National Institute of

Technology Rourkela

Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

CH2172

Anusha Desai
119CH0483 
 Index

Exp Experiment name Date of Date of

no. experimen submission
t
5 Pressure drop in fluidized 23/2/21 11/1/21
bed
6 Bernoulli's Theorem 2/3/21
 Experiment 5

Pressure drop in fluidized bed

Date of experiment – 23/2/21

Date of submission – 11/1/21
 Experiment 5
Pressure drop in fluidized bed
Aim
To determine minimum fluidization velocity and compare theoretical and
experimental pressure drop when the flow of liquid is through fluidized bed

Apparatus Required
♦ Fluidized bed
♦ Pump
♦ CCl4 manometer
♦ Hg manometer
♦ Bucket
♦ Stopwatch
♦ Rotameter

Theory
A fluidized bed is a state of a two-phase mixture of particulate solid material and
fluid, which is widely used in many modern technologies for efficient
implementation of various physical and chemical processes. Suppose we
progressively increase the velocity of fluid which is flowing upward through a
batch of solids. The frictional resistance increases, and eventually a point is
reached where the resistance just equals the weight of solids.
At this point the solids become suspended-in other words, they become
"fluidized" -and the superficial velocity of fluid needed to just fluidize the solids is
called the minimum fluidizing velocity umf . As the flow rate of fluid is increased
beyond this point a liquid fluidized bed keeps expanding, while a gas bed expands
only slightly.
Minimum fluidization velocity
Minimum fluidization velocity (Umf) can be calculated theoretically using
characteristic parameters like density, drag coefficient, viscosity, etc. In
practice minimum fluidization velocity is determined by a plot of superficial
velocity versus pressure drop in the bed for a particular fuel.

The fluidized state occurs when a fixed bed of the particulate material is
penetrated in the vertical direction with fluid at sufficient velocity to break up the
bed. In a fixed bed, the particles are immobile, leaning on one another at
numerous contact points and applying forces to one another. Gravity forces—
particle weight and the weight of the whole bed—are spread in all directions
through the particle contact points. When the critical velocity (minimum
fluidization velocity) is reached, the solid particles start floating, moving
chaotically and colliding.
Mutual contacts between the particles are of short duration and the forces
between them are weak; the particulate solid material is then in the fluidized
state. In the fluidized state, particles are in constant, chaotic movement, and their
mean particle distance grows with increasing fluid velocity causing the bed height
to rise. The pressure drop in the fluid phase across the bed is constant and equal
to the bed weight over unit surface of the bed cross section. This value is reached
at the minimum (incipient) fluidization velocity.

At minimum fluidization velocity,

Pressure drop in case of minimum fluidization velocity,

Procedure
I. The bypass valve is kept open and the main valve is closed. The pump is
switched on
II. Manometer is connected across the bed.
III. The fluid is allowed to flow through the bed by opening the main valve.
IV. The flow is kept steady and the flow rate is measured using the rotameter.
V. The corresponding height of the bed and the difference in levels in the CCl4
manometer limbs are noted down.
VI. The procedure is repeated for different flowrates.
VII. Hg manometer is used for higher flow rates.
VIII. The fluid present in the static bed is collected after closing the main valve,
to calculate the void volume.

Observation
Sl Air flow Superficial Difference Bed Bed Pressur Pressur
no in lpm velocity in in height porosity e drop e drop
. m/s manometri in Pa in Pa
(L) in
c reading
cm (exp) (Th)
(cm)
1 4.5 0.0414 4.7 20.1 0.382 0.59 108.46

2 6.5 0.0597 5.5 20.1 0.382 0.691 108.46

3 7.5 0.0691 6.4 20.1 0.382 0.804 108.46

4 8.5 0.0785 7.2 20.1 0.382 0.904 108.46

5 9.5 0.0873 7.8 20.1 0.382 0.979 108.46

6 10.5 0.0967 8.9 20.1 0.382 1.117 108.46

7 11.5 0.106 10 20.1 0.382 1.256 108.46

8 12.5 0.115 11.8 20.2 0.38 1.482 111.34

9 13.5 0.124 12.4 20.6 0.373 1.557 122.39

10 14.5 0.134 10.1 20.9 0.367 1.268 132.51

11 15.5 0.143 12.2 21.4 0.359 1.532 148.12
12 16.5 0.152 12.8 22 0.349 1.607 170.22
13 17.5 0.161 13.1 22.9 0.335 1.645 207.82
14 18.5 0.17 13.6 23.2 0.331 1.708 220.55
 15 19.5 0.8 14 23.4 0.328 1.758 230.38
16 20.5 0.189 14.85 23.5 0.327 1.865 23401
17 21.5 0.198 15.1 23.8 0.323 1.896 248.54
18 22.5 0.207 15.5 24 0.32 1.946 259.72

Calculations
Diameter of column(d) - 48mm
Solid used - mustard seed
mass of solid(m) - 0.22kg
Density of solid(ρb) - 1584.2kg/m^(3)
Particle diameter(dp) - 2.5*10^(-3)m
Fluid used - Air
Fluid density(ρ) - 1.28kg/m^(3)
Fluid viscosity - 0.0187*10^(-3) pascal-sec
Volume of particle(Vp) = 1.389 x 10^(-3) m^(3)
Minimum fluidization velocity(Vmf) = 0.125(from graph)
1. Trail 1
Air flow(Q) = 4.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.0414 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 20.1 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.382
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 4.7 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 0.59 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 108.46 Pa (from ergun’s equation)
 2. Trail 2
Air flow(Q) = 6.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.0597 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 20.1 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.382
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 5.5 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 0.691 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 108.46 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

3. Trail 3
Air flow(Q) = 7.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.0691 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 20.1 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.382
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 6.4 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 0.804 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 108.46 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

4. Trail 4
Air flow(Q) = 8.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.0785 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 20.1 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.382
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 7.2 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 0.904 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 108.46 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

5. Trail 5
Air flow(Q) = 9.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.0873 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 20.1 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.382
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 7.8 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 0.979 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 108.46 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

6. Trail 6
Air flow(Q) = 10.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.0967 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 20.1 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.382
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 8.9 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 1.117 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 108.46 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

7. Trail 7
Air flow(Q) = 11.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.106 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 20.1 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.382
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 10 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 1.256 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 108.46 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

8. Trail 8
Air flow(Q) = 12.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.115 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 20.2 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.38
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 11.8 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 1.482 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 111.34 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

9. Trail 9
Air flow(Q) = 15.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.124 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 20.6 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.374
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 12.4 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 1.557 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 122.39 Pa (from ergun’s equation)
 10. Trail 10
Air flow(Q) = 14.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.134 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 20.9 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.367
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 10.1 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 1.268 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 132.51 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

11. Trail 11
Air flow(Q) = 15.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.143 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 21.4 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.359
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 12.2 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 1.532 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 148.12 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

12. Trail 12
Air flow(Q) = 16.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.152 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 22 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.349
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 12.8 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 1.607 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 170.22 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

13. Trail 13
Air flow(Q) = 17.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.161 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 22.9 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.335
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 13.1 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 1.645 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 207.82 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

14. Trail 14
Air flow(Q) = 18.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.17 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 23.2 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.331
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 13.6 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 1.708 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 220.55 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

15. Trail 15
Air flow(Q) = 19.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.18 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 23.4 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.328
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 14 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 1.758 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 230.38 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

16. Trail 16
Air flow(Q) = 20.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.189 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 23.5 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.327
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 14.85 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 1.865 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 234.1 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

17. Trail 17
Air flow(Q) = 21.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.198 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 23.8 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.323
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 15.1 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 1.896 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 248.54 Pa (from ergun’s equation)
 18. Trail 18
Air flow(Q) = 22.5 lpm
Superficial velocity(v) = Q/Area of the bed = 0.207 m/s
Height of bed(L) = 24 cm
Bed porosity(ε) = volume of particle/ volume of bed = 0.32
Difference in manometer reading(h) = 15.5 cm
Pressure drop(exp) = ρ x g x h = 1.946 Pa
Pressure drop(th) = 259.72 Pa (from ergun’s equation)

Graph
Result
The minimum fluidization velocity is 0.125 m/s. Theoretical pressure drop was
calculated from the ergun’s equation and experimental pressure drop was
calculated from manometric readings. Both the pressure drops were compared.

Applications
Fluidized beds are used as a technical process which has the ability to promote
high levels of contact between gases and solids. Fluidized beds are also used for
efficient bulk drying of materials. Fluidized bed technology in dryers increases
efficiency by allowing for the entire surface of the drying material to be
suspended and therefore exposed to the air.
 Experiment 6

Bernoulli’s Theorem

Date of experiment – 2/3/21

Date of submission –
 Experiment 6
Bernoulli’s theorem
Aim
To verify experimentally the validity of Bernoulli’s equation for fluid
flow(Relationship between pressure head and kinetic head)

Apparatus
 Measuring tank
 Piezometer
 Collection tank
 Stopwatch

Theory
According to the Bernoulli’s principle when area available for the fluid to flow
decrease then flow velocity of the fluid increase and at the mean while time the
fluid pressure or the fluid potential energy decreases. Law of conservation of
energy was the main deriving factor behind the derivation of the Bernoulli’s
principle. Bernoulli’s principle state that the in a steady flowing fluid the sum of all
the mechanical energies including kinetic energy, dynamic head, fluid pressure
and potential energy should remain same at all the point of the flow. So if any
type of energy increase like if kinetic energy increase then the other type of the
energy like potential energy, pressure will decrease to make the final sum same as
before.
According to the Bernoulli equation a flowing fluid have three things
Pressure head
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
So we have
P+ ½×ρ×v^2+ ρgh=C
P/ρg+ ½×v^2/g+h=C
According to the law of conservation of energy, energies at the input should be
equal to the output so
P_1/ρg+ (V_1^2)/2g+h= P_n/ρg+ (V_n^2)/2g+h
In the above equation
P = fluid pressure
V = flow velocity
Z = height
Ρ = density
From Bernoulli’s principle it can be stated that the density and pressure are
inversely proportional to each other’s means high density fluid will apply more
pressure while moving than the low density fluids.
In the horizontal pipe where the inlet and outlet of the are at same height, the z
quantity can be removed to give the above mention equation of Bernoulli’s
principle a new look from where we can calculate the height at any point of the
flow if we have the initial height of flow and velocity at respective positions.
P_1/ρg+ (V_1^2)/2g= P_n/ρg+ (V_n^2)/2g
P_1/ρg=h1 and P_n/ρg=hn
H_1+ (V_1^2)/2g= h_n+ (V_n^2)/2g
H_n= h_1-[ (v_n^2)/2g- (v_1^2)/2g]

Procedure
1. The water pipe was connected to the inlet valve.
 2. The flow by inlet gate valve is reduced so that there is only a small rise of
water in the test pressure tapping.
3. The levels are allowed to stabilize and the heads are noted down.
4. Outlet valve by measuring tank is closed and the time to rise the water level
by 10 cm is measured.
5. The procedure is repeated by changing the discharge and drop of bend
towards outlet for each observation is noted.

Observation
Sl. Area Piezometer Velocity V^(2)/2g H+v2/2g Losses(%)
No. reading(H)
(cm^(2)) (m/s)
(cm)
1 2.401 17.3 4.998 1.273 1.446
2 1.849 17.2 6.49 2.147 2.319 37.65%
3 1.520 17.1 7.895 3.177 3.348 30.73%
4 1.156 17 10.381 5.493 5.663 40.88%
5 0.9 16.9 13.333 9.061 9.23 38.65%
6 0.676 16.9 17.751 16.06 16.229 43.13%
7 0.9 16.8 13.333 9.061 9.229 -75.85%
8 1.156 17 10.381 3.177 3.347 -175.74%
9 1.849 17.2 6.49 2.147 2.319 -44.33%
10 2.401 17.4 4.998 1.273 1.447 -60.26%

Calculations
Volumetric flow rate(Q) = 1.2 x 10^(-3) m^(3)/s
1. Trail 1
Area(A) = 2.401 cm^(2)
Piezometer reading (H) = 17.3 cm
Velocity(v) = Q/A = 4.998 m/s
v^(2)/2g = 1.273
H + v^(2)/2g = 1.446

2. Trail 2
Area(A) = 1.849 cm^(2)
Piezometer reading (H) = 17.20 cm
Velocity(v) = Q/A = 6.49 m/s
v^(2)/2g = 2.147
H + v^(2)/2g = 2.319
Losses = ((2.319-1.446)/2.319) x 100 = 37.65%

3. Trail 3
Area(A) = 1.520 cm^(2)
Piezometer reading (H) = 17.1 cm
Velocity(v) = Q/A = 7.885 m/s
V^(2)/2g = 3.177
H + v^(2)/2g = 3.348
Losses = ((3.348 - 2.319)/3.348) x 100 = 30.73%

4. Trail 4
Area(A) = 1.156 cm^(2)
Piezometer reading (H) = 17 cm
Velocity(v) = Q/A = 10.381 m/s
v^(2)/2g = 5.493
H + v^(2)/2g = 5.663
Losses = ((5.663-3.348)/5.663) x 100 = 40.88%

5. Trail 5
Area(A) = 0.9 cm^(2)
Piezometer reading (H) = 16.9 cm
Velocity(v) = Q/A = 13.333 m/s
v^(2)/2g = 9.061
H + v^(2)/2g = 9.23
Losses = ((9.23-5.663)/9.23) x 100 = 38.65%

6. Trail 6
Area(A) = 0.676 cm^(2)
Piezometer reading(H) = 16.9 cm
Velocity(v) = Q/A = 17.751 m/s
v^(2)/2g = 16.06
H + v^(2)/2g = 16.229
Losses = ((16.229-9.23)/16.229) x 100 = 43.13%

7. Trail 7
Area(A) = 0.9 cm^(2)
Piezometer reading(H) = 16.8 cm
Velocity(v) = Q/A = 13.333 m/s
V^(2)/2g = 9.061
H + v^(2)/2g = 9.229
Losses = ((9.229-16.229)/9.229) x 100 = -75.85%

8. Trail 8
Area(A) = 1.156 cm^(2)
Piezometer reading(H) = 17 cm
Velocity(v) = Q/A = 10.381 m/s
v^(2)/2g = 3.177
H + v^(2)/2g = 3.347
Losses = ((3.347-9.229)/3.347) x 100 = -175.74%

9. Trail 9
Area(A) = 1.849 cm^(2)
Piezometer reading(H) = 17.2 cm
Velocity(v) = Q/A = 6.49 m/s
v^(2)/2g = 2.147
H + v^(2)/2g = 2.319
Losses = ((2.319-1.447)/2.319) x 100 = -44.33%

10.Trail 10
Area(A) = 2.401 cm^(2)
Piezometer reading(H) = 17.4 cm
Velocity(v) = Q/A = 4.998 m/s
v^(2)/2g = 1.273
H + v^(2)/2g = 1.447
Losses = ((1.447-2.319)/1.447) x 100 = -60.26%

Result
The validity of the Bernoulli’s equation is verified using potential head and kinetic
head and the losses for each reading are calculated.

Applications
One of the most common everyday applications of Bernoulli’s principle is in
airflight. The main way that Bernoulli’s principle works in air flight has to do with
the architecture of the wings of the plane. In an airplane wing, the top of the wing
is soomewhat curved, while the bottom of the wing is totally flat.