TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................i

MATERIAL TESTING ASSIGNMENT AGGREGATE SIEVE ANALYSIS

TEST........................................................................................................................1

I. Purpose..........................................................................................................2

II. Basic Theory.................................................................................................2

III. According to the Specification......................................................................3

IV. Instrument.....................................................................................................4

V. Homework Content.......................................................................................5

VI. Experiment Procedure...................................................................................5

VII. Result............................................................................................................8

SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF COARSE

AGGREGATE.......................................................................................................10

I. Purpose........................................................................................................11

II. Basic Theory...............................................................................................11

III. According to the Specification....................................................................12

IV. Instrument...................................................................................................12

V. Experiment Procedure.................................................................................14

VI. Result Data..................................................................................................17

AGGREGATE OF LOS ANGELES ABRASION TEST.....................................18

I. Purpose........................................................................................................19

II. Basic Theory...............................................................................................19

III. According to the spesification.....................................................................20

IV. Instrument...................................................................................................20
 V. Experiment procedure.................................................................................20

VI. Test Principle..............................................................................................23

VII. Record Sheet...............................................................................................24

GEOPOLYMER PRODUCTION TEST...............................................................25

I. Purpose........................................................................................................26

II. Basic Theory...............................................................................................26

III. Reference The Spesification.......................................................................27

IV. Instrument...................................................................................................27

V. Experiment Procedure.................................................................................27

VI. Result..........................................................................................................34

TEST OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION OF FINE

AGGREGATE.......................................................................................................35

I. Purpose........................................................................................................36

II. Basic Theory...............................................................................................36

III. According To The Specification.................................................................37

IV. Instrument...................................................................................................38

V. Experiment Procedure.................................................................................39

VI. Test Principle..............................................................................................44

VII. Result..........................................................................................................44
 MATERIAL TESTING ASSIGNMENT
AGGREGATE SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST

GROUP 4

FERUCHA CHAIRAINI PUTRI (傅淑怡) K0835107

IKANITA KUSUMA WARDHANI (柯安妮) K0835110

JAMILA (賈米拉) K0835111
I WAYAN NANDA BARGAWA (巴偉安) K0835123

IMAM HADI WIJAYA (何政堯) K0835124

YUSMAN FOENAY (尤曼) K0835131

CHENG SHIU UNIVERSITY

DEPARTEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND GEOMATICS

2020
 I. Purpose
1. Used to determine particle size analysis of aggregate
2. Can obtain combination of pellets, and calculate the fineness modulus of
the aggregate and information as to concrete mix design
3. Sieve analysis by aggregate, and can understand the maximum particle
size of coarse aggregate, and can take appropriate screen size ratio of the
pellets, and used for concrete mixing

II. Basic Theory

Sieve analysis (or grading test) is a practice or procedure used to
assess the particle size distribution (also called grading) of a granular material
by allowing the material to pass through a series of screens from an
increasingly smaller net.
The size distribution is often of critical importance to the way the
material performs in use. A sieve analysis can be performed on any type of
non-organic or organic granular materials including sands, crushed rock,
clays, granite, feldspars, coal, soil, a wide range of manufactured powders,
grain and seeds, down to a minimum size depending on the exact method.
Being such a simple technique of particle sizing, it is probably the most
common.
Data on the distribution of granules in the aggregate is needed in
concrete mix planning. Based on its size, aggregate can be divided into two
parts, namely fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. What is meant by fine
aggregate is sand which has grain gradations within two limiting curves.
 The following is the upper limit and lower limit standard for grading
requirements in accordance with ASTM C-33, Table grading requirement for
coarse material

Mesh Size ASTM C-33 Grading Requirement

Sieve
(mm) Upper Limit Lower Limit
1 1/2” 38.1 100 100
1” 25.4 95 100
¾” 19.05    
½” 12.7 25 60
3/8” 9.53    
No. 4 4.75 0 10
No. 8 2.38 0 5
Chassis 0 0 0

Table grading requirement for fine material

Mesh Size ASTM C-33 Grading Requirement

Sieve
(mm) Upper Limit Lower Limit
3/8” 9.53 100 100
No. 4 4.75 95 100
No. 8 2.38 80 100
No. 16 1.18 50 85
No. 30 0.6 25 60
No. 50 0.3 10 30
No. 100 0.15 2 10
Chassis 0 0 0

III. According to the Specification

1. ASTM C136 (Standard method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Aggregate)
2. CNS 486 A3005 (粗細粒料之篩分析法)
IV. Instrument
1. Sieve : All levels of sieve number used, and depends on the required
granular grading specification.

2. Oven : Maintaining the temperature of 110 ± 50C constant temperature

oven.

3. Scale : The accuracy is within 0.1 % of the weigh of the tested sample
 4. Alumunium an or utensisls : To collect samples

V. Homework Content
1. Sieve analysis test operation
2. Calculation sieve analysis table
3. Calculate the fineness modulus
4. Draw a sieve analysis curve

VI. Experiment Procedure

1. Preparation of test materials: The sample is placed in an alumunium pan,
and move into 110 ± 50C oven to dry, and remove the sample and cool to
room temperature.
 2. Weigh the test material: According to the specification, the minimum
amount of the coarse and fineaggregate sieve analysis sample, as shown
in table below.

The Minimum Amount of the Coarse Aggregate Sieve Analysis

Max. particle size (mm) 9.5 12.5 19 25 37.5 50 63 75 90

Min. sample weight (kg) 1.0 2 5.0 10 15 20 35 60 100

The Minimum Amount of the Fine Aggregate Sieve Analysis Sample

Particle grading of materials Minimum amount

(g)
Material passes No. 8 sieve above 95% 100
Material passes No. 4 sieve above 90% passing the No.8 500
sieve below 5%

3. Selection of Sieve
1 } , 1, 34 , 12 , 38 ,No .4 , No.8 , etc¿
The coarse aggregate used mesh : 1
2
3¿
The fine aggregade used mesh : No.4,No.8,No.16,No.30,No.50,No.100,etc
8
stacked from top to bottom according to the pore size, and place a top cover on
top layer, and place a plate at the bottom.
 4. Sieve analysis : Put the prepared samples into the top and start the sieve
analysis

5. Weigh the weight of the aggregate staying on each sieve

a. Record the weight remaining on each sieve and calculate its retention
percentage
b. Cumulative percentage of stay
c. Fineness Modulus
d. Pass percentage

6. Test Principle
Percentage stay in a certain sieve :

The weight of the samole stay ∈sieve

x 100 %
Total weight of dry pellets

The cumulative percentage of stay in a certain sieve

∑ The weight of the sample stay its sieve x 100 %

Total weight of dry pellets

The percentage of passing a certain :

100−The cumulative percentage of stay∈a certain sieve

Designated standard sieve No. 100, No. 50, No. 30, No. 16, No.8, No. 4,

3 } , {{3} over {8}} ^ { 1 ¿

,1
4 2

Weight after test −Weight before test

Test Error % = x 100 % ≤|0.3 %|
Weight before test
VII. Result
Calculation table of fine aggregate sieve analysis test

Mesh Retentio Retention Cumulative Pass

Sieve Size n Weight Percentage Retention Percentage
(mm) (g) (g) Percentage (%) (%)
1” 25.4       100
¾” 19.05       100
½” 12.7       100
No. 4 4.75 4.9 0.982 0.982 99.018
No. 8 2.38 56.1 11.242 12.224 87.776
No. 16 1.18 94.6 18.958 31.182 68.818
No. 30 0.6 133 26.653 57.836 42.164
No. 50 0.3 112.3 22.505 80.341 19.659
No. 100 0.15 60.2 12.064 92.405 7.595
No. 200 0.075 26.2 5.251 97.655 2.345
Chassis 0 11.7 2.345 100.000 0.000
Total   499 100    
Calculation table of fine aggregate sieve analysis test

Weight after test = 499

499−500
Test accuracy = x 100=0.2 % ≤ 0.3
500
Fineness Modulus =
0+0+0+ 0.982+12.224+31.182+57.835+80.34+ 92.404+ 97.655 372.622
= =3.726
100 100
Fine aggregate sieve analysis curve
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER
ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE

GROUP 4

FERUCHA CHAIRAINI PUTRI (傅淑怡) K0835107

IKANITA KUSUMA WARDHANI (柯安妮) K0835110

JAMILA (賈米拉) K0835111
I WAYAN NANDA BARGAWA (巴偉安) K0835123

IMAM HADI WIJAYA (何政堯) K0835124

YUSMAN FOENAY (尤曼) K0835131

CHENG SHIU UNIVERSITY

DEPARTEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND GEOMATICS

2020
I. Purpose
a. In the cement concrete mix design, and use the aggregate volume
proportion of saturated surface-dry and calculate the volume of
aggregates in cement concrete.
b. The specific gravity can be used to judge the rock kind and quality of
the aggregate.
c. Use the water absorption rate and water content of the aggregate can
be used to calculate the surface water content and effective water
absorption of the aggregate and use as a data for try mixing concrete
and adjust the mixing ratio.

II. Basic Theory

Density is the ratio between the mass and volume of the material
we are testing. While absorption means the rate or ability of a material to
absorb water. The number of cavities or pores obtained in the aggregate is
called porosity.
The measurement of aggregate density is needed for planning
mixtures of asphalt with aggregate, this mixture is based on weight ratios
because it is more accurate than the volume ratio and also to determine the
number of aggregate pores. A small density will have a large volume so
that with the same weight, a lot of asphalt will be needed and vice versa.
Aggregates with large pore content will require a higher amount of
asphalt because a lot of asphalt is absorbed which will result in the asphalt
becoming thinner. The determination of the number of pores is determined
based on the water that can be absorbed by the aggregate. The absorption
value is the change in aggregate weight due to the absorption of water by
the pores with aggregates under dry conditions.
Types of specific gravity :
1. Bulk specific gravity
This is the specific gravity calculated to the entire volume (pore
volume that can be impregnated with asphalt or it can be said that the
entire pore volume that can be passed by water and the volume of
particles).
 2. SSD specific gravity
It is the specific gravity that takes into account the pore volume that
can only be impregnated with asphalt plus the volume of particles.
3. Apparent specific gravity
It is the specific gravity that takes into account the volume of particles
alone without taking into account the pore volume that can be passed
through. Or it is the relative density of the solid material formed from a
mixture of particles, except for air pores or pores that can absorb water.
4. Effective specific gravity
It is the mean value of bulk and apparent density, formed from a
mixture of particles except for pores or air cavities that can absorb
water which will then continue to be taken into account in planning the
aggregate mixture with asphalt.

III. According to the Specification

a. ASTM C127 [ Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and
Absorption of Coarse Aggregates ]
b. CNS 486 A3007 [粗粒料比重及吸水性之檢驗法]

IV. Instrument
1. Bucket : After the bucket is filled with water, the wire basket can be
completely immersed in the water and can make the water level of
each weighing consistent.
2. Wire Basket : No. 8 mesh wire braided, diameter of about 20.3cm,
height of about 20.3cm, the volume is about 4000 to 7000 cubic
centimeters.

3. Absorbent cloth : Used to absorb water attached to the surface of

coarse aggregates.

4. Aluminum plate or metal shallow basin

5. Oven : Can maintain temperature 110 ± 5°C constant temperature

oven.
 6. Dryer
7. Scale : There must be a hook device in the center of the weighing pan,
for hanging wire baskets, weigh the weight of pellets in water.

V. Experiment Procedure
1. Sample preparation : Remove the No.4 sieve and weigh the pellets,
three samples should be prepared for each test.
2. Clean the sample first and immerse the sample in water for 24 hours.
3. After soaking, pour the sample on the absorbent cloth and roll, to
remove the visible water film, make the surface dry, at this time, the
sample is surface dry internal saturation state (SSD).
4. Weigh the aggregates in surface dry internal saturation state (WSSD), as
a sample.

5. Weigh the weight of the wire basket in the water (W1).

6. Put the treated sample into the wire basket and soak it in water
together, weigh the weight of the sample and the wire basket in the
water (W2).

7. Put the sample in the wire basket into the aluminum pan, and put it in
an oven at 110 ± 5°C to dry to constant weigh, and wait for the sample
to cool and weigh it (WOD).
 8. Do the above steps three times separately.

VI. Result Data

Sample No Result
Weight in surface dry internal saturation (g) Wssd (1) 3000
Wire basket weight in water (g) W1 494.6
Sample and the wire basket (g) weight in the water W2 2366
Sample weight in water (g) W' = W2-W1 (2) 1871.4
Weight the aggregates in surface dry state (g) Wod (3) 2984.5
Bulk spesific gravity (od) (God)=(3) / [ (1)-(2) ] 2.644
Bulk spesific gravity (ssd) (Gssd) = (1) / [ (1)-(2) ] 2.658
Apparent spesific gravity (Ga) = (3) / [ (3) / [ (3) - (2) ] 2.681
Water absorption (%) (ssd) 0.52
(ωssd) = { [ (1) - (3) ] / (1) } x 100%
Water absorption (%) (od)  
(ωod) = { [ (1) - (3) ] / (3) } x 100% 0.52
AGGREGATE OF LOS ANGELES
ABRASION TEST

GROUP 4
 FERUCHA CHAIRAINI PUTRI (傅淑怡) K0835107

IKANITA KUSUMA WARDHANI (柯安妮) K0835110

JAMILA (賈米拉) K0835111
I WAYAN NANDA BARGAWA (巴偉安) K0835123

IMAM HADI WIJAYA (何政堯) K0835124

YUSMAN FOENAY (尤曼) K0835131

CHENG SHIU UNIVERSITY

DEPARTEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND GEOMATICS

2020

I. Purpose
This test uses the los angeles abrasion testing machine and used to determine
the abrasion resistance of crushed pebbles, uncompressed pabbles and
crushed slag etc., and further find out the wear rate.

II. Basic Theory

a. Aggregate Degradation
Aggregates are substances that are mostly used as construction
materials in roads and pavements.Due to the frequent use of these
constructions, it is important to know their degradation behavior.
[ CITATION Esr18 \l 2057 ] says that the use of determining their
degradation behavior is to be able to determine how long the constructions
will last, when they will need a maintenance and how best to utilize
aggregates.‘’The Los Angeles (LA) abrasion method is commonly used
for determining the abrasion characteristics and classification of the
granular materials used in road and pavement construction’’[ CITATION
Abb17 \l 2057 ]. ‘’The abrasion resistance of materials can significantly
affect the service life of road pavements when exposed to long-term
dynamic trafficloads’’[ CITATION Abb17 \l 2057 ].‘’Aggregates to be
used in the concrete manufacture or in places where concrete is to be
 subjected to abrasion should be resistant to abrasion’’[ CITATION
Esr18 \l 2057 ]. ‘’Since aggregate forms a large part of the concrete
volume, it is planned to produce concrete resistant toexternal effects by
using an aggregate type with high abrasion strength’’[ CITATION Esr18 \l
2057 ]. ‘’An aggregate should generally be hard, durable, uniform and
clean, as well as highly abrasion-resistant’’[ CITATION Pro19 \l 2057 ]
b. Los-Angeles Abrasion test
This test is a measure of degradation of mineral aggregates of
standard gradings resulting from a combination of actions including
abrasion or attrition, impact, and grinding in a rotating steel drum
containing a specified number of steel spheres, the number depending
upon the grading of the test sample. As the drum rotates, a shelf plate
picks up the sample and the steel spheres, carrying them around until they
are dropped to the opposite side of the drum, creating an impactcrushing
effect. The contents then roll within the drum with an abrading and
grinding action until the shelf plate picks up the sample and the steel
spheres, and the cycle is repeated. After the prescribed number of
revolutions, the contents are removed from the drum and the aggregate
portion is sieved to measure the degradation as percent loss.

c. ’ The LA abrasion
test is a standard
method for measuring
the abrasion
resistance of unbound
d. granular
materials’’[ CITATIO
N Abb17 \l 2057 ].
Abrasion test is
carried out to test the
hardness
e. property of
aggregates[ CITATIO
N Esr18 \l 2057 ]. The
principle of Los
Angeles abrasion test
is
f. to find the
percentage wear due
to relative rubbing
action between the
 aggregate and steel
balls
g. used as abrasive
charge[ CITATION
Edu17 \l 1033 ].
h. [ CITATION
Edu17 \l 2057 ] says
that the test sample
shall consist of clean
aggregate which
i. has been dried in an
oven at 105 to 110°C
to substantially
constant weight and
shall conform to
j. one of the gradings
shown in Table 1. The
grading or gradings
used shall be those
most nearly
k. representing the
aggregate furnished
for the
work[ CITATION
Edu17 \l 2057 ]. The
test sample
l. and the abrasive
charge shall be placed
in the Los Angeles
abrasion testing
machine and the
 m. machine rotated at
a speed of 20 to 33
rev/min. For gradings
A, B, C and D, the
machine shall be
n. rotated for 500
revolutions; for
gradings E, F and G,
it shall be rotated for
1000
o. revolutions[ CITA
TION Edu17 \l 2057
III. According to the spesification
1. ASTM C131 Standard test method for resistance to degration of small
size course aggregate by abrasion and impact in the los Angeles
Machine.
2. CNS 490 A3009 Coarse material (below 37.5 mm) abrasion test method

IV. Instrument
1. Los Angeles abrasion test machine : the testing machine is a hollow steel
cylinder with closed ends the inner diameter is 711 ± 5 mm, net length of
 inner cylinder 508 ± 5 mm the ends of the cylinder are bolted to the short
and thick horizontal axis, when rotating, its axis must remain horizontal.
2. Grinding ball : 46.8 mm diameter steel balls, and each weighs about 390-
445 g, choose different number of grinding balls according to different
grades.
3. Oven : Maintaining the temperature of 110 ± 5 ˚C c
oven.
4. Scale : The accuracy is within 1% of the weight of the tested sample
5. Test sieve : Meet the requirements of CNS 386 Or American standard
sieve.
6. Alumunium plate : used to hold samples

V. Experiment procedure
1. Sample preparation : the sample was placed in an oven dried to constant
weight, after drying, the sample is mixed according to a specified
gradation range (as shown in the table 4-15), the selected test gradation
must be representative of the gradation of field materials

2. Before the test, determine the cylinder speed from 30 to 33 revolutions

per minute
3. Put the sample and the required number of griding balls, placed in the
cylinder of Los Angeles abrasion testing machine, then tighten the
entrence hole cover with screws.
4. If it is sample of gradation A to gradation D , the cylinder revolution is
500 revolution. If it a sample of gradation E to gradation G , the cylinder
revolution is 1000 revolutons. Set the number of revolution used on the
counter, and make the cylinder rotate evenly

5. When the specified number of revolution is reached, stop turning

immediately, open the entrance hole cover, pour out sample in cylinder,
and use standard sieve No. 12 to sieve into two parts
6. Wash the part that stays on the 12 th standard sieve, and put in an oven to
dry to constant weight, then weight it and record.
VI. Test Principle
The wear rate can calculated by following formula :
A−B
Wear rate : W ( % )= X 100 %
A
Where :
W% = Los Angeles 500 revolutions or 1000 revolution wear rate
A = Dry weight of sample before test (g)
B = After test, the dry weight of the sample remaining on the No. 12
sieve(g)

VII. Record Sheet

Grading Specified by the test B
Number of Grinding Balls 11
Cylinder Revolution 500
Dry Weight of Sample Before
Test (g)  A 5000
After the test, the dryweight
of the sample remaining on
the No. 12  B 4111.9
Wear Rate 17.762
 A−B 5000−4111.9
Wear Rate (%) = x 100 %= x 100 %=17.762%
A 5000

GEOPOLYMER PRODUCTION TEST

 GROUP 4

FERUCHA CHAIRAINI PUTRI (傅淑怡) K0835107

IKANITA KUSUMA WARDHANI (柯安妮) K0835110

JAMILA (賈米拉) K0835111
I WAYAN NANDA BARGAWA (巴偉安) K0835123

IMAM HADI WIJAYA (何政堯) K0835124

YUSMAN FOENAY (尤曼) K0835131

CHENG SHIU UNIVERSITY

DEPARTEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND GEOMATICS

2020

I. Purpose
1. Used as a binder instead of cement.
 2. Energy saving and carbon reduction.
3. Circular economy and waste recycling.

II. Basic Theory

Recently, the demand of concrete in the world was increased
tremendously. This condition also makes consumption of cement as a
concrete material based increase. Meanwhile in cement production process
release carbon dioxide which caused greenhouse effect. Due to this condition,
many efforts to find alternative material to substitute cement have been
published. One of the new alternative material which can be used to replace
cement is geopolymer materials. Geopolymer material is an inorganic
material which contains silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) as raw materials,
and alkali activator. In general, geopolymer concrete can be produced with fly
ash as a based material. However, different content of alumina and silica can
give different performance of geopolymer concrete. In order to study the
influence of alumina and silica content in geopolymer properties, natural
pozzolan called trass was used as an alternative material as fly ash substitute.
Trass , is a volcanic eruption material which can be used as raw material in
geopolymer concrete because it is rich in silica and alumina. Other research
stated that vulcanic ash could be use as an eco-friendly cement replacement
material. In this paper, the addition of trass into concrete mixture is expected
to increase the mechanical property of fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Fly
ash is one of the residues produced in combustion that comes out with the
outlet gases in the electric power plant station. The chemical properties of the
fly ash are largely influenced by the chemical content of the coal burned. Due
to it is rich contain of silica and alumina, fly ash could be used as raw
material for geopolymer concrete. In polymerization reaction,a reactant from
alkali group is required to release unessential ions. This research used
Natrium Hydroxide or NaOH which has strong alkali characteristic as alkali
reactant and Sodium Silica or Na2SiO3 as a catalyst to accelerate
polimerization reaction. In order to study the influence of Sodium hidroxyde
(NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) as alkali activator in polymerization
reaction, ratio of Na2SiO3 to NaOH by mass was used.
III. Reference The Spesification
1. ASTM C190 Method of Test for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic
Cement Mortars (Using 50 mm or 2 in. Cube Specimens).
2. CNS 1010 R3032 Method of Test for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic
Cement plester (Using 50 mm or 2 in. Cube Specimens).

IV. Instrument
1. Sieve : All levels of sieve number used, and depends on the required
granular grading spesification.
2. Oven : Maintaning the temperature of 110 ± 5˚C constant temperature
oven.
3. Scale : The accuracy is within 0.1% of the weight of tested sample
4. Stainless steel round basin : to collect samples.
5. Square test phantom : 2 in. Cube specimens production.

V. Experiment Procedure
1. Preparation of test materials
The coffee slag is placed in an stainless steel round basin, and move into
110 ± 5˚C oven to ding dry and remove the sample and cool to room
temperature.
2. Calculation of added sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide content :
According this equation,
0.27975 X
M s= where,
0.0917 X +0.775 PY
SiO2
Alkali Modulus Ratio (Ms) = = weight ratio
Na 2 0

Alkali Equivalent (AE) =

Na2 O (Molecular Weight )

NaOH ( Molecular weight )∗( Number of molecules )

Where : Sodium silicate to be added Na2SiO3 = X

Sodium hydroxide to be added NaOH = Y,
Purity of sodium hydroxide = P = 100%
 If assumsing alkali modulus ratio Ms= 1.5
0.2975 X
Ms= =1.5 ...............................................................
0.0917 X +0.775 PY
(1)
If assumsing Alkali Equivalent AE = 6%
0.0917 X + 0.775 PY =60.................................................................(2)
From equation (1),(2)
Solution X = 302.52 g Y= 41.62 g
3. Calculation of added binder content :
Liquid and binder ratio:
L liquid ( Mixture of sodium siliccate∧sodium hydroxide)
=
B slag( Steel mill by −products )
Slag is used as binder
4. Calculation of added aggregate filler weight :
A Aggregate filler weight
Aggregate and binder ratio =
B Binder weight
5. Test Principle :
1. Determine the alkali modulus ratio and alkali equivalent value, then
calculate the amount of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide
2. Determine the liquid to binder ratio and then calculate the amount of
binder
If assumsing alkali modulus ratio Ms= 1.5
0.2975 X
Ms= =1.5.........................................................
0.0917 X +0.775 PY
(1)
If assumsing Alkali Equivalent AE = 6%
0.0917 X + 0.775 PY =60..........................................................(2)
3. Determine aggregate to binder ratio and then calculate the amount of

A Aggregate filler weight

aggregate filler =
B Binder weight
4. Weight the sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide based on the value
determined above.
5. Mixed the sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide well

6. Cool it with fan for a few minutes

7. Weight the binder content i.e coffee based on the value determined
above.

8. Mixed the sodium silicate, sodium hydroxide, and coffee well.

9. Put the mixture into the square test phantom and divided into three
layers evenly and the test body is temped 25 times for each layer,
finally, the sample is smoothed

10. Placed in an oven for drying

11. Put it off from the square test phantom and put into the water for
several days

12. Compression test

VI. Result

Compressive Strength Test

Curing
Specimen
Time
Number Strength (kgf/cm2)
(Days)
Load (kgf)
Test Average
Value Value
1 2971 118.84
7 2 3301 132.04 123.2933
3 2975 119 3

The surface area = A = 25 cm2

1. Load sample 1= P1= 2971 kgf

P1 2971
Strength=σ ' = = =118.84 kgf/cm2
A 25
2. Load sample 2= 3301 kgf

P1 3301
Strength=σ ' = = =132 kgf/cm2
A 25

3. Load sample 3= 2975 kgf

P1 2975
Strength=σ ' = = =119 kgf/cm2
A 25

4. Average value of strength

118.4 +132+119
Average= =123.293
3
TEST OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER
ABSORPTION OF FINE AGGREGATE

GROUP 4

FERUCHA CHAIRAINI PUTRI (傅淑怡) K0835107

IKANITA KUSUMA WARDHANI (柯安妮) K0835110

JAMILA (賈米拉) K0835111
I WAYAN NANDA BARGAWA (巴偉安) K0835123

IMAM HADI WIJAYA (何政堯) K0835124

YUSMAN FOENAY (尤曼) K0835131

CHENG SHIU UNIVERSITY

DEPARTEMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND GEOMATICS

2020
I. Purpose
1. Calculate the volume of aggregates in cement concrete
2. The spesific gravity can be used to judge the rock kind and quality of the
aggregate
3. Use the water absorption to study the porosity of the aggregate, and then
evaluate aggregate quality
4. The water absorption rate and water content of the aggregate can be used
to calculate the surface water content and effective water absorption of the
aggregate and use as a data for try mixing concrete and adjust the mixing
ratio

II. Basic Theory

Relative density (specific gravity) is the ratio of mass of an aggregate to
the mass of a volume of water equal to the volume of the aggregate particles –
also referred to as the absolute volume of the aggregate. It is also expressed as
the ratio of the density of the aggregate particles to the density of water.
Distinction is made between the density of aggregate particles and the bulk
density of aggregates as determined by Test Method C29/C29M, which
includes the volume of voids between the particles of aggregates.
Relative density is used to calculate the volume occupied by the aggregate
in various mixtures containing aggregate including hydraulic cement concrete,
bituminous concrete, and other mixtures that are proportioned or analyzed on
an absolute volume basis. Relative density (specific gravity) is also used in the
computation of voids in aggregate in Test Method C29/C29M and in Test
Method C1252. Relative density (specific gravity) (SSD) is used in the
determination of surface moisture on fine aggregate by displacement of water
in Test Method C70. Relative density (specific gravity) (SSD) is used if the
aggregate is in a saturated surface-dry condition, that is, if its absorption has
been satisfied. Alternatively, the relative density (specific gravity) (OD) is used
for computations when the aggregate is dry or assumed to be dry.
Apparent relative density (specific gravity) pertain to the solid material
making up the constituent particles not including the pore space within the
 particles that is accessible to water. This value is not widely used in
construction aggregate technology.
Absorption values are used to calculate the change in the mass of an
aggregate material due to water absorbed in the pore spaces within the
constituent particles, compared to the dry condition, if it is deemed that the
aggregate has been in contact with water long enough to satisfy most of the
absorption potential. The laboratory standard for absorption is that obtained
after submerging dry aggregate for a prescribed period of time. Aggregates
mined from below the water table commonly have a moisture content greater
than the absorption determined by this test method, if used without opportunity
to dry prior to use. Conversely, some aggregates that have not been
continuously maintained in a moist condition until used are likely to contain an
amount of absorbed moisture less than the 24-h soaked condition. For an
aggregate that has been in contact with water and that has free moisture on the
particle surfaces, the percentage of free moisture is determined by deducting
the absorption from the total moisture content determined by Test
Method C566 by drying.
The general procedures described in this test method are suitable for
determining the absorption of aggregates that have had conditioning other than
the 24-h soak, such as boiling water or vacuum saturation. The values obtained
for absorption by other test methods will be different than the values obtained
by the prescribed 24-h soak, as will the relative density (specific gravity)
(SSD)

III. According To The Specification

ASTM C128 Standard Test Method for Spesific Gravity and Absorption of
Fine Aggregates
IV. Instrument
1. Pycnometer (500cc)

2. Cone Mold
Top diameter 40 ± 3mm, Bottom diameter 90 ± 3mm, Height 75 ± 3 mm,
Wall thickness 0.9 mm

3. Tamped sticks
 4. Oven

5. Scale ( Electronic Scale )

V. Experiment Procedure
1. Sample preparation : Approximately 4 kg of fine aggregate in a wet state.
2. First take bout 1.2 kg of fine aggregate, spread evenly on a clean
platform without water absorption and blow dry with a hair dryer, and
hold the sample tightly at any time, if you feel that there is a slight
dryness or the fine aggregaate can flow freely, turn off the hair dryer

3. Put a part of the sample into a stable and horizontal cone mold until it
overflows, after tamper with 5 mm from the upper surface there of in
free way tap 25, Adjust sample height after each tap lift the cone mold
vertically upwards slightly, if the sanple remains as it is, the sample
still countains surface water, you must continue to dry and repeat the
test, until it does not remain intact and collapes naturally and the
height does not change, this is the surface dry interal saturation state.
4. Weight two 500 grams of the fine aggregate in the saturated state of
the surface as the sample, one part is sent to the oven at 110 ± 5˚C for
drying as soon as possible, the other is a sample for measuring the
volume WSSD
5. Pour water into the pycnometer to the specified profile, dry the water
outside the bottle and weight it again W1

6. Pour out the water in the bottle, then weight the sample into the
pycnometer, inject the appropriate amount of water.
7. Use shaking, drive out bubbles in the sample, adjust the water level to
the specified profile, wipe off the moisture outside the bottle and
weight it again W2
 8. Weight the dry weight of the sample as WOD

VI. Test Principle

a. Apparent Spesific Gravity
w OD
w OD W OD−(W 2−W 1)
.....................................
VS γω W OD
G A= = =
γω γω W OD−(W 2 −W 1)
(5.1)
b. Water Absorption
W SSD −W OD
ω %= x 100 % (Suitable for general engineering materials)
W OD
W SSD −W OD
ω %= x 100 % (Only applicable to cement concrete mix)
W SSD
VII. Result

Weight in Surface Dry Internal Saturation State (g) WSSD 500

Bottle Weight + Water to the Specified Weight (g) W1 638.8
Bottle Weight + Sample Weight + Water to the Specified
Weight (g) W2 948.3
Sample Dry Weight (g) WOD 489.3
W OD
Bulk Specific Gravity (g) (GOD)B =
W SSD −(W 2 −W 1) 2.57
W SSD
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD) (GSSD)B =
W SSD −(W 2 −W 1) 2.62
W OD
Apparent Specific Gravity (GA)=
W OD−(W 2 −W 1) 16.15
W SSD −W OD
Water Absorption(%) (OD) W ( % )= x 100 %
W OD
2.19
Water Absorption(%) (SSD)
W SSD −W OD
W ( % )= x 100 %
W SSD 2.14