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MMW Module 4 - Statistics - Data Management

1. The document discusses statistics and frequency distributions. It provides steps for creating a frequency distribution table and grouped frequency distribution table from raw data. 2. A frequency distribution table summarizes a set of numerical data by arranging it in ascending order, counting the frequency of each value, and presenting the values and frequencies in a two-column table. 3. A grouped frequency distribution table groups the raw data into class intervals of equal width, counts the frequency in each group, and finds other measures like relative frequency and cumulative frequency. This summarizes large data sets in a concise manner.

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2K views4 pages

MMW Module 4 - Statistics - Data Management

1. The document discusses statistics and frequency distributions. It provides steps for creating a frequency distribution table and grouped frequency distribution table from raw data. 2. A frequency distribution table summarizes a set of numerical data by arranging it in ascending order, counting the frequency of each value, and presenting the values and frequencies in a two-column table. 3. A grouped frequency distribution table groups the raw data into class intervals of equal width, counts the frequency in each group, and finds other measures like relative frequency and cumulative frequency. This summarizes large data sets in a concise manner.

Uploaded by

Erille Julianne (Rielianne)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

MODULE 4

I. TOPIC: STATISTICS (FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION, RELATIVE FREQUENCY)

II. OBJECTIVE(S):

1. Make a frequency table for a set of data


2. Create a frequency distribution for a data set
3. Understand the relative frequency distribution table

III. INTRODUCTION:

Statistics (in the singular sense) is a scientific discipline that deals with the methods and theories
in the manipulation of numerical data. It leads to the analysis and interpretation of the data set so
one can make a sound decision and thorough inferences.

Statistics (in the plural sense) are numerical data. Some examples are revenues, allowed kilograms
for check in luggage, stipend, tuition fee, ID number, military ranks, etc.

IV. DISCUSSION:

DATA MANAGEMENT
Data Management deals with the collection, organization and presentation of the numerical data
or (statistics) in a presentable and usable manner.

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION (UNGROUP)


A frequency distribution is a statistical table that summarizes a set of numerical data in a
comprehensive manner.

Steps in Creating a Frequency Distribution:


1. Create an array from the numerical data, that is, arrange the scores in an ascending (or
descending) order.
2. Count the number of times each score/variable appeared.
3. Employ a two-column table, first column contains the scores/variables, second column has
number of times each it appeared.
4. Label the first column by using the variable’s name.
5. Label the second column frequency. Frequency is the number of times each score appears.

Example:
The following are the responses of fifteen students when interviewed on the number of times they
open their chatroom in a day. Create a frequency distribution table.

Students A B C D E F G H I
# of Times 22 23 13 11 25 11 23 17 22

Following the steps, below is the Frequency Distribution Table:


# of Times FREQUENCY
11 2
13 1
17 1
22 2
23 2
25 1
RELATIVE FREQUENCY
A relative frequency (rf) is the percentage of items per category.
!
𝑟𝑓 = " × 100%
where
• 𝑓 is the frequency per category,
• 𝑁 is the total number of frequency

# of Times FREQUENCY RELATIVE FREQUENCY


RF IN %
11 2 22.22
13 1 11.11
17 1 11.11
22 2 22.22
23 2 22.22
25 1 11.11
N=9 99.99% - 100%

STEPS ON HOW TO CREATE A GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE


1. Determine the range. Range (𝑅) is the difference between the maximum and the minimum
scores.
2. Decide on the desired number of class intervals (x). It is arbitrarily chosen between 5 to 20.
Evade class intervals with no entries as well as numerous class intervals with a handful of entries
per category. Notice that the desired number of class intervals may or may not be attainable. There
is no hard rule.
3. Solve for the class width (𝑖). Class width is the quotient between the range and the desired
number of class intervals. Round off the class with to an integer if the given data set are integers.
On the other hand, if the given data set has a decimal number, round off 𝑖 to one decimal number.
If it contains 2 decimal numbers, round off 𝑖 to two decimal places, and so on.
4. Create the first lower limit. The first lower limit may be less than or equal to the minimum
score. It can also be a number divisible by the size width (𝑖). The choice is on the researcher.
5. To get the next lower limit, add the class width to the prior lower limit. Continue the process
until the maximum score will belong to the last class interval.
6. To get the first upper limit, subtract one unit from the second lower limit. Similarly, continue
the process until the last upper limit. Or, 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ − 1, if the
scores are integers. 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 + 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ − 0.1, if scores have 1 decimal
place. And so on..
7. When a data set has extremely small or large scores, it is advised to do open-ended class
intervals. This avoids class intervals with no entries.
8. Find the class boundaries (𝑐𝑏) or also called the true limits. If the scores are integers, subtract
0.5 unit from the lower limits and add 0.5 units from the upper limits. If scores have one decimal
place, subtract 0.05 from the lower limit and add 0.05 to the upper limit. And so on. The
boundaries are also half-way between the upper limit of one class and the lower limit of the next
class.
9. Tally the scores falling within a class interval. The total tally in each group is called the
frequency (𝒇).
10. Find the class mark (𝑿𝒎) or the midpoint of each class interval. It is the average of the
limits in a class interval.
𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕,𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕
𝑿𝒎 = 𝟐
11. Find the relative frequency if needed. These are the percentages of cases in each group.
12. Determine the less than cumulative frequency (𝒄. 𝒇. )𝒊𝒇 𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒅. The first c.f. is the same
as the first frequency. To get the second, add the next f to the preceding c.f. and so on until
the last c.f. is the total number of scores.
Example:
Listed below are the weights in kilograms of 60 male and female students of the 1st year Computer
Science students. Construct a frequency table with eight (8) class intervals.

46 57 59 64 56 50 70 62 68 79 63 54
60 51 58 37 68 35 50 74 39 75 67 69
40 52 65 45 59 70 73 84 54 42 44 63
40 63 64 45 70 41 56 49 64 76 80 78
58 54 65 62 55 55 52 81 83 84 85 53

Following the steps


1. 𝑅 = max − min = 85 − 35 = 50

2. Desired number of class interval (dci): 𝑑𝑐𝑖 = 8 (Note that dci is arbitrarily chosen.)
0 45
3. Class size (or class width): 𝑖 = 123 = 6 = 6.25, 𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 7. Since the data set are
whole numbers, the class size should be a whole number as well.

GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE:


𝒙 𝒇 𝒄. 𝒃. 𝑿𝒎 𝒓𝒇 (%) < 𝒄. 𝒇.
𝟑𝟓 − 𝟒𝟏 6 34.5 − 41.5 38 10 6
𝟒𝟐 − 𝟒𝟖 5 41.5 − 48.5 45 8.33 11
𝟒𝟗 − 𝟓𝟓 12 48.5 − 55.5 52 20 23
𝟓𝟔 − 𝟔𝟐 10 55.5 − 62.5 59 16.67 33
𝟔𝟑 − 𝟔𝟗 12 62.5 − 69.5 66 20 45
𝟕𝟎 − 𝟕𝟔 7 69.5 − 76.5 73 11.67 52
𝟕𝟕 − 𝟖𝟑 5 76.5 − 83.5 80 8.33 57
𝟖𝟒 − 𝟗𝟎 3 83.5 − 90.5 87 5 60
𝒊=𝟕 𝑁 = 60 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
= 100%

SUMMARY MEASURES:

V. SUMMARY
Statistics (in the singular sense) is a scientific discipline that deals with the methods and theories
in the manipulation of numerical data. It leads to the analysis and interpretation of the data set so
one can make a sound decision and thorough inferences.

Statistics (in the plural sense) are numerical data. Some examples are revenues, allowed kilograms
for check in luggage, stipend, tuition fee, ID number, military ranks, etc.
Data Management deals with the collection, organization and presentation of the numerical data
or (statistics) in a presentable and usable manner.

A frequency distribution is a statistical table that summarizes a set of numerical data in a


comprehensive manner.

VI. ENRICHMENT VIDEOS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XG1_A8rpcWk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6ftiC2o6O4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNbqL-ysliI

VII. REFERENCE

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED536788.pdf
https://www3.nd.edu/~dgalvin1/10120/10120_S16/Topic14_8p1_Galvin.pdf
Mathematics In The Modern World – Adamson University Textbook

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