FINAL ASSIGNEMNET

Airport security

TOPIC: Chapter 1, Introduction to the aviation security

Group members: 7b

Abdul Hannan Waseem 70072512

Waseed Khan 70043934
Asad Sabir 70072903
Usama Naveed 70072521
Syed Fazeel Hassan 70072580
Airport security
The need to ensure security of civil aviation assets was first to recognized at the Chicago
convention on International civil aviation held 1944. Since then aviation security has developed
alongside other advances in civil aviation.
The Chicago convention led to the formation of International Civil Aviation
Organization(ICAO). The ICAO Security manual defines aviation security as the combination of
the measures, and the human and material resources in order to safeguard civil aviation against
the acts of unlawful interference.
ICAO Security Manual, DOC98973/9 – Chapter 1 defines unlawful interference as acts of, or
attempted acts, to jeopardize the safety of civil aviation, including but not the limit to:
 Unlawful seizure of the aircraft
 Destruction of an aircraft in service
 Hostage- taking on board aircraft, or aerodromes
 Forcible intrusion on board an aircraft at an airport, or on the premises of aeronautical
facility
 Introduction on board an aircraft, or at an airport, of a weapon or hazardous device or
material intended for criminal purposes
 Use of an aircraft in service purpose of causing death, serious bloody injury, or serious
damage to property or the environment
 Communication of false information such as jeopardize the safety of and aircraft in the
flight, or on the ground, of passenger, crew, ground personnel or general public, at an
airport or on the premises of civil aviation facility

The first recorded aircraft hijack

The first recorded aircraft hijack was on February 21,1931, in Arequipa, Peru, Byron Rickards,
flying a ford tri-motor airplane from Lima to Arequipa was approached on the ground by arms
revolutionaries upon landing.
He refused to fly anywhere. After a ten days’ stand-off Rickards was told that the revolution was
successful and that he could go if he agrees to give one of their members to lift to Lima.

 International Civil Aviation Organization

The International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO is a UN specialized agency, established by
States in 1944 to manage administration and governance of the convention on international civil
aviation, with the headquarter in Montreal, Canada.
ICAO works with the convention’s 192-member state and industry groups to reach consensus on
international civil aviation standard and recommended practices and policies in support of safe,
efficient, secure, economically sustainable and environmentally responsible civil aviation sector.
  International Air Transport Association
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is the trade association for the world’s
airlines, representing some 260 airlines or 83% of total air traffic. It was founded in Havana,
Cuba, in April 1945.
IATA is the prime vehicle for inter-airline cooperation in promoting safe, reliable, secure and
economical air services – for the benefit of the world’s consumers. The head office is in
Montreal, Canada.

 General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA)

GCAA is the National Civil Aviation Regulatory body or Appropriate Authority for Civil
Aviation for the UAE. It was established in 1996 by Federal Cabinet Decree (LAW 4) to regulate
civil aviation and provide designated aviation services with emphasis on safety and security and
to strengthen the aviation industry within the UAE and its upper airspace. The GCAA is the sole
authority for the control and regulation of civil aviation in the UAE.

 Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

On the morning of September 11, 2001, nearly 3,000 people were killed in a series of
coordinated terrorist attack in New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia. The attacks resulted in the
creation of the Transportation Security Administration, designed to prevent similar attacks in
future.
Before 9/11, the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) was responsible for Aviation Security.
However, after 9/11 attacks US government made some changes in terms of their administration
in order to make the transportation more robust.
The appropriate authority for civil aviation in the United States is FAA, whereas the appropriate
authority for security is TSA.

The Civil Aviation Conventions:

International Conventions are international legal instruments by which contracting states affirm
their intentions to enforce the terms and provisions contained in this convention.
States which have become signatories to these international convention or legal instruments are
required to in act national legislation before they become effective in the states.

1. Chicago Convention
The first Convention on international civil aviation was held in November 1944 in Chicago.
Chicago convention recognized as being the instruments for organizing civil aviation, was signed
in 1944 in Chicago. It was ratified in 1947, and came into effect on 4th april 1947.
The Chicago convention is a legal instrument which sort to harmonize the development of civil
aviation in a safe and orderly manner.
 2. Tokyo convention
Commonly referred to as the crimes aboard aircraft convention, the Tokyo convention relates to
offences committed by a person who is onboard an aircraft. The convention was held on 14
September 1963 in Tokyo and came into force on 4 December 1969.
Article 11 Of the Tokyo convention deals with unlawful seizure of aircraft and imposes certain
obligations on the participating states. In the event of a hijack, it obliges sovereign states to:
 Extend their criminal law and jurisdiction to aircraft of their registry.
 Take every appropriate measure to restore control to the lawful commander of the aircraft.
 Permit the passengers and crew of the hijack aircraft to continue their journey as soon as
possible.
 Return the aircraft and its cargo to the persons entitles to their possession.

The Contracting State in which the aircraft lands shall permit its passengers and crew to continue
their journey as soon as practicable, and shall return the aircraft and its cargo to the persons
lawfully entitled to possession.

3. Hague Convention
The Hague Hijacking Convention (formally the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful
Seizure of Aircraft) is a multilateral treaty by which states agree to prohibit and punish aircraft
hijacking. The convention does not apply to customs, law enforcement or military aircraft, thus it
applies exclusively to civilian aircraft. The convention only addresses situations in which an
aircraft takes off or lands in a place different from its country of registration. The convention sets
out the principle of auto deer and judiciary—that a party to the treaty must prosecute an aircraft
hijacker if no other state requests his or her tradition for prosecution of the same crime.
The states contracting to The Hague Convention are obliged to
 To establish jurisdiction over the hijackers in the state of registry, the state of operator and the
state in which the aircraft next lands with the offender on board,
 Make the offence punishable by severe penalties
 Submit any offender in their territories to the competent authorities for prosecution or extradite
them.

4. Montreal Convention:
The 17th session of the ICAO was held in Montreal on 23 Sep 1971 and came into effect on 26
Jan 1973. This cone=venation was a result of follow up on the recommendations made in The
Hague convention. The convention deals with the:
Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation.
The treaty deals with sabotage and armed attack against international civil aviation facilities and
creates the same obligations for the contracting states with respect to these offences, as The
Hague convention.
The Montreal convention also expanded on the unlawful acts not covered in the 1970 Hague
convention.
Unlawful acts covered in the Montreal Convention:
 Destruction of an Aircraft
 Violence against a person on board an aircraft
 Placement of devices or substance likely to destroy an aircraft
 Destroying or damaging air navigation facilities thus endangering an aircraft in flight
 Communicating false information thus endangering the safety of an aircraft

5. Montreal Protocol 1988

Protocol for suppression of unlawful acts of violence at airports serving International Civil
Aviation.
(Supplementary protocol to the Montreal Convention of 19710).
This Protocol amended the terms and provisions of the Montreal Convention by including acts
committed at international airports. This convention followed a series of attacks that had been
aimed at international airports over the preceding year since the Montreal Convention of 1971.
 Paris 1978 – 3 terrorists attacked passenger queuing for the screening process before boarding
an EI Al flight.
 Paris 1980 – A bomb explodes at a left luggage counter at the airport.
 Munich 1982 – Bomb explodes in passenger baggage prior to loading onto aircraft.
 Paris 1983 – Bomb explosion at Turkish Airlines check-in desk at airport.
 Rome and Vienna 1985 (EI AI check-in counters).

6. Montreal Convention 1991

Convention on the marking of plastic explosives for the purpose of detection (Montreal
Convention 1991).
The Montreal Convention 1991 had four main aims:
 Allow the utilization of existing vapor detection technology to detect and identify plastic
explosives.
 In order for the above to take place, to inject a marking agent into the plastic explosives during
the process of manufacturing.
 Control the manufacture of explosives and the movement of unmarked explosives through
Contracting States territories.
 Create a technical commission to undertake continuous research and development into the
problem.

7. Beijing Convention 2010

The new Beijing Convention and Protocol 2010 created more specific legal instruments in order
to update existing conventions. In several aspects, to cover new and emerging threats.
From August 30 to September 10, 2010 a diplomatic conference held in Beijing, comprising of
representatives from 7 states. Adopted two new air law instruments. The convention o
suppression of unlawful acts relating to International Civil Aviation and the protocol
supplementary to the convention for the suppression of unlawful seizure of aircraft.
These new legal instruments, criminalize the act of using civil aircraft as a weapon and of using
dangerous materials to attack the aircraft or other targets on the ground.
The unlawful transport of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons and their related material
becomes now punishable. Directors and Organizers of attack against aircraft and airports will
have no safe heaven.
Making a threat against Civil Aviation may also trigger criminal liability.

8. Montreal Protocol 2014

Protocol to amend convention on offences and certain other acts committed on board aircraft, is
also known as the Montreal Protocol 2014 (MP14). It amends the Convention in a number of
important ways.
In 2009, the increase in untruly passenger incidents led the international Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) to undertake a detailed review of the convention.
The purpose was to ensure that states have sufficient legal powers t pursue offenders, thereby
acting as a deterrent. A detailed and lengthy review process culminated in a diplomatic
Conference that was held from 26 March to 4 April 2014.
It extends mandatory jurisdiction to also include to State of intended landing and the State of
operator.
It clarifies behaviors which should be considered, at a minimum, as an offense and encourages
States to take appropriate criminal or other legal proceedings.
Redefines the term “in-flight”
Airlines may have a right to seek compensation for costs incurred as a result of untruly passenger
behavior.

Annex 17 – Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts

of Unlawful Interference
There are 19 Annex’s to the convention on International civil aviation. These annex contain
International standards and recommendation practices (SARPS), which are the technical
countermeasures adopted by governments and industry.
Annex17 to the convention on International civil aviation relates specifically to aviation security.
There are other annexes to the convention, which contain security related provisions.
Annex 17 has been amended 16 times since it was promulgated in 1974; the latest edition is the
10th Edition (16th amendment) which becomes applicable from 16th November 2018. These
amendments were necessary to ensure the standards and recommended practices contained in
Annex17 commensurate with level of threat to civil aviation.

DOC 9873 _ ICAO Aviation Security Manual

ICAO security manual for Safeguarding Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful
Interference(DOC9873)
Restricted, is the principal guidance document develop by ICAO to assist States to implement of
the technical specification contained in Annex17.
It provides guidance on how various security standards and recommended practices contained in
Annex 17 can be achieved in a practical manner. It essentially tells a state ‘ how to achieve a
Standard’.

THE END