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Bionic Arm Brainport Brain Tongue Vision Light: Digital Camera

The document discusses a retinal implant system called the Argus II that has received FDA approval for trials in the US. The implant, created by Second Sight, consists of a camera and external components that capture images and transmit signals to an implanted retinal prosthesis. It is intended to provide limited vision to patients who have lost sight due to degenerative eye diseases like macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, which damage the retina's photoreceptor cells. The implant aims to replace the function of these cells by transmitting patterns of light and dark to the retina in the form of electrical pulses from the external components.

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Gopikrishna Nallamothu
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47 views2 pages

Bionic Arm Brainport Brain Tongue Vision Light: Digital Camera

The document discusses a retinal implant system called the Argus II that has received FDA approval for trials in the US. The implant, created by Second Sight, consists of a camera and external components that capture images and transmit signals to an implanted retinal prosthesis. It is intended to provide limited vision to patients who have lost sight due to degenerative eye diseases like macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, which damage the retina's photoreceptor cells. The implant aims to replace the function of these cells by transmitting patterns of light and dark to the retina in the form of electrical pulses from the external components.

Uploaded by

Gopikrishna Nallamothu
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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In the past 20 years, biotechnology has become the fastest-growing area of scientific research, with new devices going

into clinical
trials at a breakneck pace. A bionic arm allows amputees to control movements of the prosthesis with their thoughts. A training
system called BrainPort is letting people with visual and balance disorders bypass their damaged sensory organs and instead send
information to their brain through the tongue. Now, a company called Second Sight has received FDA approval to begin U.S. trials
of a retinal implant system that gives blind people a limited degree of vision.

The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System can provide sight -- the detection of light -- to people who have gone blind from
degenerative eye diseases like macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa. Ten percent of people over the age of 55 suffer from
various stages of macular degeneration. Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited disease that affects about 1.5 million people around the
globe. Both diseases damage the eyes' photoreceptors, the cellsat the back of the retina that perceive light patterns and pass
them on to the brain in the form of nerve impulses, where the impulse patterns are then interpreted as images. The Argus II system
takes the place of these photoreceptors.

The second incarnation of Second Sight's retinal prosthesis consists of five main parts:

 A digital camera that's built into a pair of glasses. It captures images in real time and sends images to a microchip.
 A video-processing microchip that's built into a handheld unit. It processes images into electricalpulses representing
patterns of light and dark and sends the pulses to a radio transmitter in the glasses.
 A radio transmitter that wirelessly transmits pulses to a receiver implanted above the ear or under the eye
 A radio receiver that sends pulses to the retinal implant by a hair-thin implanted wire
 A retinal implant with an array of 60 electrodes on a chip measuring 1 mm by 1 mm
On the next page, we'll look at how the whole mechanism comes together

Joe McNally/Getty Images


This is what the world looks like to someone with
macular degeneration..
Cone cells, or cones, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that are responsible for color vision; they function best

in relatively bright light, as opposed to rod cells that work better in dim light. Cone cells are densely packed in the fovea, but

gradually become sparser towards the periphery of the retina.

A commonly cited figure of six million in the human eye was found by Osterberg in 1935. [1] Oyster's textbook (1999) cites

work by Curcio et al. (1990) indicating an average closer to 4.5 million cone cells and 90 million rod cells in the human

retina.[2]

Cones are less sensitive to light than the rod cells in the retina (which support vision at low light levels), but allow the

perception of color. They are also able to perceive finer detail and more rapid changes in images, because their response

times to stimuli are faster than those of rods.[3] Because humans usually have three kinds of cones with different photopsins,

which have different response curves and thus respond to variation in color in different ways, they have trichromatic vision.

Being color blind can change this, and there have been reports of people with four or more types of cones, giving

them tetrachromatic vision.[4][5][6]

Rod cells, or rods, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than can the other
type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells. Named for their cylindrical shape, rods are concentrated at the outer edges of the
retina and are used in peripheral vision. On average, there are approximately 92 million rod cells in the human retina. [1] More
sensitive than cone cells, rod cells are almost entirely responsible for night vision.

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