CE 433 – REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

LECTURE #3

T – BEAM
Melchor M. Famisan, D. Eng.
Instructor
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students shall have the ability to:
 Determine the effective flange width in accordance with
ACI Code 6.3.2 or NSCP 2015.
 Perform flexural analysis of T-beam.
 Describe the procedure of designing T-beam.
 Design a T-beam beam in accordance with NSCP 2015.
 TOPIC OUTLINE

1. Effective Flange Width

2. Flexural Analysis of T-Beam
3. Design of T-Beam
 T-BEAM
T-beam consists of floor slab and beam which are poured monolithically.
It consists of a flange under compression and a web as shown.

𝑏
  𝑓

flange h
 

𝑑
 
web

𝑏  𝑤
 EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH

𝑏  𝑓 𝑏  𝑓

h
 
𝑠  𝑤 𝑠  𝑤
𝑏  𝑤 𝑏  𝑤 𝑏  𝑤
 T-beam

   ℓ𝑛𝑛   ℓ𝒏

h
𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏 𝑤
2
≤ 8
{
8
8  hh
 𝑠 𝑤
2
𝒃𝒇 ≤
{ 𝒃𝒘 +
𝟒
𝒃 𝒘 +𝟏𝟔 𝒉
𝒃 𝒘+ 𝒔𝒘

Overhanging slab width

𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤
 
2 Column Column

ℓ  𝑛
 𝐿
L-beam

  ℓℓ𝑛𝑛

{
 
8
12
𝑏
  𝑓 𝑏𝑓 −𝑏𝑤 ≤ 8
6  hh
𝑠𝑠𝑤𝑤
h
   
2 2
 𝑑
 𝐴 𝑠

Overhanging slab width

𝑏  𝑤 𝑏  𝑓 −𝑏 𝑤   ℓ𝒏

{
𝒃𝒘 +
𝟏𝟐
𝒃 𝒇 ≤ 𝒃𝒘 +𝟔 𝒉
𝒔𝒘
𝒃 𝒘+
𝟐
Isolated T-beam

 
h
 FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF T – BEAM

STRATEGY
  OF ANALYSIS
Assume first that the tension steel yields and solve the required area of concrete, Ac.
𝐶
  𝑐 =𝑇
0.85
  𝑓 ′𝑐 𝐴 𝑐 =𝑓 𝑦 𝐴 𝑠
  𝑓 𝑦 𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑐 = ′
0.85 𝑓 𝑐
 If Ac < [Af = bfh], the beam will be analyzed as rectangular beam.
 If Ac > [Af = bfh], the beam will be analyzed as T–beam.
h/2
bf

𝑑  −h /2
 𝑏
  𝑓 0.85 f’c єc = 0.003
h
  2 2 𝑎  Cc2
1 c
Cc1
= d – a/2 d – h/2
𝑎  −h d–c

T = As fy єs

Cc1 + Cc2 = T
0.85f’c abw + 0.85f’c h(bf – bw) = Asfy
a = ___
Solve for єs to check the assumption and to determine the value of φ.

 If єs < єy , redo the process using fs = єs Es = (600/c)(d – c)

 єs < єy , continue the process.
Mn = Cc1 (d – a/2) + Cc2 (d – h/2) φM ≥ M
n u
SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
A series of reinforced concrete T-beam spaced at sc = 1.8 m on-
center have a simple span of L = 3.3 m center to center of the
column. The beam support a reinforced concrete slab 0f h = 75
mm. The beam is reinforced with 6 – 28 mm φ tension bars as
shown. Using fc’ = 20.7 Mpa and fy = 415 MPa, determine the
design flexural strength of the beam. d = 425 mm, bw = 250 mm.
Column is 300 mm x 300 mm.
h

sw sw
SOLUTION:
Determine the effective flange width, bf.
bf = bw + 16h = 250 + 16(75) = 1450 mm
bf = bw + sw = 250 + (1800 – 250) = 1800 mm
bf = bw + ln/4 = 250 + (3300 – 300)/4 = 1000 mm  controls
Use bf = 1000 mm
Assume that the TS yields and solve the required area of concrete.
𝐶
  𝑐 =𝑇 : 0.85
  𝑓 ′𝑐 𝐴 𝑐 =𝑓 𝑦 𝐴 𝑠
  = 415[6 π (28)2 /4]
𝐴 𝑐 ¿
  87,139.69 𝑚𝑚2
0.85 ( 20.7 )
 𝐴 𝑓 =𝑏𝑓 h¿  1000 ( 75 )=75,000 𝑚𝑚 2
Since Ac > Af , hence T-beam.
∑Fx = 0: Cc1 + Cc2 = T
0.85f’cabw + 0.85f’ch(bf – bw) = fyAs
0.85(20.7)(250)a + 0.85(20.7)(75)(1000 – 250) = 415[6π(28)2/4]
a = 123.559 mm
Compute the strain of tension steel to check the assumption and to determine the
strength reduction factor.
c = a/β1 = 145.363 mm
ϵs = (0.003/c)(d – c) = (0.003/ 145.363)(425 – 145.363)
= 0.00577 > (ϵy = 0.002075) TS yielded
 hence assumption is correct and the section is tension controlled
φ = 0.9
Compute the design flexural strength.
φMn = φ[Cc1(d – a/2) + Cc2 (d – h/2)]
= 0.9[0.85(20.7)(250)(123.559)(425 – 123.559/2)
+ 0.85(20.7)(1000 – 250)(75)(425 – 75/2)](10-6)

φMn = 522.835 kN · m
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2
Given the ff. data: wD = 30 kN/m (beam weight is included), wL = 50
kN/m, and L = 6 m. Determine whether the T-beam is adequate or not.
Use f’c = 25 MPa and fy = 345 MPa.

bf = 600 mm

25 mm
h = 100 mm
2 – 22 mm

hw = 390 mm
25 mm
10 – 28 mm

20 mm
bw = 315 mm
SOLUTION:
Compute the required flexural strength.
wu = 1.2(30) + 1.6(50) = 116 kN/m
Mu = 116(6)2/8 = 522 kN-m
Assume that CS & TS yield and solve the required area of concrete.
bf = 600 mm
A’s = 2π(22)2/4 = 242π mm2
As = 10π(28)2/4 = 1960π mm2 25 mm
2 2 h = 100 mm
Cc + Cs = T: 0.85f’cAc + fyA’s = fyAs 2 – 22 mm a
1
0.85(25) Ac + 345(242π) = 345(1960π)
2
Ac = 87,626.04 mm hw = 390 mm
25 mm
Af = bfh = 600(100) = 60,000 mm2 10 – 28 mm

Since Ac > Af , hence T-beam.

20 mm

∑Fx = 0: Cc1 + Cc2 + Cs = T bw = 315 mm

+0.85
  𝑓 ′𝑐 h ( 𝑏 𝑓 −𝑏 𝑤 )

a = 187.702 mm c = a/0.85 = 220.826 mm

 bf = 600 mm
0.85 f ’c 0.003
25 mm ϵs’
2 h = 100 mm Cs
2 Cc2
2 – 22 mm a Cc1 c
c – d’
1
d – h/2
d – a/2 d – d’
hw = 390 mm
25 mm d–c
10 – 28 mm
ϵs
Cs
20 mm
bw = 315 mm f - diagram ϵ - diagram

Check the strain of CS and TS.

d = 390 + 100 – 20 – 10 – 28 – 12.5 = 419.5 mm d' = 25 + 10 + 22/2 = 46 mm

ϵs’ = (0.003/c)(c – d’) = (0.003/220.826)(220.826 – 46)

= 0.002375 > (ϵy = 0.001725) , hence CS yielded

ϵs = (0.003/c)(d – c) = (0.003/220.826)(419.5 – 220.826)

= 0.002699 > (ϵy = 0.001725) , hence TS also yielded

Compute the strength reduction factor.
dt = 390 + 100 – 20 – 10 – 28/2 = 446 mm
ϵt = (0.003/c)(dt – c) = (0.003/220.826)(446 – 220.826) = 0.0030591
Since ϵy < ϵt < 0.005 , hence transition
φ = 0.65 + 0.25 (ϵt – ϵy)/(0.005 – ϵy)
= 0.65 + 0.25(0.0030591 – 345/200,000)/(0.005 – 345/200,000) = 0.752
Solve the design strength and compare the result against the required strength
h
 
+𝐶 𝑐2 𝑑(−
2 ) h
 
+0.85
′
(
𝑓 𝑐 h ( 𝑏 𝑓 −𝑏 𝑤 ) 𝑑 −
2 )

φMn = 549.52 kN-m > (Mu = 522 kN-m)

DESIGN OF T – BEAM (Given: Mu, bf , h, bw , d, f’c , & fy)

𝑏 0.85 f’c 0.85 f’c

  𝑓
Cc1 Cc2
 h 2 1 2

= +
d – a/2 d – h/2
𝑎
  −h

T1 = As1 fy T2 = As2 fy

Mn Mn1 Mn2
As As1 As2
 Calculate the required flexural strength (Mu) based on the given load
system.
 Solve for Mn. Assume ductile condition such that φ is 0.90.
Mn = Mu /φ
 Solve the nominal strength of the compression flange, Mnf .
Mnf = Ccf (d – h/2) = 0.85f’c bfh (d – h/2)
• IF Mnf > Mn , false T-beam (it means the beam is a rectangular beam)
• If Mnf < Mn , true T-beam beam.
 Calculate the required area of steel (As2) to compensate the compression of
concrete acting at area 2.
Cc2 = T2
0.85f’c(bf – bw)h = As2fy
As2 = ___
 Solve for Mn2 and Mn1.
Mn2 = Cc2 (d – h/2)
Mn1 = Mn – Mn2
 Solve the required steel ratio (ρ1) as follows:
Mn1 = Rnbwd2
Rn = ___
1/2
req’d ρ1 = [0.85f’c/fy] [1 – (1 – 2Rn/0.85f’c) ]
 Check the calculated value of ρ1.
ρ ≤ρ ≤ ρ
 Compute the required area of steel (As1) to compensate the
compression of concrete acting at area 1.
As1 = ρ1bwd
 Calculate the total area of tension steel.
As = As1 + As2
 Determine the number of bars and check the spacing.
 Check the design strength.
 Compute the total depth.
 Draw the details of beam section.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3
A T – beam has a width (bw) of 300 mm, an effective flange
width (bf) of 750 mm, a flange thickness (h) of 100 mm, and
an effective depth (d) of 380 mm. Determine the necessary
reinforcement if the applied factored moment (Mu) is 405
kN-m. Given f’c = 20.7 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
SOLUTION:
Assume ductile condition such that φ = 0.9.
Mn = Mu/φ = 405/0.9 = 450 kN-m
Mnf = o.85f’cbfh (d – h/2)
= 0.85(20.7)(750)(100)(380 – 100/2)(10-6)
= 435.48 kN-m < Mn , ⸫ true T-beam
Cc2 = T2
0.85f’c(bf – bw)h = As2fy
0.85(20.7)(750 – 300)(100) = 415 As2
As2 = 1907.892 mm2
Mn2 = As2fy(d – h/2)
= 1907.892(415)(380 – 100/2)(10-6)
= 261.30 kN-m
Mn1 = Mn – Mn2 = 450 – 261.30
= 188.7 kN-m
Check the required steel ratio corresponding to compression of concrete acting at Ac1.
2
Mn1 = Rnbwd
188.7(106) = Rn(300)(380)2
Rn = 4.356

 controls

Solving for the required area of steel, As:

𝐴
  𝑠1 =𝜌 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
¿  1399.08+1907.892=3306.972 𝑚𝑚2
3306.972
 
𝑛=
( 28 )2 ¿  5.37 𝑠𝑎𝑦 6 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝜋
4
Try 6-28 mm φ bars: As, provided = 1176π mm2
Check the spacing. bf = 750 mm

Sh = [300 – 2(40) – 2(10) – 3(28]/2

h = 100 mm
= 58 mm > 28 mm (OK)
d = 380 mm
Compute the nominal strength assuming that TS yields.
28 mm 6 – 28 mm
∑Fx = 0: Cc1 + Cc2 = T
0.85f’cabw + 0.85f’c(bf – bw)h = fyAs
bw = 300 mm
0.85(20.7)(300)a + 0.85(20.7)(750 – 300)(100) = 415(1176π )
Tentative Beam Section
a = 140.466 mm c = 120.83/0.85 = 165.254 mm
Check the strain of TS.
ϵs = (0.003/c)(d – c) = (0.003/ 165.254)(380 – 165.254)
= 0.0038985 > [ϵy = 0.002075], hence TS yields
Mn = 0.85f’cabw (d – a/2) + 0.85f’c(bf – bw)h (d – h/2)
= 0.85(20.7)(300)(140.466)(380 – 140.466/2) (10)-6 + 0.85(20.7)(750 – 300)(100)(380 – 100/2) (10)-6

= 490.96 kN-m
Compute the design strength and check the result against the required strength.

𝑑  𝑡 =380+14+14¿  408 𝑚𝑚
0.003 0.003
  𝑡=
∈ ( 𝑑 𝑡 − 𝑐¿)  ( 408 − 165.254 ) =0.00441
𝑐 165.254
  Since transition.
φ = 0.65 + 0.25 (ϵt – ϵy)/(0.005 – ϵy) = 0.65 + 0.25 (0.00441 – 0.002075)/(0.005 – 0.002075)
= 0.8496

φMn = 0.8496(490.96) = 417.12 kN-m > [Mu = 405 kN-m], ⸫ OK

Total depth = 380 + 14 + 28 + 10 + 40
750 mm
= 472 say 475 mm

100 mm

475 mm
28 mm 6 – 28 mm

40 mm
300 mm
FINAL BEAM SECTION
SAMPLE PROBLEM #4
Given the following data of a T-beam:
effective width, bf = 900 mm
flange thickness, h = 110 mm
width of web, bw = 310 mm
effective depth, d = 460 mm
compressive strength of concrete, fc’ = 20.7 MPa
yield strength of steel, fy = 414 MPa
If the beam is reinforced for tension only, determine the following:
a. The required area of steel (As) and the design flexural strength at
balanced condition.
b. The required area of steel (As) and the design flexural strength at
ductile condition.
c. The required area of steel (As) if wD = 40 kN/m, wL = 60 kN/m,
and Lspan = 6m.
SOLUTION:
(a) At balanced condition: bf = 900 mm
0.003 0.85f’c
fy/Es = (0.003/cb)(d – cb) Cc2
2 2 h = 110 mm Cc1
1 cb ab
414/200(103) = (0.003/cb)(460 – cb)
d = 460 mm d – h/2
cb = 272.20 mm
d – ab/2
d – cb
ab = 0.85cb = 231.36 mm

∑Fx = 0 Cc1 + Cc2 = T ϵs = ϵy = fy/Es T = fyAs

bw = 310 mm
0.85f’cabbw + 0.85f’c(bf – bw)h = fyAs
0.85(20.7)(231.36)(310) + 0.85(20.7)(900 – 310)(110) = 414 As

req’d As = 5806.42 mm2

Solve for the design flexural strength.

Mn = Mn1 + Mn2 = 0.85f’cabbw(d – ab/2) + 0.85f’ch(bf – bw)(d – h/2)
-6
= 0.85(20.7)(231.36)(310)(460 – 231.36/2)(10 -6) + 0.85(20.7)(900 – 310)(110)(460 – 110/2)(10 )
= 896.99 kN-m

At balanced condition: ϵs = ϵy and φ = 0.65 φMn = 0.65(896.99) = 583.04 kN-m

(b) At ductile condition: bf = 900 mm
0.003 0.85f’c
Cc2
0.003/c = 0.005/(d – c) 2 2 h = 110 mm
1 Cc1
c a
c = (3/8)d
d = 460 mm d – h/2
= (3/8)(460) = 172.5 mm d – a/2
d–c
a = 0.85c = 146.625 mm
ϵs = 0.005 T = fyAs
∑Fx = 0 Cc1 + Cc2 = T
bw = 310 mm

0.85f’cabw + 0.85f’c(bf – bw)h = fyAs

0.85(20.7)(146.625)(310) + 0.85(20.7)(900 – 310)(110) = 414 As
req’d As = 4690.03 mm2

Solve for the design flexural strength.

Mn = Mn1 + Mn2 = 0.85f’cabw(d – a/2) + 0.85f’ch(bf – bw)(d – h/2)
-6
= 0.85(20.7)(146.63 )(310)(460 – 146.63/2)(10 -6) + 0.85(20.7)(110)(900 – 310)(460 – 110/2)(10 )
= 771.74 kN-m

At ductile condition: ϵs = 0.005 and φ = 0.9

φMn = 0.9(771.74) = 694.57 kN-m

(c) wu = 1.2wd + 1.6wl = 1.2(40) + 1.6(60) = 144 kN/m  
Mu = 144(6)2/8 = 648 kN-m
Assuming ductile condition: Mn = Mu/φ = 648/0.9 = 720 kN-m
Mnf = Ccf (d – h/2) = 0.85f’cbfh(d – h/2)
¿  0.85 ( 20.7 ) ( 900 ) ( 110 )( 460− 110/2 ) ×10− 6=714 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚¿  𝑀 𝑛 ,∴ 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑇 −𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

bf = 900 mm
0.85f’c 0.85f’c

2 2 h = 110 mm h Cc2
1 a Cc1

d = 460 mm
d – h/2
d – a/2

T1 = fyAs1 T2 = fyAs2
bw = 310 mm
Mn1 Mn2
Mn
∑Fx = 0: Cc2 = T2 Mn2 = T2(d – h/2)

0.85f’c(bf – bw)h = fyAs2 = 414(2758.26)(460 – 110/2)(10-6) = 462.48 kN-m

0.85(20.7)(900 – 310)(110) = 414 As2 Mn1 = Mn – Mn2
As2 = 2758.26 mm2 = 720 – 462.48 = 257.52 kN-m
Mn1 = Rnbwd2
257.52(106) = Rn(310)(460)2
Rn = 3.926

= 0.0108743

Check the steel ratio.

1.4/fy = 0.003382  controls ρmin = 0.003382
1/2
0.25(f’c) /fy = 0.00275

= 0.016032
ρmin < ρ1 < ρmax (OK)

As1 = ρ1bwd = 0.0108743(310)(460) = 1560.67 mm2

Req’d As = As1 + As2 = 1560.67 + 2758.26 Req’d As = 4318.93 mm2

 REFERENCES
 Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, National
Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP C101,Vol. I Buildings, Towers
and Other Vertical Structures), 7th ed., 2016
 Darwin, D., Dolan, C. & Nilson, A. (2016). Design of Concrete
Structures, 15th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education
 Hassoun, N. & Al-Manaseer, A. (2015). Structural Concrete: Theory and
Design, 6th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons
 McCormac, J. & Brown, R. (2014). Design of Reinforced Concrete, 9th ed.
USA: John Wiley & Sons
 Nawy, E. (2010). Prestressed Concrete, 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice hall
 Wight, J. & MacGregor, J. (2012). Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics &
Design, 6th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education