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Dipole Antenna

The document describes the operation of a half-wave dipole antenna. It has a length equal to half the wavelength of the signal it operates on. Electrons inside the antenna oscillate back and forth as the signal voltage alternates between positive and negative peaks, radiating an electromagnetic field. The radiation pattern of a half-wave dipole is omni-directional in the horizontal plane and bidirectional in the vertical plane. It has reasonable directivity and impedance that matches transmission lines well, making it suitable for applications like radio and TV receivers.

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Anupam Dey
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103 views

Dipole Antenna

The document describes the operation of a half-wave dipole antenna. It has a length equal to half the wavelength of the signal it operates on. Electrons inside the antenna oscillate back and forth as the signal voltage alternates between positive and negative peaks, radiating an electromagnetic field. The radiation pattern of a half-wave dipole is omni-directional in the horizontal plane and bidirectional in the vertical plane. It has reasonable directivity and impedance that matches transmission lines well, making it suitable for applications like radio and TV receivers.

Uploaded by

Anupam Dey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

AIM : To write a program to plot the radiation pattern of Dipole Antenna.

THEORY : The dipole antenna is cut and bent for effective radiation. The length of the total
wire, which is being used as a dipole, equals half of the wavelength (i.e., l = λ/2). Such an
antenna is called as half-wave dipole antenna. This is the most widely used antenna
because of its advantages. It is also known as Hertz antenna.

Frequency range
The range of frequency in which half-wave dipole operates is around 3KHz to 300GHz. This
is mostly used in radio receivers.

Construction & Working of Half-wave Dipole


It is a normal dipole antenna, where the frequency of its operation is half of its wavelength.
Hence, it is called as half-wave dipole antenna.

The edge of the dipole has maximum voltage. This voltage is alternating (AC) in nature. At
the positive peak of the voltage, the electrons tend to move in one direction and at the
negative peak, the electrons move in the other direction. This can be explained by the
figures given below.

Working Half-Wave Dipole


The figures given above show the working of a half-wave dipole.
Fig 1 shows the dipole when the charges induced are in positive half cycle. Now the
electrons tend to move towards the charge.

Fig 2 shows the dipole with negative charges induced. The electrons here tend to move
away from the dipole.

Fig 3 shows the dipole with next positive half cycle. Hence, the electrons again move
towards the charge.

The cumulative effect of this produces a varying field effect which gets radiated in the same
pattern produced on it. Hence, the output would be an effective radiation following the
cycles of the output voltage pattern. Thus, a half-wave dipole radiates effectively.

Radiates Effectively
The above figure shows the current distribution in half wave dipole. The directivity of half
wave dipole is 2.15dBi, which is reasonably good. Where, ‘i’ represents the isotropic
radiation.

Radiation Pattern
The radiation pattern of this half-wave dipole is Omni-directional in the H-plane. It is
desirable for many applications such as mobile communications, radio receivers etc.

Omni-Directional
The above figure indicates the radiation pattern of a half wave dipole in both H-plane and
V-plane.

The radius of the dipole does not affect its input impedance in this half wave dipole,
because the length of this dipole is half wave and it is the first resonant length. An antenna
works effectively at its resonant frequency, which occurs at its resonant length.

Advantages
The following are the advantages of half-wave dipole antenna −

Input impedance is not sensitive.

Matches well with transmission line impedance.

Has reasonable length.


Length of the antenna matches with size and directivity.

Disadvantages
The following are the disadvantages of half-wave dipole antenna −

Not much effective due to single element.

It can work better only with a combination.

Applications
The following are the applications of half-wave dipole antenna −

Used in radio receivers.

Used in television receivers.

When employed with others, used for wide variety of applications

MATLAB PROGRAM :
%This program print pattern (AF) for Short and any Dipole %Antenna by giving the length
of your Dipole and the %wavelength you work with
clc;
lamda=input('enter the value of wave length= ');
l=input('enter your dipole length l in terms of lamda(for ex: 0.5 for 0.5lamda)= ');
ratio=l/lamda;
B=(2*pi/lamda);
theta= pi/100:pi/100:2*pi;
if ratio<= 0.1 %check if Short Dipole
E=sin(theta);
En=abs(E);
polar(theta,En) %This plot polar pattern in plane which dipole appear as line
else %check if not short dipole
f1=cos(B*l/2.*cos(theta));
f2=cos(B*l/2);
f3=sin(theta);
E=(f1-f2)./f3;
En=abs(E);
polar(theta,En) %This plot polar pattern in plane which dipole appear as line
end
OUTPUT :
enter the value of wave length= 1
enter your dipole length l in terms of lamda(for ex: 0.5 for 0.5lamda)= 0.5
CONCLUSIONS :

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