EAT 363 : HYDROLOGY AND WATER

RESOURCES ENGINEERING

DR MAHYUN AB WAHAB
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UniMAP
CO AND PO MAPPING

COURSE OUTCOME (CO) PROGRAM OUTCOME (PO)

CO 3: Able to design PO 3 : Ability to design

solutions for complex
basic stormwater
engineering problems
management using and design systems,
prescribed manual components or
processes to meet
desired needs.
SYLLABUS
• Design Fundamental
– Hydrologic Design Concept
– Design Rainfall

• Structure design concept

–Design open drains
– Design Swale
References

MSMA
•Chapter 26 – Open
1st
Drains
Edition
MSMA
•Chapter 14 – Drains
2nd
and Swales
Edition
INTRODUCTION
• This chapter provides guidelines for the
design of open drainage system, grassed
swales and lined drains.
• These facilities, along with storm water inlets,
are components of the minor drainage
system designed to collect minor flood flows
from roads, properties, and open space, and
convey them to the major drainage system
CON’T
• It should be noted that fully lined drains are
not encouraged anymore in local practice
while grass lined ones as encouraged.
• Developers and designers shall seek approval
from the Local Authority if such needs arise
(MSMA, 2000).
• Where land reserves are available, use open-
grassed drains otherwise use pipe, especially
in highly built up zones.
DESIGN STORM
• Drains and swales should have the capacity to
convey the flow up to and including the minor
system design ARI
DRAINAGE RESERVES
• Most open drains will be located within a
road reserve and therefore do not require a
separate drainage reserve to allow access for
maintenance.
• Drains located outside of road reserves, such
as in public walkways and open space areas,
should be provided with a drainage reserve
in accordance with the Figure shown after.
Lined drains
LOCATION AND ALIGNMENTS
• Standardised alignments for lined drains are
provided to limit the negotiation needed when
other services are involved
– Roadway Reserves
– The outer edge of a lined drain should be
located 0.5m from the property boundary on
the high side to service adjacent properties.
– Lined drains may also be located within road
median strips
– Privately owned lots
– Municipal lined drains shall not be located
within privately owned properties.
– Where lined drains are to be provided at the
side or rear of private properties, they shall be
placed within a separate drainage reserve in
accordance with previous figure.
– Public open space
– Lined drains shall be located as close as
practical to the nearest boundary with due
consideration for public safety.
LINING MATERIALS
• Lined drains shall be constructed from materials
proven to be structurally sound and durable and
have satisfactory jointing system
• Lined open drains may be constructed with any of
the following materials:
– Plain concrete
– Reinforced concrete
– Stone pitching
– Plastered brickwork
– Precast masonry blocks
GEOMETRY
• The dimension of lined open drains have been
limited in the interests of public safety and to
facilitate ease of maintenance.
• The minimum and maximum permissible cross-
sectional dimensions are illustrated in the next
slide and described as follows.
– Depth
Cover condition Maximum depth (m)

Without protective covering 0.5

With solid or grated cover 1.0

DIMENSIONS LIMIT FOR OPEN LINED DRAINS
– Width
• May vary between a minimum width of
0.5m and a maximum width of 1.0m
–Side slope
• The recommended maximum side slopes
for lined open drains are indicated below
Drain lining Maximum side slope

Concrete, brickwork and block work Vertical

Stone pitching 1.5 (H) : 1 (V)

Grassed/ vegetated 2 (H) : 1 (V)

COVERS
• Open drains in locations open to pedestrian
access shall be covered if the depth of the drains
exceed 0.6m
• The type of drain cover used will depend on the
expected live loading and whether or not the
drain is required to accept surface flow.
• The following types of drain covering are
acceptable
– Precast reinforced concrete
– Metal grates and solid plates
• Precast reinforced concrete covers
– Drains not subject to traffic loads or inflow of
surface runoff may be covered using this type of
cover
– Covers should be sized such that the weight is
limited to what can be easily lifted by 2 workmen
to gain access for maintenance
• Metal grates and solid plates
– Drains subject to vehicular traffic loads or inflow of
surface runoff shall be covered using metal grates
or solid plates. Metal covers shall be designed in
accordance with the latest edition of relevant
Malaysian Standard
FREEBOARD, VELOCITIES AND GRADES
• The depth of an open lined drain shall include a
minimum freeboard of 50mm above the design
storm water level in the drain
• To prevent sedimentation and vegetative growth,
the minimum average flow velocity shall not be
less than 0.6m/s
• The maximum average flow velocity shall not
exceed 4m/s. For flow velocities in excess of
2m/s, drains shall be provided with a 1.2m high
handrail fence, or covered with solid or grated
covers for the entire length of rhe drains for
public safety
COMPOSITE DRAIN
GENERAL
GEOMETRY
Design procedure
 DESIGN PROCEDURE – MASMA 2ND EDITION

Calculate the
width of the
Add the drainage
required reserve
Determine freeboard
the flow
Calculate the depth, y and
average flow check if y is
Compare the velocity from
estimated within
Select the V=QA and required limit
drain check that it
design cross capacity with for open
Estimate section. is within the drain type
Manning’s n the maximum
Estimate Determine calculated
of the lining the depth and
design material design minimum
discharge, and the discharge,
minimum velocity
Qminor based Qminor criteria for
on the design base width
for the the open
minor ARI drain
proposed
system.
Determine
the proposed
drain
capacity
using
Manning’s
EXAMPLE : LINED DRAIN
• Referring to MASMA 2nd Edition. Design the
size of a lined rectangular drain to convey a 5
year ARI minor system design flow from a
proposed 5 hectare bungalow development in
Kuala Lumpur. The post development time of
concentration tc at the development outlet is
estimated to be 20 minutes.
STEP 1 : Estimate design discharge, Qminor based
on the design minor ARI
• Use Equation 2.2
T k
i 
(d   )
• Use Appendix 2.B, Table 2B2
Calculate !

i = 148.79 mm/hr
• Then, calculate the design flows using Rational
Method. C is estimated using Table 2.5

CiA
Q
360
CALCULATE !

Q = 1.34 m3/s
STEP 2 : Calculate size of lined drain section
• Manning’s for concrete = 0.015
• Assuming:
– Drain longitudinal slope = 0.4%
– Width, B = 0.90 m
– Side slope, Z = 0
• Where,

Q  VA 1 2/3 1/2
V  R S
n

A  ( B  zy) y
P  B  2 y 1 z 2
 CALCULATE !

Y (m) A (m²) P (m) R (m) V (m/s) Q (m3/s)

0.6 0.54 2.1 0.26 1.7 0.921

0.7 0.63 2.3 0.27 1.78 1.120
0.8 0.72 2.5 0.29 1.84 1.324
0.85 0.765 2.6 0.29 1.87 1.427
• The selected y is = 0.85 m because calculated
Q is more Q5 = 1.34 m3/s
• Adding maximum freeboard = 50 mm, then
new y is equal to 0.85+0.05 = 0.90 m

0.85 m 0.90 m
STEP 3 : Check flow velocity for proposed drain
dimension
• Calculate again V and Q for proposed
dimension (0.9m B x 0.9m Y).
• Velocity = should be between 0.6 < v < 2 m/s
• Discharge = should be more than calculated
Q5
V = 1.89 m/s ;
Q = 1.530 m3/s
THANK YOU