Programming and Interfacing the 8051

Microcontroller in C and Assembly

Sencer Yeralan, P.E., Ph.D.

Helen Emery

Rigel Press, a Division of Rigel Corporation

 Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................... IX

PREFACE .............................................................................................................. XI

CHAPTER 1 ARCHITECTURE............................................................................... 1
1.1. MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS .................................................. 1
1.2. THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER FAMILY ARCHITECTURE ....................................... 2
1.2.1. On-Chip Memory..................................................................................... 6
1.2.2. Using the On-Chip Facilities ...................................................................12
CHAPTER 2 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING .....................................27
2.1. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................27
2.2. DATA TRANSFER INSTRUCTIONS .......................................................................33
2.2.1. The Immediate Addressing Mode ...........................................................35
2.2.2. The Direct Addressing Mode ..................................................................37
2.2.3. The Register Addressing Mode ..............................................................39
2.2.4. The Register-Specific Addressing Mode .................................................40
2.2.5. The Register Indirect Addressing Mode ..................................................41
2.2.6. The Register Indexed Addressing Mode .................................................44
2.2.7. Stack-Oriented Data Transfer.................................................................45
2.2.8. Exchange Instructions ............................................................................46
2.2.9. Bit-Oriented Data Transfer......................................................................47
2.3. DATA PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS ...................................................................50
2.3.1. Arithmetic Instructions ............................................................................50
2.3.2. Logic Instructions ...................................................................................60
2.4. PROGRAM FLOW CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS ........................................................66
2.4.1. Unconditional Jump Instructions .............................................................67
2.4.2. Conditional Jump Instructions.................................................................71
2.4.3. Call and Return Instructions ...................................................................75
2.4.4. Subroutines and Interrupt Service Routines............................................78
2.5. ENHANCED MEMBERS OF THE 8051 FAMILY ......................................................83
2.5.1. Fast Microcontrollers ..............................................................................84
2.5.2. Enhanced Memory Options ....................................................................84
2.5.3. Additional Data Pointers .........................................................................85
2.5.4. The Multiply and Divide Unit of the 80C517 ............................................87
2.5.5. 10-Bit Analog-to-Digital Conversion ........................................................89
2.5.6. The I2C Bus Support ..............................................................................89
 2.5.7. ARCNET Token Bus Network Support................................................... 90
2.5.8. Controller Area Network (CAN) Bus Support.......................................... 91
2.5.9. Universal Serial Bus (USB) Support....................................................... 92
2.5.10. System-On-Chip 8051’s....................................................................... 92
2.5.11. Migrating to 16-Bit Architectures .......................................................... 93
2.5.12. Information Sources ............................................................................ 93
CHAPTER 3 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES......................................... 95
3.1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 95
3.2. DATA BLOCK TRANSFER ROUTINES ................................................................. 95
3.3. TABLE LOOK UP PROCEDURES ........................................................................ 96
3.4. ASCII CONVERSION ROUTINES ....................................................................... 99
3.5. JUMP TABLES .............................................................................................. 103
3.6. N-W AY BRANCHING ..................................................................................... 107
3.7. SIGNED ARITHMETIC ROUTINES ..................................................................... 109
3.7.1. Two's Complement Conversion Routines............................................. 110
3.7.2. 8-Bit Signed Addition and Subtraction.................................................. 113
3.7.3. 8-Bit Signed Multiplication and Division................................................ 114
3.8. 16-BIT UNSIGNED ARITHMETIC ROUTINES ...................................................... 115
3.8.1. 16-Bit Addition and Subtraction............................................................ 115
3.8.2. 16-Bit Unsigned Multiplication and Division.......................................... 116
3.9. 16-BIT SIGNED ARITHMETIC ROUTINES .......................................................... 123
3.9.1. 16-Bit Signed Addition and Subtraction................................................ 123
3.9.2. 16-Bit Signed Multiplication and Division.............................................. 124
3.10. FLOATING-POINT ARITHMETIC ROUTINES...................................................... 125
3.10.1. Floating-Point Multiplication and Division ........................................... 125
3.11. PSEUDO-RANDOM NUMBERS....................................................................... 132
3.12. STRING MANIPULATION ROUTINES ............................................................... 133
3.13. SOFTWARE TIMING ROUTINES ..................................................................... 139
3.14. RE-ENTRANT ROUTINES.............................................................................. 141
3.15. SOFTWARE STACKS ................................................................................... 143
3.16. MACRO DEFINITIONS, PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES, AND CONDITIONAL ASSEMBLY
......................................................................................................................... 144
CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTORY ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE EXPERIMENTS........ 149
4.1 INPUT/OUTPUT OPERATIONS .......................................................................... 150
4.2. A SUBROUTINE FOR DRIVING SEVEN-SEGMENT DISPLAYS ............................... 151
4.3. SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS ............................................................................ 154
4.4. INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINES ..................................................................... 158
4.4.1. Using an Interrupt Vector Table to Redirect the Interrupts .................... 161
4.4.2. Using Multiple Interrupts ...................................................................... 163
4.5. COUNTER OPERATIONS ................................................................................ 164
4.6. TIMER OPERATIONS ..................................................................................... 168

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 4.7. USING THE PTRA UNIT COMPARE AND CAPTURE FUNCTIONS ...........................171
4.7.1. Pulse Train Generation with the PTRA Unit ..........................................171
4.7.2. Pulse Width Modulation........................................................................174
4.7.3. Pulse Width and Period Measurement..................................................176
4.7.4. Software Timers Using the PTRA Unit ..................................................184
4.8. ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER ..................................................................185
4.8.1. Interrupt-Driven Timer and Analog-to-Digital Conversion Operation ......187
4.8.2. 10-Bit Resolution with the Analog-to-Digital Conversion........................194
4.9. SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS .............................................................................201
CHAPTER 5 C LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING....................................................207
5.1. C FOR MICROCONTROLLERS ..........................................................................207
5.1.1. In-Line Assembly..................................................................................207
5.1.2. C Extensions........................................................................................208
5.1.3. The Reads51 SmallC-Compatible Compiler..........................................210
5.1.3.1. Mixed C / Assembly Module Projects.................................................211
5.2. INTRODUCTORY C LANGUAGE EXPERIMENTS ...................................................212
5.2.1. Input/Output Operations .......................................................................213
5.2.2. A C Function for Driving Seven-Segment Displays ...............................214
5.2.3. Serial Communications.........................................................................215
5.2.4. Interrupt Service Routines ....................................................................223
5.2.5. Timer and Counter Operations .............................................................224
5.2.6. Analog-to-Digital Conversion ................................................................227
5.3. MULTITASKING AND MULTITHREADING .............................................................229
5.3.1. A Real-Time Multitasking Utility: RTMT.................................................231
5.3.2. Using the RTMT Utility..........................................................................239
5.3.3. Inter-Task Synchronization ...................................................................245
CHAPTER 6 HARDWARE EXPERIMENTS.........................................................249
6.1. IMPLEMENTING SIMPLE BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS ..................................................249
6.1.1. Combinational Logic.............................................................................250
6.1.2. Sequential Logic...................................................................................252
6.2. SCANNING A KEYPAD ....................................................................................254
6.3. STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL...........................................................................268
6.4. A FREQUENCY GENERATOR WITH TIMERS .......................................................278
6.5. MEASURING TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT INTENSITY WITH AN ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL
CONVERTER .......................................................................................................282
6.6. DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION .................................................................291
6.6.1. Pulse Width Modulation........................................................................292
6.6.2. Using Digital-to-Analog Converter Chips...............................................300
6.7. DC MOTOR SPEED REGULATION WITH A FEEDBACK SYSTEM ............................304
6.8. INTELLIGENT PERIPHERALS - INTERFACING WITH LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS.......313
6.9. IMPLEMENTING A MULTI-DROP RS-485 NETWORK ...........................................336

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 6.9.1. A Simple Network Protocol .................................................................. 341
CHAPTER 7 BUILDING AN 8051-BASED MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEM...... 349
7.1. HARDWARE ................................................................................................. 349
7.1.1. An 8051-Based System ....................................................................... 349
7.1.2. 8051-Based System Bill of Materials.................................................... 354
7.1.3. An 80C515-Based System................................................................... 357
7.1.4. 80C515-Based System Bill of Materials ............................................... 361
7.2. INTERFACING THE MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEM .............................................. 363
7.3. FIRMWARE .................................................................................................. 368
7.3.1. MINMON - A Minimal 8051 Monitor Program ....................................... 368
7.3.2. Setting Up an Interrupt Vector Table.................................................... 383
7.4. USING THE MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEM TO RUN THE EXAMPLE PROGRAMS ...... 385
CHAPTER 8 DEVELOPING MICROCONTROLLER APPLICATIONS ................ 387
8.1. SUGGESTED APPLICATIONS .......................................................................... 387
8.2. THE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE .......................................................... 388
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 391

___________________________________ ........................................................ 391

APPENDIX A READS51 SOFTWARE ................................................................. 395

APPENDIX B A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE ....... 397

B.1 C LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY ............................................................................ 397
B.1.1 Ingredients of a C Program .................................................................. 398
B.1.2 Code Appearance and Style................................................................. 398
B.2 FUNCTIONS .................................................................................................. 399
B.3 VARIABLES .................................................................................................. 399
B.3.1 Scalars ................................................................................................ 399
B.3.2 Pointers ............................................................................................... 400
B.3.3 Arrays .................................................................................................. 401
B.4 CONSTANTS ................................................................................................. 402
B.4.1 Compiler Directives .............................................................................. 402
B.5 STATEMENTS ............................................................................................... 402
B.5.1 Compound Statements......................................................................... 402
B.5.2 Expressions ......................................................................................... 403
B.5.3 Conditions............................................................................................ 404
B.5.4 Iteration Statements ............................................................................. 404
B.5.5 Selection Statements ........................................................................... 408
B.6 COMMENTS.................................................................................................. 409
B.7 STANDARD (RUN TIME) LIBRARIES ................................................................. 410

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 B.8 REFERENCES................................................................................................410
APPENDIX C NUMBER SYSTEMS......................................................................411
C.1 BINARY NUMBERS .........................................................................................411
C.2 HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS ...............................................................................412
C.3 BINARY-CODED DECIMAL NUMBERS ................................................................413
C.4 TWO’S-COMPLEMENT CONVENTION FOR SIGNED NUMBERS ...............................413
APPENDIX D 8051 TOOLS AND INFORMATION SOURCES.............................417
D.1. DIRECTORIES AND PERIODICALS ....................................................................417
D.2. CHIP MANUFACTURERS ................................................................................418
D.3. SOFTWARE VENDORS ...................................................................................420
D.4. HARDWARE VENDORS ..................................................................................425
D.4.1. Single-Board Computers......................................................................425
D.4.2. Parts Suppliers ....................................................................................427
INDEX ..................................................................................................................429

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