Group:37

The Design of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Introduction
FSK in the case of the RF is used for the communication in different situations such as
weather, door opening and the ID of the caller by using the technique which is known as the
frequency modulation in other words this scheme is also known as the frequency shift
keying in radio frequency due to its application in the discrete frequency. While the
application of the frequency shift keying in radio frequency is practically applied in the
designing of the splitter and filter after the completion of the mathematical calculations.

Background
If talk about the background of the FSK in the communication system, then it’s easy to say
that it’s an easy system which is the accurate and the authentic in the field of the
communication because it used the binary numbers in it such as 0 or 1. On the other hand
old communications had the many limitations due to the overlapping as well as not provide
the communication multiple workstations at a time including the noise in the input and
outside of the transmitter and the receiver. In the system there are 980 Hz to 1180.0 Hz
frequency in the case of the full duplex modem as well as frequency of the transmitter is
around the 1650.0 Hz to 1850.0 Hz if the system installed in the space because through this
system at a time multiple channel can talk and work at a time.
UP Student ID: UP2036031
Selection of Detector
A detector is a device which detects or measures the power. In the design of FSK, the
detectors are connected at the side of receiver of FSK. The block diagram of FSK is given
below

The above block diagram shows that the two detectors are connected with it at the side of
receiver. When the power is transmitted from the transmitter then after some losses and gains,
the detector will detect the power and then convert it to the voltage levels for better
understanding. The voltage tables with respect to frequency and power gain are given in the
three different detector table. For this FSK design, two detectors are selected randomly which
are given for the coursework. The selected detectors are A and C.

Design of Splitter
Splitter is an electronic device which divide the signal of the transmitter into multiple
channels with the accurate and the noiseless communication system and it has the two
different types such as resistor power splitter and the hybrid power splitter.

T- junction
Range of the frequency: 1.897 to 2GHz

A splitter is such a possible device which takes an input signal and the send this signal to
multiple output signals with specific phase and amplitude. Splitter is a three port device
where 2 ports are at input side and other two ports are at the output side. The main aim of
the splitter is to deliver the equal output at the two ports. Schematic of the T-Junction
splitter is below.

So,

In the design of the T-Splitter input impedance is 55 ohms as well as Z1, Z2 are the
impedances of the output ports:

For 1:1 power splitter (output):

First of all, calculations of the input power are done

So

Power(input )=(0.5∗Vo2)/Zo

Similarly, for power1 (output)

Power 1(output )=(0.5∗Vo2)/ Z 1

The above will become equal to

Power 1(output )=(0.5∗Vo2) Z 1=0.5∗P input

And

for power2 (output)

Power 1 ( output )=( 0.5∗V o2 ) /Z 2

The above will become equal to

Power 1(output )=(0.5∗Vo2)Z 2=0.5∗P input

So we can write

Z1 = Z2

And

Zo=0.5∗Z 1=0.5∗Z 2

As the input impedance will be

Z 1=2∗55=110 ohms

On the same hand the value of the Z2 will be

Z 2=2∗55=110 ohms

As the values of the Z1 = Z2 have the same parameters

In this case the coefficient reflection for 1:1 in the power splitter

For the case of the find the reflection coefficient which can be determined by the using of
the formula

As we know by the formula

T 1=(ZL−Z 1)/(Z L+ZL).

This formula is for the finding of the impedance Z1

In this formula the parameter ZL will be

ZL=55∥110 simplify the above expression

ZL=55∥110=36.67
so the values of the T1 becomes

T 1=(ZL−Z 1)( Z L+ ZL)=36.67−110 /36.67+110

Simplify the above expression

T 1=(ZL−Z 1)( Z L+ ZL)=36.67−110 /36.67+110=−0.5

Similarly, the expression for the case of the T2 becomes

T 1=(ZL−Z 1)/(Z L+ZL).

This formula is for the finding of the impedance Z1

In this formula the parameter ZL will be

ZL=55∥110 simplify the above expression

ZL=55 paraller 110=36.67

so the values of the T1 becomes

T 1=(ZL−Z 2)(Z L+ Z 2)=36.67−110 /36.67+110

Simplify the above expression

T 1=(ZL−Z 2)(Z L+ Z 2)=36.67−110 /36.67+110=−0.5

We can from the result for the both T1 and the T22 both have the same values of the
coefficient reflection which means that it is a half power splitter

While we know the expression for the finding of the wavelength h

C=f∗h

In the above the values of the C and the f is known, by using these values we can find the
value of the wavelength as well as the value of the C = 3 * 10 8 m/s and the values of the f is 2
* 109 GHz

Putting the values in the above equation

h=C /f =¿3 * 108 m/s / 2 * 109 GHz

Simplify the expression then we get

h=C /f =¿3 * 108 m/s / 2 * 109 GHz = 0.15

this value of the h will be help in the designing of the Txline calculator which is helpful to
find the width as well as length for the case of the microstrip lines

hence

Eff =3.8

On the one hand the values of the Wzo, Wz1, Wz2, W55, W110, W110

So the values of the above parameters will be automatically

Wzo = W55 …………. (m)

Wz1 = W110 ………(n)

Wz2 = W110 ……. (g)

Simplify the above expression of (m), (n) and (g)

So

Wzo = W55 = 0.46 mm and L55 = 0.036 mm

Wz1 = W110 = 0.10 mm and L110 = 0.0381 mm

Wz2 = W110 = 0.10 mm, L110 = 0.0381 mm

With the help of these parameters the design of the microstrip can be defines

In this design, Input as well as output ports are not same.

The Schematic Diagram
Design of Filter
Filter in RF is an electronic device which is helpful to handle the alternations in the in the
signal as well as this device pass the only signal which is set by the system and block the
other part of the signal. On the other hand, there are four types of the filter including the
low pass, high pass, band pass and band reject filter.

Stepped Impedance Low Pass Filter:

In the current project design of the normalized low pass filter is described so

Which is 5th order low pass filter.

While the other factors like impedance of the filter are the necessary in the designing of the
LPF.

This impedance can be find with the help of the formula of the transformation

The formula for the both cases of the inductor and the capacitor

Firstly, expression for the inductor

Bl=L∗Ro/ ZH

Similarly this expression for the capacitor will be like that

Bl=C∗Z l/ Ro

While the used parameters L and C indicate the normalized parameters which can be taken
from the any table such as filter type table. Other parameters like Ro represent the
characteristics impedance for the designing of the low pass filter as well as ZH indicates the
maximum limit similarly ZL indicates the minimum limit of in the case of the capacitor.

So,
In the designing of the filter that has the 5th order and this type of filter requires the
coefficient parameters but these parameters can be determined by the Butterworth table

So we can see form the Butterworth table the vales of the g1, g4, g5, g2 and g3 and g6.

Hence the values of the above written parameters will be

g 1=0.1680 , g 2=1.6180 , g 3=2 , g 4=1.6180 , g 5=0.160 , g 6=1

For the designing of the current low pass filter the values and parameters of the impedance
which are help of its designing are the same as below

So

Ro=55 ohms , Zh=120 ohms , ZL=20 ohms

Length of the system can be find by using the expression so

The formula for the both cases of the inductor and the capacitor

Firstly, expression for the inductor

Bl=L∗Ro/ ZH … … (s)

Similarly this expression for the capacitor will be like that

Bl=C∗Z l/ Ro… … ( z)

But we have the values of the g1 and g2, g3, g4 and g5

So

g1 = 0.6180, g2 = 1.6180, g3 = 2, g4 = g2, g5 = g1

so

equation s and z will be

for g1 = 0.6180, B * l = 0.1680 * 20 /55

B * l = 0.1680 * 20 /55 = 0.224 rad

Similarly, in degrees

B * l = 0.1680 * 20 /55 = 0.224 rad = 12.83 deg

g2 = 1.6180, B * l = 1.680 * 55 / 120

B * l = 1.680 * 55 / 120 = 0.7441 rad

Similarly, in degrees

B * l = 1.680 * 55 / 120 = 0.7441 rad = 42.45 deg

g3 = 2, B * l = 2 * 20 / 55

g3 = 2, B * l = 2 * 20 / 55 = 0.72 rad

Similarly, in degrees

g3 = 2, B * l = 2 * 20 / 55 = 0.72 rad = 41.25 deg

g4 = g2, g2 = 1.6180, B * l = 1.680 * 55 / 120

B * l = 1.680 * 55 / 120 = 0.7441 rad

Similarly, in degrees

B * l = 1.680 * 55 / 120 = 0.7441 rad = 42.45 deg = g4

g5 = g1, B * l = 0.1680 * 20 /55

B * l = 0.1680 * 20 /55 = 0.224 rad

Similarly, in degrees

B * l = 0.1680 * 20 /55 = 0.224 rad = 12.83 deg = g5

If we want to convert the length in mm there is essential to divide it by the 360. After the
division by 360 then multiply it by the h * g

As by the basic formula of the h * g

h∗g=h/√ Eeff

the above mention formula in the case of the 2GHz as well frequency = 0.15

while the Eeff is the width of all the impedances must be known

so

if
the value of the WH = W120

then

WH = W120 = 0.077 mm

Hence

Eeff will be equal to 2.643

On the same hand

WL = W20

Then

WL = W20 = 1.92 mm

Hence

Eeff will be equal to 3.269

W55 = 0.46 mm, L50 = 0.036 mm

So the below formula become

h∗g(high )=h/√ Eeff

so

h∗g(high )=h/√ Eeff = 0.15 / √ (2.643)

h∗g(high )=h/√ Eeff = 0.15 / √ (2.643) = 0.092

and

h∗g(low )=h/√ Eeff

so

h∗g(low )=h/√ Eeff = 0.15 / √ (3.269)

h∗g(low )=h/√ Eeff = 0.15 / √ (3.269) = 0.083

the values of the B * l for g1 B∗l=12.83 /360

so

B∗l=12.83 /360∗0.083

B∗l=12.83 /360∗0.083=2.95um

For g2

B∗l=42.45/360=0.092

B∗l=42.45/360∗0.092 = 0.010 mm

For g3

B∗l=41.45/360∗0.092

B∗l=41.45/360∗0.092=9.51um

For g4

B∗l=10.84 um

For g5

B∗l=2.95um

On the other hand

For g1

W1 = 1.92 mm

For g2

W2 = 0.077 mm

For g3

W3 = 1.92 mm

For g4

W4 = 0.077 mm

For g5

W5 = 1.92 mm
WRo = WRL = W55

And

WRo = WRL = W55 = 0.466

And

L55 = 0.036 mm

The Schematic Diagram

Band Pass Filter
The band pass filter is connected at the lower side of FSK design to filter out the lower
frequency. When the power is transmitted from any source with specific range of frequency
then a splitter is connected to split the power in to two equal halves. At the point the power is
splatted but all of ranges of frequencies are still present. At the bottom side of the FSK, there
is need to reject the all low frequencies because low frequencies are used for digital number 0
which will be detected by the detector of upper side. To get the higher frequencies the band
pass filter is used to get the higher frequencies for the digital level 1.

The Complete Design of FSK

The Link Power Budgeting

As we know that, the link power budgeting is the total some of all powers with gains and
after some losses. In the coursework of FSK, the link power budgeting is also used to find out
that how much power will be consumed and how much power the transmitter should send
after some losses the transmitter will receive the actual power. There is also necessary to find
out the strength of signals which are transmitted with the specific range of frequencies. The
calculation of link power budgeting after gain and all losses is given below.

PCB Produced Layouts

Result after EM simulation

UP Student ID: UP2038348
The selection of Detector
The selection of detector is very important in the design of FSK. The use of detector is at the
end of each high speed digital design. In the radio frequency circuit, the frequency is used for
the case of transmission. The signal which is transmitted from the source contains the high
range of frequencies and containing the gain. To detect those signals, it is very crucial to use
the detector and the receiver side. At that side, the signals will be converted in to the voltages
level to get accurate waveform of input signal which is transmitted. For the design of FSK,
two detectors are used which are A and C.
Quarter – wave splitter:

3dB power splitter:

In this section of the splitter all the parameters have the value of the impedance same that
is equal to 55 ohms while in the designing quarter wave transformer is used and its value of
the impedance is sqrt (255) = 77.7 ohms. On the other hand, the impedance is equal to 2 *
Zo that is equal to 110 ohms. But the length and width of the Txline can be calculated by Tx
method

So

For

Zo = 55 ohms then w = 0.416 mm and L = 0.06 mm

And the Z qtr

Zqtr = 77.8 ohms then W = 0.2393mm and L = 0.037 mm

For

Z = 110 ohms then w = 0.10 mm and L = 0.08 mm.

In the next section

Kuroda’s identity low pass filter that have the order of 5th:

So

For the designing of the filter of 5th order the coefficient can be exactly taken from the
Butterworth values table so we can get the values of the

g1 = 0.1686

while

other values

g2 = 1.6180 similarly g3 = 2, g4 = 1.6180

in the end

g5 = 0.61810 and g6 = 1

after the application of these values circuit of the normalized be

In the same above circuit

Z1 = Z5 will equal to 1/g1

So
Z1 = Z5 = 1/g1 = 1/ 0.6180

Hence

Z1 = Z5 = 1/g1 = 1/ 0.6180 = 1.6180

Similarly

Z2 = Z4 will equal to g2

Z2 = Z4 = g2 = g4 = 0.5

So

Z3 will equal to 1/g3

Then

Z3 = 1/g3 = ½ = 0.5

So to design this type of filter the method that is more effective is Richard transformation

So to apply this method inductor to short circuit as well as all elements of the capacitor
should be open.

In this circuit

The two identities of the Kuroda’s are used for the complete design to get rid of short circuit

In the above circuit n^2 = 1 + Z2 / Z1

Short circuit and open circuit. The transmission lines are represented by the boxes so the
unit lines are added on the both sides.
So

After the application of the KI-a on the network of the system

n^2 = 1 + Z2 / Z1

put values in the above equation

n^2 = 1 + Z2 / Z1 = 1 + 1.180/1 = 2.6180

similarly

ZuE1 = 1/ 2.6180

So

ZuE1 = 1/ 2.6180 = 0.38

And

Z1 = 1.6180 / 2.6180

Hence

Z1 = 1.6180 / 2.6180 = 0.6180

While after the addition of the unit lines on the both sides of the network

Then

Apply the KI-b

For Z1 = 0.6180

n^2 becomes

n^2 = 1 + Z2 / Z1

n^2 = 1 + Z2 / Z1 = 1+ 0.6180 / 1

n^2 = 1 + Z2 / Z1 = 1+ 0.6180 / 1 = 1.6180

then

Z1 = 1.6160 * 0.6180
Calculations

Z1 = 1.6160 * 0.6180 = 1

For the case of the

ZuE3 = 1/ 1.6180

Hence

ZuE3 = 1/ 1.6180 = 0.61

Now calculations for Z2 and its values is 1.6180

then

n^2 = 1 + Z2 / Z1

n^2 = 1 + Z2 / Z1 = 1+ 1.60180 / 0.38

n^2 = 1 + Z2 / Z1 = 1+ 1.60180 / 0.38 = 5.25

so

Z2 = 5.52 * 1.6180

Z2 = 5.52 * 1.6180 = 8.50000

So

We get

ZuE1 = 1 / 0.98 * 5.25 = 0.50

While the final normalized open circuit of the LPF and its final design is the given below
So in the current transformation multiply the all impedances by the 55 ohms then

Z1 = 55 ohms, W = 0.46 mm

Z2 = 467.5 ohms, W = 0.0.00964 mm

Z3 = 27.5 ohms, W = 1.2838 mm

Z4 = 467.5 ohms, W = 0.0.00964 mm

Z5 = 55 ohms, W = 0.46 mm

ZuE1 = 27.5 ohms, W = 1.2838 mm

ZuE2 = 27.5 ohms, W = 1.2838 mm

ZuE3 = 33.55 ohms, W = 0.98 mm

ZuE4 = 33.55 ohms, W = 0.98 mm

And

WRo = WRL = 0.46

Similarly, the length = h * g / 8

And the Eeff = 2.905

So

h * g = 0.15 / sqrt ( 2.905) = 0.008

L= h * g / 8 = 0.088 / 8

Hence

L= h * g / 8 = 0.088 / 8 = 0.011 mm