Dipole

Antenna

Half Wave-Dipole Antenna Report

Reported by:

Ahmed Fikry – 2019/16713

Moaz Tarek – 2019/16682

Supervised:

Dr. Lamiaa Elkhashan

Eng. Mariam Alhussiny

‫جامعة مصر الدولية‬

Misr International University
 Dipole
Antenna

Table of Contents
Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 2
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Design Equations ..................................................................................................................................... 2
Results and Discussion............................................................................................................................. 2
1)S11 curve: ........................................................................................................................................ 2
2)Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR): .............................................................................................. 2
3) 3D radiation pattern: ....................................................................................................................... 2
5)Current distribution: ......................................................................................................................... 2
4) 2D radiation pattern (E-plane & H-plane):........................................................................................ 2
6)Gain: ................................................................................................................................................ 2
7)Directivity: ........................................................................................................................................ 2
9)Half Wave dipole antenna model with design parameters ................................................................ 2
8)Efficiency: ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................... 2

‫جامعة مصر الدولية‬

Misr International University
 Dipole
Antenna

Design and Simulation of a Half A pair of equal and oppositely charged poles are
separated by a distance that is equal to length /4. In a
Wave-dipole Antenna Using CST practical wise, there are many stages before creating
Microwave Studio such as define at which frequency should this antenna
Abstract operates then observe its behavior versus many
Antennas are devices that radiate electromagnetic waves prospective specs such as: S11 curve – VSWR curve
which leads to transmitting and receiving signals. There – 3D radiation pattern – Gain – Directivity – 2D
are many types of Antennas such as Half Wave-dipole Radiation pattern (E-plane and H-Plane) – Current
which considers as a wired antenna. The report will
Distribution (E-field and H-field) – Efficiency. Each
demonstrate the properties, specs and importance of
of these factors indicates the behavior of the antenna.
dipole according to graphs and equations illustrated from
For illustrating, S11 curve demonstrates at which
CST. The aim of the project is to design and implement a
frequency the antenna operates, 3D radiation pattern
dipole antenna that operates at the frequency of 3.34 GHz
shows the distribution of the EM field around the
and see its factors and patterns such as S11 & VSWR
curves, 2D & 3D radiation patterns, Current distribution, antenna, Gain & Directivity indicates toward the

Gain and directivity direction where the maximum power is directed and
how far this power can reach. Accordingly, the
Introduction
calculations come first by hand analysis to define the
“Not all radiators are antennas but all antennas are lamda  which leads to define the length of the dipole
radiators”. From this point of view, it is obvious that and the radius of the wire besides choosing a proper
any antenna radiates Electromagnetic waves which material that enhance the half wave dipole antenna to
travel through different media. Therefore, it uses as a operates correctly, in this case –Copper annealed– was
Transmitting and receiving device. There are many the choice. CST Microwave Studio is the software tool
types of antenna such as (Wire – Aperture – Microstrip to design and simulate to ensure all factors lead to
– Reflector – Lens). This project mainly is focusing on make the antenna is operating and working, properly.
wire type specifically Half Wave Dipole. It is created
by bending the end of a two-wire transmission line
into a right angle (flared by 90º).

‫جامعة مصر الدولية‬

Misr International University
 Dipole
Antenna

Design Equations Results and Discussion

1)S11 curve:
demonstrates that the antenna is resonating at 3.34
GHz where the return loss value has been found as

-15.176 dB

2)Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR):

is the proportion of voltage standing waves that are
transmitted and reflected in an RF electrical
transmission system such as the half wave dipole
Parameter Value Unit
antenna.
Resonant Frequency (fr) 3.34 GHz
Accordingly, if the load is matched with Zo then the
Wavelength () 89.8 mm
VSWR value should be between 1 and 2. Therefore,
Impedance (Zo) 50 Ω
Length of the dipole (L) 42 mm the VSWR = 1.4 as shown in the next figure:

Radius of the dipole (R) 0.0898 mm

Gab feeding of the dipole 0.2245 mm
(Gap)
During the implementation process, the antenna
maybe operates at different frequency due to the
material or any other factor. Therefore, changing the
length of the dipole was the answer due to it is related 3) 3D radiation pattern:
to the Wave length. (  α 1/f ). Thus the final length shows the shape of radiation around the antenna to
identify at which solid angles will be nulls and so on:
is 42mm instead of 44.9mm

‫جامعة مصر الدولية‬

Misr International University
 Dipole
Antenna

5)Current distribution:

Power pattern

E-field

H-field

4) 2D radiation pattern (E-plane & H-plane):

due to that E-plane and H-plane are perpendicular. So,
the elevation and Azimuth of E-plane will be enough
to determine that the pattern is Omni-directional.
E-plane: 6)Gain:
G = Total efficiency * Directivity = eo * D

Azimuth
Azimuth

Elevation Elevation

7)Directivity:
D = 1.67

‫جامعة مصر الدولية‬

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 Dipole
Antenna

Elevation

Azimuth 9)Half Wave dipole antenna model with

design parameters

Conclusion
8)Efficiency:
The CST simulation software has been used to
Total Efficiency eo = ecd * er where ecd is the
losses = Rr / Rr + RL develop and simulate a half-wave dipole antenna. An
er is the reflection factor = 1 - |Г|2 efficient half-wave dipole antenna with a wide range
of applications was chosen to achieve the desired
ecd
frequency of 3.34GHz. Return loss was measured at -
15.176 dB, demonstrating the reflection coefficient's
characteristics.

e0: total eff.

‫جامعة مصر الدولية‬

Misr International University