Oral Communication

Lesson 1: Communication
Communication (from the Latin term “communis” which means to share and inform
ideas, feelings, etc.) is the act of transmitting intended meanings from one entity or group to
another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.
Categories of Communication

 Spoken or Verbal Communication: face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and

other media.
 Non-Verbal Communication: body language, gestures, how we dress or act – even our
scent.
 Written Communication: letters, e-mails, books, magazines, the Internet or via other
media.
 Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualizations can
communicate messages.
8 Stages of Communication Process
1. Sender - The communicator generates the message and imparts it to the accepted.
- Sender is the first source of process in communication.
2. Message - It is the information, view, topics, idea, feelings, sensitivity etc. that is produced
by the sender and is then planned to be communicated more. Besides, some topics are
included in massage like Introduction, Meaning, and Importance of Directing, Fundamentals of
Direction, Leadership, Incentives.
3. Encoding - After generating massage by the sender is encoded representative like as in
the form of pictures, gestures, words etc. earlier it is being took.
4. Media or Channel - It is the middle part of the communication process. Basically, the
message may be conveyed in writing. For communicating includes some important media like
internet, telephone, e-mail, post, fax etc.
5. Receiver - It is the opposite party of communicating. After, sending writing massage then it’s
encoding by the multiplexer via channel then come to receiver. Then, the receiver receives the
message and it in proper outlook and acts giving to the message. Basically, the purpose of
communication will be success when receive massage by the receiver.
6. Decoding - Decoding is the process of adapting the symbols encoded by the sender.
7. Feedback - When the receiver confirms to the sender massage that he has received and
understood it carefully, actually, the communication process is completely done.
8. Noise - Noise is any type of disruption that interferes with the interpretation of information
from the massage sender. We can say it example bad telephone connection.

The Process of Communication

1. Sender
2. Message
3. Encoding
4. Media/channel
5. Receiver
6. Decoding
7. Feedback
8. Noise
 Lesson 2: Functions of Communication
Communication serves four major functions within a group or organization:
1. Control - Functions to control one’s behavior. When employees communicate any job-related
grievance to their immediate boss, follow their job description, or comply with company
policies, communication is performing a control function.
2. Motivation - Communication fosters motivation by clarifying to others what they must do,
how well they are doing it, and how they can improve if performance is subpar. The formation
of specific goals, feedback on progress toward the goals, and reward for desired behavior all
stimulate motivation and require communication.
3. Emotional Expression - Communication is a fundamental mechanism by which members of
group shows their satisfaction and frustrations. Communication, therefore, provides for the
emotional expression of feelings and fulfillment of social needs.
4. Information - Communication provides the information individuals and groups need to make
decisions by transmitting the data needed to identify and evaluate choices. Thus,
communication helps to facilitate decision making.
5. Social Interaction - Used to produce social relationships; used to develop bonds, intimacy,
relations, used to express preferences, desires, needs, wants, decisions, goals, and strengths;
used for giving and getting information, encouragement.

Lesson 3: Types of Communication Model

Communication models are systematic representations of the process which helps in
understanding how communication works can be done. Models show the process
metaphorically and in symbols.
1. Linear Model
Key Features:
 One-way communication
 Used for mass communication
 Sender send message and receivers only receive
 No feedback
 Concept of Noise
Pros:

 Good at audience persuasion and propaganda setting

 Intentional Result
Cons:

 Communication is not continuous as no concept of feedback

 No way to know if communication was effective

2. Transactional Model
Key Features:
 Used for interpersonal communication
 Senders and receivers interchange roles
 Simultaneous feedback
 Context of environment and noise
 Feedback is taken as a new message
Pros:

 Simultaneous and instant feedback

 No discrimination between sender and receiver
Cons:

 Encourages non-verbal communication

 More noise due to communication talking at the same time

3. Interactional Model:
 Used for new communication like internet
 Slower feedbacks in turns
 Concept or field experience
 Known as convergence model
 Communication becomes linear if receiver does not respond
Pros:

 Feedback even in mass communication

 New communication channels
Cons:

 Feedback can take a very long time

 Sender and receiver might not know who the other person is
Lesson 4: Speech
Speech is communication through talking or a talk given to an audience. It can be formal
address or discourse delivered to an audience.

Types of speech context

1. Intrapersonal- It refers to the communication with one’s self.
2. Interpersonal- This refers to communication between and among people and establishes
personal relationship between and among them.
3. Public- This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the message
before or in front of a group.
4. Mass communication- This refers to communication that takes place through television,
radio, newspapers, magazines, books, internet, and other types of media.

Lesson 5: Types of speech styles

1. Frozen Style- Used generally in very formal setting. Most formal communicative style for
respectful situation. Does not require any feedback from the audience. Usually uses long
sentences with good grammar and vocabulary. The use of language is fixed and relatively
static.

Examples:
national pledge, anthem, school creeds,
marriage ceremonies, speech for a state ceremony

2. Formal Style -Used in speaking to medium to large groups. May also be used in single
hearers- strangers, older persons, professional. Speaker must frame whole sentences ahead
before they are delivered. Avoids using slang terminologies language is comparatively rigid
and has a set, agreed upon vocabulary that is well documented; is often of a standard variety.

Examples:
meetings, speeches, school lessons, court, a corporate meeting, at a swearing in ceremony, in
an interview or in a classroom

3. Consultative Style- Used in semi-formal communication. Happens in two-way participation.

Most operational among other styles. Speaker does not usually plan what he wants to say.
Sentences end to be shorter and spontaneous.

Examples:
regular conversation at schools, companies, group discussion,
teacher-student, doctor-patient, expert-apprentice

4. CASUAL STYLE- Language used between friends. Often very relaxed and focused on just
getting the information out. This style is used in informal situations and language. Relation-
ship between speaker and hearer is closed.

Lesson 6: Effective Communication Skills

In their pioneer book Effective Public Relations, Professors Broom, Cutlip, and Center
(2012) list the 7 Cs of Effective Communication. The list is widely used today, especially in public
relations and advertising. Using these would prevent communication breakdown and
make communication effective and efficient.

1. Completeness- Communication should include everything that the receiver needs to

hear for him/her to respond, react, or evaluate properly.

2. Conciseness- Insignificant or redundant information should be eliminated from the

communication that will be sent to the recipient.

3. Consideration- To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information

about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference, education, status,
needs, among others.

4. Concreteness- Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and

supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations.

5. Courtesy- The speaker shows courtesy in communication be respecting the culture, values,
and beliefs of his/her receivers.

6. Clearness- Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific words to
express ideas.

7. Correctness- Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and

increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message.