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Thermal Properties of Matter

The document covers the thermal properties of matter, focusing on temperature as a measure of kinetic energy in particles, with the SI unit being Kelvin. It explains different temperature scales (Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit), their reference points, and conversion formulas between these scales. Additionally, it discusses absolute zero as the lowest possible temperature and provides solved examples for temperature conversions.

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10 views11 pages

Thermal Properties of Matter

The document covers the thermal properties of matter, focusing on temperature as a measure of kinetic energy in particles, with the SI unit being Kelvin. It explains different temperature scales (Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit), their reference points, and conversion formulas between these scales. Additionally, it discusses absolute zero as the lowest possible temperature and provides solved examples for temperature conversions.

Uploaded by

sfismathclub
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTERS (8, 9 & 10)

PHYSICS A COURSE FOR O’ LEVEL BY


CHARLES CHEW

Thermal
Properties of
Matter
Temperature
► Temperature is the level of heat in a gas, liquid, or solid. Temperature is a measure of
the kinetic energy of particles making up matter. The SI unit for temperature is the Kelvin
(K).

► Temperature is a property of matter that results from molecule motion (kinetic energy)
and/or atomic vibration.

► Temperature is the size-independent quantity – particles of two objects made from the
same matter but having different sizes will have the same average kinetic energy at a
given temperature.

► Temperature is commonly measured with a thermometer—a device designed to relate


the expansion of liquids (e.g., the rising of mercury in a tube) to changes in temperature.
Temperature Scales
► Because temperature is a relative measurement, scales based on
reference points must be used to accurately measure temperature.

► Three scales are commonly used for measuring temperature. The


Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are the most common.

► The Kelvin scale is primarily used in scientific experiments.

► The Celsius scale is used primarily in scientific investigation worldwide


and in weather reporting for daily atmospheric temperatures.
Temperature Scales
► Celsius - The scale is based on two important properties of one of the
most common compounds on earth – water; the freezing and boiling
point of water, designated 0° C and100° C respectively. This scale
divides this range of temperature into 100 equal parts. Temperatures on
the Celsius scale are known as degree Celsius (ºC).

► Kelvin - The Kelvin scale is based on the lowest possible temperature,


the so-called absolute zero. It extends the Celsius scale down to
absolute zero, a theoretical (imagined) temperature characterized by a
complete absence of heat energy. Temperatures on this scale are
called Kelvins (K).
Temperature Scales
► Fahrenheit - While many countries now use the Celsius scale, the
Fahrenheit scale is widely used in the United States and some
Caribbean countries. It divides the difference between the melting and
boiling points of water into 180 equal intervals. Temperatures on the
Fahrenheit scale are known as degree Fahrenheit (ºF).
Comparison
►
Absolute Zero Temperature
► Absolute is the lowest temperature at which the system is in a state of
lowest possible energy.

► Absolute temperature is temperature measured using the Kelvin scale.


The zero point is the temperature at which particles of matter have their
minimum motion and can become no colder.

► It corresponds to −273 °C on the Celsius temperature scale and 0 on the


Kelvin scale.
Absolute zero

►
Conversion of Temperature
► The temperature conversion formula from Celsius to Kelvin is:

K = ºC + 273

► The Temperature Conversion Formula from Celsius to Fahrenheit is:


F = ºC(1.8)+ 32.

► The Temperature Conversion Formula from Kelvin to Fahrenheit is:


F = (K – 273)1.8+ 32
Solved Example:
► Question1: What is 30°C in Kelvin?

► Solution:
The temperature conversion formula from Celsius to Kelvin is, K = °C + 273
K = 30 + 273 K = 303

► Question 2: Convert 50°C to °F.


► Solution:

Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion formula is given by:


°F = °C(9⁄5) + 32
= 50 (9/5) + 32
= 90 + 32 = 122
Therefore, 50°C = 122°F
Solved Example:
► Question 3: Convert 113°F to Kelvin.
► Solution:
Fahrenheit to Kelvin conversion formula is given by:
K = (F − 32) × 5⁄9 + 273
= (113 – 32) × (5/9) + 273
= 81 × (5/9) + 273
= 45 + 273
= 318.15
Therefore, 113°F = 318 K

► Question 4: Convert 225 K to Celsius.


► Solution:
Kelvin to Celsius conversion formula is given by:
C = K – 273
= 225 – 273
= -48
Therefore, 225 K = -48 °C

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