Science Grade 12

Quarter 4, Week 5 - Module 6

Prepared by: Alvin S. Regasajo

MSciEd - Physics Student
 Table of Contents

About this Module i

What’s the Goal i

How to Accomplish the Goal ii

Icons of this Module ii

What I Know iv

Lesson: Ohm's Law

What I need to know 1
Let’s Review 1
Warm-up 2
Learn about it 3
Let’s practice 5
What I have learned 8
Let’s create 9

Summary 9
Assessment (Post-Test) 10
Key to Answers 11
Appendices 11
References 12

“Faith is like electricity. You can’t see it, but you can see the light.”
- Gregory Dickow
 About this Module

You have learned in your previous lesson about the concept of current,
resistance, and electromotive force (emf). Every day, we see electric current being
used in a variety of electrical equipment, including light bulbs, hairdryers, cellphones,
Televisions (TV), electric heaters, and other electronic equipment. Electric current
exists in conductors like wires, semiconductors, and even human cells. Another
concept you have learned was resistance, it is the ability of a material to resist the
flow of electrons. Lastly, you have also learned the electromotive force which is the
energy per unit electric charge imparted by an energy source, such as an electric
generator or a battery.

In this lesson, we'll apply what you have learned about the current (I), voltage
(V), and resistance (R) from prior classes to completely comprehend the concept,
mathematics, and applications of Ohm's law.

What’s the Goal

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Use the relationship R = V/I to solve problems. STEM_GP12EM-IIIe-41

2. Solve problems involving current, resistivity, resistance, and Ohm’s law in
contexts such as, but not limited to, batteries and bulbs, household wiring,
selection of fuses, and accumulation of surface charge in the junction between
wires made of different materials. STEM_GP12EM-IIIe-44

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 How to Accomplish the Goal

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:

1. Take your time reading through the lessons.

2. In doing the tasks and exercises, pay close attention to the directions
and/or instructions.
3. Complete all of the tests and exercises provided.

Icons of this Module

What I know This is a pre-assessment to assess students'

knowledge, skills, and dispositions prior to
instruction.

What I need to Know This is the objective of the lesson which gives
clarity to what the students are expected to
accomplish by the end of the lesson.

Let’s Review! This part connects to previous lessons by

reviewing the points previously taught or
learned.

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 Warm-Up! This part is a short activity given before
presenting the new lesson.

Learn about it! This pertains to the introduction of the lesson

which provokes interest and motivation in the
students.

Let’s Practice! These are follow-up activities designed to give

the students more practice in order to master
the competencies.

What I Have Learned This is an assessment either in the form of a

quiz or activity designed to help the student’s
process what they have learned in the lesson.

Let’s Create! These are performance tasks designed to

demonstrate the students’ acquired skills and
knowledge as they are applied to real-life
concerns and situations.

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 What I Know
Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Ohm’s Law states that current equal’s voltage

divided by 7. What happens to the current if the voltage
a. Inductance across a resistor is increased?
b. Resistance a. The current will decrease
c. Capacitance b. The current will stay the same
d. Power c. The current will be doubled
d. The current will increase
2. Which equation would you use to calculate
voltage? 8. Which of the following statements about
a. V = I/R Ohm's Law is correct?
b. V = PR a. When resistance increases in a circuit
c. V = IR with a specific potential difference then
d. V = R/I current must also increase
b. An electrical conductor's resistance
3. If the current in an electrical circuit is constant, depends on the potential difference it
what will happen to the voltage if the resistance experiences
is increased? c. If resistance is kept constant, potential
difference changes directly with changes
a. The voltage will decrease in current
b. The voltage will stay the same d. Increasing the resistance in a circuit
c. The voltage will increase always decreases the potential difference
d. The voltage will be doubled across

4. What is the current if 15 volts are applied 9. An aluminum wire moved a charge of
across a 3-ohm resistor? magnitude 425.5 C in 2.5 hours. What is the
resistance if the potential difference is 60.0 V?
a. 45 amps a. 12 K Ω
b. 5 amps b. 1.2 K Ω
c. 0.2 amps c. 9 K Ω
d. 15 amps d. 0.9 K Ω

5. What is the resistance of an electrical circuit if 10. A voltage of 4.50 V is applied between the
60 volts and 5 amps are applied to it? terminals of a wire with the following
a. 12 ohms dimensions: l – 20.5 cm and r – 0.250 mm. As
b. 300 ohms a result, the current generated is 15.5 A. What
c. 0.83 ohms us the resistivity of the wire?
d. 10 ohms
a. 2.67 x 10-6 Ωm
6. What will the voltage across a 5 Ohm resistor b. 3.0 x 10-6 Ωm
be if 11 Amps are passed through it? c. 2.77 x 10-7 Ωm
a. 0.45 volts c. 55 volts d. 3.0 x 10-7 Ωm
b. 5 volts d. 5.5 volts

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 Lesson: Ohm's Law

Trivia:
Georg Simon Ohm, a Bavarian scientist, discovered the most useful
relationship between voltage, resistance, and current in 1827. His findings were
published in a paper titled Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet, or "The
Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically."

What I Need to Know

After going through this module, you will be able to:

1. Define Ohm’s law.
2. Determine the voltage, resistance, and current relationships.
3. Solve problems involving voltage, resistance, and current.

Let’s Review

Let us check what you have learned from the terminologies in previous
modules. Fill in the empty boxes to complete the word.

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 Down:
1. It is the SI unit for voltage. Across:
2. The measure of the resistance 3. The flow of electrical power or
of a specific material for a given charge.
dimension. Its SI unit is Ω•m or 5. The pressure from an electrical
ohm-meters. circuit's power source that
4. The opposition of a material to pushes charged electrons
the flow of charges. (current) through a conducting
6. The net charge flows through an loop.
area per unit time. 8. The tendency of current to travel
7. It is the SI unit of electric from lower to higher potential
current. is caused by _______.
9. It is the SI unit of resistance.

Warm up
Let’s analyze a simple circuit.

There is just one source of voltage (the battery on the left) and only one source of
current resistance in the circuit above (the lamp, on the right). What do you think is
the reason why the electric lamp glows?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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 Learn About It

What are the relationships between current, resistance, and

voltage that can be deduced from the formula V = IR?

Trivia:
Have you ever wondered why the capital letter “I” is used to represent the current? The term
"I" was derived from the French phrase intensité de courant, which translates literally as "current
intensity."

In previous lessons on current and resistance, you learned that an electric

circuit is formed by a conductive path that allows the continuous flow of charge, called
current, which is driven by voltage and opposed to some extent by resistance. Thus,
the amount of current in a given circuit is determined by the system's voltage and
resistance. The table on the following page summarizes these three key quantities of
Ohm's law.

Quantity Symbol Unit of Meaning

Measurement

current I ampere (A) rate of the flow of charges

voltage V volt (V) drives electron flow

resistance R ohm ( ) controls and restricts electron

flow

Table 1. Important quantities in Circuit

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 According to Ohm's discovery, "the amount of current flowing through a
conducting material in a circuit is directly proportional to the potential difference
across it." This is mathematically expressed in the following equation:

V = IR (Eq. 1)

where V denotes the voltage between a conductor's terminals, I the current in a

conductor, and R the resistance of a conductor.

The Ohm's law triangle technique, depicted in Figure 1, is a simple method for
determining an unknown variable given the other two quantities in the relationship.

Figure 1. Ohm’s law triangle technique

What exactly is Ohm's law?

Multiple equations relating to the derivations of the individual variables of

Ohm's law equation have been presented in previous lessons. The table below
provides an overview of these relationships. As you go through them, pay close
attention to how other metric units, as well as their corresponding SI units, are
associated with each variable. This will greatly assist you in determining whether you
have used the correct equation (and units) when solving problems.

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 Quantity and Equations SI Unit Other Units
Symbol

V = (ΔPE)/Q
Voltage (V) volt (V) J/C
V = IR

I = Q/T
Current (I) amperes (A) Amp, V/Ω, C/s
I = V/R

R = ρ (L/A)
Resistance (R) ohm (Ω) V/A
R = V/I

Table 2. A summary of the equations

Remarks: The unit for charge, C, stands for coulomb. Current is denoted by the
letter I, which stands for “intensity”, or more specifically, current intensity.

Let’s Practice!

Example 1 (Easy)
An electronic device has a resistance of 26 ohms and a current of 3.5 A. What is the
voltage across the device?
Solution
Step 1 Determine what is asked in the problem.
You are asked to solve the voltage across the device.
Step 2 Identify the given in the problem.
The resistance (22 Ω) and current (3.5 A) are given.
Step 3 Write the working equation.

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 V = IR
Step 4 Substitute the given values.
V = 3.5 A (26 Ω)
Step 5 Find the answer.
V = 91 V
Thus, the voltage across the device is equal to 91 V.

Give it a try! (Easy)

The 5.3A current flows through a 3.6 kΩ resistor. How much voltage is there
across it?

Example 2 (Average)
In one hour, a silver wire 4 mm in diameter moved a charge of magnitude 550 C. If
the potential difference is 86.5 V, calculate (a) the current in the silver wire and (b)
the resistance.
Solution
Step 1 Determine what is asked in the problem.
You are asked to solve the current and resistance of the silver wire.
Step 2 Identify the given in the problem.
The diameter of the wire (4 mm), the charge (550 C), the time of transfer
[1 hour or 3600 s], and the voltage (86.5 V) are given.
Step 3 Write the working equation.
First, calculate the value of I using the equation I = Q/T.
I = (550 C) / (3600s) = 0.15 A
Then, solve the resistance R using the equation R = V/I.
Step 4 Substitute the given values.
R = (86.5 V) / (0.15 A)
Step 5 Find the answer.
R = 576.67 Ω

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 Thus, the current flowing through the silver wire is 0.15 A, and the resistance is
576.67 Ω.

Give it a try! (Average)

In 2 hours, an aluminum wire moved a charge of magnitude 365.25 C. If the
potential difference is 76.5 V, calculate (a) the current in the aluminum wire and
(b) the resistance.

Example 3 (Difficult)
A 7.45 V voltage is applied between the terminals of a wire with the dimensions l =
54.6 cm and r = 0.762 mm. The current generated as a result of this is 23.4 A.
Determine the wire's (a) area, (b) resistance, and (c) resistivity.
Solution
Step 1 Determine what is asked in the problem.
You are asked to solve the (a) area, (b) resistance, and (c) resistivity of
the wire.
Step 2 Identify the given in the problem.
The voltage (7.45 V), wire dimensions (l = 54.6 cm and r = 0.762 mm),
and current (23.4 A) are all given.
Step 3 Write the working equations.
You can solve the area of the wire using the equation
A = πr2
A = π (0.762 x 10 -3 m)2
A = 1.82 x 10 -6 m2
You can calculate the resistance of the wire using Ohm's law.
R = V/I
R = 7.45 V / 23.4 A
R = 0.32 Ω
Using the equation, solve for resistivity r.
ρ = RA/l

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 Step 4 Substitute the given values.
ρ = RA/l
ρ = (0.32 Ω) (1.82 x 10 -6 m2) / (54.6 x 10-2 m)
ρ = 1.07 x 10 -6 Ωm
Step 5 Find the answer.
A = 1.82 x 10 -6 m2
R = 0.32 Ω
ρ = 1.07 x 10 -6 Ωm
Thus, the wire's (a) area is 1.82 x 10 -6 m2, (b) its resistance 0.32 Ω, and (c)
resistivity is 1.07 x 10 -6 Ωm.

Give it a try! (Difficult)

A 5.8-meter-long wire with a radius of 0.950 mm was subjected to a voltage of
25.0 V, producing a current with an intensity of 32.45 A. Determine the wire's (a)
area, (b) resistance, and (c) resistivity.

What I have learned

A. Determine whether each of the statements below is true or false.

_________1. The flow of charges is referred to as current.

_________2. Current is symbolized by the letter I, which stands for "induction" of
current.
_________3. The current will decrease if the voltage across a resistor is increased.
_________4. If resistance is kept constant, potential difference changes directly with
changes in current.
_________5. Some electronic devices, such as computers, retain some charges even
when they are unplugged, so you should not attempt to repair them
yourself.

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 B. Solve the following problems.

1. If the voltage across the resistor is 12 V, calculate the current I through a resistor
with resistance R = 4.5 Ω.
2. An aluminum wire moved a charge of magnitude 455.25 C in 4 hours. Calculate
(a) the current in the aluminum wire and (b) the resistance if the potential difference
is 84.9 V.
3. A 1.5 m wire with a radius of 0.250 mm was subjected to a 13.0 V voltage,
producing a 16.7 A current. Determine the (a) area of the wire (b) its resistance (c)
the resistivity.

Let’s Create!

ELECTRICAL SAFETY!
During the Christmas season, houses would usually set up Christmas decorations
to keep the spirit alive in the whole community. You may have wanted to hang a
lantern outside your home and fill the gates with Christmas lights. Your neighbor just
moved into the house across the street. Your knowledge about Ohm’s Law can guide
both of you with the limit of Christmas decorations that can be used in your house
and distribute proper loading to avoid accidental diversion of current. As a
responsible citizen, your task is to make infographics of the different electrical risks
found inside the house and help the community feel safe and secure during
Christmas. Your output will be rated based on the planning and organization,
content, creativity, and conclusion. Appendix B. Rubric for Electrical Safety

Summary

● Electric current is defined as a net charge that passes through an area per
unit time. It has a coulomb unit SI (C/s) or an ampere per second (A).
● Voltage is a measurement of the amount of electrical pressure available to
force current through a circuit. It is measured in volts in the International
System of Units (V).
● Resistance is the opposition of a material to the flow of charges. Its SI unit is
the ohm (Ω). It can also be defined as the proportionality factor between the
voltage and the current.

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 ● A conductive path that permits the continuous flow of charge, called current,
driven by the voltage and opposed to some degree by resistance, forms an
electric circuit.
● Ohm’s law states that “the amount of current flowing through a conducting
material in a circuit is directly proportional to the potential difference across
it”.

Summative (Post-test)

1. Which equation would you use to calculate

voltage? 7. Which of the following statements about
a. V = I/R c. V = IR Ohm's Law is correct?
b. V = PR d. V = R/I a. When resistance increases in a circuit with a
specific potential difference then current
2. Ohm’s Law states that current equal’s must also increase
voltage divided by b. An electrical conductor's resistance depends
a. Inductance c. Capacitance on the potential difference it experiences
b. Resistance d. Power c. If resistance is kept constant, potential
difference changes directly with changes in
3. What is the current if 15 volts are applied current
across a 3-ohm resistor? d. Increasing the resistance in a circuit always
a. 45 amps decreases the potential difference across it
b. 5 amps
c. 0.2 amps 8. What happens to the current if the voltage
d. 15 amps across a resistor is increased?
a. The current will decrease
4. If the current in an electrical circuit is b. The current will stay the same
constant, what will happen to the voltage if c. The current will be doubled
the resistance is increased? d. The current will increase
a. The voltage will decrease
b. The voltage will stay the same 9. A voltage of 4.50 V is applied between the
c. The voltage will increase terminals of a wire with the following dimensions:
d. The voltage will be doubled l – 20.5 cm and r – 0.250 mm. As a result, the
current generated is 15.5 A. What us the resistivity
5. What will the voltage across a 5 Ohm of the wire?
resistor be if 11 Amps are passed through it? a. 2.67 x 10-6 Ωm
a. 0.45 volts b. 3.0 x 10-6 Ωm
b. 5 volts c. 2.77 x 10-7 Ωm
c. 55 volts d. 3.0 x 10-7 Ωm
d. 5.5 volts
10. An aluminum wire moved a charge of
6. What is the resistance of an electrical magnitude 425.5 C in 2.5 hours. What is the
circuit if 60 volts and 5 amps are applied to resistance if the potential difference is 60.0 V?
it? a. 12 K Ω
a. 12 ohms b. 1.2 K Ω
b. 300 ohms c. 9 K Ω
c. 0.83 ohms d. 0.9 K Ω
d. 10 ohms

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 Key to Answers

Give it a try!
Easy: V = 19,080 V
Average: I = 0.05 A;
R = 1530 Ω
Difficult: A = 2.84 x 10-6 m2;
R = 0.77 Ω;
ρ = 3.78 x 10 -7 Ωm

What I have learned!

A. Determine whether each of the statements below is true or false.

1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True

B. Solve the following problems.

1. I = 2.67 A
2. I = 0.32 A; R = 265.31 Ω
3. A = 1.96 x 10-7 m2; R = 0.78 Ω; ρ = 1.02 x 10 -7 Ωm

Appendices

Appendix A. Rubric for Problem Solving

CRITERIA 5 4 3 2 1

Mathematical Correct units and Correct units and Correct units There are a There is no
Terminology and notation are always notation are and notation are lot of attempt to
Notations used, making it easy usually, making it sometimes used, inappropriate use units or
to understand how fairly easy to making it a bit uses of units notation.
the problem was understand how difficult to and notation.
solved. the problem was understand how
solved. the problem was
solved.

Completion All problems are All except 1 of all All except 2 of Several of the No problem
completed. the problems are the problems problems are was
completed. are completed. not completed
completed.

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 Appendix B. Rubric for Electrical Safety

CRITERIA Exceeds Expectations (4) Meets Needs Below

Expectations Improvement (2) Expectations
(3) (1)

CONTENT 50% Shows student’s deep Shows student’s Shows student’s Shows student’s
and thorough correct inadequate lack of
understanding of understanding of understanding of understanding of
scientific concepts concepts learned; concepts; able to concepts; not able
learned; able to apply able apply knowledge to apply knowledge
knowledge to to apply knowledge but to and already to new situations
novel and relevant to known situation
situations relevant situations

PLANNING The material reflects Adequate planning. Minimal planning. It Insufficient

AND deliberate, careful and It has educational has weak planning. It is hard
ORGANIZATION thorough planning. It value and educational to follow and lacks
30% has a strong educational information is value and some educational
value. presented logically. information is value.
The information is presented
presented in an illogically.
interesting and logical
fashion.

CREATIVITY Shows originality and Shows Shows Shows no

20% innovation resourcefulness in resourcefulness originality
activities in some; a lot of and lack of
work is borrowed creativity
from other in activities. Work
resources. is entirely copied
without
acknowledgment of
the original source.

References

Website:
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/General-Physics-2-1.pdf
https://www.ck12.org/physics/ohms-law/lesson/Ohms-Law-MS-PS/?referrer=concept_details
https://www.oakton.edu/user/1/agero/ELT101/Presentations/Chapter03.pdf
https://sciencesource2.pearsoncanada.ca/resources/hotpotato_quiz_09_11_3.htm
https://www.ducksters.com/science/quiz/ohms_law_questions.php
https://byjus.com/physics/ohms-law/

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