1 Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen.

This reaction is catalysed by

manganese(IV) oxide.

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

The rate of this reaction can be investigated using the following apparatus.

oxygen gas

aqueous hydrogen peroxide

and manganese(IV) oxide

40 cm3 of aqueous hydrogen peroxide was put in the flask and 0.1 g of small lumps of manganese(IV)
oxide was added. The volume of oxygen collected was measured every 30 seconds. The results
were plotted to give the graph shown below.

volume of
oxygen

0
0 t t2 t3
1
time

(a)
a) How do the rates at times t1, t2 and t3 differ?
The t2 rate is less than the t1, the t3 rate has stopped.
.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain the trend in reaction rate that you described in (a)(i).
Since the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is
.............................................................................................................................................
lower at t2, the t2 rate is lower than at t1. The t3 rate
has already stopped the reaction because we have
.............................................................................................................................................
already used up hydrogen peroxide.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

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 (b) The experiment was repeated using 0.1 g of finely powdered manganese(IV) oxide. All the
other variables were kept the same.

(i) On the axes opposite, sketch the graph that would be expected. [2]

(ii) Explain the shape of this graph. ..........................................................................................

A steeper curve results from a faster rate due to the surface area
.............................................................................................................................................
having increased.
.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Describe how you could show that the catalyst, manganese(IV) oxide, was not used up in the
reaction. Manganese(IV) oxide is insoluble in water.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(d) In the first experiment, the maximum volume of oxygen produced was 96 cm3 measured at
r.t.p. Calculate the concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide in mol / dm3.

2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

0.096/24 = 0.004
number of moles of O2 formed = .......................................................................................... [1]
0.004 x 2 = 0.008
number of moles of H2O2 in 40 cm3 of solution = ................................................................. [1]
0.008/0.04 = 0.2
concentration of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide in mol / dm3 = ................................................
0.2
.......................................... [1]

[Total: 15]

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2 One of the factors which determine the reaction rate of solids is particle size.

(a) A mixture of finely powdered aluminium and air may explode when ignited.
An explosion is a very fast exothermic reaction. This causes a large and sudden increase
in temperature.

Explain each of the following in terms of collisions between reacting particles.

(i) Why is the reaction between finely powdered aluminium and air very fast?

Because they have a large surface area and a high collision rate,
....................................................................................................................................
molecules between oxygen molecules and aluminum atoms collide more.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Explain why for most reactions the rate of reaction decreases with time.

The concentration of reactants decreases.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Suggest an explanation why the rate of reaction in an explosion could increase
rather than decrease with time.

This is because the temperature and collision rate will increase,

....................................................................................................................................
where particles will have more energy and collisions.
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) (i) Give another example of a substance other than a metal which, when finely
powdered, might explode when ignited in air.

Sugar
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Describe a simple test-tube reaction which shows the effect of particle size on the
rate at which a solid reacts with a solution.
You should use powder and large pieces to do the reaction. I
....................................................................................................................................
believe the result should end will the larger pieces reacting
slower than the powder.
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 11]

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3 The speed (rate) of a chemical reaction depends on a number of factors which include
temperature and the presence of a catalyst.

(a) Reaction speed increases as the temperature increases.

(i) Explain why reaction speed increases with temperature.

Since the particles have more energy and move

....................................................................................................................................
faster, they are more likely to collide.
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) Reactions involving enzymes do not follow the above pattern.

The following graph shows how the speed of such a reaction varies with temperature.

speed

temperature

Suggest an explanation why initially the reaction speed increases then above a
certain temperature the speed decreases.

Since the reaction speeds up as the temperature

....................................................................................................................................
rises, the enzymes become denatured.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) An organic compound decomposes to give off nitrogen.

C6H5N2Cl (aq) → C6H5Cl (l) + N2(g)

The speed of this reaction can be determined by measuring the volume of nitrogen
formed at regular intervals. Typical results are shown in the graph below.

volume of
nitrogen

0
0 time

(i) The reaction is catalysed by copper.

Sketch the graph for the catalysed reaction on the diagram above. [2]
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 (ii) How does the speed of this reaction vary with time?
The speed of the reaction decreases.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Why does the speed of reaction vary with time?

This is due to the fact that the concentration of an organic compound

....................................................................................................................................
decreases, suggesting that the compound is being used up.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Catalytic converters reduce the pollution from motor vehicles.

oxides of nitrogen less harmful gases

and carbon monoxide to atmosphere

catalysts: rhodium,
platinum, palladium

(i) Describe how carbon monoxide and the oxides of nitrogen are formed in car engines.

This is due to the engine's incomplete combustion of organic

....................................................................................................................................
compounds, which is usually caused by a lack of oxygen.
....................................................................................................................................
When combustion is complete, all that is left is CO2, H2O, and
N2. Otherwise, the exhaust gases would contain nitrogen and
....................................................................................................................................
carbon monoxide. Carbon contains fuels
.............................................................................................................................. [4]

(ii) Describe the reaction(s) inside the catalytic converter which change these pollutants
into less harmful gases. Include at least one equation in your description.

Carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide or oxides of nitrogen to

....................................................................................................................................
nitrogen.
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 17]

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4 Many organic compounds which contain a halogen have chloro, bromo or iodo in their name.

(a) The following diagram shows the structure of 1-chloropropane.

H H H

H C C C Cl

H H H

(i) Draw the structure of an isomer of this compound.

For 1-Chloropropane:
H H Cl
| | |
H — C --- C --- C — H
| | |
H H H
[1]

(ii) Describe how 1-chloropropane could be made from propane.

This is because propane reacts with chlorine in sunlight to
....................................................................................................................................
give two products, 1-chloropropane is one of them.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Suggest an explanation why the method you have described in (ii) does not produce
a pure sample of 1-chloropropane.
This is because the method could produce HCl
....................................................................................................................................
with 2-chloropropane.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Organic halides react with water to form an alcohol and a halide ion.

CH3–CH2–I + H2O → CH3–CH2–OH + I –

(i) Describe how you could show that the reaction mixture contained an iodide ion.
You could add sliver nitrate with yellow precipitate.
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Name the alcohol formed when 1-chloropropane reacts with water.
Propanol
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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 (c) The speed (rate) of reaction between an organic halide and water can be measured by
the following method.

A mixture of 10 cm3 of aqueous silver nitrate and 10 cm3 of ethanol is warmed to 60 °C.
Drops of the organic halide are added and the time taken for a precipitate to form is
measured.

Silver ions react with the halide ions to form a precipitate of the silver halide.

Ag+(aq) + X–(aq) → AgX(s)

Typical results for four experiments, A, B, C and D, are given in the table.

experiment organic halide number of drops time / min

A bromobutane 4 6
B bromobutane 8 3
C chlorobutane 4 80
D iodobutane 4 0.1

(i) Explain why it takes longer to produce a precipitate in experiment A than in B.

This is because in A, the reaction is slower and the collision rate
....................................................................................................................................
decreased, also there are less reacting particles.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) How does the order of reactivity of the organic halides compare with the order of
reactivity of the halogens?
In halogens, the order of reactivity decreases down group
....................................................................................................................................
(Chlorine - Bromine - Iodine). This is the opposite for the
organic halides, as the order increases down group.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Explain why the time taken to produce a precipitate would increase if the experiments
were repeated at 50 °C.

This is because there would less energy, meaning the particles

....................................................................................................................................
would move much slower, so there will be less collisions.
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 15]

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5 Hydriodic acid, HI(aq), is a strong acid. Its salts are iodides.

(a) It has the reactions of a typical strong acid. Complete the following equations.

2
(i) ............Li 2
+ ............HI 2LiI
→ ........................ H2
+ ................... [1]

Zinc
.......................... Carbon
..........................
(ii) zinc hydriodic Water
+ → Iodide + Dioxide + .........................
carbonate acid .......................... ..........................
[1]

2
(iii) MgO + ............HI MGI2 + ...................
→ ................... H2O [1]

(b) Two of the reactions in (a) are acid / base and one is redox. Which one is redox? Explain
your choice.

I believe reaction 1 is a redox, this is because hydrogen iodide (HI)

...........................................................................................................................................
is an oxidizing agent, whilst Lithium (Li) is a reducing agent.
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Describe how you could distinguish between hydriodic, HI(aq), and hydrobromic, HBr(aq)
acids, by bubbling chlorine through these two acids.
Iodine is formed with the colour of darkish brown.
result with hydriodic acid ..................................................................................................

Bromine is formed with the colour of

result with hydrobromic acid ....................................................................................... [2]
orange.

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 (d) 20.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 2.00 mol / dm3, was placed in a beaker. The
temperature of the alkali was measured and 1.0 cm3 portions of hydriodic acid were
added. After each addition, the temperature of the mixture was measured. Typical results
are shown on the graph.

temperature

18.0 cm3 volume of

acid added

NaOH(aq) + HI(aq) → NaI(aq) + H2O(l)

(i) Explain why the temperature increases rapidly at first then stops increasing.
The reaction is exothermic (produces heat), and much of the
....................................................................................................................................
sodium hydroxide has been used up, so the reaction has stopped.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Suggest why the temperature drops after the addition of 18.0 cm3 of acid.
Because there is no more heat being produced.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) In another experiment, it was shown that 15.0 cm3 of the acid neutralised 20.0 cm3 of
aqueous sodium hydroxide, 1.00 mol / dm3. Calculate the concentration of the acid.
20/15 = 1.33 mol/dm^3
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 12]

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