BPS 2143

PHARMACOLOGY II
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

NAME : NURFATIHA NABILA BINTI KHAIRUL

ACKNOWLEDGMENT …………………………………………………………………………………………3
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………4-5
MEDICAL USES …………………………………………………………………………………………………6
ADVERSE EFFECT…………………………………………………………………………………………….7-9
DRUG INTERACTIONS………………………………………………………………………………………10-11
PHARMACODYNAMICS……………………………………………………………………………………..11-12
MECHANISM OF ACTION……………………………………………………………………………………..14
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………15
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises and thanks to Allah , the Lord of mankind and all that exists, for His

Blessings , benevolence and guidance at every stage of our life.

I am deeply to my lecturer Mdm Rasheeda , for her guidance , support and

patience. She always give support and good ideas in this assignment.

My words will fail to express my deepest heartfelt thanks to my family, especially

my parents , for all what they did , and still doing to help me be at this position and

for their continuos support and encouragement. Thank you all!!

Ibuprofen belongs to a class of medications known as

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs). It is frequently

used for its anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties. It is

available over the counter in dosage of 200–400 mg as pills or capsules

and can be taken up to three times a day after meal. Some tablets are

intended to deliver the medicine slowly over time, which some

individuals find useful for nighttime pain management. Higher dosages

of ibuprofen are available on prescription and can be used if you have

rheumatoid arthritis or another kind of inflammatory arthritis.

Ibuprofen is also available as lipid-based soft capsules. These may be

purchased at pharmacies and are just as effective as prescription

ibuprofen for reducing flare-up joint pain. If ibuprofen isn't providing

enough pain relief, or if you require pain treatment for an extended

length of time, talk to your doctor. He or she may be able to prescribe

a stronger NSAID or a combination of medicines that will be more

helpful. Ibuprofen has an apparent amount of dissemination of 0.1

L/kg.
Ibuprofen is more than 99 percent bound to plasma proteins and site II

of distilled albumin; binding tends to be saturable and non-linear at

concentrations greater than 20 mcg/ml.

Ibuprofen is commonly used to treat fever (including post-

vaccination fever), mild to severe pain (including post-surgery pain

relief), troublesome menstruation, osteoarthritis, dental pain,

headaches, and pain caused by kidney stones. Approximately 60% of

people respond to any NSAID, and those who do not respond well to

one may respond to another. It treats inflammatory conditions

including juvenile idiopathic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Pericarditis and patent ductus arteriosus are other conditions for which

it is used.
ADVERSE EFFECT

Nausea, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, constipation, stomach

ulceration/bleeding, headache, dizziness, rash, salt and fluid

accumulation, and elevated blood pressure are also possible side

effects. Infrequent side effects include esophageal ulceration, cardiac

disease, elevated potassium levels in the blood, renal dysfunction,

confusion, and bronchospasm. Ibuprofen can aggravate asthma, often

fatally. Allergic responses, such as anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock,

are possible. Ibuprofen levels of blood, plasma, or serum may be

measured to show the existence of the drug in a person who has had

an anaphylactic reaction, validate a poisoning diagnosis in hospitalised

patients, or aid in a medicolegal death investigation. A monograph on

the relationship between ibuprofen plasma dosage, period after

absorption, and the possibility of developing renal toxicity in overdoes

has been published.

Along with several other NSAIDs, chronic ibuprofen use has been

found correlated with risk of progression to hypertension in women,

though less than for acetaminophen, and myocardial infarction (heart

attack),particularly among those chronically using higher doses. The

United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) strengthened alerts

about the elevated risk of heart disease and stroke associated with

ibuprofen and related NSAIDs on July 9, 2015; the NSAID aspirin is not

included in this warning. In 2015, the European Medicines Agency (EMA)

released relate alerts.

Ibuprofen has been linked to the initiation of bullous pemphigoid

or pemphigoid-like blistering, along with other NSAIDs. Ibuprofen, like

other NSAIDs, has been stated to be a photosensitising agent, but it is

regarded as a poor photosensitising agent when compared to other

members of the 2-arylpropionic acid group. Ibuprofen, like other

NSAIDs, is an exceptionally rare cause of the autoimmune condition

Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS). Ibuprofen can also induce toxic

epidermal necrolysis, which is exceptionally rare.

Sometimes the effects of one drug may interfere with the effects

of another. This is referred to as drug interaction. Drugs that can

interfere with ibuprofen include , Antihypertensive medications. Drugs

used to treat elevated blood pressure, also known as hypertension.

When used with antihypertensives, ibuprofen can also cause an

increase in blood pressure. Other than that , Anti-inflammatory

painkillers. Because of the possible chance of gastrointestinal bleeding,

ibuprofen should not be taken with diclofenac (Voltarol), indometacin,

or naproxen. Since these medications are already analgesics, ibuprofen

should not be needed. After that , Aspirin. When ibuprofen and aspirin

are combined, the chance of gastrointestinal bleeding increases

dramatically. Patients taking low-dose aspirin for blood thinning should

avoid ibuprofen so the blood thinning effect would be reduced. Also

Digoxin ,this medication is often used to treat atrial fibrillation.

Ibuprofen and digoxin can also increase blood pressure.

Then Lithium. This medication is used to treat certain psychiatric

illnesses. Ibuprofen can make the body's elimination of lithium more

difficult, resulting in potentially harmful amounts of lithium in the

body. Moreover , Methotrexate. This is used to cure tumours and other

auto-immune disorders. Ibuprofen can make it more difficult for the

body to eliminate methotrexate. Methotrexate levels in the body can

reach potentially dangerous levels. Furthermore , Tacrolimus. This

medication is often used during an organ transplant to prevent the

body's immune system from destroying the new organ. Ibuprofen

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Antidepressants

including citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline, when

combined with ibuprofen, can increase the risk of bleeding. Lastly ,

Warfarin . An anticoagulant, also used as a blood thinner, is a

medication that prevents blood clots. When used with warfarin,

ibuprofen can improve the anticoagulant effects of the medication.

Ibuprofen works in a variety of inflammatory pathways that are

active in both acute and chronic inflammation. The key benefits of

ibuprofen are due to the inhibition of prostanoids production by COX-1

and COX-2, which helps to regulate pain, fever, and acute

inflammation. The dorsal horn and higher spinothalamic tract mediate

pain transfer, which is mediated by the central nervous system. Pain

relief is due to peripheral affected areas and central nervous system

effects. Some studies have attempted to correlate pain regulation to

an increase in endogenous cannabinoid synthesis and NMDA receptor

action. The effect on pain has been linked to the cortically activated

system. The effect on pain has been shown to be related to the

cortically evoked potentials.

Since prostanoids are the key signalling mediator of pyresis in the

hypothalamic-preoptic zone, the antipyretic effect has been compared

to the effect on prostanoid synthesis. The local suppression of

prostanoid synthesis, as well as anti-oedema action and an

improvement in plasma beta-endorphins, are both reasons why

ibuprofen is used in dental procedures.

Ibuprofen has been shown to help people with rheumatic conditions

manage their joint symptoms. Ibuprofen is often used in over-the-

counter drugs for the treatment of dysmenorrhea, and it has been

shown to decrease the volume of menstrual prostanoids and uterine

hypercontractility. It has also been reported to greatly relieve migraine

fever and pain. This effect is believed to be due to the effect on

local vascular effects in the affected areas. Since ibuprofen can

penetrate the central nervous system, this effect is possible.

Ibuprofen has been shown in clinical trials to prevent

neurodegeneration when administered in reduced doses over a long

period of time. Its use in Parkinson disease, on the other hand, is

attributed to the role of inflammation and oxidative stress in the

pathology of this disorder. The use of ibuprofen for breast cancer is

linked to a report that indicates a 50% reduction in the incidence of

breast cancer.
MECHANISM OF ACTION

Ibuprofen's precise mechanism of action remains unclear.

Ibuprofen, on the other hand, is an NSAID and therefore a non-selective

inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, which is an enzyme involved in

prostaglandin (pain and fever mediators) and thromboxane (blood

clotting stimulators) synthesis through the arachidonic acid pathway.

Ibuprofen is a non-selective COX inhibitor, which means it blocks both

COX-1 and COX-2 activity. COX-2 inhibition reduces the synthesis of

prostaglandins involved in the mediating of inflammation, pain, fever,

and swelling, while COX-1 inhibition is believed to induce some of the

side effects of ibuprofen, including GI ulceration.

1. Ibuprofen: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank

Online . (https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01050)

2. Ibuprofen ,2021 English Wikipedia contributors ,Wikipedia

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibuprofen)