FORMS AND FUNCTIONSOF STATEANDNON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

“A state is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of
territory, independent of external control and possessing an organized government to which the great
body of inhabitants render habitual obedience (Garner 1935, p52).”

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

In this lesson, you will:

1. Define what is state;
2. Define non-state institutions and its functions;
3. Identify the four elements of state; and
4. Classify the different political theories concerning the function of the state in society.

WHAT I KNOW?
PRE-TEST TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is wrong. Write your answer in
your notebook.
_____1. A sovereign state is a political organization with a centralized government that has supreme
independent authority over a geographic area.
_____2. People cannot constitute a state unless they inhabit in a definite territory.
_____3. The four essential elements of the state are the following: Population, territory, government,
and sovereignty.
_____4. A community of persons does not form a state unless a stable government organizes it.
_____5. Liberal and conservative theories of the state tend to see the state as a neutral entity separated
from society and the economy.

WHAT’S NEW Activity

1. What comes to your mind when you hear the words state and non-state institutions based on your
previous knowledge in Junior High School? Copy the rectangular box and write your answers in your
notebook.

WHAT IS IT?

What is a State?
State, a political organization of society, the body politic, the institutions of government. The country is a
form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of
order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or
geographic boundaries; and its sovereignty. The state consists, of the agreement of the individuals on
the means whereby disputes are settled in the form of laws. In such countries as the United States,
Australia, Nigeria, Mexico, and Brazil, the term state (or a cognate) also refers to political units, not
sovereign themselves, but subject to the authority of the more significant state or federal union.

What are non-state institutions?

A group of people or any organizations which are not affiliated with the national government.
Sometimes called a non-state entity. For instance, these non-state institutions are private banks, private
corporations, cooperatives, nongovernmental organizations (NGO) and Trade Unions. These institutions
have several functions and roles in our society as part of the nation-building.
WHAT’S MORE
Activity 2. List the non-state institutions that are found in your community. Copy the table below and
write your answer in your notebook.

Name of Non-State Institutions

Example: Bank of the Philippine Island (BPI)
Function: A bank is a financial institution which is involved in borrowing and lending money. Banks take
customer deposits in return for paying customers an annual interest payment.
Private Bank: Private Corporations: Cooperatives: NGO: Trade Unions:

WHAT IS IT?
Four Elements of the State Sovereignty is understood as the inherent power of a state to control its
internal or domestic affairs without external interference. As a sovereign state, the Philippines possesses
coequal status with the other independent states in terms of rights, privileges, obligations and duties
imposed by international law. One of the obligations of every state is to respect coequal states by not
meddling in the others internal affairs. This includes the manner and method on how they control its
government. Philippines is a sovereign and independent state. Even freshmen political science students
know that the Philippines possesses the basic four elements and attributes of a state: 1) people; 2)
territory; 3) sovereignty; and 4) government. Among the basic elements the third element is challenged
by a US Senate resolution. Read carefully the article about the “US Senate resolution mocks Philippine
sovereignty” published at https://opinion.inquirer.net/126662/us-senate-resolutionmocks-philippine-
sovereignty dated January 17, 2020. This is in connection to US Senate Resolution No. 142 calling on US
President Donald Trump to impose sanctions against Philippine officials in accordance with the Global
Magnitsky Act. Under the said resolution, if indeed the US senators have reasonable grounds to believe
that the human rights of Philippine Senator Leila de Lima were violated, there should be diplomatic
channels and international bodies to be investigated. But resorting to a resolution without even
conducting an investigation is an act of intrusion into Philippine affairs and a mockery of the Philippine
sovereignty. Such unwarranted action by the US senators is tantamount to dictating on our Supreme
Court about what to do with pending cases. President Trump, as the head of the US executive branch of
US government, should be circumspect and prudent in considering US Senate Resolution 142. He should
not forget that the Philippines is a sovereign state coequal with the United States. WHAT’SMORE Activity
3. Copy the process questions below in your notebook and answer directly. 1. In the creation of a state,
what are the four essential that are mentioned in the article? 2. What is sovereignty? 3. What are the
duties of a state based in the article? Theories of the State Most political theories of the state can
roughly be classified into two categories. The first, which includes liberal or conservative theories, treats
capitalism as a given, and concentrates on the function of states in a capitalist society. Theories of this
variety views the state as a neutral entity distinct from both society and the economy ("Government and
the State | Boundless Sociology." Lumen Learning – Simple Book Production. Accessed June 29,2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com /boundless-sociology/chapter/government-and-the-state/). Marxist
Theory Marxist theory, emphasizes the relationship between economic power and political power.
Marxists view the state as the organizing committee of the ruling class. It is the instrument through
which the ruling class coordinates and exercises its rule of the other classes, and thereby maintains its
status as the ruling class. For Marxist theorists, the role of the non-socialist state is determined by its
function in the global capitalist order. Marx’s early writings portrayed the country as “parasitic,” built
upon the superstructure of the economy and working against thepublic interest. Anarchism The term
anarchism is derived from the negation of the Greek term arché, which means first principle,
foundation, or ruling power. It is a political philosophy that considers states immoral and instead
promotes a stateless society – anarchy. Anarchists believe that the state is inherently an instrument of
domination and repression, no matter who is in control of it. They also believe that the state apparatus
should be completely dismantled and an alternative set of social relations created, which would be
unrelated to state power. Pluralism Pluralists view society as a collection of individuals and groups
competing for political power. An example of pluralism is a society where people with different cultural
backgrounds keep their tradition. They view the state as a neutral body that enacts the will of whichever
group dominates the electoral process. Within the pluralist tradition, Robert Dahl developed the theory
of the state as a neutral arena for contending interests. He also viewed governmental agencies as
merely another set of competing interest groups. The pluralist approach suggests that the modern
democratic state acts in response to pressures that are applied by a variety of related interests. Dahl
called this kind of state a polyarchy (Krouse 1982).

WHAT’S MORE
Activity 4. Copy the process questions below in your notebook and answer directly.
1. What are the two political theories of the state?
2. What is the function of the state according to Marx?
3. What does an anarchist believe in?
4. Who created pluralism? 5. What is an example of pluralism?

ASSESSMENT Test I
TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is wrong. Write your answer in your
notebook.
_____1. A sovereign state is a political organization with a centralized government that has supreme
independent authority over a geographic area.
_____2. People cannot constitute a state unless they inhabit in a definite territory.
_____3. The four essential elements of the state are the following: Population, territory, government,
and sovereignty.
_____4. A community of persons does not form a state unless a stable government organizes it.
_____5. Liberal and conservative theories of the state tend to see the state as a neutral entityseparated
from society and the economy.
_____6. Robert Dahl developed the theory of the state as a neutral arena for contending interests.
_____7. A group of people or any organizations are not affiliated with the national government.
_____8. One of the obligations of every state is to respect coequal states by not meddling in theother’s
internal affairs.
_____9. An example of pluralism is a society where people with different cultural backgroundskeep their
tradition.
_____10. Marxists view the state is the organizing committee of the ruling class.

Test II
Reading Comprehension
Read the article entitled the Sovereignty vs sovereign rights: What do we have in West PH Sea? from an
online report of the https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/234145- explainer-sovereignty -sovereign
rights - west-Philippine-sea on June 29, 2019. MANILA, Philippines – Filipinos fumed when President
Rodrigo Duterte stressed that the Philippines has "no sovereignty" over its exclusive economic zone
(EEZ) in the West Philippine Sea. "No country in the world has sovereignty over its exclusive economic
zone," Duterte said in a speech on June 26. Duterte had also said on June 21 that the sinking of a Filipino
fishing boat by a Chinese ship in Recto Bank (Reed Bank) in the West Philippine Sea "was not an attack
on our sovereignty." Is Duterte correct? Or as Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo, a lawyer,
asked a reporter in a press conference on June 27, "Ano ba ang difference ng sovereign rights at saka
sovereignty. Meron ba (What's the difference between sovereign rights and sovereignty. Isthere a
difference)?" Rappler consulted two of the Philippines' leading experts on the West Philippine Sea –
Supreme Court Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio and Jay Batongbacal, director of the University of
the Philippines Institute for Maritime Affairs and the Law of the Sea. The short answer is: Yes, under
international law, the Philippines has no sovereignty – and only has sovereign rights – over its EEZ in the
West Philippine Sea.The Philippine government is duty-bound to defend its sovereign rights over the
West Philippine Sea, experts said. What is the difference between sovereignty and sovereign rights?
Batongbacal explained that sovereignty "is like full ownership of property, with all the rights it implies,
including the right to destroy it." Sovereignty applies to the Philippines' landmass and its12-nautical mile
territorial sea. Exclusive sovereign rights function "like usufruct, a right to use and enjoy property," said
Batongbacal. Sovereign rights allow the Philippines to exclusively fish and enjoy marine resources, such
as oil and natural gas, in its 200-nautical mile EEZ in the West Philippine Sea. Process Questions (Write
your answer in your notebook.)
1. As a Filipino citizen, how can you defend your sovereign rights in your country?
2. As a student what can you contribute to resolve the issues of South China Sea?

FUNCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION IN THE SOCIETY

Education is the most crucial aspect of society which should be given considerable attention in order for
it to become a powerful tool in making every individual a catalyst of change. Changes is very important
in socially progressive and functional community.

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

In this lesson, you will: 1. List the major functions of education; and 2. Appreciate the value and
importance of education in our community.

WHAT I KNOW?

Direction: TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is wrong. Write your answers in
your notebook.
_____1. A second function of education is social integration.
_____2. Functionalists view education as one of the more important social institutions.
_____3. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of the society as a whole. In the
early days of compulsory education, students learned the dominant culture.
_____4. A third function of education is social placement. Beginning in grade school, students are
identified by teachers and other school officials either as bright and motivated or as less bright and even
educationally challenged.
_____5. Education promotes social inequality through the use of tracking and standardized testing and
the impact of its “hidden curriculum.” Schools differ widely in their funding and learning conditions, and
this type of inequality leads to learning disparities that reinforce social
inequality.

WHAT’S NEW
Activity 1. Directions: Complete the bubble map by writing words associated with the middle phrase –
function of education in society and explain. Write your answers in your notebook.
WHAT IS IT?
The Functions of Education Functional theory stresses that education serves in fulfilling a society’s
various needs and feasibly the most important function of education is socialization. The French
sociologist Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), established the academic discipline of sociology, characterized
schools as “socialization agencies that teach children how to get along with others and prepare them for
adult economic roles”. Indeed, it seems that schools have taken on this responsibility in full. If children
are to learn the norms, values, and skills they need to function in society, then education is a primary
vehicle for such learning. Schools teach the three Rs (reading, ‘riting, ’rithmetic), as we all know, but
they also teach many of the society’s norms and values. A second function of education is social
integration. For a society to work, functionalists say, people must subscribe to a common set of beliefs
and values. As this development was a goal of the system of free, compulsory education that developed
in the nineteenth century. A third function of education is social placement. Beginning in grade school,
students are identified by teachers and other school officials either as bright and motivated or as less
bright and even educationally challenged. Depending on how they are identified, children are taught at
the level that is thought to suit them best. In this way, they are presumably prepared for their later
stations in life. Whether this process works as well as it should, is an important issue, and we explore it
further when we discuss school tracking later in this chapter.
Social and cultural innovation is a fourth function of education. Our scientists cannot make important
scientific discoveries, artists and thinkers cannot come up with great works of art unless they have been
educated in the many subjects they need to know for their chosen path.
(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-socialproblems) Schools ideally perform many important
functions in modern society. These includes socialization, social integration, social placement, and social
– cultural innovation. Functionalists view education as an important social institution that contributes
both manifest and latent functions. Education also involves several latent functions, like by-products of
going to school and receiving an education rather than a direct effect of the education itself. One of
these is child care: Once a child starts kindergarten and then first grade, for several hours a day the child
is taken care of for free. The establishment of peer relationships is another latent function of schooling.
Most of us met many of our friends while we were in school and some of those friendships endure the
rest of our lives. For education to serve its many functions, various kinds of reforms are needed to make
our schools and the process of education as effective as possible.

WHAT’SMORE Activity 2. Direction: Fill-up the given column below about the function of education in
society and answer in a separate paper or notebook.
Word or Phrases Definition Real-Life Example Education is socialization Education is social integration
Education is social placement Social and cultural innovation
Activity 3. Direction: Copy the process questions below in your notebook and answer directly. 1. Define
latent and manifest functions of education. 2. Cite an example of latent and manifest functions of
education that are not mentioned above. WHATISIT? Importance of Education Educational institutions
are important in reproducing the existing belief system and practices of a particular society. It
accomplishes this goal by allotting to the individual learners the roles they need to fulfill as adult
members of society. Horace Mann, an American educational reformer, proposed that education could
cure ills. He believed that education is the great equalizer by giving the people the knowledge and
technical skills to participate in national development. Education is one of the most pervasive
institutions that determines one’s future status. Hence, many people believe in education-based
meritocracy or the belief that education is the great equalizer and the key to succeed. Filipinos, for
example, believe in value of education that they are willing to sacrifice everything just to finish college
(Lanuza and Raymundo 2016, p.81).
WHAT’S MORE
Activity 4. Direction: Copy the process questions below in your notebook and answer directly.
1. Explain the belief that education is the great equalizer and the key to succeed in life.
2. As an individual why we need to have an education?

ASSESSMENT
Directions: TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is wrong. Write your answer in
your notebook.
_____1. A second function of education is social integration.
_____2. Functionalists view education as one of the more important social institutions in a society.
_____3. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of the society as a whole. In the
early days of compulsory education, students learned the dominant culture.
_____4. A third function of education is social placement. Beginning in grade school, students are
identified by teachers and other school officials either as bright and motivated or as less bright and even
educationally challenged.
_____5. Education promotes social inequality through the use of tracking and standardized testing and
the impact of its “hidden curriculum.” Schools differ widely in their funding and learning conditions, and
this type of inequality leads to learning disparities that reinforce social inequality.
_____6. Horace Mann, an American educational reformer, proposed that education could cure ills
_____7. Functionalists view education as an important social institution that contributes both manifest
and latent functions.
_____8. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of the society as a whole. In the
early days of compulsory education, students learned the dominant culture.
_____9. Functionalists believe that education equips people to perform different functional roles in
society.
_____10. Education is one of the most pervasive institutions that determines one’s future status.