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Lab 8 Operational Amplifier Applications II: Purpose

This lab investigates operational amplifier applications including the inverting integrator, summing amplifier, and differential amplifier. The inverting integrator circuit accumulates an input signal over time. The summing amplifier outputs a weighted sum of multiple input signals and can be used to build a digital-to-analog converter. The differential amplifier amplifies the difference between two input signals and rejects common mode noise. The lab experiments measure the performance of these circuits.

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95 views4 pages

Lab 8 Operational Amplifier Applications II: Purpose

This lab investigates operational amplifier applications including the inverting integrator, summing amplifier, and differential amplifier. The inverting integrator circuit accumulates an input signal over time. The summing amplifier outputs a weighted sum of multiple input signals and can be used to build a digital-to-analog converter. The differential amplifier amplifies the difference between two input signals and rejects common mode noise. The lab experiments measure the performance of these circuits.

Uploaded by

Alexandre
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lab 8

Operational Amplifier Applications II

Purpose
This lab studies some of the advanced uses of op amps. The circuits studied will include
the inverting integrator, the summing amplifier, and the differential amplifier.

Material and Equipment


741 Op Amp
Assorted Resistors (2k (2), 39k (2))
Capacitor (1 µF)

Theory
This lab investigates several amplifier circuits.

Integrator
The circuit in Figure 8-1 is an inverting or Miller integrator. The device can be
analyzed using standard op-amp analysis techniques.

Figure 8-1: The inverting integrator

The result of the output is described as :

So one can see that the output is proportional to the integral of the input signal. A real
integrator circuit requires a large resistor in parallel with the capacitor. This configuration
is known as a “lossy” integrator. The shunt resistor prevents the capacitor from storing

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charge due to small offset currents and voltages at the input. It also limits the minimum
input frequency allowed. The integrator can be used to “accumulate” an input signal over
time and is sometimes referred to as an accumulator.

Summing Amplifier
The inverting amplifier can be modified to accommodate multiple input signals as in
Figure 8-2.

Figure 8-2: The Summing Amplifier

With this configuration, the output signal is weighted sum of the two input signals. The
weighting is determined by the following equation:

The amplifier can be extended any number of inputs. For this reason, it can be used to
build a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). In the case of the above circuit, consider a two
bit digital signal. Each bit can be applied to one of the inputs. The inputs are then
weighted to reflect the significance of their respective bit. When a digital signal is applied
to the input, an analog voltage appears at the output which is determined by the binary
input.

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Differential Amplifier
The differential amplifier is designed to amplify the difference between the two input
signals. A simple differential amplifier is shown in Figure 8-3.

Figure 8-3: The Differential Amplifier

If the four resistors satisfy the relationship, R2/R1 = R4/R3, then the gain of this
amplifier is given by:

Because the amplifier only amplifies the difference between the two input signals, it
rejects common mode signals (signals which are common to the two inputs). Therefore, if
common noise appears at both inputs, it will be rejected. For this reason, the differential
amplifier is used in very noisy environments to reject noise.

If the same input signal is applied to both inputs, the voltage gain of that signal
(which should be very small) is denoted as ACM. One can define what is known as
common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) as:

CMRR = 20log | AD / ACM |

For a good differential amplifier, this number will be very large (80-100 dB).

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Procedure

Inverting Integrator
1) Build the amplifier in Figure 8-1. Take R=39k, R1=2k and C2=1µF.
Bias the amplifier with +15V or -15V.
2) Apply a 200Hz, 1Vp-p sinusoidal signal to the input. Measure and capture the
input and output signals. Be sure to measure them simultaneously.
3) Perform the same for a 1kHz square wave input.

Differential Amplifier
1) Build the amplifier in Figure 8-3. Take R2=R4=39k and R1=R3=2k. Then,
bias the amplifier with +15V or -15V. By applying a 1Vp-p, 200 Hz signal
between two inputs, measure the differential gain of this circuit.
2) Apply a common mode signal to the amplifier (this is done by connecting the
positive terminal of the source to the two inputs, and the negative terminal to
ground). Measure the common mode gain of this amplifier.
3) Calculate the CMRR.

Questions for the Lab Report

Define CMRR.

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