
𝑅 = numerical coefficient representative of the inherent
over-strength and global ductility capacity of lateral-force-
resisting system, as set forth in NSCP Table 208-11 or 208-12
𝑁𝑎 = near-source factor used in the determination of 𝐶𝑎 in
Seismic Zone 4 related to both the proximity of the building
or structure to known faults with magnitude as set forth in
NSCP Tables 208-4 and 208-5
𝑁𝑣 = near-source factor used in the determination of 𝐶𝑣 in
Seismic Zone 4 related to both the proximity of the building
or structure to known faults with magnitude as set forth in
NSCP Tables 208-4 and 208-6
𝑇 = elastic fundamental period of vibration of the structure
in the direction under consideration, 𝑠
For all building, the value 𝑇 may be approximated from the
equation
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑡 ℎ𝑛 3/4
where
𝐶𝑡 = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting
frames. 𝐶𝑡 = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames.
ℎ𝑖 , ℎ𝑛 , ℎ𝑥 = height above base to level 𝑖, 𝑛 or 𝑥
Distribution of Force
The total force
𝑛

𝑉 = 𝐹𝑡 + ෍ 𝐹𝑖 .
𝑖=1
The concentrated load at the top, which is in addition to
𝐹𝑛 if 𝑇 > 0.7 𝑠𝑒𝑐., shall be determined from the equation
𝐹𝑡 = 0.07𝑇𝑉 ≤ 0.25𝑉.
The remaining portion of the base shear shall be
distributed over the height of the structure can be
determined by the equation
𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡 𝑤𝑥 ℎ𝑥
𝐹𝑥 =
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 ℎ𝑖
where
𝑤𝑖 , 𝑤𝑥 = that portion of 𝑊 located at or assigned to Level
𝑖 or 𝑥, respectively.
Referenced Seismic Map of the Philippines
Distribution of Active Faults in
Region 3
Example 1.2.2:

From Example 1.2.1, determine the lateral force in each

level due to earthquake given the following:
Level Seismic dead load (𝑘𝑁)
1 2900
2 3800
3 3800
4 3800
5 1900
Soil profile type:
B (𝑆𝐵 ) – Rock with 760 𝑚/𝑠 < 𝑣𝑠 < 1500 𝑚/𝑠
𝑣𝑠 is the average shear wave velocity of the soil.
𝑁𝑎 = 1.0, 𝑁𝑣 = 1.0, 𝐶𝑎 = 0.40𝑁𝑎 , 𝐶𝑣 = 0.40𝑁𝑣 , 𝑅 = 8.0
𝐼 = 1.5, 𝑍 = 0.4
Solution:
The period of vibration of the structure is
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑡 ℎ𝑛 3/4 = 0.0731 15 3/4 = 0.557 𝑠
The total seismic dead load is
𝑊 = 12780 𝑘𝑁.
Solve for the total base shear:
𝐶𝑣 𝐼 0.4(1.5)
𝑉= 𝑊= ∙ 12780 = 1720.83 𝑘𝑁.
𝑅𝑇 8(0.557)
Need not to exceed
2.5𝐶𝑎 𝐼 2.5(0.4)(1.5)
𝑉= 𝑊= ∙ 12780 = 2396.25 𝑘𝑁 (OK).
𝑅 8
Shall not be less than
𝑉 = 0.11𝐶𝑎 𝐼𝑊 = 0.11 0.4 1.5 12780 = 843.48 𝑘𝑁 (OK)
and
0.8𝑍𝑁𝑣 𝐼 0.8(0.4)(1.5)
𝑉= 𝑊= ∙ 12780 = 766.8 𝑘𝑁 OK .
𝑅 8
The total force
𝑛

𝑉 = 𝐹𝑡 + ෍ 𝐹𝑖 = 1720.83 𝑘𝑁.
𝑖=1
The concentrated load at the top is 𝐹𝑡 = 0 since 𝑇 < 0.7 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝑉 − 𝐹𝑡 𝑤𝑥 ℎ𝑥
𝐹𝑥 =
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 ℎ𝑖
𝑛 5

෍ 𝑤𝑖 ℎ𝑖 = ෍ 𝑤𝑥 ℎ𝑥 = 139800 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝑖=1 𝑥=1

Story 𝒘𝒙 (𝒌𝑵) 𝒉𝒙 (𝒎) 𝒘𝒙 𝒉𝒙 𝑭𝒙 (𝒌𝑵)

1 2900 3 8700 107.09
2 3800 6 22800 280.65
3 3800 9 34200 420.98
4 3800 12 45600 561.30
5 1900 15 28500 350.81
𝐹𝐸5

𝐹𝐸4

𝐹𝐸3

𝐹𝐸2

𝐹𝐸1
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