BEE VIVA PREP.

IMP. QUES. | ANSWERS

POINTERS TO FOLLOW:
• This document contains all imp. ques. along with the
answers categorized according to their experiments.
• The document also contains ques. that are not only
involved in the lab but in the theory subject too.
• Following the above, it can also be used for the theory
portion of this subject i.e., BEE.

MAY ‘21
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Questions Asked In Other Classes ....................................................................................................... 3

Cheat Sheet I(Short Terms) ................................................................................................................. 8

Cheat Sheet II ...................................................................................................................................... 10

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 QUESTIONS ASKED IN OTHER CLASSES
IMPORTANT & COMMON

1. What is power factor?

IN AC-
The power factor of an AC circuit is defined as the ratio of the real power (W) consumed
by a circuit to the apparent power (VA) consumed by the same circuit. This therefore
gives us: Power Factor = Real Power/Apparent Power
OR
Power factor is defined as the cosine of angle between the voltage phasor and current
phasor in an AC circuit. For an AC circuit, 0≤pf≤1.

IN DC-
In a DC circuit the power factor is always one.

2. What is apparent & real power?

Apparent - The product of root mean square (RMS) value of voltage and current is
known as Apparent Power. This power is measured in kVA or MVA.
Real - The power which is actually consumed or utilised in an AC Circuit is called True
power or Active power or Real power. It is measured in kilowatt (kW) or MW.

3. What is reactive power?

The power that moves in both the directions in the circuit or reacts upon itself, is
called Reactive Power. The reactive power is measured in kilo volt-ampere reactive
(kVAR) or MVAR.

4. State thevenin theorem

Any linear circuit containing several voltages and resistances can be replaced by just one
single voltage in series with a single resistance connected across the load

5. State Norton theorem

Any linear circuit containing several energy sources and resistances can be replaced by a
single Constant Current generator in parallel with a Single Resistor

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6. Difference between ac & dc

7. Formula for impedance

Where,
Z = impedance
R = resistance
Xl = Inductive reactance
Xc = Capacitive reactance

8. What is capacitive reactance ? Also, write it’s SI unit

it is the opposition offered by a capacitor to the flow of ac current in the ac circuit. A
capacitor opposes the changes in the potential difference or the voltage across its plates.
Capacitive reactance is said to be inversely proportional to the capacitance and the signal
frequency. It is normally represented by (Xc) and measured in the SI unit of ohm (Ω).
Capacitive Reactance, Xc = 1/2fC

9. What is inductive reactance ? Also, write it’s SI unit

Inductive reactance is the opposition offered by the inductor in an AC circuit to the flow
of AC current. It is represented by (XL) and measured in ohms (Ω). Inductive reactance is
mostly low for lower frequencies and high for higher frequencies. It is, however,
negligible for steady DC current.
Inductive Reactance, XL = 2 fL

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10. How to find Vth and Rth value?

11. Statement of ohm's law

Ohms Law is the principle that electric current passing through a conductor is directly
proportional to potential difference across it, provided that the temperature remains
constant. The constant of proportionality is the resistance of the conductor.

V = I * R : The Voltage across a Resistor is it’s Resistance times the current through the
Resistor.
I = V/R : The current through a Resistor is the Voltage across the Resistor divided by its
Resistance
R = V/I : The Resistance of a Resistor is the Voltage across the Resistor divided by the
current through the Resistor.

12. What is superposition principle?

Superposition theorem states that in any linear, active, bilateral network having more than
one source, the response across any element is the sum of the responses obtained from
each source considered separately and all other sources are replaced by their internal
resistance.

USE -
The superposition theorem is used to solve the network where two or more sources are
present and connected.

13. Examples of linear component, non-linear component

Linear components -
amplifiers, differentiators, resistances, capacitances etc. (sources that are linearly
dependant can be considered in this category)

Non-Linear components -
diodes, transistors, transformers etc.

14. What is wattmeter?

A wattmeter is an electrical instrument which is used to measure the electric power (in
watts) of any electrical circuit.

15. What is supply voltage & frequency we use in lab?

For AC -
Supply Voltage – 230 V
Frequency – 50 Hz
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 For DC -
Supply Voltage – 230 V
Frequency – 0 Hz

16. Why supply frequency is 50 Hz in India?

This is because the Indian temperature is higher and High frequency can heat up wiring
etc.

17. Ohm’s law:-

The current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage
across the two points. Insulators and semiconductors do not follow ohm’s law

18. What is positive temperature coefficient of a conductor?

A positive coefficient for a material means that its resistance increases with an
increase in temperature.

19. Mention the effect of temperature on resistance?

Increase in the temperature results in increase in resistance

20. State KCL

The algebraic sum of all currents entering and exiting a node must equal zero.

21. State KVL

In a closed loop within a circuit, the sum of all voltages across components which
supply electrical energy must equal the sum of all voltages across the other
components in the same loop.

22. Difference b/w mesh and loop

Loop and mesh both are part of an electrical circuit. The loop is found in a closed
circuit with unique nodes that are no nodes are repeated for than one time. A mesh is
a loop that has no other circuit paths inside it.

23. Current Divider law:-

In a parallel circuit, the supply current splits into a number of parallel paths. It is also
known as the “current divider rule”

24. Voltage Divider law:-

The voltage is divided between two resistors which are connected in series in direct
proportion to their resistance. The voltage divider rule is used to solve circuits to simplify
the solution

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25. SuperNode
The two non-reference nodes form super node if the voltage source (dependent or
independent) is connected between two non-reference nodes.

26. Reference Node:-

Reference Node is a node which acts a reference point to all the other node

27. Difference b/w wattmeter and energymeter.

Watt-meter measures the electrical power flows in the circuit, whereas the energy
meter measures the total electrical energy consumes by the electrical load.

28. Operating torque= power/speed

29. What is a transformer:-

A transformer is a static device which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through the process of electromagnetic induction at constant frequency.

30. Faraday’s laws

Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an electromotive force is
induced. If the conductor circuit is closed, a current is induced which is called induced
current.
The induced emf in a coil is equal to the rate of change of flux linkage.

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 CHEAT SHEET I
SHORT TERMS

⚫ Ohms law - ohms law states that the current passing through a conductor between the two points is
directly proportional to the voltage drop across the two points. V=IR
⚫ APPLICATIONS OHMS LAW- to determine voltage, current, resistance in a circuit.
To maintain desired voltage drop across the electronic component.
⚫ UNIT RESISTANCE - Unit resistance is the resistance offered by an obeject when one volt
voltage applies
and 1 ampere current passes through it.
⚫ RESISTIVITY - resistance of a conductor having unit cross sectional area and unit length
⚫ KCL - In an electric circuit, the algebraic sum of the currents meeeting at a point is 0. or sum of the
current
entering the point = sum of the current exiting the point.
⚫ KVL- In an electric circuit, algebraic sum of the emfs and voltage drops in a closed loop is zero.
⚫ SUPERPOSITION THEOREM- In a linear circuit containing more than one independent
sources, the
current/voltage in any branch is equal to the sum of the current /voltage due to each independent
source
acting on at a time.
⚫ RLC CIRCUIT - RLC series circuit is defined as when a pure resistance of Rohms , a pure
inductance of L
henry and a pure capacitance of c farads areconnected together in a series combination with each
other
⚫ THEVENINS THEOREM- A linear bilateral netwrk can be replaced by an equivalent voltage
source and a
series resistance.
⚫ ACTIVE POWER - active power is the power which is actually consumed in an ac
circuit.(WATT)
⚫ DISADVANTAGE UNBALANCED POWER SUPPLY- phase carrying maxim load is over
heated
⚫ TRANSFORMER- A transformer is a static device which transfers electrical energy frm one
circuit to
another through electromagnetic induction.
⚫ FARADAYS 1ST LAW- faradays 1st law states that the change of magnetic flux in a coil, induce
EMF across
the coil
⚫ FARADAYS 2ND LAW- emf induced across the coil is equal to the rate of change of magnetic
flux in coil
⚫ LENZ LAW- lenz law of induced magnectic feild states that the direction of the current induced
due to the
change in magnetic feild is such that the magnetic feild created by the induced current opposes the
initial
change in feild which produced it.
⚫ LENZ LAW IS ABOUT CONSERVATION OF ENERGY APPLIED TO THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
WHEREAS FARADAYS LAW IS ABOUT THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
PRODUCED.
⚫ MEGGER- MEGGER IS A PORTABLE INSTRUMENT USED TO MEASURE INSULATION
RESISTANCE OF
ELECTRICAL MACHINERY (MEGAOHM METER)

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⚫ APPLICATIONS- MEASURE LEAKAGE IN WIRES, VERIFY ELECTRICAL INSULATION
LEVEL OF ANY DEVICES.
⚫ EARTH TESTER IS USED TO MEAUSRE LOW EARTH RESISTANCE WHEREAS
MEGGER IS USED TO MEASURE
HIGH RESISTANCE TO TEST INSULATOR.
⚫ WHEATSTONE BRIDGE- MEASURES RESISTANCE
⚫ MAXWELLS INDUCTOR BRIDGE - MEASURES INDUCTANCE
⚫ MAXWELLLLS CAPACITOR BRIDGE - MEASURES CAPACITANCE
⚫ POWER FACTOR- RATIO OF ACTIVE POWER TO APPARENT POWER
⚫ DISADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR - HIGH TRANSMISSION LINE POWER LESS;
SIZE OF CONDUCTOR
INCREASES , COST OF LAYING TRANSMISSION DECREASES.
⚫ UNIT OF MEGNATIC FEILD - TESLA
⚫ WATTMETER - AN instrument for measuring electric power in watts for any given circuit.
⚫ Active components- components which produce energy.eg: Led,diode,bettery
⚫ Passive- components which store or maintain energy. Eg:Resistor, capaciot, inductor
⚫ EDDY CURRENT - EDDY CURRENT ARE INDUCED BY CHANGE IN MAGNETIC FEILD
AND FLOW IN CLOSED
LOOPS , PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLANE OF THE MAGNETIC FEILD.
⚫ MESH- mesh is a loop that contains no other loop within it.
⚫ NODE- A NODE IS A POINT WHERE TWO OR MORE CIRCUIT ELEMENTS ARE
CONNECTED TOGETHER.
⚫ LOOP- loop is a closed path in which no element or node is encountered more than once.
⚫ BRANCH- branch is a part of netwrk which lies between two nodes
⚫ JUNCTION- junction is a point where two or more circuit elements are connected together
⚫ Amplitude- max value positive or negative of a alternating quantity
⚫ Time period- duration of one complete cycle
⚫ Frequency- no of cycles that occurs per second
⚫ Angular frequency - is equal to the no of radians covered in one second
⚫ Phase diff- angular displacement between two alternating quantities
⚫ FORUM FACTOR- INDICATES THE SHAPE OF THE SIGNAL
⚫ PEAK FACTOR- INDICATES HOW EXTREME IS THE PEAK IN A WAVEFORM
⚫ RESONANCE- it is that condition when inductive reactance becomes equal to capacitive
reactance and the
circuit becomes purely resistive.

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 CHEAT SHEET II
TERMS TO REMEMBER

1. Active element- The network which contains one or more than one source of emf Ex-
battery, AC and Dc transistor, operation amplifier

2. Passive elements - network which contains no source of emf. Ex-R, L, C

3. Types of circuit - Liner circuit - parameters(R,L,C) constant,

non-linear - parameters change with voltage or current,
bilateral- characteristics are same in either direction,
unilateral - characteristics change with direction of
operation

4. Ohm’s law - the voltage across a ohmic conductor is directly

proportional to the current flowing through it.

5. KVL - it states that algebraic sum of all the emf and voltage drop is
equal to zero

6. KCL - in any electrical network, the algebraic sum of current meeting

at any point is zero

7. Superposition theorem - states that a circuit with multiple voltage and current sources
is equal to the sum of simplified circuits using just one of the sources.

8. Node - point in a circuit where two or more circuit are connected together

9. Branch - part of network which lies between two junction points or nodes

10. Loop - closed path in a circuit in which no elements or nodes are encountered

11. Amplitude - max value attained by the alternation of quantity

12. Time period - time taken to complete one full cycle

13. Frequency - no. Of cycle that occur in one second

14. Angular frequency- measures angular displacement per unit time. Its unit is
degree/radian per seconds

15. Phase – It is the fraction of the time period or cycle that has elapsed since it last
passed from origin.

16. phase angle- equivalent to phase expressed in radian or degree.

17. Phase diff- angular displacement between two alternating quantities.

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18. Phasor - line of definite length rotating anticlockwise direction at constant angular
velocity

19. Power triangle - Power Triangle is the representation of a right angle triangle showing
the relation between active power, reactive power and apparent power

20. Impedance triangle - Impedance Triangle is a right angled triangle whose base,
perpendicular and hypotenuse represents Resistance, Reactance and Impedance
respectively.

21. Phasor diff bet voltage and current -

Purely resistive -
Fi = 0
Purely inductive -
Current lags voltage by pi/2
Purely capacitive -
Current leads voltage by pi/2

22. Power factor - ratio of the real power flowing to the load, to the apparent power in the
circuit

23. What is form factor - Ratio between rms value to avg value

24. Peak factor - Ratio between max value to rms value

Pf = Im/0.7071Im = 1.414
25. Types of power -
Total power
Real power
Wattless power

26. Quality factor - ratio of the power stored in an element to the power dissipated in that
element.

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