CHAPTER

14

Thermometry, Thermal
Expansion and Kinetic
Theory of Gases
The branch of science which deals with the measurement of temperature of a
substance is known as thermometry.
Almost all substances (solids, liquids and gases) expand on heating and contract on
Inside
cooling. Few exceptions are: water from 0°C to 4°C and silver iodide from 80°C 1 Temperature
to 140°C contract on heating and expand on cooling. The expansion of a Scales of temperature
substance on heating is called thermal expansion of that substance. Thermometers
Further, in this chapter, we will study the kinetic theory of gases, which relates the 2 Thermal expansion
macroscopic properties (pressure, temperature, etc.) of gases to the microscopic Types of thermal expansion
properties (velocity, speed, etc.) of gas molecules. Variation of density with
temperature
3 Kinetic theory of ideal gases
TEMPERATURE Pressure of an ideal gas
(Concept of pressure)
The degree of hotness or coldness of a body is known as the temperature of the Ideal gas equation
body. An object at higher temperature is said to be hotter than the one at lower Molecular velocities
temperature. Mean free path (λ)
4 Ideal gas laws
Scales of temperature Boyle’s law
Charles’ law
The measurement of temperature is done by some specified scales. In any scale of Gay Lussac’s law or pressure law
temperature, two fixed points are considered: one is ice point (Lower Fixed Dalton’s law of partial pressure
Point-LFP) and other is steam point (Upper Fixed Point-UFP). Generally, these Graham’s law of diffusion
points are freezing point and boiling point of water at 1 atm. Behaviour of real gases
van der Waals’ equation
Some of the commonly used temperature scales are discussed below
5 Degree of freedom
(i) The Celsius scale (°C) This scale was designed by Anders Celsius. It
Maxwell’s law of equipartition
defines the ice point temperature as 0°C and the steam point temperature as of energy
100°C. The space between 0°C and 100°C is divided into 100 equal Critical temperature, pressure
intervals and each interval is known as 1°C. and volume
100 ° C
0° C ←→ 100°C (100 equal parts)
644 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

(ii) The Fahrenheit scale (°F) This scale was designed Example 14.3 On a new scale of temperature (which is
by Fahrenheit. It defines the ice point temperature linear) and called the W scale, the freezing and boiling
as 32°F and the steam point as 212°F. The space points of water are 39°W and 239°W, respectively. What will
between 32°F and 212°F is divided into 180 equal be the temperature on the new scale, corresponding to a
intervals and each interval represents 1°F. temperature of 39°C on the Celsius scale?
Sol. In general, whenever we have to go from any known scale
180 ° F
32° F ←→ 212° F (180 equal parts) to any unknown scale, then we follow the equation
(iii) The Kelvin scale (K) This scale was designed by (Temperature on one scale) − (LFP for known scale)
Kelvin. It defines the ice point temperature as (UFP − LFP)known
273.15 K and the steam point temperature as (Temperature on other scale) − (LFP for unknown scale)
373.15 K. The space between 273.15 K and =
(UFP − LFP)unknown
373.15 K is divided into 100 equal intervals and
39 − 0 t − 39
each interval represents 1 K. Kelvin is the SI unit of ⇒ = ⇒ t = 117° W
temperature. 100 − 0 239 − 39
100 K
273.15 K ←→ 373.15 K (100 equal parts) Example 14.4 An arbitrary scale has the ice point at −20°
and the steam point at 180°. When the thermometer reads
Conversion of temperature from one 5°, then find the reading of centigrade thermometer.
scale to another Sol. In order to convert the temperature from one scale to
In order to convert the temperature from one scale to another,
another, the following relation should be kept in mind, i.e. C −0 t − (−20)
=
Temperature on one scale − LFP (ice point) 100 − 0 180 − (−20)
UFP (steam point) − LFP (ice point) Here, t = 5°
C 5 + 20
Temperature on other scale − LFP (ice point) ⇒ =
= 100 200
UFP (steam point) − LFP (ice point)
∴ Reading of centigrade thermometer,
In simple terms, the temperature measured by different C = 12.5°C
scales is given as
Example 14.5 A faulty scale has its fixed points marked as
C − 0 F − 32 K − 273
= = 5° and 95°. The temperature of a body as measured by the
100 180 100 faulty scale is 59°. Find the correct temperature of the body
Temperature difference measured by different scales is on Celsius scale.
given as Sol. Let θ 0 be the lower fixed point of the faulty scale and n be
∆C = ∆K = (5/9) ∆F the number of divisions between its lower and the upper
Example 14.1 Express the temperature of 60°F in degree fixed points. If a temperature C on Celsius scale corresponds
celsius and in kelvin. to temperature θ on the faulty scale, then
C − 0 F − 32 C −0 θ − θ0
Sol. Temperature in degree celsius, = = …(i)
100 180 100 n
5 5 Here, θ 0 = 5° , n = 95 − 5 = 90 and θ = 59°
C = (F − 32) = (60° − 32°) = 15.55° C Therefore, the Eq. (i) becomes
9 9
Temperature in kelvin, K = C + 273.15 C − 0 59 − 5
=
= 15.55° C + 273.15 100 90
= 288.7 K 54
or C = × 100 = 60° C
90
Example 14.2 The temperature of an iron piece is raised from
30°C to 90°C. What is the change in its temperature on the
Fahrenheit scale and on the Kelvin scale? Thermometers
Sol. Given, ∆C = 90° − 30° = 60°C The thermometers work on the thermometric property,
i.e. the property which changes with temperature like any
Temperature difference on Fahrenheit scale, physical quantity such as length, volume, pressure, resistance,
9 9
∆F = ∆C = (60°C) = 108°F etc. which varies linearly with a certain range of
5 5 temperature. Let X denotes the thermometric physical
Temperature difference on Kelvin scale, ∆K = ∆C = 60 K
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 645

quantity and X 0 , X100 and Xt be its values at 0°C, 100°C and intensity of radiations received from the body.
t°C respectively. Then, They are based on the fact that the amount of
radiation emitted from a body per unit area per
 X − X0  second is directly proportional to the fourth power
Temperature, t =  t  × 100° C
 X100 − X 0  of temperature, i.e. Stefan’s law. These can be used
to measure temperature ranging from 800°C to
6000°C.
Different types of thermometers
Some different types of thermometers are given below Example 14.6 The pressures of the gas filled in the bulb of a
constant volume gas thermometer are 66 cm and 88 cm of
(i) Mercury thermometer In this thermometer, the
mercury column at 0°C and 100°C, respectively. When its
length of a mercury column from some fixed point is bulb is immersed in a liquid placed in a vessel, its pressure is
taken as thermometric property. If length of mercury 82.5 cm of mercury column. Calculate the temperature of
column at 0° and 100° are l 0 and l100 respectively the liquid.
and at t°, the length of mercury is lt . Then, Sol. Given, pressure at 0°C, p 0 = 66 cm of Hg (mercury) column
 l − l0  Pressure at 100°C, p100 = 88 cm of Hg column
t= t  × 100 ° C
 l100 − l 0  Pressure at unknown temperature t, pt = 82.5 cm of Hg column
(ii) Constant volume gas thermometer It works on According to formula, the unknown temperature is
the principle of change in pressure with temperature  p − p0 
t= t  × 100° C
when the volume is kept constant. If p 0 , p 100 and  p100 − p 0 
p t are the pressures of gas at temperatures 0°C,  82.5 − 66
100°C and unknown temperature (t°C) respectively =  × 100° C
 88 − 66 
keeping the volume constant, then 16.5
 p − p0  = × 100° C = 75° C
t= t × 100  ° C 22
 p 100 − p 0  Example 14.7 The following observations were recorded on a
V − V0 platinum resistance thermometer. Resistance at melting point
Note For constant pressure gas thermometers, t = t × 100° C
V100 − V0 of ice = 3.70 Ω, resistance at boiling point of water at
normal pressure = 4.71 Ω and resistance at t ° C = 529. Ω.
(iii) Platinum resistance thermometer It works on the Calculate
principle of variation of resistance of metals with (i) temperature coefficient of resistance of platinum.
temperature. (ii) value of temperature t.
If R 0 , R 100 and R t are the resistances of a platinum Sol. Given, resistance at melting point of ice, R 0 = 3.70 Ω
wire at temperature 0°C, 100°C and unknown
temperature (t° C), respectively. Resistance at boiling point of water at normal pressure,
R100 = 4.71 Ω
 R − R0  R  Resistance at t ° C, Rt = 5.29 Ω
Then, t =  t × 100  ° C =  t × 273.16 K
 R 100 − R 0   R tr  (i) According to the formula, temperature coefficient of
resistance is given by
where, R tr = resistance of wire at 273.16 K.
R − R 0 4.71 − 3.70 1.01
Here, temperature coefficient of resistance (α ) is α = 100 = = = 2.73 × 10−3/° C
R 0 × 100 3.70 × 100 370
given by
(ii) According to the formula, for temperature t, we have
R 100 − R 0 R − R0
α= t = 100° C × t
R 0 × 100 R100 − R 0
5.29 − 3.70 1.59
(iv) Pyrometers Pyrometers are the devices used to = 100° C × = 100° C × = 157.4° C
measure the temperature by measuring the 4.71 − 3.70 1.01
 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

CHECK POINT 14.1

1. A device used to measure temperature is (a) 40 (b) 313
(a) hygrometer (b) thermometer (c) 574.25 (d) 301.25
(c) barometer (d) calorimeter 6. A faulty thermometer has its fixed points marked 5° and
2. A difference of temperature of 25°C is equivalent to a 95°. lf the temperature of a body as shown on the Celsius
difference of scale is 40°C, then its temperature shown on this faulty
(a) 45°F (b) 72°F (c) 32°F (d) 25°F thermometer is
(a) 39° (b) 40°
3. At what temperature, does the temperature in Celsius and (c) 41° (d) 44.4°
Fahrenheit equalise?
(a) − 40° (b) 40° 7. The readings of a bath on Celsius and Fahrenheit
(c) 36.6° (d) 38° thermometers are in the ratio 2 : 5. The temperature of the
bath is
4. The freezing point on a thermometer is marked as − 20° and (a) − 26.66°C (b) 40°C
the boiling point as130°. A temperature of human body (c) 45.71°C (d) 26.66°C
(34°C) on this thermometer will be read as
(a) 31° (b) 51° 8. The reading of air thermometer at 0°C and100°C are
(c) 20° (d) None of these 50 cm and 75 cm of mercury column, respectively.
The temperature at which its reading is 80 cm of mercury
5. The temperature of a body on Kelvin scale is found to be x column is
Kelvin. When it is measured by Fahrenheit thermometer, it (a) 105°C (b) 110°C
is found to be x°Fahrenheit, then the value of x is (c) 115°C (d) 120°C

∆l
THERMAL EXPANSION Then, increase in length, ∆l = l 0 α∆T ⇒ α =
l 0 ∆T
When matter is heated without any change in its state, it Therefore, final length, l = l 0 + ∆l
usually expands. This phenomenon of expansion of matter
on heating is called thermal expansion. l = l 0 [1 + α ∆T ]
On heating the matter, the energy of atoms increases and
hence, the average distance between them also increases Here, the constant α is called the coefficient of linear
which results in thermal expansion. Thermal expansion is expansion of the material of the rod and its unit is K –1 or
minimum in solids and maximum in gases because (° C ) –1. Its dimensions are [M 0 L 0 T 0 θ −1].
intermolecular forces are maximum in solids and minimum Note Test tubes, beakers and cubicles are made up of pyrex-glass or
in gases. silica because they have very low value of coefficient of linear
expansion.

Types of thermal expansion Example 14.8 A steel ruler exactly 20 cm long is graduated
Solids can expand in one dimension (linear expansion), two to give correct measurements at 20° C.
dimensions (superficial expansion) and three dimensions (i) Will it give readings that are too long or too short at lower
(volume expansion) while liquids and gases usually expand temperatures?
only in three dimensions. (ii) What will be the actual length of the ruler be when it is used
in the desert at a temperature of 40° C ?
Thermal expansion in solids (Take, α steel = 1.2 × 10−5 ° C –1)
There are three types of thermal expansion Sol. (i) If the temperature decreases, the length of the ruler
also decreases due to thermal contraction. Below 20°C,
1. Linear expansion each centimetre division is actually somewhat shorter
Suppose the temperature of a thin uniform rod of length l than 1.0 cm, so the steel ruler gives readings that are
is changed from T to T + ∆T , then its length becomes too long.
l + ∆l . (ii) Given, change in temperature,
∆l
∆T = T2 − T1 = 40° − 20° = 20° C
Linear expansion Length, l = 20 cm
At 40°C, the increase in length of the ruler,
Fig. 14.1 Thermal expansion in rod ∆l = lα∆T = (20) (1.2 × 10−5 ) (20)
= 0.48 × 10−2 cm
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 647

∴ The actual length of the ruler, Example 14.10 A metal ball having a diameter of 0.4 m is
l ′ = l + ∆l = 20 + 0.48 × 10−2 heated from 273K to 360 K. If the coefficient of areal
expansion of the material of the ball is 0.000034 K −1, then
= 20.0048 cm determine the increase in surface area of the ball.
0.4
Example 14.9 The length of a steel rod is 5 cm longer than Sol. Given, diameter = 0.4 m and radius, r = = 0.2 m
2
that of a brass rod. If this difference in their lengths is to
remain same at all temperatures, then find the length of brass ∴ Area of ball, A 0 = 4πr 2 = 4 × π × (0.2)2 = 0.5024 m2
rod. (Coefficients of linear expansion for steel and brass are Change in temperature, ∆T = T2 − T1 = 360 K − 273 K = 87 K
12 × 10 −6 /°C and 18 × 10 −6 /°C, respectively.)
Coefficient of areal expansion, β = 0.000034 K −1
Sol. Given, ∆l s − ∆l b = ∆l
Increase in surface area, ∆A = βA 0∆T
Let l s = l cm ⇒ l b = (l − 5) cm ⇒ ∆A = 0.000034 × 0.5024 × 87 = 0.001486
(Q Steel rod is 5 cm longer than that of a brass rod) = 1.486 × 10−3 m2
α s = 12 × 10−6 /°C and α b = 18 × 10−6 /° C
3. Volume expansion
As, ∆l s = l s αt1
Suppose the temperature of a metal block of volume V0 is
∆l s
∴ αs = increased from T to T + ∆T , then its volume becomes
l s × t1 V + ∆V .
∆l Volume expansion ∆V
⇒ 12 × 10−6 = …(i)
l ×t
Similarly , ∆l b = l b αt 2
∆l b
⇒ αb =
lb × t2
∆l
⇒ 18 × 10−6 = …(ii)
(l − 5) × t
Fig. 14.3 Thermal expansion in solid cube
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq . (ii), we get
12 × 10−6 ∆l /l × t Now, increase in volume, ∆V = V0 γ∆T
=
18 × 10 −6
∆l /(l − 5) × t Therefore, new volume,V = V0 + ∆V = V0 [1 + γ∆T ]
2 l−5 Here, γ is called the coefficient of volume expansion
⇒ = and its unit is K –1 or (°C) −1.
3 l
⇒ 2l = 3l − 15 ⇒ l =15 cm
So, l s = 15 cm and l b = l − 5 = 15 − 5 = 10 cm
Relation between α, β and γ
For solids, α, β and γ are related as
2. Superficial (areal) expansion
α : β : γ = 1: 2 : 3
Suppose the temperature of a metal sheet of an initial
surface area A0 is changed from T to T + ∆T , then its area i.e. γ = 3 α, β = 2 α, 2 γ = 3 β
becomes A + ∆A. or Percentage change in area = 2 × Percentage change in length
Superficial expansion
Percentage change in volume = 3 × Percentage
change in length
Example 14.11 On heating a glass block of 10000 cm 3 from
25° C to 40° C, its volume increases by 4 cm 3 . Determine the
coefficient of linear expansion of glass.
∆A Sol. Given, volume,V = 10000 cm 3
Fig. 14.2 Thermal expansion in thin sheet
Increase in temperature, ∆T = (40° − 25° ) = 15° C, ∆V = 4 cm 3
Now, increase in area, ∆A = A0 β∆T ∆V 4
∴ Coefficient of cubical expansion, γ = =
Therefore, final area, A = A0 + ∆A V ⋅ ∆T 10000 × 15
A = A0 [1 + β∆T ] = 26.67 × 10−6 ° C−1
∴ Coefficient of linear expansion,
where, β is the coefficient of superficial (areal) γ 26.67 × 10−6
α= = = 8.89 × 10−6 ° C−1
expansion and its unit is (°C) −1 or K −1. 3 3
648 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

Example 14.12 The volume of mercury in the bulb of a Hence, if temperature increases, then time period
thermometer is 10 −6 m 3 . The area of cross-section of the increases and vice-versa. On increasing the
capillary tube is 2 × 10 −7 m 2 . If the temperature is raised by temperature, pendulum clock runs slowly and
100° C, then find the increase in the length of the mercury vice-versa.
column. (Take, γ Hg = 18 × 10 −5 / ° C )
(iii) If a metal rod fixed at both the ends with rigid
Sol. From volume expansion relation, ∆V = V × γ ∆T …(i)
support is heated, then due to thermal expansion, it
−5
where, γ = 18 × 10 /°C, exerts force on rigid supports.
initial volume,V = 10−6m3 l, α
and increase in temperature, ∆T = 100°C
Putting these values in Eq. (i), we get
∆V = 10−6 × 18 × 10−5 × 102 = 18 × 10−9 m3 Fig. 14.5 A rod with a rigid support

Now, ∆V = A × ∆l ⇒ 18 × 10−9 = 2 × 10−7 × ∆l F /A F l F l

−2
Now,Y = = × = ×
or 9 × 10 = ∆l or ∆l = 9 cm ∆l / l A ∆ l A l α∆T
where, ∆T is rise in temperature, α is coefficient of
Some effects of thermal expansion linear expansion,Y is Young’s modulus of material of
in solids rod, l is length of rod and A is area of cross-section
Some effects of thermal expansion in solids are given below of rod.
(i) If a bimetallic strip (strip made up of two strips of Force on rigid supports,
different materials placed one over another and rigidly F = YAα∆T
joined) is heated, then it bends such that the strip of
material having high value of α will be on convex side. Example 14.13 A clock which keeps correct time at 20°C is
subjected to 40°C. If coefficient of linear expansion of the
Cu pendulum is 12 × 10−6 / ° C. Determine the gain or loss in time
Cu
period.
Sol. Given, coefficient of linear expansion, α = 12 × 10−6/ ° C
Fe θ2 > θ1 Fe
Change in temperature, ∆θ = θ 2 − θ1 = 40° − 20° = 20 °C
(θ1) ( θ 2)
Initial time period, T = 24 × 60 × 60 = 24 × 3600 = 86400 s
Fig. 14.4 A bimetallic strip is heated from θ 1 to θ 2 Now, change in time period,
1 1
Since α Cu > α Fe , increase in length of copper strip ∆T = T α ∆θ = × 86400 × 12 × 10−6 × 20
2 2
will be greater, hence strip of copper will be on
= 12 × 10 × 86400 = 10368 × 10−3
−5
convex side.
= 10.4 s−1
(ii) If the temperature of a pendulum increases, then
its length increases, hence its time period changes. Example 14.14 A second’s pendulum clock has a steel wire.
Time period of pendulum, The clock is calibrated at 20°C. How much time does the
∆T ∆l l α∆θ clock loss or gain in one week when the temperature is
T = 2π l / g ⇒ = = increased to 30°C? (Take, α steel = 1.2 × 10 −5 ° C −1 )
T 2l 2l
Sol. The time period of second’s pendulum is 2 s. As the
Here, ∆θ is change in temperature and α is coefficient temperature increases, length and hence, time period
of linear expansion of material of pendulum. increases. Clock becomes slow and it loses the time. The
1 change in time period,
Change in time period, ∆T = α ∆θT
2 1  1
∆T = Tα∆θ =   (2) (1.2 × 10−5 )(30 − 20)
2  2
Time lost by the clock in a day (T = 86400 s),
1 1 = 1.2 × 10−4 s
∆t = × α∆θ × T = × α∆θ ×86400 = 43200 α∆θ s ∴ New time period,
2 2
T ′ = T + ∆T = (2 + 1.2 × 10−4 ) = 2.00012 s
Change in time (shown by pendulum clock),
∴ Time lost in one week,
∆T
∆t = t  ∆T  (1.2 × 10−4 )
T ∆t =  t = (7 × 24 × 3600) = 36.28 s
 T′  (2.00012)
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 649

Example 14.15 An aluminium cylinder 10 cm long, with a 4°C, water contracts and beyond 4°C, it expands. Thus,
cross-sectional area of 20 cm 2 , is to be used as a spacer density of water reaches a maximum value of 1000 kgm−3
between two steel walls. At 17.2°C, it just slips in between at 4°C.
the walls. When it warms to 22.3°C, calculate the stress in
the cylinder and the total force it exerts on each wall.
Assuming that, the walls are perfectly rigid and a constant
distance apart. (For aluminium, α = 2.4 × 10 −5 K −1)

Density
Volume
Sol. As we know, for aluminium,Y = 7.0 × 1010 Pa
and α = 2.4 × 10−5 K −1 4°C 4°C
Change in temperature, ∆T = T2 − T1 = (22.3 − 17.2)° C Temperature Temperature
= 5.1° C = 5.1 K (a) (b)
Area, A = 20 cm2 = 20 × 10−4 m2 Fig. 14.6 (a) Thermal expansion of water
(b) Variation of density of water with temperature

A= 20 cm2 Example 14.16 A non-conducting body floats in a liquid at

25° C with one-third of its volume immersed in the liquid.
When liquid temperature is increased to 105°C, half of
10 cm
body’s volume is immersed in the liquid. Then, find the
F
∴ Stress = = Yα∆T = (0.70 × 1011Pa)(2.4 × 10−5 K −1)(5.1 K) coefficient of real expansion of the liquid (neglecting the
A expansion of container of the liquid).
= 1.68 × 5.1 × 106 = 8.6 × 106 Pa V2 − V1
Sol. Coefficient of real expansion, γ r = …(i)
The total force F is the product of cross-sectional area and the V1(T2 − T1)
stress.
1 1
F = Stress × Area = (8.6 × 106 Pa ) (20 × 10−4 m2 ) = 1.7 × 104N Here, V2 = , V1 =
2 3
Thermal expansion of liquids and (T2 − T1) = (105 − 25) = 80° C

Liquids do not have linear and superficial expansion but Putting these values in Eq. (i), we get
they only have volumetric expansion.  1 1
 − 
 2 3 1
Since, liquids are always heated in a vessel, so initially on γr = = = 62.5 × 10−4 ° C−1
heating the system (liquid + vessel), the level of liquid in 1/3 (80) 160
vessel falls (as vessel expands more since it absorbs heat
and liquid expands less) but later on, it starts rising due to Example 14.17 The coefficient of apparent expansion of a
liquid when determined using two different vessels A and B
faster expansion of the liquid.
are γ 1 and γ 2 , respectively. If the coefficient of linear
Thus, liquids have two coefficients of volume expansion expansion of vessel A is α. Find the coefficient of linear
(i) Coefficient of real expansion (γ r ), which is due to expansion of the vessel B.
the actual increase in volume of liquid due to heating. Sol. From thermal expansion in liquid, γ real = γ app + γ vessel
Real increase in volume Given, γ vessel = 3 α
γr =
Original volume × Change in temperature For vessel A, γ real = γ1 + 3α A
(ii) Coefficient of apparent expansion (γ a ), which is For vessel B, γ real = γ 2 + 3αB
due to apparent increase in the volume of liquid, if Hence, γ1 + 3α A = γ 2 + 3αB
expansion of vessel containing the liquid is also taken γ − γ2
⇒ αB = 1 + αA
into account. 3
Observed (or apparent) increase in volume
γa = Example 14.18 A glass vessel of volumeV0 is completely filled
Original volume × Change in temperature with a liquid and its temperature is raised by ∆T. What volume
of the liquid will overflow ? Coefficient of linear expansion of
Now, γr = γ a + γ g glass = α g and coefficient of volume expansion of the liquid = γ l .
Here, γ g = expansion of vessel. Sol. Volume of the liquid that will overflow
= Increase in the volume of the liquid
Anomalous behaviour of water
− Increase in the volume of the vessel
Generally, with increasing temperature, the coefficient of = [V0 (1 + γ l ∆T ) − V0] − [V0 (1 + γ g ∆T ) − V0]
volume expansion of liquids is about ten times greater than
that of solids. Water is an exception to this rule. From 0°C to = V0∆T (γ l − γ g ) = V0∆T (γ l − 3α g ) (Q γ g ≈ 3α g )
650 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

Example 14.19 Assume that one early morning when the Example 14.20 A vertical column whose density is 50 g cm −3
temperature is 10°C, a driver of an automobile gets his at 50°C balances another column of same liquid whose density
gasoline tank which is made of steel, filled with 75 L of is 60 g cm −3 at 100°C. Find the coefficient of absolute
gasoline, which is also at 10°C. During the day, the expansion of the liquid.
temperature rises to 30°C, how much gasoline will overflow?
Sol. Given, density of vertical column, ρ = 50 g cm−3
(Take, α for steel = 1.2 × 10 −5 ° C −1 and γ for gasoline
Temperature, T1 = 50 °C
= 9.5 × 10 −4 ° C −1)
Density of another column, ρ′ = 60 g cm−3
Sol. Change in volume of gasoline, ∆Vg = γ gV∆T
Temperature, T2 = 100° C
= 9.5 × 10−4 × V × 20 = 190 × 10−4V
Now, variation of density with temperature is given by
Change in volume of steel tanks, ∆Vs = γ sV∆T ρ′ = ρ(1 − γ∆T )
= 3α sV∆T = 3 × 1.2 × 10−5 × V × 20 = 7.2 × 10−4 V ⇒ 60 = 50 [1 − γ (100 − 50)]
∴ Volume of gasoline that will overflow ⇒
60
= [1 − γ (50)] ⇒ 50 γ = 1 −
6
= ∆Vg − ∆ Vs = (190 × 10−4 − 7.2 × 10−4 )V 50 5
1 1
= 182.8 × 10−4 × 75 = 1.37 L ⇒ γ=− =−
5 × 50 250
Thermal expansion of gases ⇒ γ = − 0.004 /° C
On heating, gases expand more than solids or liquids and Example 14.21 A sphere of diameter 7 cm and mass 266.5 g
equal volumes of different gases expand equally, when floats in a bath of liquid. As the temperature is raised, the
heated by the same amount. sphere just sinks at a temperature of 35°C. If the density of
All gases have coefficient of volume expansion γ V with the liquid at 0° C is 1.527 g/cm 3 , find the coefficient of
volume variation given by cubical expansion of the liquid.
Sol. The sphere will sink in the liquid at 35°C when its density
V = V0 (1 + γ V ∆T ) becomes equal to the density of liquid at 35° C
and pressure variation given by p = p 0 (1 + γ p ∆T ) The density of sphere,
Mass 266.5
ρ35 = =
Volume 4  22  7 3
Variation of density with ×  × 
3  7   2
temperature = 1.483 g/cm 3
Most of the substances expand when they are heated, i.e. Now, ρ0 = ρ35 [1 + γ∆T ]
volume of a given mass of a substance increases on 1.527 = 1.483 [1 + γ × 35]
 1 1.029 = 1 + γ × 35
heating, so the density should decrease  as ρ ∝  .
 V 1.029 − 1
⇒ γ=
Let us see how the density (ρ) varies with increase in 35
temperature. = 0.00083 / ° C
m 1
ρ= or ρ ∝ (For a given mass) Example 14.22 The coefficient of volume expansion of
V V glycerine is 49 × 10 −5 ° C −1. What is the fractional change
ρ′ V V V 1 in its density for a 30°C rise in temperature?
∴ = = = =
ρ V ′ V + ∆V V + γV∆T 1 + γ∆T Sol. Given, coefficient of volume expansion,
ρ γ = 49 × 10−5 ° C−1
∴ ρ′ =
1 + γ∆T Temperature, T = 30° C
This expression can also be written as Let ρ0 is density at 0°C and ρt is density at t°C.
∴ Fractional change in density,
ρ′ = ρ (1 + γ∆T ) –1
ρ0 − ρt
= γ ∆T
As γ is small, (1 + γ∆T ) −1 ≈ 1 − γ∆T ρ0
∴ ρ′ ≈ ρ (1 − γ∆T ) = 49 × 10−5 × 30 = 0.0147
CHECK POINT 14.2
1. A bar of iron is 10 cm at 20°C. At 19°C, it will be in temperature. There is no bending of the rods. If
(α Fe = 11 × 10−6 / °C) α 1 : α 2 = 2 : 3, the thermal stresses developed in the two
rods are equal provided Y1 : Y2 is equal to
(a)11 × 10−6 cm longer (b)11 × 10−6 cm shorter
(c)11 × 10−5 cm shorter (d)11 × 10−5 cm longer
2. ABCD is a thin iron sheet. A hole with radius r is made in it
at the middle. If we heat up the sheet, the radius of the hole
(a) will increase
(b) will decrease
(c) will remain constant
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 4 : 9
(d) can increase or decrease depending upon size
10. A steel rod of diameter 1 cm is clamped firmly at each end
3. A steel tape gives correct measurement at 20°C. A piece of when its temperature at 25°C, so that it cannot contract on
wood is being measured with the steel tape at 0°C. The cooling.The tension in the rod at 0°C is approximately
reading is 25 cm on the tape, the real length of the given
(α = 10−5 / ° C , Y = 2 × 1011 Nm−2)
piece of wood must be
(a) 25 cm (b) < 25 cm (a) 4000 N (b) 7000 N (c) 7400 N (d) 4700 N
(c) > 25 cm (d) Cannot say 11. A solid ball of metal has a spherical cavity inside it. If the
4. Two rods of lengths l1 and l2 are made of materials whose ball is heated, the volume of the cavity will
(a) increase (b) decrease
coefficients of linear expansions are α 1 and α 2 , respectively.
(c) remain unchanged (d) Data insufficient
If the difference between two lengths is independent of
temperature, then 12. The coefficient of linear expansion of crystal in one direction
l α l α α2 α2 is α 1 and that in other two directions perpendicular to it is
(a) 1 = 1 (b) 1 = 2 (c) l 22 α1 = l12 α (d) 1 = 2 α 2. The coefficient of cubical expansion is
l2 α 2 l 2 α1 l1 l2
(a) α1 + α 2 (b) 2α1 + α 2
5. The radius of a ring is R and its coefficient of linear (c) α1 + 2α 2 (d) None of these
expansion is α. If the temperature of ring increases by θ,
then its circumference will increase by 13. Ratio among linear expansion coefficient (α), area
(a) π Rα θ (b) 2π Rα θ expansion coefficient (β) and volume expansion coefficient
θ θ (γ) is
(c) π Rα (d) πRα
2 4 (a) 1:2:3 (b) 3:2:1 (c) 4:3:2 (d) All of these
6. A metre rod of silver at 0°C is heated to 100°C. Its length is 14. On heating a liquid having coefficient of volume expansion
increased by 0.19 cm. Coefficient of volume expansion of α in a container having coefficient of linear expansion α / 2,
the silver rod is the level of the liquid in the container would
(a) 5.7 × 10−5/°C (b) 0.63 × 10−5/°C (a) rise
(c)1.9 × 10−5/°C (d)16.1× 10−5/°C (b) fall
(c) remains almost stationary
7. A uniform metal rod is used as a bar pendulum. If the room
(d) Cannot be predicted
temperature rises by 10°C and the coefficient of linear
expansion of the metal of the rod is 15. A beaker is completely filled with water at 4°C. It will
2 × 10−6/°C, the period of the pendulum will have percentage overflow, if
increase of (a) heated above 4°C
−3 −3
(a) − 2 × 10 (b) − 1 × 10 (b) cooled below 4°C
(c) 2 × 10−3 (d) 1 × 10−3 (c) Both heated and cooled above and below 4°C, respectively
(d) None of the above
8. If two rods of lengths L and 2L having coefficients of linear
16. A glass flask of volume 200 cm 3 is just filled with mercury
expansion α and 2α respectively are connected end-to-end,
at 20°C. The amount of mercury that will overflow when
the average coefficient of linear expansion of the composite
the temperature of the system is raised to 100°C is
rod is equal to
(γ glass = 1.2 × 10 −5 ° /C andγmercury = 1.8 × 10 −4 / ° C)
3 5
(a) α (b) α
2 2 (a) 2.15 cm3 (b) 2.69 cm3 (c) 2.52 cm3 (d) 2.25 cm3
5
(c) α (d) None of these 17. Coefficient of volume expansion of mercury is
3 0.18 × 10−3/ °C. If the density of mercury at 0°C is 13.6 g/cc,
9. Two rods of different materials having coefficients of then its density at 200°C is
thermal expansions α 1 , α 2 and Young’s moduli Y1 , Y2 (a) 13.11 g/cc (b) 52.11 g/cc
respectively are fixed between two rigid massive walls. The (c) 16.11 g/cc (d) 26.11 g/cc
rods are heated such that they undergo the same increase
652 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

KINETIC THEORY OF IDEAL GASES

Kinetic theory of gases explains the behaviour of gases Due to the continuous movement, the gas molecules
based on the idea that the gas consists of rapidly moving collide with the walls of the container, thus applying
atoms of molecules. It correlates the macroscopic pressure on the walls.
properties of gases such as pressure, temperature, etc., to Z
the microscopic properties of gas molecules such as speed,
momentum, kinetic energy of molecules, etc.
v
Postulates of kinetic theory X
O
The kinetic theory of an ideal gas is based on the
following postulates l
Y
(i) A gas consists of large number of tiny particles, Fig. 14.7 A cubical box with sides of length l containing an
either atoms or molecules moving around randomly. ideal gas. The molecule shown moves with velocity v.
(ii) The volume of the particles themselves is negligible
as compared to the total volume of the gas. Most of The pressure exerted by gas molecules on the wall of
the volume of a gas is empty space. container is given by
(iii) The gas particles act independently of one another; 1 mN 2 1 2
there are no attractive or repulsive forces between p= v = ρv
3 V 3
particles.
Here, m is mass of one gas molecule, N is total number of
(iv) Collisions of the gas particles, either with other
gas molecules,V is volume of gas, v is root mean square
particles or with the walls of the container,
velocity of gas molecules and ρ is density of gas.
are elastic, i.e. the total kinetic energy of the
gas particles is constant at constant temperature. The above expression can be written as
Particles have no energy in the form of potential 1 N  21 N
p = m   v 2 =  mv 2 
energy because particles do not have mutual 3  V  
3 2 V
attraction or repulsion except gravitational attraction 1
which is very feeble considering their masses. Here, mv 2 is the kinetic energy of one gas molecule.
2
(v) The average kinetic energy of the gas particles is
proportional to the temperature of the sample 2N 2  N mv 2 
∴ p= (KE) or p =  
(in kelvin). 3V 32 V 
(vi) The pressure exerted by a gas is the result of collisions
of the particles with the walls of the container. 2  1 2
or p=  ρv 
(vii) At any particular time, different particles in a gas 3 2 
have different speeds and hence, different kinetic 1 2
energy. Here, ρv is average kinetic energy of gas molecules
2
However, average kinetic energy of the molecules
per unit volume.
remains constant at a particular temperature.
2
∴ p = × average kinetic energy per unit volume
Pressure of an ideal gas 3
(Concept of pressure) ∴ p= E
2
On the basis of kinetic theory of gases, we can do 3
mathematical calculations to find the expression for If E mol be the energy of one mole of gas, then
pressure exerted by a gas.
2 E mol
Consider an ideal gas consisting of N molecules each of p=
mass m in a container of volume V having edges of 3 V
length l. where,V is volume of one mole gas which is equal
to 22.4 L.
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 653

2 Pressure, p1 = 1.5 × 105 Pa, p 2 = 105 Pa

Now, pV = E mol = RT
3 Temperature, T1 = 400 K, T2 = 300 K
−1 −1
where, gas constant, R = 8.314 J mol K . 1 = n1RT1
From ideal gas equation, pV
pV
3 ⇒ n1 = 1
⇒ E mol = RT RT1
2
p 2V
⇒ E mol ∝T Similarly, p 2V = n 2RT2 ⇒ n 2 =
RT2
Example 14.23 If the mass of each molecule of a gas is ∴ Number of moles leaked,
halved and speed is doubled. Find the ratio of initial and
p p V
final pressure. ∆n = n1 − n 2 =  1 − 2 
Sol. Given, m1 = m , v1 = v,V1 = V , m 2 = m /2, v 2 = 2 v, V2 = V1 = V  T1 T2  R

∴ Pressure exerted by first gas molecule,  1.5 1  105 × 10−3

= −  ×
1 m1 2  400 300 8.3
p1 = v1
3 V1 = 5.02 × 10−3
and pressure exerted by second gas molecule, Mass of gas leaked = ∆n M 0 = 5.02 × 10−3 × 32 = 0.16 g
1 m2 2
p2 = v2
3 V2 Example 14.25 Find the coefficient of volume expansion for
an ideal gas at constant pressure and at temperature T.
p1 m1 V2 v12
∴ = × × Sol. For an ideal gas, pV = nRT
p 2 m 2 V1 v 22
As p is constant, we have
Putting all the values in above equation, we get
2 p ⋅ dV = nRdT
p1 m V v 1 1
= × ×   =2× = ∴
dV nR
=
p 2 m /2 V  2v  4 2 dT p
According to volume expansion, dV = VγdT
Ideal gas equation or γ= ⋅
1 dV nR
= =
nR
=
1
Pressure of an ideal gas is given by V dT pV nRT T
1 mN 2 2N 1 2 1
p= v or pV =  mv  ...(i) ∴ γ=
3 V 3 2  T
For ideal gas, kinetic energy of gas molecules is
proportional to temperature of the gas. Molecular velocities
1 In gaseous state, molecules tend to move in different
∴ mv 2 ∝ T or v 2 ∝ T ⇒ v 2 = kBT directions with different speeds.
2
where, kB is a constant. Based upon the calculations, there are three types of
molecular velocities
2 1  R
From Eq. (i), pV = N  mkBT  = RT = N T
3 2  N 1. Average velocity (v or v av )
We can write the above equation as It is the arithmetic mean of velocities of the different
R molecules of a gas.
pV = NkBT where, kB = v + v 2 + v 3 + … + vn
N Mathematically, v = 1
n
where, kB is called Boltzmann’s constant. where, v 1, v 2, v 3, …, v n are the velocities of the individual
molecules and n = n 1 + n 2 + n 3K is the total number of
Example 14.24 Oxygen is filled in a closed metal jar of
molecules.
volume 10 −3 m 3 at a pressure of 1.5 × 10 5 Pa and temperature
400 K. The jar has a small leak in it. The atmospheric pressure This is related to temperature T of the gas as
is 10 5 Pa and the atmospheric temperature is 300 K. Find the
8RT 8p 8kBT
mass of the gas that leaks out by the time, the pressure and the v = = =
temperature inside the jar equalise with the surrounding. πM πρ πM
Sol. Given, volume,V = 10−3 m3
where, M is molar mass in kg/mol and ρ is density.
654 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

Example 14.26 Find the average speed of nitrogen Example 14.29 Determine the rms velocity of oxygen
molecules at 27° C. molecules at STP. The molecular weight of oxygen is 32.
Sol. Mass of 1 mole of nitrogen gas, M = 14 g = 14 × 10−3 kg Sol. At STP, pressure, p = 1 atm = 1.013 × 105 Nm −2
8RT Mass, M = 32 g = 32 × 10−3 kg
Average speed, v =
πM Molar volume,V = 22.4 L
where, T = temperature of the gas (in kelvin) = 22.4 × 10−3 m 3
= 273 + 27° = 300 K Root-mean-square-velocity of oxygen molecules at STP,
R = gas constant = 8 .314 J mol −1 K −1 3p 3pV
v rms = =
8 × 8 .314 × 300 ρ M
∴ v = = 673 . 72 ms−1
3 .14 × 14 × 10−3 3 × 1.013 × 105 × 22.4 × 10−3
=
32 × 10−3
2. Root-mean-square velocity (u or v rms )
. ms −1
v rms = 46123
It is the square root of the mean of the squares of the
velocities of the molecules of gas. Example 14.30 The molecules of a given mass of a gas have
v 12 + v 22 + v 32 +… + v n2 root-mean-square-speed of 100 ms −1 at 27°C and 1.00 atm
Mathematically, v rms = pressure. What will be the root-mean-square-speed of the
n molecules of the gas at 127°C and 2.0 atm pressure?
From kinetic gas equation, Sol. Given, at 27°C, root-mean-square-speed,
(v rms )1 = 100 ms−1
3RT 3 pV 3p 3p 3p1 3pV
v rms = = = = (v rms )1 = = 11
…(i)
M M M /V ρ ρ1 M
where, p = pressure (RT /V ) and ρ = density (M /V ). According to ideal gas equation,
pV
11 pV
= 2 2
T1 T2
Example 14.27 In a container, two gases neon and argon are
V1 p 2T1 2 × 300 3
filled. Find the ratio of the root-mean-square speed of the ⇒ = = =
molecules of the two gases. Given, M Ne = 20.2 µ and V2 p1T2 400 2
M Ar = 39.9 µ. The temperature of the system is 30°C. ∴ At 127°C, root mean square speed,
Sol. From kinetic gas equation, 3p 2 3p 2V2
(v rms )2 = = …(ii)
3RT ρ2 M
v rms =
M From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 V p
∴ 2
v rms ∝ (v rms )22 = (v rms )12 × 2 × 2
M V1 p1
(v rms )Ne (M )Ar 39.9 2
∴ = = ~1.41 = (100)2 × ×2
(v rms )Ar (M ) Ne 20.2 3
200
or (v rms )2 = ms −1
Example 14.28 What is rms velocity of O 2 gas at 127° C? 3
The molecular weight of oxygen is 32.

Sol. As, v rms =

3RT
…(i)
3. Most probable velocity (v mp or ump )
M It is the velocity possessed by the largest number of
−1 −1 molecules of gas (Maxwell speed distribution law).
Given, R = 8.3143 J mol K ,
T = 127° C = (273 + 127) K = 400 K From kinetic gas equation,
M = 32 g mol−1 = 32 × 10−3 kg mol−1 2RT 2pV 2p
v mp = = =
Putting these values in Eq. (i), we get M M ρ
3 × 8.3143 × 400
v rms =
32 × 10−3 Note The ratio in different molecular velocities is
−1 8
= 5.5838 × 10 ms 2
v rms : v av : v mp = 3 : : 2 = 3 : 2.5 : 2
π
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 655

Example 14.31 Calculate the root mean square, average and E 300
⇒ =
most probable speeds of oxygen molecules at 27° C. (E / 2) T2
Sol. Given, molar mass of oxygen, ⇒ T2 = 150 K
M = 32 g mol−1 = 0.032 kg mol−1 = 150 − 273 = − 123° C
Temperature, T = 27° C = (27 + 273) K = 300 K
Example 14.33 Prove that the pressure of an ideal gas is
3RT 3 (8.314)(300)
(i) Root mean square speed, v rms = = numerically equal to two-third of the mean translational kinetic
M (0.032) energy per unit volume of the gas.
= 483.6 ms−1 Sol. Translational kinetic energy per unit volume,
8RT 8(8.314)(300) 1
(ii) Average speed, v = = = 445.6 ms−1 E = (Mass per unit volume)(v 2 )
πM (3.14)(0.032) 2
1  3p  3
(iii) Most probable speed, = (ρ)   = p
2  ρ 2
2RT 2(8.314)(300)
v mp = = = 394.8 ms−1 2
M (0.032) or p= E
3
Kinetic interpretation of temperature Example 14.34 A balloon has 5.0 moles of helium at 7°C.
2 Calculate
According to kinetic theory of gases, pV = E, (i) the number of atoms of helium in the balloon.
3
(ii) the total internal energy of the system.
but according to equation of state for an ideal gas,
(Avogadro’s number, N A = 6.02 × 1023
pV = RT
and Boltzmann’s constant, kB = 1.38 × 10−23 Jmol −1K −1).
2
⇒ E = RT = NkBT Sol Given, n = 5.0, T = 7° C = 7 + 273 = 280 K
3
(i) Number of atoms = nN A = 5.0 × 6.02 × 1023
3
∴ Total internal energy, E = NkBT ≈ 30 × 1023
2
3
where, k B is the Boltzmann’s constant. Its value is (ii) Average kinetic energy per molecule = kBT
1.38 × 10 –23 J mol–1K −1. 2
3
3 ∴ Total internal energy = kBT × N
Mean translational kinetic energy, E = kBT 2
2 3
= . × 10−23 × 280 × 30 × 1023
× 138
i.e. The mean translational kinetic energy of a gas 2
molecule depends only on its temperature and is 3
= × 30 × 280 × 1.38 = 1.74 × 104 J
independent of its nature or mass. 2
On this basis, we can say that absolute zero temperature
Example 14.35 A tank used for filling helium balloons has a
is the temperature at which translational kinetic volume of 3.0 m 3 and contains 2.0 moles of helium gas at
energy of a gas molecule becomes zero, i. e. at which 20.0°C. Assuming that the helium behaves like an ideal gas,
the molecular motion ceases altogether. (i) what is the total translational kinetic energy of the molecules
of the gas?
Example 14.32 At what temperature, the kinetic energy of a
(ii) what is the average kinetic energy per molecule?
gas molecule is half of the value at 27°C?
3
Sol. Given, T1 = 27° C = 27 + 273 = 300 K Sol. (i) Using (KE)trans = nRT
2
Kinetic energy of a gas molecule, Given, n = 2.0 mol and T = 293 K
3 3
E = kBT ∴ (KE)trans = (2.0) (8.31) (293) = 7.3 × 103 J
2 2
where, k is Boltzmann’s constant. (ii) The average kinetic energy per molecule,
∴ E ∝T 3
(KE)av = kBT = (138
3
. × 10–23) (293)
E1 T1 2 2
⇒ =
E 2 T2 = 6.07 × 10–21 J
656 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

Example 14.36 Calculate the ratio of the mean free path of

Mean free path (λ) the molecules of two gases, if the ratio of the numbers density
Every gas consists of a large number of molecules per cm 3 of the gases is 5 : 3 and the ratio of the diameters of
undergoing frequent collisions, therefore they cannot move the molecules of the gases is 4 : 5.
straight or unhindered, these molecules are in a state of Sol. Given, ratio of the numbers density,
continuous and random motion. Also, they undergo n1 5
perfectly elastic collision against each other. =
n2 3
The average distance travelled by a molecule between Ratio of the diameters,
two successive collisions is known as the mean free d1 4
=
path of the molecule. d2 5
Mean free path of the molecules of first gas,
1
Mean free path, λ = …(i) λ1 =
1
2 nπ d 2 2πn1d12
where, d = diameter of each molecule Similarly, mean free path of the second gas,
and n = number of molecules per unit volume. λ2 =
1
2πn 2d 22
Relation between mean free path (λ), temperature
(T ) and pressure (p) ∴ Ratio of λ1 and λ 2,
λ1 n 2d 22 3 5 5 15
For the derivation of Eq. (i), we have assumed the other = = × × =
molecules to be at rest. Taking into consideration the λ 2 n1d12 5 4 4 16
motion of all the gas molecules, the mean free path comes ⇒ λ1 : λ 2 = 15 : 16
out to be
1 Example 14.37 For a molecule of an ideal gas,
λ= n = 3 × 10 8 cm −3 and mean free path is 10 −2 cm.
2 nπ d 2 Calculate the diameter of the molecule.
If m is the mass of each gas molecule, then the density of Sol. Given, n = 3 × 108 cm−3, λ = 10−2 cm
the gas is
ρ = mn Mean free path is given by
ρ
or n = λ=
1
m 2πnd 2
m
∴ λ= ⇒ d2 =
1
2πd 2ρ 2 π nλ
For one mole of a gas, pV = RT 1
⇒ d2 =
RT N R 2 × 3.14 × 3 × 108 × 10−2
or p= = × × T = nkB T
V V N 10−6
=
1.414 × 3.14 × 3
p
or n= ⇒ d = 7.5 × 10−8 = 7.5 × 10−4 cm
kBT
⇒ d = 2.7 × 10−4 cm
kBT
⇒ λ= Hence, the diameter of the molecule of the gas
2πd 2 p is 2.7 × 10−4 cm.
CHECK POINT 14.3
1. Which one of the following is not an assumption in the 11. The molecules of a given mass of gas have rms speed
kinetic theory of gases? 200 ms −1 at 27°C and105 Nm−2 pressure. When the absolute
(a) The volume occupied by the molecules of the gas is temperature is doubled and the pressure is halved, the rms
negligible speed of the molecules of the same gas is
(b) The force of attraction between the molecules is negligible (a) 200 ms−1 (b) 400 ms−1
(c) The collisions between molecules are elastic −1
(d) All molecules have same speed (c) 200 2 ms (d) 400 2 ms−1

2. A closed vessel is maintained at a constant temperature. It 12. The velocities of ten particles (in ms −1) are 0, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5,
is first evacuated and then vapour is injected into it 5, 6, 9. The most probable speed is
continuously. The pressure of the vapour in the vessel (a) 2 ms−1 (b) 4ms−1
(a) increases continuously (c) 5ms−1 (d) 9ms−1
(b) first increases and then becomes constant 13. If at the same temperature and pressure, the densities of
(c) first increases and then decreases two diatomic gases are d1 and d 2, respectively. The ratio of
(d) None of the above mean kinetic energy per molecule of gases will be
3. A vessel contains 1 mole of O 2 gas (molar mass 32) at a (a) 1 : 1 (b) d1 : d2
temperature T . The pressure of the gas is p. An identical (c) d1 : d2 (d) d2 : d1
vessel containing one mole of He gas (molar mass 4) at
temperature 2T has a pressure of 14. Two vessels A and B having equal volume contain equal
(a) p/ 8 (b) p (c) 2p (d) 8p masses of hydrogen in A and helium in B at 300 K. Then,
mark the correct statement.
4. If Maxwell distribution is valid and v p denotes the most (a) The pressure exerted by hydrogen is half of that exerted by
probable speed, v av is the average speed and vrms is the helium.
root-mean-square speed, then (b) The pressure exerted by hydrogen is equal to that exerted
(a) vav < vp < vrms (b) vav < vrms < vp by helium.
(c) vp < vav < vrms (d) vp < vrms < vav (c) Average kinetic energy of the molecules of hydrogen is half
the average kinetic energy of the molecules of helium.
5. What will be the temperature when the rms velocity is (d) The pressure exerted by hydrogen is twice that exerted by
double of that at 300 K? helium.
(a) 300 K (b) 600 K (c) 900 K (d) 1200 K
15. A sealed container with negligible coefficient of volumetric
6. By what factor the rms velocity will change, if the expansion contains helium (a monoatomic gas). When it is
temperature is raised from 27°C to 327°C? heated from 300 K to 600 K, the average kinetic energy of
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 2 (d) 1 helium atoms is
7. The velocities of three molecules are 3v , 4 v and 5v, (a) halved (b) unchanged
(c) doubled (d) increased by factor 2
respectively. Their rms speed will be
50 5 7 5 16. The gases carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen at the same
(a) v (b) v (c) v (d) v
3 2 2 2 temperature have translational kinetic energies E1 and E2,
respectively. Then,
8. The temperature at which the root-mean-square speed of a (a) E1 = E 2 (b) E1 > E 2
gas will be half of its value at 0°C is (assume the pressure (c) E1 < E 2 (d) None of these
remains constant)
(a) − 86.4° C (b) − 204.75° C 17. Pressure of an ideal gas is increased by keeping temperature
(c) − 104.75° C (d) − 68.25° C constant. What is the effect on kinetic energy of molecules?
(a) Increases (b) Decreases
9. Four molecules of a gas have speeds (in kms −1 ) 1, 2, 3 and (c) No change (d) Cannot be determined
4. The value of the root-mean-square speed of the gas
molecules is 18. Some gas at 300 K is enclosed in a container. Now, the
1 1 container is placed on a fast moving train. While the train
(a) 15 kms−1 (b) 10 kms−1 is in motion, the temperature of the gas
2 2
. kms−1
(c) 25 (d) 15/ 2 kms−1 (a) rises above 300 K (b) falls below 300 K
(c) remains unchanged (d) becomes unsteady
10. The root-mean-square (rms) speed of oxygen molecules (O 2) 19. The mean free path for air molecule with average speed
at a certain absolute temperature is v. If the temperature is 18.5 ms −1 at STP is (d = 2 × 10−10 m and n = 2.7 × 10 25 m−3)
doubled and the oxygen gas dissociates into atomic oxygen,
the rms speed would be (a) 3.5 × 10−7 m (b) 4 × 10−7 m
(a) v (b) 2v (c) 2 v (d) 2 2 v (c) 2.08 × 10−7 m (d) 5 × 10−7 m
658 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

IDEAL GAS LAWS Then, V2 = 3V1

Ideal gases irrespective of their nature obey the following Change in volume, ∆V = V2 − V1 = 2V1
laws ∆V 2V
Percentage change = × 100 = 1 × 100 = 200%
V V1
Boyle’s law
According to this law, for a given mass of a gas, the Charles’ law
volume of a gas at constant temperature (called isothermal According to this law, for a given mass of a gas, the
process) is inversely proportional to its pressure, i.e. volume of a gas at constant pressure (called isobaric
process) is directly proportional to its absolute
1
V ∝ (T = constant) temperature, i.e.
p V ∝T (p = constant)
V
or pV = constant or p iVi = p fVf or = constant
T
Thus, p-V graph in an isothermal process is a rectangular
Vi Vf
hyperbola or pV versus p or V graph is a straight line or =
parallel to p or V-axis. Ti Tf
p pV
Thus, V-T graph in an isobaric process is a straight line
T = constant
passing through origin orV /T versus V or T graph is a
T = constant straight line parallel to V or T axis.
V V
T
p = constant p = constant
V p or V

Fig. 14.8 p versus V graph and pV versus p or V graph

T (in K) T or V
Example 14.38 A gas at 27°C in a cylinder has a volume of
−2
4 L and pressure 100 Nm . If the gas is first compressed at Fig. 14.9 V versus T graph and V/T versus T or V graph
constant temperature, so that the pressure is 150 Nm −2 .
Estimate the change in volume. If volume of ideal gas at 0°C isV0 and at t° C isVt , then
Sol. Given,V1 = 4 L,V2 = ?, p1 = 100 Nm , −2 Vt = V0 (1 + α t )
p 2 = 150 Nm −2, ∆V = ? where, α is volume coefficient of the gas. For all gases, its
1
Using Boyle’s law for constant temperature, we have value is nearly /° C.
273
1 1 = p 2V2
pV
 t 
pV 100 × 4 ∴ Vt = V0 1 + 
⇒ V2 = 11
= = 2.667 L  273 
p2 150
∴ Change in volume, ∆V = V1 − V2 Example 14.40 Air is filled in a container at 333 K.
= 4 −2.667
Calculate the temperature upto which it should be heated, so
that one-third of air may escape out of the vessel.
= 1.33 L
V
Sol Given, T1 = 333 K, T2 = ?,V1 = V, V2 = V +
Example 14.39 The pressure of a given mass of a gas filled in 3
a vessel of volumeV at constant temperature is reduced to (Q According to question, one-third of air may escape out the vessel)
one-third of its initial value. Calculate the percentage 4
change in its volume. = V
3
1
Sol. According to the question, p 2 = p1 According to Charles’ law, we get
3 V2 T2
=
1 1 = p 2V2
Applying Boyle’s law, pV V1 T1
1
∴ 11=
pV pV
1 2 ⇒
V 4
T2 = T1 × 2 = 333 × = 444 K
3 V1 3
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 659

100 T
Gay Lussac’s law or pressure law ⇒ =
101 T + 1
According to this law, for a given mass of a gas, the
⇒ 100T + 100 = 101 T
pressure of a gas at constant volume (called isochoric
process) is directly proportional to its absolute ⇒ T = 100 K
temperature.
i.e. p ∝T (V = constant) Dalton’s law of partial pressure
It states that, the total pressure of a mixture of
p
or = constant non-interacting ideal gases is the sum of partial pressures
T exerted by individual gases in the mixture.
pi pf i.e. p = p1 + p 2 + p 3 + L .
or = Consider a mixture of non-interacting ideal gases. Let gas
Ti Tf
1 has µ 1 moles, gas 2 has µ 2 moles and so on.
Thus, p-T graph in an isochoric process is a straight line Suppose the net volume of the mixture isV, temperature
passing through origin or p /T versus p or T graph is a of mixture is T and pressure of mixture is p.
straight line parallel to p or T-axis. Equation of state for the mixture,
p p pV = ( µ 1 + µ 2 + L ) RT
T
µ 1RT µ 2RT
V = constant p= + +L
V V
V = constant
Dalton’s law, p = p 1 + p 2 + p 3 + L

T (in K) p or T µ 1RT
Here, p 1 = is the pressure of gas 1 exerted at the
Fig. 14.10 p versus T graph and p/T versus p or T graph V
same condition of volume and temperature, if no other gases
are present.
If pressure of an ideal gas at 0°C is p 0 and at t° C is p t ,
then p t = p 0 (1 + βt ) Example 14.42 One mole each of hydrogen, oxygen and
where, β is pressure coefficient of gas. For all gases, its nitrogen are mixed in a close container of volume 10 L and
1 temperature 27°C. Calculate the pressure exerted by the
volume is nearly /° C. mixture. (R = 8.314 J mol −1 K −1)
273
Sol. Given, R = 8.314 J mol−1 K −1
 t  Temperature, T = 27° C = 27 + 273 = 300 K
∴ p t = p 0 1 + 
 273  Volume,V = 10 L = 10 × 10−3 m3
According to Dalton’s law of partial pressure,
Example 14.41 The pressure of a gas filled in a closed
p = p1 + p 2 + p 3
container increases by 1% when temperature is increased by
1°C. Find the initial temperature of the gas. µRT µRT µRT 3µRT
⇒ p= + + =
Sol. Given, p1 = p, T1 = T K V V V V
Here, µ = 1 mol
1 101 3RT 3 × 8.314 × 300
Increased pressure, p 2 = p + p= p ∴ p= =
100 100 V 10 × 10−3
Increased temperature, T2 = (T + 1) K = 7.48 × 105 Nm −2
According to the Gay Lussac’s law, we get
p1 T1 Example 14.43 4 g hydrogen is mixed with 11.2 L of
= helium at STP in a container of volume 20 L. If the final
p 2 T2
temperature is 300 K, find the pressure.
p T
⇒ = Sol. Q 4 g hydrogen = 2 moles hydrogen.
101
p (T + 1) 1
100 ∴ 11.2 L helium at STP = mole of helium
2
660 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

According to Dalton’s law of partial pressure, At low temperature and high pressure, gas molecules
RT are close to each other, so intermolecular attraction
p = p H + p He = (n H + n He )
V cannot be ignored between them.
 1 8.31 × (300 K ) (ii) For ideal gas, volume of gas molecules is negligible as
= 2 + 
 2 (20 × 10−3 ) m3 compared to volume of gas.
= 3.12 × 105 N/m 2 But at high pressure and low temperature, total
volume of gas decreases (total volume changes but
volume of molecules remains same), so volume of gas
Graham’s law of diffusion molecules is not negligible as compared to volume of
It states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely gas.
1
proportional to the square root of its density, i.e. r ∝
ρ van der Waals’ equation
where, r = rate of diffusion and ρ = density of the gas. Based on the deviation in behaviour of real gas from ideal
Let r1 and r 2 be the rates of diffusion of gases 1 and 2 gas, van der Waals’ modified ideal gas equation by taking
respectively, then according to Graham’s law, into consideration the intermolecular atomic forces and the
volume occupied by the gas molecules and introduced a
r1 ρ2 new equation known as van der Waals’ equation which
=
r2 ρ1 explains behaviour of real gas correctly.
van der Waals’ equation is
where, ρ1 is density of gas 1 and ρ 2 is density of gas 2.
r1 ρ2 M2  an 2 
= =  p + 2  (V − nb ) = nRT
r2 ρ1 M1  V 
IfV is the volume of gas diffused in t seconds, then Here, a and b are called van der Waals’ constants. In this
V r V t equation, p, V, T and n represent the measured values of
r = ⇒ 1 = 1 × 2 pressure, volume, temperature (expressed on the absolute
t r 2 V2 t1 scale) and number of moles respectively, just as in the ideal
gas equation.
an 2
Behaviour of real gases Here, the term
V2
is called pressure correction for
If a gas obeys the gas laws at all conditions, it is called an molecular attraction and term nb is called volume correction
ideal gas and if it does not, it is called the real gas. for finite size of molecules.
(i) All the existing gases are real and the ideal gases
are hypothetical. Significance of van der Waals’ constants
(ii) Real gases obey the gas laws under the moderate The quantities a and b are experimentally derived constants
conditions of temperature and pressure. At low that differ for different gases. When a and b are both zero,
temperature and high pressure, the real gases the van der Waals’ equation reduces to the ideal gas
deviate from the ideal gas behaviour significantly equation (pV = nRT ).
(i.e. start disobeying gas laws). (i) Larger molecules have greater value of b. For
(iii) Real gases behave ideally at high temperature and instance, H 2 (a diatomic molecule) has greater value
low pressure. of b than that of He (a monoatomic smaller molecule).
n 2a
Reasons for deviation of real gas from (ii) 2 affects internal pressure of the gas and a is
ideal gas behaviour V
a measure of force of attraction between gas
Real gases deviate from ideal gas behaviour because some molecules.
of the assumptions of kinetic theory of gases do not hold (iii) Greater the value of a, greater the liquefaction of the
good for real gases. gas. That is why, H 2 and He having smaller value of
(i) For ideal gas, it has been considered that there is a are difficult to liquify.
no force of attraction between gas molecules. But (iv) b is also called co-volume or excluded volume, i.e.
this assumption is not valid for all pressures and b = 4VN 0
temperatures.
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 661

where, V is the volume of a spherical molecule of Example 14.46 The p-V diagram of two different masses m1
radius r,V = (4/3 ) πr 3 . and m 2 are drawn (as shown) at constant temperature T.
State whether m 1 > m 2 or m 2 > m 1 ?
(v) a is expressed in atm L2 mol−2 and b is expressed in
p
L mol −1 .
T T

Example 14.44 If pressure of CO 2 (real gas) in a container

RT a
is given by p = − 2 , then compute the mass of the
2V − b 4b m2
gas in container. m1
V
Sol. van der Waals’ gas equation for n mole of real gas is
 n 2a  Sol. The ideal gas equation is
p + 2  V ( − nb ) = nRT
m
 V  pV = nRT = RT
M
n 2a nRT
p+ = M
V 2
V − nb ∴ m = (pV )  
 RT 
nRT n 2a m ∝ pV , if T = constant
∴ p= − 2 or
V − nb V
From the graph, we can see that p 2V2 > pV
1 1 (for same p or V ).
 RT a 
Given equation, p= −  Therefore, m 2 > m1.
 2V − b 4b 2 
On comparing the given equation with the standard equation, Example 14.47 The p-T graph for the given mass of an
ideal gas is shown in figure. What inference can be drawn
we get n = 1/2
regarding the change in volume (whether it is constant,
m
As, n= increasing or decreasing)?
M p
1
⇒ Mass of gas, m = nM = × 44 (Q Molar mass of CO 2 = 44 g) B
2
= 22 g
A
Example 14.45 The p-V diagrams of same mass of a gas
are drawn at two different temperatures T1 and T 2 . Explain
whether T1 > T 2 or T 2 > T1. T (K)

p
Sol. From the given graph, we can write the p-T equation as
p = aT + b (Q y = mx + c )
Here, a and b are positive constants. Further,
p b
T2 =a +
T1 T T
V
Now, TB > TA
b b
Sol. The ideal gas equation is ∴ <
TB TA
pV = nRT
pV  p  p
or T = or   < 
nR T B T  A

T ∝ pV , if number of moles of the gas are kept constant. Here, T  T 

or   >   or VB > VA
mass of the gas is constant, which implies that number of  p B  p  A
moles are constant, i. e .T ∝ pV .
Thus, as we move from A to B, volume of the gas is
In the given diagram, product of p and V for T2 is more than T1 increasing.
at all points (keeping either p or V same for both graphs).
Hence, T2 > T1.
662 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

DEGREE OF FREEDOM Maxwell’s law of equipartition

The number of independent ways in which a molecule or of energy
an atom can exhibit motion or have energy is called its The total kinetic energy of a gas molecule is equally
degree of freedom. A rigid body of finite size (gas distributed among its all degrees of freedom and the
molecule) can have both translational and rotational energy associated with each degree of freedom at absolute
motions. Like translational motion, rotational motion can 1
be resolved into mutually perpendicular components. temperature T is kBT , where kB is Boltzmann’s constant.
2
Hence, a rigid body has 6 degrees of freedom; three for For a gas in thermal equilibrium at temperature T, the
translational motion and three for rotational motion. Out of average value of translational energy of the molecule is
three possible rotational degrees, only two are applicable
for linear molecules. For non-linear molecules, third 1 2 1 1
Et = mv x + mv y2 + mv z2
rotational degree is allowed. Apart from 3 rotational and 3 2 2 2
translational, there are 3 N – 6 degree of freedom which Translational energy of the molecules, (for monoatomic
are vibrational. gas)
A very important relation regarding degree of freedom is 3
2 Et = k t
γ = 1 + ; γ = C p /C V 2 B
f
It is same as the case with an ideal gas. It distributes its
where, f = degree of freedom
internal energy equally in all degrees of freedom. In each
Degrees of freedom for different gases according to degree of freedom, energy of one mole of an ideal gas is
atomicity of gas at low temperature is given below 1
RT, where T is the absolute temperature of the gas.
Atomicity 2
Translational Rotational Total
of gas Thus, if f be the number of degrees of freedom, the
Monoatomic, 3 0 3 y f
internal energy of 1 mole of the gas will be RT or
e.g. Ar, Ne, 2
ideal gas, etc. n
x internal energy of n moles of the gas will be f RT . Thus,
2
z n
Internal energy, U = fRT
Diatomic, e.g. 3 2 5 2
O2, Cl2, N 2, etc.
Equipartition of energy of gases is given below
Translational Internal
Types of gases f energy of energy of
one molecule one mole
Triatomic 3 2 5 3 3
(linear), e.g. Monoatomic gas 3 k BT RT
2 2
CO2, C2 H2, etc.
O
C
O Diatomic gas
5 5 5
(a) excluding vibration k BT RT
2 2
Triatomic 3 3 6 7 7
(Non-linear) or (b) including vibration 7 k BT RT
2 2
Polyatomic, e.g.
6 6
H2O, NH3, CH4 , Polyatomic gas like CO2, H2O 6 k B T = 3k B T RT = 3RT
etc. 2 2

Different energies of a system of degree of freedom f are

Note Degree of freedom for different gases can also be given by the as follows
formula, f = 3 NK
where, N = number of particles in the system f
(i) Total energy associated with each molecule = kBT
and K = number of independent relations between the 2
particles.
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 663

f Example 14.52 Given, Avogadro's number, N = 6.02 × 10 23

(ii) Total energy associated with N-molecule = NkBT and Boltzmann’s constant, kB = 1.38 × 10 −23 J/K. Calculate
2
f (i) the average kinetic energy of translation of the molecules of
(iii) Total energy associated with 1 mole = RT an ideal gas at 0°C and at 100°C
2
(ii) and the corresponding energies per mole of the gas.
f
(iv) Total energy associated with µ moles = µRT Sol. (i) According to the kinetic theory, the average kinetic
2 energy of translation per molecule of an ideal
f  3
(v) Total energy associated with each gram = rT monoatomic gas at temperature T (in kelvin) is   kBT ,
2  2
f where kB is Boltzmann’s constant.
(vi) Total energy associated with m gram = mrT
2 At 0° C (T = 273 K ),
3
Example 14.48 Calculate the ratio of kinetic energy of the kinetic energy of translation = kBT
2
molecule of oxygen and neon gas at 27°C. 3 −23
= × (138 . × 10 ) × 273
Sol. For oxygen gas, number of degrees of freedom is 5. 2
5
∴ (KE)oxygen = kBT = 5.65 × 10−21 J/molecule
2
At 100° C (T = 373 K ), the energy is
Neon is monoatomic, therefore it has 3 degrees of freedom.
3
3 = × (1.38 × 10−23 ) × 373 = 7.72 × 10−21 J/molecule
∴ (KE)neon = kBT 2
2
(ii) 1 mole of gas contains N (= 6.02 × 1023 ) mol
Hence, the ratio of their kinetic energy
(KE)oxygen (5 /2) kBT 5 Therefore, at 0° C, the kinetic energy of translation of
= = = 1 mole of the gas,
(KE)neon (3 /2) kBT 3
= (5.65 × 10−21) (6.02 × 1023 ) ≈ 3401 J/mol
Example 14.49 Calculate the average kinetic energy of At 100°C, the kinetic energy of translation of 1 mol of
oxygen molecule at 0°C. (R = 8.314 J mol −1 K −1, gas
N A = 6.023 × 10 23 ) = ( 7.72 × 10−21) (6.02 × 1023 ) ≈ 4647 J/mol

Sol. Given, T = 0° C = 273 K Example 14.53 One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken
Oxygen is diatomic molecule, therefore it has 5 degrees of at a temperature of 300 K. Its volume is doubled keeping its
freedom, i.e. 3 translational and 2 rotational. pressure constant. Find the change in internal energy.
5 RT 5 8.314 Vi Vf
∴ KE = = × × 273 = 9.4 × 10−21 J Sol. Since, pressure is constant,V ∝ T ⇒ =
2 N A 2 6.023 × 1023 Ti Tf
Vf
Example 14.50 Find the average kinetic energy per molecule or Tf = Ti ⇒ Tf = 2 Ti = 600 K
Vi
at temperature T for an equimolar mixture of two ideal
gases A and B, where A is monoatomic and B is diatomic. f 3
∴ ∆U = n ⋅ R∆T = R (600 − 300) = 450 R
Sol. Number of degrees of freedom per molecule for A = 3 2 2

Number of degrees of freedom per molecule for B = 5 Critical temperature, pressure and volume
Since, the mixture is equimolar, the average kinetic energy
Gases cannot be liquified above a temperature called
per molecule will be the simple average of the two values, i. e .
 3 + 5
critical temperature (TC ), howsoever large the pressure
  k T = 4kBT , where kB is Boltzmann’s constant. may be.
 2  B
The pressure required to liquify the gas at critical
Example 14.51 Calculate the change in internal energy of temperature is called critical pressure (p C ) and the volume
3.0 moles of helium gas when its temperature is increased by of the gas at critical temperature and pressure is called
2.0 K.
critical volume (VC ). Value of critical constants in terms of
Sol. Helium is a monoatomic gas. van der Waals’ constants a and b are as follows
3
Internal energy of n-moles of the gas, U = nRT a 8a
2 VC = 3b, p C = 2
and TC =
3 27b 27Rb
∴ ∆U = nR (∆T )
2 RTC 8
Further, = is called critical coefficient and is
 3 p CVC 3
Substituting the values, ∆U =   (3) (8.31) (2.0) = 74.8 J
 2 same for all gases.
 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

CHECK POINT 14.4

1. If temperature of the gas remains constant, but pressure is 9. The average translational kinetic energy of O 2 (molar mass
decreased by 20%. The percentage change in volume 32) at a particular temperature is 0.048 eV. The average
(a) increases by 20% translational kinetic energy of N 2 (molar mass 28)
(b) decreases by 20% molecules (in eV) at the same temperature is
(c) increases by 25% (a) 0.0015 (b) 0.003
(d) decreases by 25% (c) 0.048 (d) 0.768
2. The adjoining figure shows graph of pressure and volume of 10. A gas has volume V and pressure p. The total translational
a gas at two temperatures T1 and T 2. Which of the following
kinetic energy of all the molecules of the gas is
is correct?
p 3
(a) pV only if the gas is monoatomic
2
3
(b) pV only if the gas is diatomic
2
T2 3
T1 (c) pV in all cases
2
V (d) None of the above
(a) T1 > T2
11. A vessel contains a mixture of one mole of oxygen and two
(b) T1 = T2 moles of nitrogen at 300 K. The ratio of the average
(c) T1 < T2 rotational kinetic energy per O 2 molecule to that per N 2
(d) Nothing can be said about temperatures molecule is
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
3. A perfect gas at 27°C is heated at constant pressure, so as to (c) 2 : 1 (d) 8 : 7
double its volume. The increase in temperature of the gas
will be 12. Two monoatomic gases are at absolute temperatures 300 K
(a) 600°C (b) 327°C and 350 K, respectively. Ratio of average kinetic energy of
(c) 54°C (d) 300°C their molecules is
(a) 7 : 6 (b) 6 : 7
4. One litre of an ideal gas at 27°C is heated at a constant (c) 36 : 49 (d) 49 : 36
pressure till it reaches 297°C. Then, the final volume is the
approximately 13. At 27°C temperature, the kinetic energy of an ideal gas is E1 .
(a) 1.2 L (b) 1.9 L If the temperature is increased to 327°C, then the kinetic
(c) 19 L (d) 2.4 L energy will be
E1 E1
5. In the adjacent V -T diagram, what is the relation between (a) (b) 2 E1 (c) 2E1 (d)
2 2
p1 and p 2?
14. The gas in a vessel is subjected to a pressure of 20 atm at a
V p2 temperature 27°C. The pressure of the gas in a vessel after
one-half of the gas is released from the vessel and the
p1
temperature of the remaining gas is raised by 50°C is
(a) 8.5 atm (b) 10.8 atm
(c) 11.7 atm (d) 17 atm

T
15. The graph which represents the variation of mean kinetic
energy of molecules with temperature t°C is
(a) p2 = p1 (b) p2 > p1
E E
(c) p2 < p1 (d) Cannot be predicted
6. 16 g of oxygen, 14 g of nitrogen and 11 g of carbon dioxide (a) (b)
are mixed in an enclosure of volume 5 L and temperature
27°C. The pressure exerted by the mixture is t ºC t ºC
(a) 4 × 105 Nm−2 (b) 5 × 105 Nm−2 E E
(c) 6 × 105 Nm −2 (d) 9 × 105 Nm−2 (c) (d)
7. What is the degree of freedom in case of a monoatomic gas?
(a) 1 (b) 3 t ºC t ºC
(c) 5 (d) None of these
16. A balloon is filled at 27 °C and 1 atm pressure by
8. The degrees of freedom of a molecule of a non-linear 500 m3 He. At −3°C and 0.5 atm pressures, the volume of
triatomic gas is (ignore vibrational motion) He-gas contained in balloon will be
(a) 2 (b) 4 (a) 700 m3 (b) 900 m3
(c) 6 (d) 8 (c)1000 m3 (d) 500 m3
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 665

17. The figure shows graphs of pressure versus density for an (M2 = 2 kgK −1 mol −1) at a pressure of 3 atm contained in the
ideal gas at two temperatures T1 and T 2, then same cylinder at same temperature is
(a) 1.08 kg (b) 0.86 kg
T1 (c) 0.68 kg (d) 1.68 kg
p
20. Two different isotherms representing the relationship
T2 between pressure p and volume V at a given temperature of
the same ideal gas are shown for masses m1 and m2, then
p
ρ

(a) T1 > T2 (b) T1 = T2

m2
(c) T1 < T2 (d) None of these m1
18. From the given p - T graph, what conclusion can be drawn?
V
p (a) m1 > m2
V2 (b) m1 = m2
(c) m1 < m2
V1 (d) Nothing can be predicted
θ2
θ1 21. A gas is found to obey the law p 2V = constant. The initial
T
temperature and volume are T 0 and V0 . If the gas expands
(a) V2 = V1 (b) V2 < V1 to a volume 3 V0 , its final temperature becomes
(c) V2 > V1 (d) None of these T0 T0
(a) (b)
3 3
19. A cylinder contains 20 kg of N 2 gas (M1 = 28 kgK −1 mol −1) at (c) 3T0 (d) None of these
a pressure of 5 atm. The mass of hydrogen
 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

Chapter Exercises
(A) Taking it together
Associated questions of the chapter for advanced level practice

1 The absolute zero temperature in Fahrenheit scale is 9 A gas at the temperature 250 K is contained in a
(a) − 273°F (b) − 32°F closed vessel. If the gas is heated through 1 K, then
(c) − 460°F (d) − 132°F the percentage increase in its pressure will be
2 On which of the following scales of temperature, the (a) 0.4% (b) 0.2% (c) 0.1% (d) 0.8%
temperature is never negative? 10 An electron tube was sealed off during manufacture
(a) Celsius (b) Fahrenheit at a pressure of 1.2 × 10 −7 mm of mercury at 27°C.
(c) Reaumur (d) Kelvin
Its volume is 100 cm 3 . The number of molecules
3. Boyle’s law is applicable for an [NCERT Exemplar] that remain in the tube is
(a) adiabatic process (b) isothermal process (a) 2 × 1016 (b) 3 × 1015
(c) isobaric process (d) isochoric process
(c) 3.94 × 1011 (d) 5 × 1011
4. Heat is associated with [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) kinetic energy of random motion of molecules 11 At what temperature is the root mean square
(b) kinetic energy of orderly motion of molecules velocity of the gaseous hydrogen molecules equal to
(c) total kinetic energy of random and orderly motion of that of oxygen molecules at 47°C?
molecules (a) 20 K (b) 80 K (c) − 73 K (d) 3 K
(d) kinetic energy of random motion in some cases and
12 The root-mean-square velocity of the molecules in a
kinetic energy of orderly motion in other
sample of helium is (5/7)th that of the molecules in a
5 A centigrade and a Fahrenheit thermometers are sample of hydrogen. If the temperature of hydrogen
dipped in boiling water. The water temperature is sample is 0°C, then the temperature of the helium
lowered until the Fahrenheit thermometer registers sample is about
140°. What is the fall in temperature as registered (a) 5.57 °C (b) 0° C
by the centigrade thermometer? (c) 273°C (d) 100°C
(a) 30° (b) 40°
(c) 60° (d) 80° 13 At room temperature, the rms speed of the molecules
of certain diatomic gas is found to be 1930 ms −1.
6 A constant volume gas thermometer shows pressure
The gas is
reading of 50 cm and 90 cm of mercury at 0°C and
(a) H2 (b) F2
100°C, respectively. When the pressure reading is (c) O2 (d) Cl2
60 cm of mercury, the temperature is
(a) 25°C (b) 40°C 14 In a mercury thermometer, the ice point (lower fixed
(c) 15°C (d) 12.5°C point) is marked as 10° and the steam point (upper
3 fixed point) is marked as 130°. At 40°C temperature,
7 The volume of gas at 20°C is 100 cm at normal
what will this thermometer read?
pressure. If it is heated to 100°C, its volume
(a) 78° (b) 66°
becomes 125 cm 3 at the same pressure, then volume (c) 62° (d) 58°
coefficient of the gas at normal pressure is
15 A clock with a metal pendulum beating seconds
(a) 0.0015/°C (b) 0.0045/°C
(c) 0.0025/°C (d) 0.0033/°C keeps correct time at 0°C. If it loses 12.5 s a day at
25°C, the coefficient of linear expansion of metal
8 Coefficient of real expansion of mercury is pendulum is
0.18 × 10 −3 /°C. If the density of mercury at 0°C is 1 1
(a) /°C (b) /°C
13.6 g/cc, its density at 200°C is 86400 43200
(a) 13.11 g/cc (b) 26.22 g/cc 1 1
(c) /°C (d) /°C
(c) 52.11 g/cc (d) None of these 14400 28800
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 667

16 The graph AB shown in figure is a plot of (a) remains the same because 500 ms −1 is very much
temperature of a body in degree celsius and degree smaller than v rms of the gas
fahrenheit, then (b) remains the same because motion of the vessel as a
whole does not affect the relative motion of the gas
molecules and the walls
100°C B 2
(c) will increase by a factor equal to (v rms + (500)2 ) / v rms
2
Centigrade

where v rms was the original mean square velocity of the

gas.
(d) will be different on the top wall an bottom wall of the
32°F 212°F Fahrenheit vessel
A
22 The steam point and the ice point of a mercury
(a) slope of line AB is 9/5 thermometer are marked as 80° and 10°. At what
(b) slope of line AB is 5/9 temperature on centigrade scale will the reading of
(c) slope of line AB is 1/9 this thermometer be 59° ?
(d) slope of line AB is 3/9
(a) 70° C (b) 60° C
17 A chamber containing a gas was evacuated till the (c) 40° C (d) 50° C
vacuum attained was 10 −14 m of Hg. If the 23 Two uniform brass rods A and B of lengths l and 2l
temperature of the chamber was 30°C, the number and radii 2r and r respectively are heated to the
of molecules that remain in it per cubic metre is same temperature. The ratio of the increase in
(a) 3.2 × 1011 (b) 3.2 × 1012
volume of A to that of B is
(c) 2.3 × 1012 (d) 2.3 × 1010 (a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
18 A bimetallic strip is made of aluminium and steel (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
(α Al > α steel ). On heating, the strip will 24 The expansion of an ideal gas of mass m at a
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) remains straight constant pressure p is given by the straight line B.
(b) get twisted Then, the expansion of the same ideal gas of mass
(c) will bend with aluminium on concave side 2m at a pressure 2p is given by the straight line
(d) will bend with steel on concave side
Volume A
19 A uniform metallic rod rotates about its
perpendicular bisector with constant angular speed. B
If it is heated uniformly to raise its temperature C
slightly, [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) its speed of rotation increases
(b) its speed of rotation decreases Temperature
(c) its speed of rotation remains same
(d) its speed increases because its moment of inertia (a) C (b) A
increases (c) B (d) None of these
20 As the temperature is increased, the period of a 25 An ideal gas is initially at temperature T and volume
pendulum [NCERT Exemplar] V. Its volume is increased by ∆V due to an increase
(a) increases as its effective length increases even though in temperature ∆T, pressure remaining constant.
its centre of mass still remains at the centre of the bob The quantity δ = ∆V /(V ∆T ) varies with
(b) decreases as its effective length increases even though temperature as
its centre of mass still remains at the centre of the bob
δ δ
(c) increases as its effective length increases due to
shifting to centre of mass below the centre of the bob (a) (b)
(d) decreases as its effective length remains same but the
centre of mass shifts above the centre of the bob
T T
21 A cubic vessel (with face horizontal + vertical) δ δ
contains an ideal gas at NTP. The vessel is being
carried by a rocket which is moving at a speed of (c) (d)
500 ms −1 in vertical direction. The pressure of the
gas inside the vessel as observed by us on the ground T T
[NCERT Exemplar]
668 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

26 Variation of internal energy with density of one 30 A cylindrical steel plug is inserted into a circular
mole of monoatomic gas is depicted in the adjoining hole of diameter 2.6 cm in a brass plate. When the
figure. Corresponding variation of pressure with plug and the plates are at a temperature of 20°C, the
volume can be depicted as (Assuming the curve is diameter of the plug is 0.01 cm smaller than that of
rectangular hyperbola) the hole. The temperature at which the plug will just
U fit in it is
 11 × 10 −6 19 × 10 −6 
 Given, α steel = and α brass = 
 °C °C 
(a) − 48° C (b) − 20° C (c) − 10° C (d) − 458° C
ρ
31 The apparent coefficient of expansion of a liquid
p p
when heated in a copper vessel is C and when
heated in a silver vessel, it is S. If A is the linear
(a) (b)
coefficient of expansion of copper, then the linear
coefficient of expansion of silver is
V V C + S − 3A C − S + 3A
(a) (b)
p p 3 3
S + 3A − C C + S + 3A
(c) (d) (c) (d)
3 3
32 Two identical containers joined by a small pipe
V V initially contain the same gas at pressure p 0 and
27 Volume versus temperature graphs for a given mass absolute temperature T 0 . One container is now
of an ideal gas are shown in figure. At two different maintained at the same temperature while the other
values of constant pressure, what can be inferred is heated to 2T 0 . The common pressure of the gases
about relation between p 1 and p 2 ? [NCERT Exemplar] will be
V (L) 3 4 5
(a) p0 (b) p0 (c) p0 (d) 2 p 0
p2 2 3 3
40
33 The graph between two temperature scales A and B
30
p1 as shown in figure. Between upper fixed point and
20 lower fixed point, there are 150 equal divisions on
scale A and 100 on scale B. The relationship for
10
conversion between the two scales is given by
[NCERT Exemplar]
100 200 300 400 500 T (K)
(a) p1 > p 2 (b) p1 = p 2
180
(c) p1 < P2 (d) Data is insufficient
Temperature (°A)

28 The radius of a metal sphere at room temperature T ∆tA=150°

is R and the coefficient of linear expansion of the
metal is α. The sphere is heated a little by a
temperature ∆T, so that its new temperature is ∆tB = 100°
T + ∆T . The increase in the volume of the sphere is O Temperature (°B) 100
approximately, [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) 2πRα∆Τ (b) πR 2α∆T (c) 4πR 3α∆T /3 (d) 4πR 3α∆T t A − 180 t t A − 30 t
(a) = B (b) = B
100 150 150 100
29 An aluminium sphere is dipped into water. Which of tB − 180 t tB − 40 t
the following statement is true? [NCERT Exemplar] (c) = A (d) = A
150 100 100 180
(a) Buoyancy will be less in water at 0° C than that in water
at 4° C. 34 1 mole of H2 gas is contained in a box of volume
(b) Buoyancy will be more in water at 0° C than that in V = 100
. m3 at T = 300 K. The gas is heated to a
water at 4° C.
(c) Buoyancy in water at 0° C will be same as that in temperature of T = 3000 K and the gas gets
water at 4° C. converted to a gas of hydrogen atoms. The final
(d) Buoyancy may be more or less in water at 4° C pressure would be (considering all gases to be ideal)
depending on the radius of the sphere. [NCERT Exemplar]
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 669

(a) same as the pressure initially (a) the pressure on EFGH would be zero
(b) 2 times the pressure initially (b) the pressure on all the faces will be equal
(c) 10 times the pressure initially (c) the pressure of EFGH would be double the pressure on
(d) 20 times the pressure initiallly ABCD
(d) the pressure on EFGH would be half that on ABCD
35 Pressure versus temperature graph of an ideal gas of
equal number of moles of different volumes are 39 Figure shows two flasks connected to each other.
plotted as shown in figure. Choose the correct The volume of the flask 1 is twice that of flask 2.
alternative. The system is filled with an ideal gas at
p 4 temperatures 100 K and 200 K, respectively. If the
mass of the gas in flask 1 is m, then what is the mass
3 2
of the gas in flask 2?

1
100 K 200 K
T
(a) V1 = V2, V3 = V4 andV2 > V3
(b) V1 = V2, V3 = V4 andV2 < V3 (a) m (b) m /2 (c) m /4 (d) m /8
(c) V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 40 The given curve represents the variations of
(d) V4 > V3 > V2 > V1 temperature as a function of volume for one mole of
36. An inflated rubber balloon contains one mole of an an ideal gas. Which of the following curves best
ideal gas, has a pressure p, volumeV and represents the variation of pressure as a function of
temperature T. If the temperature rises to 1.1 T, and volume?
the volume is increased to 1.05V, the final pressure T
will be [NCERT Exemplar]
45º
(a) 1.1 p (b) p
(c) less than p (d) between p and 1.1 p
37 A ring shaped tube contains two ideal gases with
V
equal masses and relative molar masses M1 = 32 and
M 2 = 28. The gases are separated by one fixed p p
partition P and another movable stopper S which can (a) (b)
move freely without friction inside the ring.
M2 V V
P p p
α
S (c) (d)

V V
M1

The angle α in equilibrium as shown in the figure 41 The mass of hydrogen molecule is 3.32 × 10 −27 kg.
(in degrees) is If 10 23 hydrogen molecules strike per second at
(a) 291 (b) 219 (c) 129 (d) 192 2 cm2 area of a rigid wall at an angle of 45° from the
38 1 mole of an ideal gas is contained in a cubical normal and rebound back with a speed of 1000 ms −1,
volumeV, ABCDEFGH at 300 K (see figure). One then the pressure exerted on the wall is
face of the cube (EFGH ) is made up of a material
which totally absorbs any gas molecule incident on
it. At any given time, [NCERT Exemplar]
B θ
D Wall
θ
A C
G
F (a) 2.34 × 103 Pa (b) 0.23 × 106 Pa
E
H (c) 0.23 × 103 Pa (d) 23.4 × 103 Pa
670 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

42 Three rods of equal length l are joined to form an 45 A cylinder containing an ideal gas is in vertical
equilateral triangle PQR. O is the mid-point of PQ. position and has a piston of mass M that is able to
Distance OR remains same for small change in move up or down without friction (see figure). If the
temperature. Coefficient of linear expansion for PR temperature is increased, then [NCERT Exemplar]
and RQ is same, i.e. α 2 but that for PQ is α 1. Then, M
R

P O Q
(a) both p andV of the gas will change
(a) α 2 = 3 α1 (b) α 2 = 4 α1 (b) only p will increase according to Charles’ law
(c) α1 = 3 α 2 (d) α1 = 4 α 2 (c) V will change but not p
43 A piece of metal weighs 46 g in air. When it is (d) p will change but notV
immersed in a liquid of specific gravity 1.24 at 27°C, 46 A cylindrical tube of uniform cross-sectional area A
it weighs 30 g. When the temperature is raised to is fitted with two air tight frictionless pistons.
42°C, the metal piece weighs 30.5 g. If the specific
gravity of the liquid at 42°C is 1.20, the coefficient
of linear expansion of the metal is Wire
−3 −5
(a) 1.6 × 10 /° C (b) 2.3 × 10 /° C
−3
(c) 4.3 × 10 /° C (d) 3.4 × 10−3 /° C
44 A vertical cylinder closed at both ends is fitted with The pistons are connected to each other by a
a smooth piston dividing the volume into two parts metallic wire. Initially, the pressure of the gas is p 0
each containing one mole of air. At the equilibrium and temperature is T 0 , atmospheric pressure is also
temperature of 320 K, the upper and lower parts are p 0 . Now, the temperature of the gas is increased to
in the ratio 4 :1. The ratio will become 3 : 1 at a 2T 0 , the tension in the wire will be
temperature of p 0A
(a) 2 p 0A (b) p 0A (c) (d) 4 p 0A
(a) 450 K (b) 228 K (c) 420 K (d) 570 K 2

(B) Medical entrance special format questions

Assertion and reason Reason Translational kinetic energy of any
Directions (Q. Nos. 1-4) These questions consists of two 3
type of gas at temperature T would be RT for
statements each printed as Assertion and Reason. While 2
answering these questions you are required to choose any one mole.
one of the following four responses.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is 3. Assertion Degree of freedom of a monoatomic gas
the correct explanation of Assertion. is always three, whether we consider vibrational
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is effects or not.
not the correct explanation of Assertion. Reason At all temperatures (low or high),
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. vibrational kinetic energy of an ideal gas is zero.
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
1 Assertion In summers, a metallic scale will read 4. Assertion Total internal energy of oxygen gas at a
3
more than the actual. given temperature is E. Of this energy, E is
Reason In summers, length of metallic scale 2 5
translational kinetic energy and E is rotational
increases. 5
kinetic energy.
2 Assertion Translational kinetic energy of any gas
1 Reason Potential energy of an ideal gas is zero.
2
at temperature T would be mv rms .
2
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 671

Statement based questions Match the columns

1 From the following statements, concerning ideal gas 1 In the process T 2 ∝ 1/V , pressure of the gas increases
at any given temperature T, which of the following from p 0 to 4p 0 . Match the Column I with Column II and
statement is incorrect?. mark the correct option from the codes given below.
(a) The coefficient of volume expansion at constant
pressure is same for all ideal gases. Column I Column II
(b) The average translational kinetic energy per molecule (A) Temperature of the gas (p) Positive
of oxygen gas is kB T (kB being Boltzmann constant).
(c) In a gaseous mixture, the average translational kinetic (B) Volume of the gas (q) Negative
energy of the molecules of each component is same. (C) Energy of the gas (r) Two times
(d) The mean free path of molecules increases with the (s) None of these
decrease in pressure.
2 A bimetallic strip is formed out of two identical Codes
strips, one of copper and other of brass. The A B C A B C
(a) s r p (b) r s p
coefficients of linear expansion of the two metals are
(c) r p s (d) s p r
α c and α b . On heating, the temperature of the strip
goes up by ∆T and the strip bends to form an arc of 2 In the V-T graph shown in the figure. Match the
radius of curvature R. Then, which of the following Column I with Column II and mark the correct
statement is correct about the radius of curvature? option from the codes given below.
(a) It is proportional to ∆T. V
(b) It is inversely proportional to ∆T . A
(c) It is proportional to α b – α c .
(d) It is inversely proportional to α b + α c . B
3. I. The pressure of an ideal gas depends on the
volume of the gas. T

II. The pressure of an ideal gas depends on the

temperature of the gas. Column I Column II
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (A) Gas A is (p) Monoatomic
(a) Only I (b) Only II (B) pA /pB is (q) Diatomic
(c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II (C) n A / n B is (r) >1
4 I. Atomic theory relates molecular properties with (D) Gas B is (s) <1
bulk properties of a gas. (t) Cannot say anything
II. According to kinetic theory, the interatomic forces
are negligible in gases. Codes
III. According to kinetic theory, the gas consists of A B C D
rapidly moving atoms. (a) t p r t
(b) t s t t
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (c) t t t t
(a) Both I and II (b) Only III (d) s t p t
(c) Both II and III (d) I, II and III

(C) Medical entrances’ gallery

Collection of questions asked in NEET & various medical entrance exams

1 The average thermal energy for a monoatomic gas is (a) 0.2 kg/m 3 (b) 0.1 kg/m 3
(where, kB is Boltzmann constant and T is absolute (c) 0.02 kg/m 3 (d) 0.5 kg/m 3
temperature.) [NEET 2020] 3 The mean free path λ for a gas, with molecular
3 5 7 1 diameter d and number of density n can be
(a) kBT (b) kBT (c) kBT (d) kBT
2 2 2 2 expressed as [NEET 2020]
2 A cylinder contains hydrogen gas at pressure of 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) 2 2 2
(d)
249 kPa and temperature 27°C. Its density is 2 nπ d 2
2 n πd
2 2
2n π d 2 nπ d
. J mol −1 K −1)
(Take, R = 83 [NEET 2020]
672 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

4 An ideal gas equation can be written as 11 The wooden wheel of radius R is made of two
ρRT semicircular parts (see figure). The two parts are
p=
M0 held together by a ring made of a metal strip of
cross-sectional area S and length L. L is slightly less
where, ρ and M 0 are respectively, [NEET 2020]
than 2πR. To fit the ring on the wheel, it is heated,
(a) mass density, mass of the gas so that its temperature rises by ∆T and it just steps
(b) number density, molar mass
over the wheel. As it cools down to surrounding
(c) mass density, molar mass
temperature, it presses the semicircular parts
(d) number density, mass of the gas
together. If the coefficient of linear expansion of the
5 The mean free path l for a gas molecule depends metal is α and its Young’s modulus isY, the force
upon diameter d of the molecule as [NEET 2020] that one part of the wheel applies on the other part
1 1 is [JIPMER 2019]
(a) l ∝ (b) l ∝ d (c) l ∝ d 2
(d) l ∝
d2 d
6 A copper rod of length 88 cm and an aluminium rod
of unknown length have their increase in length R
independent of increase in temperature. The length
of aluminium rod is [NEET (National) 2019]
(a) 113.9 cm (b) 88 cm
(c) 68 cm (d) 6.8 cm (a) 2πSYα∆T (b) SYα∆T
(c) πSYα∆T (d) 2SYα∆T
7 Increase in temperature of a gas filled in a container
would lead to [NEET 2019] 12 At what temperature will the rms speed of oxygen
(a) increase in its kinetic energy molecules become just sufficient for escaping from
(b) decrease in its pressure the earth’s atmosphere? [NEET 2018]
(c) decrease in intermolecular distance (Take, mass of oxygen molecule,
(d) increase in its mass m = 2.76 × 10 −26 kg and Boltzmann’s constant,
8 An ideal gas initially at pressure 1 bar is being kB = 1.38 × 10 −23 J K −1 )
compressed from 30 m3 to 10 m3 volume and its
(a) 5.016 × 104 K (b) 8.326 × 104 K
temperature decreases from 320 K to 280 K, then
find the value of final pressure of the gas. [AIIMS 2019] (c) 2.508 × 104 K (d) 1.254 × 104 K
(a) 2.625 bar (b) 3.4 bar 13 The coefficient of volume expansion of glycerine is
(c) 1.325 bar (d) 4.5 bar 49 × 10 −5 ° C −1. What is the fractional change in
9 Assertion NH3 is liquified more easily than CO 2 . density for a 30° C rise in temperature?
[JIPMER 2018, UP CPMT 2015]
Reason Critical temperature of NH3 is more than
(a) 0.0155 (b) 0.0145
CO 2 . [AIIMS 2019] (c) 0.0255 (d) 0.0355
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the 14 A given sample of an ideal gas occupies a volumeV
correct explanation of Assertion.
at a pressure p and absolute temperature T. The
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not
the correct explanation of Assertion. mass of each molecule of the gas is m. Which of the
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. following gives the density of the gas? [NEET 2017]
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect. p pm p
(a) (b) (c) (d) mkT
kT kT kTV
10 Assertion Vibrational degree of freedom of a
diatomic gas molecule appears at every high 15 Assertion The molecules of a monoatomic gas have
temperature. three degrees of freedom.
Reason Diatomic gas has two vibrational degree of Reason The molecules of diatomic gas have five
freedom in one direction. [AIIMS 2019] degrees of freedom. [NEET 2017]
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the
correct explanation of Assertion. correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not
the correct explanation of Assertion. the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect. (d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 673

16 A gas mixture consists of 2 mol of O 2 and 4 mol of 22 The rms speed of oxygen molecule in a gas at 27°C
Ar at temperature T. Neglecting all vibrational would be given by [UK PMT 2015]
modes, the total internal energy of the system is (a) 483 ms −1 (b) 966 ms −1
[NEET 2017]
(c) 4.83 ms −1 (d) 9.66 ms −1
(a) 4 RT (b) 15 RT (c) 9 RT (d) 11 RT
17 The coefficient of cubical expansion of mercury is 23 The pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional
0.00018/°C and that of brass 0.00006 /°C. If a to [UK PMT 2015]
barometer having a brass scale were to read 74.5 cm (a) total kinetic energy (b) translational kinetic energy
(c) rotational kinetic energy (d) vibrational kinetic energy
at 30°C, find the true barometric height at 0°C. The
scale is supposed to be correct at 15°C. [AIIMS 2017] 24 Two metal rods of lengths L 1 and L 2 and coefficients
(a) 74.122 cm (b) 79.152 cm (c) 42.161 cm (d) 142.39 cm of linear expansion α 1 and α 2 respectively are
18 Mercury boils at 367°C. However, mercury welded together to make a composite rod of length
thermometers are made such that they can measure (L 1 + L 2 ) at 0°C. Find the effective coefficient of
temperature upto 500°C. This is done by [JIPMER 2017] linear expansion of the composite rod. [EAMCET 2015]
(a) maintaining vacuum above mercury column in the L1α12 − L 2 α 22 L12 α1 − L22 α 2
stem of the thermometer (a) (b)
+L12 L22 L12 + L22
(b) filling nitrogen gas at high pressure above the mercury
column L α + L2 α 2 L α + L2 α 2
(c) 1 1 (d) 1 1
(c) filling oxygen gas at high pressure above the mercury L1 − L 2 L1 + L 2
column
(d) filling nitrogen gas at low pressure above the mercury 25 The ratio of rms speed of an ideal gas molecules at
column pressure p to that at pressure 2p is [Kerala CEE 2015]
19 A graph between pressure p (alongY-axis) and (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 1
absolute temperature T(along X-axis) for equal moles (e) 1 : 1
of two gases has been drawn. Given that volume of 26 The rms speed of oxygen is v at a particular
second gas is more than volume of first gas. Which temperature. If the temperature is doubled and
of the following statement(s) is/are correct? oxygen molecules dissociate into oxygen atoms, the
p [JIPMER 2017]
1
rms speed becomes [WB JEE 2015]
(a) v (b) 2v (c) 2v (d) 4 v
2 27 The deviation of a real gas from the ideal one is
minimum at [UP CPMT 2015]
(a) low pressure and high temperature
T
(b) low temperature and low pressure
(a) Slope of gas 1 is less than gas 2.
(c) high pressure and low temperature
(b) Slope of gas 1 is more than gas 2. (d) high pressure and high temperature
(c) Both have some slopes.
(d) None of the above 28 The density of hydrogen gas at STP is 0.09 kg m −3 .
The mean kinetic energy of one gram molecule of
20. Coefficient of linear expansion of brass and steel hydrogen gas is approx [UP CPMT 2015]
rods are α 1 and α 2 . Lengths of brass and steel rods
(a) 3403 J (b) 3500 J
are l1 and l 2 , respectively. If (l 2 − l1 ) is maintained (c) 3704 J (d) 3207 J
same at all temperatures, which one of the following
29 At constant pressure, the ratio of increase in volume
relations holds good ? [NEET 2016]
of an ideal gas per degree rise in kelvin temperature
l = α 2l 2 (d) α1l 2 = α 2l1
(a) α1l 22 = α 2l12 (b) α12l 2 = α 22l1 (c) α11 to its volume is [Manipal 2015]
21 The molecules of a given mass of a gas have rms (a) 1/T (b) 1/T 2
−1 −2
velocity of 200 ms at 27°C and 10 . × 10 Nm 5
(c) T (d) T 2
pressure. When the temperature and pressure of the 30 Water is heated from 0° C to 10° C, then its volume
gas are respectively, 127°C and 0.05 × 10 5 Nm−2 , the (a) does not change [KCET 2015]
rms velocity of its molecules (in ms −1 ) is [NEET 2016] (b) decreases
400 100 2 100 (c) first decreases and then increases
(a) (b) (c) (d) 100 2 (d) increases
3 3 3
674 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

31 In anomalous expansion of water, at what 38 The average kinetic energy of a gas molecule at
temperature, the density of water is maximum? absolute temperature T is [Kerala CEE 2013]
[KCET 2014] 2
(a) directly proportional to T
(a) 4°C (b) < 4° C (c) > 4° C (d) 10° C (b) inversely proportional to T 2
32 A metal rod is fixed rigidly at two ends so as to (c) directly proportional to T
prevent its thermal expansion. If L, α and Y (d) inversely proportional to T
respectively denote the length of the rod, coefficient (e) inversely proportional to T 3
of linear thermal expansion and Young’s modulus of 39 At what temperature, the rms velocity of gas
its material, then for an increase in temperature of
molecules would be double of its value at NTP, if
the rod by ∆T, the longitudinal stress developed in
pressure is remaining constant? [MP PMT 2013]
the rod is [AMU 2014]
(a) 819 °C (b) 819 K (c) 546 K (d) 546°C
(a) inversely proportional to α
(b) inversely proportional toY 40 The average kinetic energy per mole of hydrogen at
(c) directly proportional to ∆T /Y given temperature is [MP PMT 2013]
(d) independent of L (a) equal of that of oxygen (b) 16 times that of oxygen
33 Which one of the following is a wrong statement in 1 1
(c) times that of oxygen (d) times that of oxygen
kinetic theory of gases? [Kerala CEE 2014] 16 8
(a) The gas molecules are in random motion. 41 In kinetic theory of gases, it is assumed that
(b) The collision between molecules is inelastic. molecular collisions are [UP CPMT 2013]
(c) The volume occupied by the molecules of a gas is (a) for negligible duration
negligible. (b) inelastic
(d) The force of attraction between the molecules is (c) one-dimensional (head on)
negligible. (d) unable to exert mutual force
(e) Both (b) and (c)
42 The number of molecules in a litre of a gas at
34 The average pressure of an ideal gas is [J&K CET 2013] temperature of 27°C and a pressure of 10 6 dyne cm −2
(a) p = (1 / 3) mnVav2 (b) p = (1 / 2) mnVav is [UP CPMT 2013]
(c) p = (1 / 4) mnVav2 (d) p = (1 / 3) mnVav (a) 2.4 × 1020 (b) 2.4 × 1021 (c) 2.4 × 1022 (d) 2.4 × 1023

35 According to equipartition law of energy, each 43 A non-conducting body floats in a liquid at 20°C
particle in a system of particles have thermal energy 2
with of its volume immersed in the liquid. When
E equal to [J&K CET 2013] 3
(a) kBT (b) (1 / 2) kBT 3
liquid temperature is increased to 100°C, of body’s
(c) 3 kBT (d) (3 / 2) kBT 4
36 When a liquid is heated in a glass vessel, its volume is immersed in the liquid. Then, the
coefficient of apparent expansion is 1.03 × 10 −3 /° C. coefficient of real expansion of the liquid is
When the same liquid is heated in a copper vessel, (neglecting the expansion of container of the liquid)
[AIIMS 2012]
its coefficient of apparent expansion is
(a)15.6 × 10−4/°C (b)156 × 10−4/°C
1.006 × 10 −3 /° C. If the coefficient of linear
(c) 1.56 × 10−4/°C (d) 0156
. × 10−4/°C
expansion of copper is 17 ×10 −6 /° C, then the
44 During an experiment an ideal gas is found to obey
coefficient of linear expansion of glass is
[EAMCET 2013] an additional lawVp 2 = constant. The gas is initially
(a) 8 .5 × 10−4 /° C (b) 9 × 10−6 /° C at temperature T and volumeV. When it expands to
volume 2V, the resulting temperature is
(c) 27 × 10−6 /° C (d) 10 × 10−4 /° C [UP CPMT 2012]
37 A horizontal uniform tube, open at both ends, is T T
(a) (b) 2 T (c) 2T (d)
containing a liquid of certain length at some 2 2
temperature. When the temperature is changed, the 45 Two temperature scales A and B are related by
length of the liquid in the tube is not changed. If α is A − 42 B − 72
the coefficient of linear expansion of the material of = . At which temperature, two scales
the tube and γ is the coefficient of volume expansion 110 220
of the liquid, then [EAMCET 2013]
have the same readings? [WB JEE 2011]
(a) − 42° (b) − 72° (c) + 12° (d) − 40°
(a) γ = 2α (b) γ = 3 α (c) γ = 4 α (d) γ = α
 ANSWERS
CHECK POINT 14.1
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d)

CHECK POINT 14.2

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (a)

CHECK POINT 14.3

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (c)

CHECK POINT 14.4

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18 (c) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (d)

(A) Taking it together

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (b)

(B) Medical entrance special format questions

l Assertion and reason
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b)

l Statement based questions

1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c)

l Match the columns

1. (b) 2. (c)

(C) Medical entrances’ gallery

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (c) 45. (c)
 Hints & Explanations
l CHECK POINT 14.1
9 9
2 (a) ∆TF = ∆TC = × 25° C = 45° F 7 (d) Fractional change in period,
5 5 ∆T 1 1
= α∆θ = × 2 × 10 −6 × 10 = 10 −5
3 (a) Let the required temperature is θ. T 2 2
θ − 0 θ − 32 ∆T
∴ = ⇒ θ = − 40 ° % change = × 100 = 10 −5 × 100 = 10 −3 %
100 180 T
4 (a) On this thermometer, 34°C will read as, 8 (c) Lα∆θ + 2L (2α ) (∆θ ) = (3L ) (α av ) ∆θ
t − (−20 ) 34 − 0
= L 2L 3L, αav
130 − (−20 ) 100 − 0 ⇒
150 α 2α
⇒ t = −20 + × 34 = 31°
100 5
F − 32 K − 273 x − 32 x − 273 or α av = α
5 (c) = ⇒ = 3
9 5 9 5 ∆l lα∆θ
9 (c) Strain = = = α∆θ
⇒ x = 574.25 l l
6 (c) Temperature shown on faulty thermometer will be Stress = Y × Strain =Yα ∆θ
 95 − 5 (Stress)1 = (Stress)2
t = 5+   × 40 = 41°
 100  ∴ Y1α 1 = Y2α 2 (Q ∆θ → same)
Y1 α 2 3
T
7 (c) Given, C =
2 5
⇒ TF = TC or = =
TF 5 2 Y2 α 1 2
TC (5/ 2) TC − 32 ∆l
∴ = 10 (a) Strain = = α∆θ
100 180 l
25 Stress = Y × Strain =Yα∆θ
⇒ 9TC = TC − 160
2 ∴ Force or tension, T = Stress × Area =YA α∆θ
⇒ TC = 45.71° C πYαd 2 ∆θ  π d 2
= Q A = 
 80 − 50  4  4 
8 (d) t =   × 100 ° C
 75 − 50 
π × 2 × 1011 × 10 −5 × 10 −4 × 25
or T =
∴ t = 120 ° C 4
= 3925 N ≈ 4000 N
l CHECK POINT 14.2
11 (a) Volumetric expansion will take place. So, if the ball is
1 (c) Change in length, ∆l = l0α ∆T = 10 × 11 × 10 −6 (19 − 20 )
heated, then the volume of the cavity will increase.
= − 11 × 10 −5 cm 12 (c) V = V0 (1 + γ∆θ )
The negative sign shows that, it is shorter in size. L3 = L0 (1 + α 1 ∆θ ) L20 (1 + α 2∆θ )2
2 (a) As, metal expands on heating in all directions, so the = L30 (1 + α 1∆θ ) (1 + α 2∆θ )2
radius of the hole will also increase in size.
Since, L30 = V0 and L3 = V
3 (b) With decreasing temperature, length of the steel tape
decreases and hence the tape gives reading greater than the Hence, 1 + γ∆θ = (1 + α 1∆θ ) (1 + α 2 ∆θ )2
real reading. So, real length of wood must be less than 25 cm. ≅ (1 + α 1∆θ ) (1 + 2 α 2∆θ )
l α (Using Binomial expansion)
4 (b) ∆l1 = ∆l2 ⇒ l1α 1∆θ = l2α 2∆θ ⇒ 1 = 2
l2 α 1 ≅ (1 + α 1∆θ + 2α 2 ∆θ )
5 (b) Original value of circumference, l = 2 πR ⇒ γ = α1 + 2 α 2
∴ ∆l = lαθ = (2πR ) αθ 14 (b) Coefficient of volume expansion of container will become
α
6 (a) As, ∆L = L α ∆T ⇒ 0.19 = 100 × α × 100 3   , which is greater than the coefficient of volume
 2
⇒ α = 0.19 × 10 −4 = 1.9 × 10 −5 ° C−1 expansion of liquid. Hence, container will expand more and
⇒ γ = 3 α = 5.7 × 10 −5 / ° C the level of the liquid in the container would fall.
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 677

15 (c) Water has maximum density at 4°C, so if the water is 11 (c) v rms ∝ T . If temperature is doubled, rms speed will
heated above 4°C or cooled below 4°C, density decreases, i.e.
become 2 times.
volume increases. In other words, it expands and overflows in
both the cases. ∴ v rms = 200 2 ms −1
16 (b) Volume of mercury that will overflow, 12 (b) From the given velocities, the most probable velocity
∆V = V∆T (γmercury − γ glass ) is 4 ms −1.
13 (a) At a given temperature (T ), all the ideal gas molecules no
. × 10 −4 − 0.12 × 10 −4 ) = 2.688 ~− 2.69 cm 3
= 200 × 80 (18 matter what their masses, have the same average translational
17 (a) ρ 200 = ρ 0 (1− γ m∆T ) = 13.6(1− 0.18 × 10 −3 × 200 ) = 1311
. g/cc kinetic energy.
3
i.e. E = kT
l CHECK POINT 14.3 2
So, E does not depend upon density. (Q Mass = ρV )
1 (d) All molecules have same speed. This statement is true but
E1
this is not an assumption of kinetic theory of gases. = 1: 1
E2
2 (b) Total pressure inside the container is given as
1 mN 2 14 (d) As, pV = nRT
p= v rms ⇒ p ∝ m …(i)
3 V m RT m RT
⇒ p H2 = ⋅ and p He = ⋅
(When volume and temperature are constants) MH 2 V MHe V
From Eq. (i), p H2 MHe 4 × 10 −3
Pressure first increases and then becomes constant. ∴ = = = 2 ⇒ p H2 = 2p He
p He MH2 2 × 10 −3
3 (c) pV = nRT ⇒ p ∝ nT (QV and R are constants )
15 (c) The kinetic energy of gas is given as
p 2 n 2 T2
⇒ = × 1 2
p1 n1 T1 K = mvrms
2
p He 1 2T
⇒ = × ⇒ p He = 2p 3RT
p 1 T Also, vrms =
M
3RT 8RT 2RT
4 (c) vrms = , v av = and v p = 2
 T 
2
M πM M K2  (vrms )2 
Now, vrms ∝ T ⇒ =  =  2
⇒vrms :v av :vp = 3 : 8 / π : 2 K1  (vrms )1   T1 
∴ v rms > v av > v p T   600 
⇒ K2 = K1 2  ⇒ K2 = K1  
5 (d) As, vrms ∝ T , so vrms will become two times when  T1   300 
temperature is made four times. ∴ K2 = 2K1
6 (a) T1 = 273 + 27 = 300 K ⇒ T2 = 273 + 327 = 600 K 16 (a) The gases carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen (N2 ) have
T2 = 2T1 and vrms ∝ T equal translational kinetic energy as both are diatomic gases,
i.e.
v ′ rms T T1
⇒ = 1= E1 = E 2
v ′′rms T2 2T1
17 (c) Kinetic energy of an ideal gas depends only on its
v ′ rms 1
⇒ = ⇒ v ′′rms = 2 v ′ rms temperature. Hence, it remains constant whether its pressure
v ′′rms 2 is increased or decreased.
(3v )2 + (4v )2 + (5v )2 50 18 (c) The kinetic energy of gas molecules is the internal
7 (a) vrms = = v property, which is independent of the motion of frame. The
3 3
temperature depends on the kinetic energy, so it will remains
8 (b) vrms ∝ T unchanged, when the container is kept in a moving train.
root-mean-square velocity will become half, if temperature 19 (c) For air at STP, n = 2.7 × 10 25 m −3
 273 
becomes (1/4)th or  − 273 ° C or − 204.75° C. and d = 2 × 10 −10 m
 4 
1
(1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 15 Mean free path, λ =
9 (d) vrms = = kms −1 2nπd 2
4 2
On putting values, we get
T
10 (c) vrms ∝ λ=
1
M
2 × 2.7 × 10 25
. × (2 × 10 −10 )2
× 314
T is doubled and M has become half. Therefore, vrms will
= 2.08 × 10 −7 m
become two times.
678 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

l CHECK POINT 14.4 ∴ f = 3 × 1− 0 = 3

where, N = number of particles in the system
1 1 = p 2V2
1 (c) According to Boyle’s law, pV
and K = number of independent relations between the
As, the pressure is decreased by 20%, therefore particles.
80 80 80 8 (c) f = 3N − K
p2 = p1 ⇒ pV 1 1= 1 2 ⇒ V1 =
pV V2
100 100 100 For non-linear triatomic gas, f = 3 × 3 − 3 = 6
∴ Percentage increase in volume 9 (c) Average translational kinetic energy per molecule is
V −V 100 − 80 (3/ 2) kT which depends only on temperature and not on
= 2 1 × 100 = × 100 = 25%
V1 80 molecular mass.

2 (c) For a given pressure, volume will be more, if temperature 10 (c) Translational degrees of freedom for any type of gas is three.
is more (Charles’ law). 1  3
∴ Total translational kinetic energy = 3  nRT  = pV
p 2  2
11 (a) Both O 2 and N 2 are diatomic gases. Rotational degree of
freedom in both cases is two. Therefore, average rotational
Constant 1 
kinetic energy per molecule for each of them is 2  kBT  or
pressure 2 
T2
the ratio is 1 : 1.
T1
V 12 (b) In monoatomic gases, only translational kinetic energy is
V1 V2
present, which is proportional to temperature and is given by
From the graph, it is clear thatV2 > V1 ⇒ T2 > T1 (3/ 2) kBT .
300 6
∴ Ratio of average kinetic energy = =
3 (d) For perfect gas,V ∝ T 350 7
V1 T1 3
∴ = …(i) 13 (c) E = kT ⇒ E ∝ T
V2 T2 2
E 2 T2 600
According to the question, ∴ = = = 2 ⇒ E 2 = 2E1
E1 T1 300
V1 = V , thenV2 = 2V and T1 = 300 K
m m
1 300 14 (c) As, pV = µRT = RT ⇒ 20 × V = × R × 300 ...(i)
∴ = ⇒ T2 = 600 K ⇒ T2 = 327° C M M
2 T2
When m = m/2 and p = p′, then
So, ∆T = 327 − 27 = 300°C
 m /2
As, p′ × V =   R × 350 ...(ii)
4 (b) From Charles’ law,
V1 T1
=  M 
V2 T2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
VT
⇒ V2 = 1 2 p′ =
140
≈ 11.7 atm
T1 12
(297 + 273) 570
∴ V2 = 1 × = = 1.9 L 15 (c) Mean kinetic energy of gas molecules,
(27 + 273) 300
f f f  f
E = kBT = kB (t + 273) =  kB  t + × 273 kB
5 (c) V-T graph is a straight line passing through origin. Hence, 2 2 2  2
process is isobaric.
Comparing it with standard equation of straight line
 nR  nR
V =   T ⇒ Slope = y = mx + c, we get
 p p f f
m = k and c = 273 k. So, the graph between E and t will
Slope of 2 > Slope of 1 2 2
∴ p 2 < p1 be straight line with positive intercept on E-axis and positive
slope with t-axis.
 nRT   nRT   nRT 
6 (c) p = p1 + p 2 + p 3 =   +  +  pV p V pVT
 V 1  V  2  V  3 16 (b) As, 1 1 = 2 2 or V2 = 1 1 2
T1 T2 p 2T1
RT
= (n1 + n 2 + n 3 ) 1× 500 × (273 − 3)
V ∴ Volume of He, V2 =
(0.5 + 0.5 + 0.25)(8.31)(300) 0. 5 × (273 + 27)
= 1× 500 × 270
5 × 10 −3 = = 900 m3
0.5 × 300
= 6.23 × 10 5 Nm−2 ≈ 6 × 10 5 Nm −2
m
17 (a) As, pV = nRT = RT
7 (b) f = 3N − K M
For monoatomic gas, N = 1, K = 0 where, M = molecular weight.
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 679

p RT p RT p ⇒ pV = constant (At constant temperature)

⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ ∝T
m /V M ρ M ρ 1
i. e . p∝ (where, p = pressure andV = volume)
(Q for a given gas, M is constant) V
Temperature is directly proportional to the slope of So, this process can be called as isothermal process.
p -ρ graph, so T1 > T2 . 4 (a) We know that as temperature increases, vibration of
18 (c) As θ 2 > θ1 ⇒ tan θ 2 > tan θ1 molecules about their mean position increases. Hence, kinetic
energy associated with random motion of molecules increases.
⇒ V2 > V1
∆TC ∆TF 212 − 140
19 (b)
V nR
= 5 (b) = =
T p 100 180 180
72
V and T for both cases are same. i.e. ∆TC = 100 × = 40 ° C
180
n1 n 2 m1 m2
Hence, = or = ∴ Fall in temperature = 40 °
p1 p 2 p1M1 p 2M2
(p t − p 0 ) (60 − 50 )
p 2M2 (3) (2) 6 (a) t = × 100 ° C = × 100 ° C = 25° C
or m2 = ⋅ m1 = ⋅ 20 = 0.86 kg (p100 − p 0 ) (90 − 50 )
p1M1 (5) (28)
V1 1 + γT1 100 1 + γ × 20
m 7 (d) = ⇒ =
20 (c) pV = µRT = RT V2 1 + γT2 125 1 + γ × 100
M
p ⇒ γ = 0.0033 /°C
8 (a) ρ = ρ 0 (1 − γ ⋅ ∆θ ) = 13.6 [1 − 0.18 × 10 −3 (473 − 273)]
m2
= 13.6 [1 − 0.036] = 13.11g/cc
m1
p T p − p1 T2 − T1
9 (a) p ∝ T ⇒ 1 = 1 ⇒ 2 =
p 2 T2 p1 T1
 ∆p   251 − 250 
V1 V2 V ⇒  % =  × 100 = 0.4%
 p   250 
m1 RT
For 1st plot, p= …(i)
M V1 10 (c) Gas equation for N molecules pV = NkT

p=
m 2 RT pV hρgV 1.2 × 10 −10 × 13.6 × 10 3 × 10 × 10 −4
For 2nd plot, …(ii) ⇒ N= = =
M V2 kT kT 1.38 × 10 −23 × 300
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get = 3.94 × 1011
m1 V1
= ⇒ m ∝V 3RT
m 2 V2 11 (a) vrms = ⇒ T ∝M (Q vrms and R are constants )
M
As, V2 > V1 ⇒ m1 < m 2
TH2 MH 2 TH2 2
21 (d) p V = constant
2 ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ TH2 = 20 K
TO 2 MO 2 (273 + 47) 32
nRT CT
p= or p = (C = constant) 3RT T
V V 12 (a) vrms = ⇒ vrms ∝
M M
T2
∴ = constant or T ∝ V
V v He 5 THe MH2
= = ×
V is increased to 3 times. Hence, T will increase 3 times. v H2 7 MHe TH2
25 4
⇒ THe = × × 273 = 278.57 K ≈ 5.57° C
49 2
(A) Taking it together
3RT 3RT
13 (a) vrms = ⇒ M= 2
F − 32 K − 273 F − 32 0 − 273 M vrms
1 (c) = ⇒ =
9 5 9 5 At room temperature, T = 27° C = 300 K
F = − 459.4° F ≈ − 460 ° F 3 × 8.3 × 300
∴ M= ≈ 2 × 10 −3 kg = 2 g
(1930 )2
2 (d) Zero kelvin = − 273° C (absolute temperature). As no
matter can attain this temperature, hence temperature can ⇒ Gas is hydrogen.
never be negative on Kelvin scale. T −0 T − 10
14 (d) Using C =
3 (b) Boyle’s law is applicable when temperature is constant. 100 − 0 130 − 10
i. e . pV = nRT = constant 40 − 0 T − 10
⇒ =
100 − 0 130 − 10
680 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

40 T − 10 2 T − 10
⇒ = or = 20 (a) As the temperature is increased, length of the pendulum
100 120 5 120 increases but its centre of mass remains at the centre of bob.
⇒ 5T − 50 = 240 The time period of pendulum,
290
⇒ 5T = 290 ⇒ T = = 58°
5
1 L
15 (a) Number of seconds lost in a day, ∆t = α∆θ × 86400
2
The coefficient of linear expansion of metal pendulum, Pendulum
2∆t 2 × 12.5
α= = T = 2π
L
⇒ T∝ L
∆θ × 86400 25 × 86400 g
1
⇒ α= /° C So, as L increases, time period (T ) will also increases.
86400
21 (b) As the motion of the vessel as a whole does not affect the
16 (b) Relation between Celsius and Fahrenheit scale of relative motion of the gas molecules with respect to the walls
C F − 32
temperature is = of the vessel, hence pressure of the gas inside the vessel, as
5 9 observed by us, on the ground remains the same.
5 160
⇒ C= F − 22 (a) Let the relation between the thermometer reading and
9 9 centigrade scale be y = ax + b .
Equating above equation with standard equation of the line Given, at x = 100, y = 80 and at x = 0, y = 10
y = mx + c, we get ∴ 80 = 100a + b, 10 = b ⇒ a = 0.7
5 Now, we have to find x when y = 59
Slope of the line AB is m = .
9 59 = 0.7x + 10 ⇒ x = 70
pV ∴At 70° C, the reading of given thermometer be 59°.
17 (a) pV = nRT or n =
RT
23 (c) Let the original temperature be 0°C.
pV
Now, N = n × 6.02 × 10 23 = × 6.02 × 10 23 Volume of A,V1 = l × π (2r )2; V1′ = V1 (1 + γ ∆T )
RT
(V1′ − V1)
(10 −14 × 13.6 × 10 3 × 10) (1) = γ∆T ⇒ V
( 1′ − V1 ) ∝ V1
or N = × 6.02 × 10 23 V1
(8.31) (273 + 30)
(V ′ − V2 )
= 3.2 × 1011 Similarly, 2 = γ∆T ⇒ V
( 2′ − V2 ) ∝ V2
V2
18 (d) As α Al > α steel , aluminium will expand more. So, it should
∆V1 l (2 r )2 2
have larger radius of curvature. Hence, aluminium will be on Q = =
∆V2 2 lr 2 1
convex side and steel on concave side.
Aluminium  nR   mR 
24 (c) V =   T =  T
 p  Mp 
m
∴Slope of V-T graph ∝
p
θ
m
Steel Since, ratio is same in both cases. So, the expansion will be
p
Q
represented by the same straight line B.
19 (b) As the rod is heated, it expands. No external torque is 25 (c) From ideal gas equation, pV = RT …(i)
acting on the system, so angular momentum should be
conserved. or p∆V = R∆T …(ii)
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
∆V ∆T ∆V 1
= ⇒ = =δ (Given)
V T V ∆T T
1
∴ δ=
T
Rod
So, the graph between δ and T will be rectangular hyperbola.
Angular momentum, L = Iω = constant ⇒ I1ω1 = I2ω 2
1 1
Due to expansion of the rod, I2 > I1 26 (d) U ∝ or T ∝ ⇒ T ∝V
ω 2 I1 ρ (1/V )
⇒ = < 1 ⇒ ω 2 < ω1
ω1 I2 Hence, from ideal gas equation (pV = nRT ), p is constant.
So, angular velocity (speed of rotation) decreases. Further, ρ is increasing in U-ρ, thereforeV should decrease.
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 681

27 (a) We know for an ideal gas, 32 (b) (n1 + n 2 )i = (n1 + n 2 )f

 nR  p 0V p 0V pV pV
pV = nRT ⇒ V =   T + = +
 p RT0 RT0 RT0 2RT0
where, p = pressure,V = volume, ∴ p = (4/ 3) p 0
n = number of moles of gases
33 (b) It is clear from the graph that lowest point for scale A is
R = gas constant 30° and lowest point for scale B is 0°. Highest point for the
and T = temperature. scale A is 180° and for scale B is 100°. Hence, correct relation is
Slope of the V-T graph, m =
dV nR
= tA − (LFP )A tB − (LFP )B
=
dT p (UFP )A − (LFP )A (UFP )B − (LFP )B
1 where, LFP = lower fixed point
⇒ m∝ (Q nR = constant)
p and UFP = upper fixed point.
1
⇒ p∝ 180
(+A) B
(+B)
m C
p1 m 2

Temperature (°A)
Hence, = >1
p 2 m1 ∆tA = 150°

where, m1 is slope of the graph corresponding to p1 and m 2 is °–θ

90
slope corresponding to p 2. θ
⇒ p 2 < p1 or p1 > p 2 ∆tB = 100° 30°
O Temperature (°B) 100
28 (d) Let the radius of the sphere be R. As
the temperature increases, radius of the tA − 30 t −0 t − 30 t
⇒ = B ⇒ A = B
sphere increases as shown in figure. 180 − 30 100 − 0 150 100
R
4
Original volume,V = πR 3 34 (d) Consider the diagram, when the molecules breaks into
3 dV atoms, the number of moles would become twice.
Coefficient of linear expansion = α Now, from ideal gas equation,
∴ Coefficient of volume expansion = 3α pV = nRT
1 dV Here, p = pressure of gas, n = number of moles, R = gas
∴ = 3 α ⇒ dV = 3VαdT ≈ 4πR 3α∆T
V dT constant, T = temperature and V = volume of the container.
= Increase in the volume
29 (a) Let volume of the sphere beV and ρ be its density, then H2 H2
V H2
we can write buoyant force as molecules

F = V ρ g (g = acceleration due to gravity)

⇒ F ∝ρ (QV and g both are constants)
F4 ° C ρ 4 ° C
⇒ = >1 (Q ρ 4 ° C > ρ 0 ° C)
F0 ° C ρ 0 ° C V H
atoms
Hence, buoyancy will be less in water at 0° C than that in HH
water at 4° C. As, number of moles becomes twice of initial, so n 2 = 2n1.
30 (d) Diameter of brass plate = 2 .6 cm So, p ∝ nT
and diameter of steel plate = (2.6 − 0.01) cm = 2.59 cm ⇒
p 2 n 2T2 (2n1) (3000 )
= = = 20
Now, (d + ∆d )b = (d + ∆d )s p1 n1T1 n1(300 )
or d b (1 + α∆ θ )b = d s (1 + α∆ θ )s ⇒ p 2 = 20 p1
∴ 2.6 (1 + 19 × 10 −6 ∆θ ) = 2.59 (1 + 11 × 10 −6 ∆θ ) Hence, final pressure of the gas would be 20 times the
∆ θ ≈ − 478° C or θ f = − 478°+20 ° = − 458° C pressure initially.

31 (b) γ r = γ a + γ v , where γ r = coefficient of real expansion, 35 (a) From ideal gas equation, pV = µRT
γ a = coefficient of apparent expansion p µR 1
⇒ Slope of p -T curve, = ⇒ Slope ∝
and γ v = coefficient of expansion of vessel. T V V
For copper, γ r = C + 3α Cu = C + 3A It means line of smaller slope represents greater volume of
For silver, γ r = S + 3α Ag gas. In the given problems 1 and 2 are on the same line, so
they will represent same volume, i.e.V1 = V2.
⇒ C + 3A = S + 3α Ag
Similarly, points 3 and 4 are on the same line, so they will
C − S + 3A
⇒ α Ag = represent same volume, i.e.V3 = V4 .
3
682 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

2
Also, slope of line 1-2 is less than that of line 3-4. l 
⇒ (OR )2 = [l (1 + α 2t )]2 − (1 + α 1t )
Hence, ( 1 = V2 ) > V
V ( 3 = V4 )  2 
36 (d) For an ideal gas, pV = nRT l2 l2
l2 − = l 2 (1 + α 22 t 2 + 2α 2t ) − (1 + α 12 t 2 + 2α 1t )
Here, n = number of moles, p = pressure,V = volume, 4 4
R = gas constant, T = temperature ⇒ n =
pV Neglecting α 2 t and α 1 t , we get
2 2 2 2

RT
l2
As number of moles of the gas remains fixed, hence we can write 0 = l 2 (2α 2 t ) − (2α 1t )
4
pV pV T 
11
= 2 2 ⇒ p 2 = (p1V1)  2  2α 1
RT1 RT2 V2T1 ⇒ 2α 2 =
4
(p ) V . T ) Given, p1 = p, V2 = 1.05 V 
( ) (11 ⇒ α 1 = 4α 2
=
(1.05V )(T ) and T2 = 11
.T 
 43 (b) Change in weight = Upthrust (F )
 1.1  where, F = Vs ρl g
=p×  = p (1.0476) −
~ 1.05 p
 1.05 ⇒ F ′ = Vs′ ρ′l g
Hence, final pressure p 2 lies between p and 1.1 p. F ′ Vs ′ ρ′ l
Q = ⋅
37 (d) Pressure on both sides should be same. F Vs ρl

⇒
n1RT n 2RT
= ⇒
m
=
m F′ ρ′
or = (1 + γ s ∆θ ) l
V1 V2 MV
11 MV2 2 F ρl
m m  46 − 30.5  1.20 
⇒ =   = (1 + 3 × α s × 15)  
32 (360 ° − α V
) 28 αV  46 − 30   1.24
32 × 360
⇒ 28 α = 32(360 °−α ) ⇒ α = or α = 192° or α s = 2.3 × 10 −5/ °C
60
38 (d) In an ideal gas, when a molecule collides elastically with a 44 (a) (p 2 − p1) A = mg
wall, the momentum or pressure transferred to each molecule mg RTi RTi 3RTi
will be twice the magnitude of its normal momentum. As face or = − = …(i)
A V1 4V1 4V1
EFGH absorbs the molecule incident on it, so for the face
EFGH, it transfers only half of that on other faces. Similarly, in second case,
m V m T mg RTf RTf 2RTf
39 (c) pV = RT ⇒ V ∝ mT ⇒ 1 = 1 ⋅ 1 = − = …(ii)
M V2 m 2 T2 A V2 3V2 3V2
2 V m 100 m Further, 5V1 = 4V2
⇒ = × ⇒ m2 =
V m 2 200 4 Equating Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
3Ti 2Tf
40 (a) Slope of line is 1. Therefore, T-V equation can be written =
4V1 3V2
as T = V + T0
9 V2
pV nRT0 ⇒ Tf = × × Ti
∴ = V + T0 ⇒ p = (nR ) + 8 V1
nR V
∴ p versusV graph is a sort of rectangular hyperbola. 9 5
= × × 320
∆p 8 4
41 (a) F = rate of change of momentum = = (nm ) (2v cos θ ) = 450 K
∆t
F (nm ) (2v cos θ ) 45 (c) Consider the diagram, where an ideal gas is contained in a
Pressure, p = =
A A cylinder, having a piston of mass M. Friction is absent.
10 23 × 3.32 × 10 −27 × 2 × 1000 × cos 45°
= M
2 × 10 −4
= 2.34 × 10 3 Nm−2 or Pa pa
2
 l
42 (d) (OR )2 = (PR )2 − (PO )2 = l 2 −   pa Mg/A
 2 p
R
A p
l
The pressure inside the gas will be p = p a + Mg /A
where, p a = atmospheric pressure,
P l/2 O Q
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 683

A = area of cross-section of the piston 2 (b) Let L0 be the initial length of each strip before heating.
and Mg = weight of piston.
Hence, p = constant Brass strip
As, pV = nRT
⇒ When temperature increases, volume V ( ) increases at
constant pressure.
Copper strip
46 (b) Volume of the gas V is constant. d

θ
F R

O
pA p0 A
Length after heating will be
Lb = L0 (1 + α b∆T ) = (R + d ) θ … (i)
(Q Length of an arc = Radius × Angle)
∴ p ∝ T , i.e. pressure will be doubled when temperature is
Lc = L0 (1 + α c ∆T ) = Rθ … (ii)
doubled.
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
∴ p = 2p 0
R + d 1 + α b ∆T d
Now, let F be the tension in the wire. Then, equilibrium of ⇒ = ⇒ 1 + = 1 + (α b − α c ) ∆T
R 1 + α c ∆T R
any one piston will give
F = (p − p 0 ) A d
⇒ R=
= (2p 0 − p 0 ) A (α b − α c ) ∆T
= p 0A 1
⇒ R∝
∆T
(B) Medical entrance special format 1
and R∝
questions (α b − α c )
i.e. R is inversely proportional to ∆T and (α b − α c ).
l Assertion and reason
3 (c) An ideal gas is that which satisfy the equation,
1 (d) In summers, a metallic scale will read less than the actual
pV = µRT
because length of metallic scale increases in summers.
where, p = pressure,V = volume,
1 2
2 (b) The translational kinetic energy is mvrms . µ = number of moles, R = gas constant
2
and T = temperature.
Further, translational degree of freedom of any type of gas is
Here, µ and R are constants for a gas, so
three. Therefore, translational kinetic energy of any type of
T
3
gas (of one mole) is RT. p∝
2 V
Hence, pressure of an ideal gas depends on both the
3 (c) In ideal gases, there is no inter-particle interaction. So, no temperature and volume of the gas. Thus, both the statements
vibrational energy is there. are correct.
∴ Only the kinetic energy contribute to the internal energy.
4 (c) Statements II and III are correct but statement I is
4 (b) Translational degree of freedom of a diatomic gas (O 2 ) is incorrect and it can be corrected as,
three and rotational degree of freedom is two. Therefore, The kinetic theory relates the molecular properties like
K 3
according to law of equipartion of energy, T = . viscosity, conduction and diffusion with bulk properties of a
KR 2 gas.
Further, intermolecular force between ideal gas molecules is
zero. Hence, potential energy is zero.
l Match the columns
1 1
1 (b) T 2 ∝ or T 2 ∝ or T ∝ p
l Statement based questions V 1/ p
1 (b) All statements are correct except the statement given in p has become four times. Therefore, T will become two times
option (b) and it can be corrected as, 1
orV will become times.
The average translational kinetic energy per molecule is same 4
for molecules of all gases like here O 2 and for each molecule, Further, T is increasing, hence ∆U will be positive.
3
it is k B T. Hence, A → r, B → s, C → p.
2
684 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

2 (c) From the givenV -T graph, we cannot tell the nature of 6 (c) Due to change in temperature, the thermal strain produced
gas. in a rod of length L is given by
nRT  nR  ∆L
V= = T = α ∆T ⇒ ∆L = L α ∆T
p  p L
If p is constant,V -T graph is a straight line. Slope of this line where, L = original length of rod and α = coefficient of linear
nR expansion of solid rod.
is .
p As, the change in length (∆l ) of the two given rods of copper
Here, (Slope)A > (Slope)B and aluminium are independent of temperature change, i.e.
 nR   nR  ∆T is same for both copper and aluminium.
⇒   > 
 p A  p B LCuα Cu = LAlα Al … (i)
nA p Here, . × 10 −5 K−1
α Cu = 17
So, either may be greater than 1 or A may be less
nB pB α Al = 2.2 × 10 −5 K−1
than 1. and LCu = 88 cm
n n
But it certain that   >   . Substituting the given values in Eq. (i), we get
 p A  p B α L . × 10 −5 × 88
17
LAl = Cu Cu = −
~ 68 cm
Hence, A → t, B → t, C → t, D → t. α Al 2.2 × 10 −5
7 (a) The kinetic energy of gas molecules is given by
(C) Medical entrances’ gallery KE = RT
3
1 (a) The average thermal energy of a system with degree of 2
freedom f is equal to its average energy, which is given as ⇒ KE ∝ T
f Thus, increase in temperature would lead to increase the
= kB ⋅ T kinetic energy of molecules.
2
For monoatomic gas, f = 3 Option (b) is incorrect as increase in temperature will lead to
3 increase in pressure as p ∝ T . Other options (c) and (d) are
∴Average thermal energy = kB ⋅ T also incorrect as molecular distance increases while mass
2
remains the same for increase in the temperature.
2 (a) Given, pressure, p = 249 kPa = 249 × 10 3 Pa
8 (a) Given, initial pressure of ideal gas,
Temperature, T = 27° C = 273 + 27 = 300 K p1 = 1bar = 1Nm −2
Density, ρ = ?
Initital volume,V1 = 30 m 3
From ideal gas equation, pV = nRT
m  m Final volume,V2 = 10 m 3
⇒ pV = RT Q n = 
M  M Initial temperature, T1 = 320 K
⇒ pVM = mRT Final temperature, T2 = 280 K
m  m  Final pressure of gas, p 2 = ?
⇒ pM = RT = ρRT Q = ρ
V  V  From ideal gas equation,
pV pV
pM 249 × 10 3 × 2 × 10 −3 11
= 22
⇒ ρ= = T1 T2
RT 8.3 × 300
1 × 30 p 2 × 10
(Q For hydrogen gas, M = 2 g = 2 × 10 −3 kg) ⇒ =
320 280
⇒ ρ = 0.2 kg/m 3 ⇒ p 2 = 2 .625 bar
4 (a) Ideal gas equation is given as 9 (a) A gas can be liquified by applying pressure only when it is
ρRT M cooled below critical temperature. Critical temperature of NH3
p= ⇒ p ⋅ 0 = RT is more than CO 2, i.e. TNH3 = 405 K and TCO2 = 304.1K.
M0 ρ
Therefore, NH3 is liquified more easily than CO 2.
 M0 
⇒ pV = RT QV = 
 ρ  10 (b) There are two vibrational degree of freedom of diatomic
gas molecules at high temperature. Hence, vibrational degree
Here, ρ and M0 are mass density and mass of the gas, of freedom of a diatomic gas molecule appears at very high
respectively. temperature because vibration in gas molecules is directly
5 (a) The mean free path l for a gas molecule is given as proportional to the square root of its temperature.
1 1 11 (d) Elongation due to change in temperature,
l= ⇒ l∝ 2
2πnd 2
d ∆l = Lα∆ T ...(i)
where, d = diameter of molecule of gas. where, α = coefficient of linear expansion,
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 685

which is compensated by elastic strain. 15 (b) A monoatomic gas molecules like He consists of single
When temperature becomes normal, then atom. It can have translational motion in any direction in
TL space.
∆l = ...(ii)
YS Thus, it has three translational degrees of freedom f = 3. It
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get can also rotate but due to its small moment of inertia,
TL rotational kinetic energy is neglected.
= Lα∆T The molecules of a diatomic gas (like O 2 , CO 2 , H2 ) cannot
YS
only move but also rotate about any one of the three
⇒ T = Y Sα ∆ T coordinates.
At equilibrium, force exerted by one-half on other, Hence, it can have two rotational degree of freedom.
F = 2T = 2YSα∆T
Thus, a diatomic molecule has 5 degree of freedom, i.e. 3
12 (b) The minimum velocity with which the body must be translational and 2 rotational.
projected vertically upwards, so that it could escape from the
16 (d) Total internal energy of system
earth’s atmosphere is its escape velocity (v e ).
= Internal energy of oxygen molecules + Internal energy of
As, v e = 2gR argon molecules
Substituting the value of g (9.8 ms −2 ) and radius of earth f f
= 1 n1RT + 2 n 2RT
(R = 6.4 × 10 6 m), we get 2 2
5 3
v e = 2 × 9.8 × 6.4 × 10 6 = × 2RT + × 4RT = 11RT
2 2
≅ 11.2km s −1 = 11.2 × 10 3 m s −1 γ brass 0.00006
17 (a) As, α brass = =
Let the temperature of molecule be T when it attains v e . 3 3
According to the question, v rms = v e = 0.00002 = 2 × 10 − 5 / °C
where, v rms is the rms speed of the oxygen molecule. The brass scale is true at 15°C, therefore at 30°, its
3kBT graduations will increase in length and hence, observed
⇒ = 11.2 × 10 3
mO 2 reading will be less than actual reading at 30°.
∴The change in reading,
. × 10 3 )2 (m O 2 )
(112
or T= ∆l = lα brass (∆T ) = 74. 5 × 2 × 10 − 5 (30 − 15)
(3kB )
= 0. 02235 cm
Substituting the given values, i.e.
kB = 1.38 × 10 −23 JK−1 ∴ Actual reading at 30°C,
and m O 2 = m = 2.76 × 10 −26
kg, l30 = lobserved + ∆l = 74. 5 + 0. 02235 = 74. 522 cm
Assuming area of cross-section to be constant, we have
(11.2 × 10 3 )2 (2.76 × 10 −26 ) ~
we get T= − 8.326 × 10 4 K V0 ρ 0 = V30 ρ 30
(3 × 1.38 × 10 −23 ) or ah0 ρ 0 = ah30 ρ 30
13 (b) Given, γ = 49 × 10 −5 ° C−1, Therefore, true height at 0°C,
ρ h30
∆T = 30 ° C h0 = h30 30 =
ρ0 (1 + γ Hg ∆T )
V ′ = V + ∆V = V (1+ γ ∆T )
∴ V ′ = V (1 + 49 × 10 −5 × 30 ) = 1.0147V =
74.522
=
74.522
= 74.122 cm
m m m 1 + 0.00018 × 30 10054
.
Q ρ= and ρ′ = = = 0.9855 ρ
V V ′ 1.0147 V 18 (b) If we fill nitrogen gas at high pressure above the mercury
Hence, fractional change in density level, the boiling point of mercury will get increased which
ρ − ρ′ ρ − 0.9855 ρ can extend to the range upto 500°C.
= = = 0.0145
ρ ρ 19 (b) According to ideal gas equation, pV = nRT
RT p nR
14 (b) We know that, pV = RT ⇒ V = …(i) ⇒ =
p T V
M mN A p
∴ Density, ρ = = [From Eq. (i)] where, represents slope of the graph.
V RT T
p As, the number of moles are same for the two gases.
p 1
=
mpN A
(Q R = kN A ) ⇒ ∝
kN AT T V
Q V2 > V1 (Given)
pm
⇒ ρ= ∴ (Slope)2 < (Slope)1 or (Slope)1 > (Slope)2
kT
686 OBJECTIVE Physics Vol. 1

20 (c) According to question, In the second condition,

Coefficient of linear expansion of brass = α 1 1
′
2p = ρ vrms …(ii)
Coefficient of linear expansion of steel = α 2 3
Length of brass and steel rods are l1 and l2, respectively. On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
As the increase in length (l′2 − l1′) is same for all temperatures. 2
v rms 1 v 1
So, l′2 − l1′ = l2 − l1 = ⇒ rms =
′2
vrms 2 ′
vrms 2
⇒ l2 (1 + α 2∆t ) − l1 (1 + α 1 ∆t ) = l2 − l1 ⇒ l2α 2 = l1α 1
26 (c) The rms speed is given by
21 (a) It is given that,
(v rms )1 = 200 ms −1, T1 = 300 K, p1 = 10 5 Nm −2 vrms =
3RT
−2 M
T2 = 400 K, p 2 = 0.05 × 10 Nm , (v rms )2 = ?
5

As, rms velocity of gas molecules, T

⇒ vrms ∝
 3RT  M
v rms ∝ T Q v rms = 
 M  When temperature is doubled and molecules dissociate into
atoms, then
For two different cases,
T T
(v rms )1 T 200 300 3
⇒ = 1 ⇒ = = (vrms )1 M = M = T 1
(v rms )2 T2 (v rms )2 400 4 = =
(vrms )2 2T 4T 4T 2
2 400 M /2 M
⇒ (v rms )2 = × 200 = ms −1
3 3
If (vrms )1 is v, then (vrms )2 will be 2v.
22 (a) The rms speed is given by
28 (a) Given, ρ = 0.09 kg m −3
3 RT
vrms = Pressure, p (at STP) = 1.01 × 10 5 Pa
Molecular weight
According to kinetic theory of gas,
3 × 8.3 × (273 + 27) 3 × 8.3 × 300
= = p = (1/ 3) ρv 2
2 × 16 × 10 −3 32 × 10 − 3
3p 3 × 1.01 × 10 5
⇒ vrms = 483 ms −1 ⇒ v= =
ρ 0.09
23 (b) Translational kinetic energy, = 1834.85 ms −1
1
K = Mvrms 2
…(i) Now, volume occupied by one mole of hydrogen at STP
2
= 22.4 L = 22.4 × 10 −3 m3
3pV
and vrms = …(ii) ∴ Mass of hydrogen = Volume × Density
M
= 22.4 × 10 −3 × 0.09
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 3pV 3 = 2.016 × 10 −3 kg
K= M = pV
2 M 2 1 2
∴ Average kinetic energy per mol = mv
2K 2
⇒ p= ⇒ p ∝K (If,V = constant) 1
3V = × 2.016 × 10 − 3 × (1834.85)2
2
24 (d) Given, the lengths of rods are L1 and L2 −
~ 3403 J
and coefficients of linear expansions are α 1 and α 2.
29 (a) According to the ideal gas law,
As, ∆L1 = α 1 L1 ∆t and ∆L2 = α 2 L2 ∆t
 R
and for combined rod, ⇒ pV = RT ⇒ V =   T
 p
∆L = α (L1 + L2 ) ∆t
Now, ∆L = ∆L1 + ∆L2 V1 T1
⇒ V ∝T ⇒ =
⇒ α (L1 + L2 ) ∆t = α 1 L1∆t + α 2 L2∆t V2 T2
⇒ α (L1 + L2 ) = α 1 L1 + α 2 L2 ⇒
V2 T
− 1= 2 − 1
α L + α 2 L2 V1 T1
⇒ α= 1 1
L1 + L2 V2 − V1 T2 − T1
⇒ =
V1 T1
25 (c) According to the question,
1 2 V2 − V1 1 1
In the first condition, p = ρ vrms …(i) ⇒ = =
3 V1 T1 T
Thermometry, Thermal Expansion and Kinetic Theory of Gases 687

30 (c) Water is heated from 0°C to 10°C, then its volume first 41 (a) In kinetic theory of gases, it is assumed that time taken in
decreases and then increases. a collision is negligible compared to the average time taken in
free travel between any two collisions, to be precise.
42 (c) The number of molecules (n ) in a volume V
( ) at pressure p
Volume and temperature T is given by
of 1 kg
pV
water n=
kBT
Here, p = 10 6 dyne cm −2,V = 1000 cm3,
4°C Temperature
T = 273 + 27 = 300 K,
31 (a) When cooled from room temperature, liquid water kB = 1.38 × 10 −16 erg per kelvin
becomes dense as compared to other substances, but at
approximately 4° C (39° F), pure water reaches its maximum (10 6 ) (1000 )
∴ n= ≈ 2.4 × 10 22
density. If it is cooled further, it expands to become less dense. 1.38 × 10 −16 × 300

32 (c) Strain = α ⋅ ∆T ⇒ Stress ×Y ∝ ∆T 43 (a) Coefficient of real expansion,

where, L = length of the rod, V −V
γR = 2 1
V1(T2 − T1)
α = coefficient of linear thermal expansion
and Y = Young’s modulus of its material. 3 2
Here, V2 = , V1 =
4 3
So, the longitudinal stress developed in the rod is directly
∆T and ( T2 − T1) = (100 − 20 ) = 80 °C
proportional to .
Y  3 2
 − 
 4 3 1
33 (b) The kinetic theory of gases assume the collision between ∴ γR = = = 15.6 × 10 − 4 ° C−1
2 640
molecules as perfectly elastic. (80 )
3
35 (b) From law of equipartition of energy, for any system in
thermal equilibrium, the total energy is equally distributed 44 (c) pV = RT = constant
among its various degrees of freedom and each degree of RT
freedom is associated with energy (1/ 2) kBT . ⇒ p=
V
36 (b) Here, γr = γ ag + 3α g = γ ac + 3α c Vp 2 = constant
1.03 × 10 −3 + 3 α g = 1.006 × 10 −3 + 3 × (17 × 10 −6 )
2
⇒  RT 
⇒ V   = constant
V 
⇒ α g = 9 × 10 −6 / ° C
R 2T 2
3 ⇒ = constant
38 (c) We know that, kinetic energy, KE = kBT V
2
T2 T 2 T ′2
3
where, kB is constant, so KE ∝ T. ⇒ = constant ⇒ =
2 V V 2V
Now, we can say that the average kinetic energy of a gas ⇒ T ′ 2 = 2T 2 ⇒ T ′ = 2 T
molecule at absolute temperature T is directly proportional
to T. 45 (c) The relation between the temperature scales A and B
is given as
3 RT
39 (a) From gas equation, vrms = A − 42 B − 72
M = , so for the two scales to have the same
110 220
In given condition,
(vrms )T
=
T reading, A = B
(vrms )0 T0 A − 42 A − 72
⇒ =
T 110 220
⇒ 4=
T0 A − 42 A − 72
⇒ =
1 2
⇒ T = 4 T0 = 4 × 273
⇒ 2A − 84 = A − 72
= 1092 K = 819° C
⇒ 2A − A = 84 − 72
40 (a) For an ideal gas, the mean kinetic energy is proportional to
⇒ A = 12°
the absolute temperature. It does not depend on the kind of
gas.