ORAL COMMUNICATION

FEEDBACK: Feedback is the response or reaction provided

by the receiver, which can take various forms, including
LESSON 1
words, gestures, or actions.
NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
CONTEXT: Is the environment where communication
COMMUNICATION : Communication is how people share
takes place.
messages and information using various methods in different
situations and cultures. It can happen in many ways and
BARRIER: Barriers in communication are like obstacles
settings.
that affect the message flow. They can be caused by
various factors.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

1. Communication involves both sender and receiver, with LESSON 3

active involvement from both sides. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
2. It aims for mutual understanding, creating and sharing
meaning to connect people. 5 BASIC FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
3. Communication can be verbal or non-verbal, using spoken
or written expressions. 1. CONTROL: Communication helps regulate and
direct actions using verbal and non-verbal cues,
NATURAL FLOW OF COMMUNICATION aligning with rules and culture.

1. The speaker generates an idea 2. SOCIAL INTERACTION: It enables interaction with

2. The speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea into others by sharing thoughts and feelings, eliciting
words or actions responses.
3. The speaker transients or sends out a message
4. The receiver gets the message 3. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION: Communication allows
5. The receiver decodes or interpret the message based on the release of emotions, offering catharsis and
the context expressing feelings.
6. The receiver sends or provides feedback.
4. MOTIVATION: Communication provides the energy
to influence and encourage individuals in pursuing
LESSON 2
goals and living better.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
2 TYPES OF MOTIVATION:
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
POSITIVE: motivating someone or a group uses his or her
SENDER: The sender is the person who initiates
skills in communication as a bridge towards self assessment,
communication, serving as the source of the message or
confidence, and knowledge, etc.
ideas.
NEGATIVE: leads either to communication apprehension,
MESSAGE: The information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by
social anxiety, shyness, or public speaking anxiety.
the speaker can be in words or actions, and it's a crucial
element shared between the sender and receiver.
5. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION: means sharing
important information.
ENCODING: The process of converting the message into a
form the speaker understands is encoding, where the sender
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION
plays the role of the encoder.
TRAIT ANXIETY: It's about how some people tend to feel
CHANNEL: The medium or means, which can be personal or
more anxious than others, no matter what's happening or
non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, used to convey the
who's around.
encoded message is the channel of communication.
CONTEXT ANXIETY: Anxiety that occurs in specific places or
DECODING: Decoding is the process of interpreting the
communication settings.
encoded message by the receiver. The receiver analyzes the
message before responding.
AUDIENCE ANXIETY: Some individuals may find it harder to
talk to friends than to strangers, while others might feel at ease
RECEIVER: The receiver is the person who receives and
with unfamiliar people. It depends on the person.
decodes the message from the sender.
ORAL COMMUNICATION
LESSON 4
SITUATIONAL ANXIETY: It's anxiety that happens in new or
STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
unfamiliar situations, influenced by factors like the audience,
time, and context, including physical, temporal, social,
COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN
psychological, and cultural dimensions.
Failure to exchange information, resulting in a lack of
TYPES OF TALK
communication (Emily Rodgers)

● SMALL TALK: Casual and light conversation about

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
everyday topics, often used to break the ice or
maintain social interaction.
LANGUAGE BARRIERS: Even if people speak the same
language, misunderstandings can happen due to words used
PURPOSES:
or professional jargon.
a. To make quick connection
b. Catch up
PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS: Feeling stressed or anxious
c. Keeping the connection
can make it harder to understand messages.

● LIGHT-CONTROL TALK: Communication where

PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS: Physical conditions, like being
someone gently influences or guides a conversation
sick, can affect your ability to focus on what's said.
or situation without being forceful or dominant.
PHYSICAL BARRIERS: It's about the distance between
PURPOSES:
people talking.
A. To persuade
B. To direct
ATTITUDINAL BARRIERS: Bad behavior can hinder
C. To seek but not force agreement
effective interaction. Being open-minded helps.
D. To use legitimate
GENERALIZATIONS AND STEREOTYPES: Avoid making
● HEAVY-CONTROL TALK: Communication where
extreme generalizations and be sensitive to complexities.
someone exerts strong influence or authority to direct
a conversation or situation, often in a dominant or
JUMPING TO CONCLUSIONS: Get all the facts before
forceful manner.
speaking about them.

PURPOSES:
DYSFUNCTIONAL FEEDBACK: Not responding to
a. To blame
suggestions quickly harms communication.
b. To attack
c. To threaten
LACKING CONFIDENCE: Lack of knowledge or bullying can
d. To coerce
lead to extreme shyness and difficulty expressing oneself.
e. To demand
THE 7CS
● SEARCH TALK: A non-threatening approach when
you want to gather data.
COMPLETENESS - the receiver hears everything
CONSCISENESS - straight to the point
PURPOSES:
CONSIDERATION - the speaker needs to consider the
a. To center or an issue
receiver’s mood, status, background, preferences, needs etc.
b. To examine and clarify the issue
CONCRETENESS - have facts and evidences
COURTESY - respecting culture and beliefs
● STRAIGHT TALK: It’s about blneing honest and
CLEARNESS - ensure clarity
clear in your words, no tricks.
CORRECTNESS - eliminating grammatical errors

PURPOSES:
a. To concentrate on the here and now LESSON 5
b. To focus on issues VARIOUS MODE OF COMMUNICATION
c. To share feelings
d. To acknowledge feelings LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION (TRANSMISSION
e. To accept without judging MODEL): This model is like one-way traffic, often seen in
mass media like TV, radio, and newspapers. It lacks immediate
feedback.
ORAL COMMUNICATION
SHANNON WEAVER MODEL (1949): Also called the LESSON 6
transmission model, it's the foundation for many
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
communication models. It has only five parts: source,
encoder, channel, decoder, and receiver.
NOMINATION
- A speaker carries out a nomination to collaboratively
CHARACTERISTICS OF LINEAR MODEL
establish a topic.
- Recommend or nominate a topic with the people you
UNIDIRECTIONAL: It sends messages without getting
are talking to.
feedback, common in mass communication.
- Doing it in the form of a question.

SIMPLE: No swapping of roles between sender and receiver.

RESTRICTION
- Refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker.
PERSUASION, NOT MISUNDERSTANDING: It aims to
persuade and influence, not create mutual understanding.
TURN-TAKING
- The process by which people decide who takes the
VALUES PSYCHOLOGICAL OVER SOCIAL EFFECTS:
conversation floor.
Prioritizes understanding the message over building
- Primary idea is to give all communicators a chance
relationships.
to speak.

TOPIC CONTROL
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL: This model shows that both the
- Covers how procedural formality or informality
sender and receiver play roles in sending and receiving
affects the development of the topic in the
messages, making it a true "communication." They depend on
conversations.
each other and involve feedback.
TOPIC SHIFTING
FRANK DANCE (1967): The Helix model introduces the idea
- Moving one topic to another.
that communication is shaped by past experiences and
- We need to finish the previous topic before we start a
behaviors. It acknowledges that communication is a dynamic
new topic.
process influenced by both external and internal factors
learned over time. It's a cycle where the past affects the
REPAIR
present and future communication.
- The process by which a speaker recognizes a
speech error and repeats what has been said with
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSACTIONAL MODEL:
some sort of correction.

1. Communication develops from its beginning to the present

TERMINATION
moment.
- Need to end the conversation formally.
2. It heavily relies on its history.
3. Time is a significant factor.
4. Communication is shaped by what we've learned. LESSON 7
SPEECH CONTEXT AND STYLE
INTERACTIVE MODEL: Communication is a two-way
process where noise can disrupt it. It involves ten elements: TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
sender, encoder, decoder, interpreter, receiver, message, 1. INTRAPERSONAL - This refers to communication that
feedback, medium, noise, and field of experience. centers on one person where the speaker acts as both the
sender and the receiver of the message.
WILBUR SCHRAMM MODEL: Messages are influenced by
the "field of experiences" which includes social, cultural, 2. INTERPERSONAL - Relationship between you and
psychological, situational experiences, and acquired someone.
knowledge.
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERACTIVE MODEL
a. DYADS COMMUNICATION - between two people
1. Communication and feedback are continuous processes. b. SMALL GROUP - at least 3 but not more than 12
2. Emphasizes the significance of feedback. people.
3. The field of experience influences exchanged messages. c. PUBLIC - deliver or send the message before or in
front of the group.
4. Promotes interaction and engagement. d. MASA COMMUNICATION - takes place through TV,
radio, etc.
ORAL COMMUNICATION
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE - Which commits the speaker to doing something in the
future.
1. Intimate - private, between family members or - Examples are promising, planning, vowing, and
individuals betting
2. Casual - among peers/friends
3. Consultative - professional EXPRESSIVE
4. Formal - one way (official documents, speeches, - Type of illocutionary act.
academic writing) - The speaker expresses his or her feelings or
5. Frozen - remains unchanged (traditional rituals, emotional reactions
ceremonies, cultural expressions) - Examples are thinking, apologizing, welcoming, and
deploring.
LESSON 8
DECLARATION
TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
- Type of illocutionary act
- Brings a changing the external situation
FUNCTIONS:
- Change into existence or cause the state of affairs
A. Apology
which they refer to
B. Greetings
- Examples are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding,
C. Request
passing a sentence, and excommunicating.
D. Complaint
E. Invitation
F. Compliment LESSON 9
G. Refusal VERBAL COMMUNICATION AND NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
According to J.L. Austin (1962) a philosopher of language and
developer of the Speech Act Theory, three types of utterance, VERBAL COMMUNICATION
given the right circumstances or context. - Channel of communication is by talking.
1. Locutionary Act
- Is the actual act of uttering 1. APPROPRIATENESS
- Refers to the specific words of a verbal or written - Formal or informal communication
message - Language that you use should be appropriate to the
environment or occasion
2. Illocutionary Act
- The social function of what is said 2. BREIVITY
- Is related to the speaker’s intention, or what the - Use simple yet precise and powerful words are found
person who is communicating the message wants to to be more credible
happen - Direct

3. Perlocutionary Act 3. CLARITY

- The resulting of what is said - Clearly state

Searle’s Classification of Speech Act (Under Illocutionary 4. ETHICS

Act) - Word should be carefully
- Consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity,
ASSERTIVE preferences, and status of the person your talking to
- They commit the speaker to something being the
case. 5. VIVIDNESS
- Examples are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, - Things of feelings usually add color and spice to
boasting, concluding communication
- Flowery words
DIRECTIVE
- The speaker tries to make the addresses perform an NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
action. - Use gesture
- Examples are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, - If it cannot be expressed by words
advising, and begging

COMMISSIVE
- A type of illocutionary act.