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Lab 8

This document discusses emulsions and provides instructions for preparing a 30% cod liver oil emulsion. Emulsions are mixtures of two immiscible liquids where one is dispersed as globules in the other with the help of an emulsifying agent. The document outlines the dry gum method for making a primary emulsion using cod liver oil, acacia gum, and water in a 4:2:1 ratio. It then provides the specific quantities and step-by-step instructions to prepare a 100mL cod liver oil emulsion with 30mL of cod liver oil and 7.5g of acacia gum as the emulsifying agent.

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1K views26 pages

Lab 8

This document discusses emulsions and provides instructions for preparing a 30% cod liver oil emulsion. Emulsions are mixtures of two immiscible liquids where one is dispersed as globules in the other with the help of an emulsifying agent. The document outlines the dry gum method for making a primary emulsion using cod liver oil, acacia gum, and water in a 4:2:1 ratio. It then provides the specific quantities and step-by-step instructions to prepare a 100mL cod liver oil emulsion with 30mL of cod liver oil and 7.5g of acacia gum as the emulsifying agent.

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Introduction

Emulsions are the biphasic liquid dosage


form of medicament in which two
immiscible liquids (generally one of
which is water and other is some lipid or
oil) are made miscible by the addition of
a third substance known as emulsifying
agent or emulgent. Milk is an example of
natural emulsion.
Introduction
An emulsion may also be defined as a mixture
of two immiscible liquids in which one liquid
is dispersed as minute globules into the other.
The liquid that is broken into globules is
called dispersed phase or internal phase and
the phase in which the globules are dispersed
is called continuous phase, external phase or
dispersion medium. The globules remain
dispersed for only a short period of time.
Introduction
Separation takes place quickly upon
standing. Therefore, a third substance
known as emulsifying agent is added to
the system which forms a film around
the globules of the dispersed phase
thereby the globules remain scattered
indefinitely in the continuous phase and
a uniform, stable product is formed.
Purpose of emulsification
1. Certain medicinal agents having an unpleasant
taste and odour can be made more palatable for
oral administration in the form of emulsions
which are otherwise difficult to take e.g. cod liver
oil, shark liver oil, castor oil etc.
2. To prepare a homogenous product containing
immiscible liquids (oil and water).
3. The activity of certain drugs can be increased and
action prolonged by emulsifying the drug in a
suitable vehicle.
Purpose of emulsification
4. Sterile, stable intravenous emulsions
containing fats, carbohydrates, and vitamins
all in the one preparation can be administered
to the patients who are unable to take these
vital substances by oral route.
5. Dermatological preparations like lotions
and creams help in quick absorption of drugs
from skin surface when applied externally.
Purpose of emulsification
Emulsifying agents
Commonly used include emulsifying agents are
Natural emulsifying agents from vegetable sources
Acacia, tragacanth, agar, chondrus, pectin and starch
Natural emulsifying agents from animal sources
Gelatin, egg yolk and wool fat
Semi synthetic polysaccharides
Methyl cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
Synthetic emulsifying agents
Anionic, cationic and non-ionic
Inorganic emulsifying agents
Milk of magnesia, magnesium oxide, magnesium
trisilicate, magnesium aluminum trisilicate, bentonite
Preparation of emulsion
In laboratory, emulsions can be prepared
by the following methods.
1. Dry gum method
2. Wet gum method
3. Bottle method
Preparation of emulsion
In dry gum method the oil is triturated
with gum and then water is added to make
a primary emulsion whereas in the wet
gum method the gum is triturated with
water to form a mucilage first and then oil
is added for the preparation of primary
emulsion. Dry gum method yields better
emulsion compared to wet gum method.
Preparation of emulsion
The formula for quantities of oil, gum and
water required for primary emulsions is as
follow :
Oil Water Gum

Fixed oil 4 2 1

Volatile oil 4 4 2

Mineral oil 3 2 1
Preparation of emulsion
Fixed oils
Arachis oil, castor oil, cod liver oil, olive oil,
almond oil.
Volatile oils
Peppermint oil, cinnamon oil, turpentine
oil, sandal wood oil.
Preparation of emulsion
Dry gum method
It also referred to as the 4:2:1 method because for
every 4 parts by volume of oil, 2 parts of water and 1
part of gum are added in preparing the initial or
primary emulsion. In this method, gum acacia or
other emulsifier is triturated with oil in dry wedge
wood or porcelain mortar until thoroughly mixed. A
mortar with a rough surface rather than a smooth
surface must be used to ensure proper grinding and
reduction of particle size.
Preparation of emulsion
After the oil and gum have been mixed, the two
parts of water are added all at once and the
mixture triturated immediately, rapidly and
continuously until the primary emulsion is creamy
white and produces a crackling sound to the
movement of pestle. Generally, about 3 minutes of
mixing is required to produce a primary emulsion.
Other liquid formulative ingredients that are
soluble in or miscible with the external phase may
then be mixed into primary emulsion.
Preparation of emulsion
Solid substances such as preservatives,
stabilizers, colorants and flavoring
agents are usually dissolved in a suitable
volume of water and adds as a solution to
the primary emulsion. It is necessary to
use completely dry pestle and mortar for
dry gum method.
Preparation of emulsion
Wet gum method
The same proportions of oil, water and gum
which are used in dry gum method but the
order of mixing is different and the
proportions of ingredients may be varied
during preparation of the primary emulsion.
The mucilage of gum is prepared by triturating
in a mortar acacia with twice its weight of
water.
Preparation of emulsion
Bottle method
The bottle method is useful for preparation
of emulsions from volatile oils and
oleaginous substances of low viscosities.
Powdered acacia is placed in a dry bottle,
two parts of oil are added and the mixture is
thoroughly shaken in the container.
Preparation of emulsion
A volume of water approximately equal to that of
oil is then added in portions and the mixture is
shaken after each addition. When all of the water
has been added, the primary emulsion formed
may be diluted to the proper volume with water or
an aqueous solution of other formulative agents.
Cod Liver oil emulsion
Cod liver oil
Cod liver oil is the oil extracted from the livers of
Atlantic cod. It is commonly taken as a dietary
supplement and is packed full of nutrients. It is
one of the best sources of omega 3 fatty acids and
it contains relatively high amounts of vitamin A
and vitamin D. It is frequently given to children to
help prevent rickets and other conditions caused
by vitamin D deficiency.
Cod Liver oil emulsion
The exact concentration of nutrients in cod
liver oil depends on the species of cod, the
oil comes from. To improve its palatability
as well as to improve the absorption, cod
liver oil is prepared as emulsion for use.
Cod Liver oil emulsion
Calculations for making 30 % cod liver
oil emulsion
The quantity of emulsifying agent (acacia
BP) required to produce 100 mL of the
emulsion must be calculated. Cod liver oil
BP is a fixed oil. Therefore, the primary
emulsion ratio is 30: 15: 7.5
Oil : Water : Gum

4 2 1
Cod Liver oil emulsion
30 mL of cod liver oil BP is required, therefore 4 parts = 30 mL
The amount of freshly boiled and cooled purified water (2 parts)=
30/2 = 15 mL
The amount of acacia required (1 part ) 30 / 4 = 7.5 g
Therefore, the primary emulsion ratio is 30: 15: 7.5
Therefore, the product formula for 100 mL of cod liver oil 30 %
emulsion is

Ingredients Quantities
1. Cod liver oil BP 30 mL
1. Acacia 7.5 g
1. Double strength chloroform water(BP 50 mL
0.5V/V)

1. Purified water 100 mL


Cod Liver oil emulsion
Material required
 Weighing balance
 Beakers
 Stirrer
 Measuring cylinder
 Mortar and pestle
Cod Liver oil emulsion
Procedure
 Transfer 30 mL of cod liver oil BP to a clean
dry porcelain mortar.
 Transfer 7.5 g of acacia gum to the mortar
and stir gently (approximately 3 stirs).
 Add 15 mL of freshly boiled and cooled
purified water to the mortar with continuous
trituration.
Cod Liver oil emulsion
 Stir vigorously with the pestle in one
direction only until the primary emulsion is
formed.
 Add double strength chloroform water to the
primary emulsion.
 Transfer to an appropriate measuring
cylinder. Make volume up to 100 mL with
freshly boiled and cooled purified water.
 Stir and transfer to an amber colored bottle
and label it.
Cod Liver oil emulsion
Role of ingredients
 Cod liver oil is the active ingredient
used as a source of omega 3 fatty acid,
vitamin A and D.
 Double strength chloroform water is
flavoring agent and preservative.
 Acacia gum is used as an emulsifying
agent.

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