ENERGE TICS AND THERMOCHEMISTRY

Topic 5 – Energetics and thermochemistry

Quick questions
Page 145
3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g)  
a) ∆​H θ​f​ ​= -105 kJ mol-1

​  3 ​  H2(g) + _
C(s) + _
b) ​  1 ​ C
  l (g) → CH3Cl(g)   ∆​H θ​f​ ​= -82 kJ mol-1
2 2 2
2C(s) + 3H2(g) + _
c) ​  1 ​ O2(g) →C2H5OH(l)   ∆​H θ​f​ ​= -278 kJ mol-1
2
7C(s) + 3H2(g) + O2(g) → C6H5COOH(s)   ∆​H θ​f​ ​= -385 kJ mol-1
d)

e) ​  1 ​  O2(g) → CO(g)  
C(s) + _ ∆Hfθ = -110.5 kJ mol-1
2
f) C(s) + _ ​  5 ​ H ​  1 ​ N
  (g) + _   (g) → CH3 NH2(g)   ∆​H θ​f​ ​= -23 kJ mol-1
2 2 2 2
Page 146
a) C8H18(l) + ​ _ 25 ​O
  (g)→ 8CO2(g)+ 9H2O(g)   ∆​H θ​c​ ​ = -5470 kJ mol-1
2 2
b) C2H5Cl(g) + 5O2(g) → 2CO2(g)+ 4H2O(g)   ∆​H θc​ ​​ = -1413 kJ mol-1

C6H12O(s) + _
c) ​  17 ​O
  (g) → 6CO2(g)+ 6H2O(g) ∆​H θ​c​ ​ = -3728 kJ mol-1
2 2
d) ​  1 ​ O2(g) → CO2(g)+ H2O(g)
CH2O2(l) + _ ∆​H θ​c​ ​ = -255 kJ mol-1
2
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g)+ 6H2O(g)
e) ∆​H θ​c​ ​ = -2803 kJ mol-1
Page 155
1. bond enthalpy for H-Cl is 431.5 kJ mol-1
2. a) CH4(g) + Cl2 (g) → CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)
1898 - 1997 = -99 kJ
b)
c)
exothermic
d)
products

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End of topic questions (page 157)

1. C; the lower the specific heat capacity of a metal, the greater the temperature increase for a given
amount of heat; gold (Au) has the smallest specific heat capacity and requires 130 J of energy to
increase 1 kg of the metal, 1 Kelvin;
Q 40   ​ 
2. A; Q = m × c × ∆T hence m = _ ​  =_
   ​  ​  = 2.5g
c × ∆T 2.0 × 8.0
3. C; Q = m × c × ∆T = 2.0 × 0.90 × 5 = 9.0 J
4. A; Q = m × c × ∆T
5. a) 2706 - 2830 = -124 kJ
2582 - 2380 = 202 kJ (NB C O = 1072 kJ mol-1)
b)
6. a) the enthalpy change when one mole of compound is formed from its elements in their standard
state at standard conditions of 298 K/25°C and 101 325 Pa/1 atm
b) (i) ΔHP = 4×(-242) + 4×(-394) kJ mol-1
ΔHR = 1 kJ mol-1
ΔHƟ = (∑ΔHƟp - ∑ΔHƟR) = -2545 /-2.55 × 103/ -2550 kJ mol-1
(ii) 
products more stable than reactants; bonds are stronger in products than reactants/
Hp < HR/enthalpy/stored energy of products less than reactants;
(iii)
same/equal, because the same bonds are being broken and formed
7. D; examine the equations for the formation of the two oxides of nitrogen and decide how these
equations can be used to achieve the final equation;
​ _1 ​  N (g) + O (g) → NO (g) ∆HƟ -57 kj mol-1 [reverse and double/enthalpy value is doubled
2 2 2 2
and the sign reversed]
N2(g) + 2O2(g) → N2O4(g) ∆HƟ +9 kj mol-1 [use as written]
Re-write the equations, and deduce the final equation:
2N2(g) → N2(g) + 2O2(g) ∆HƟ +114 kj mol-1

N2(g) + 2O2(g) → N2O4(g) ∆HƟ +9 kj mol-1

2NO2(g) → N2O4(g) ∆HƟ = +123 kj mol-1

1 ​ O
8. C2H6(g) + 3​ _   (g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ∆HƟ = -1560 kJ
2 2
H2O(l) → H2(g) + _ ​  1 ​ O
  (g) ∆HƟ = +286 kJ
2 2
2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) → C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) ∆HƟ = +1411 kJ
C2H6(g) → C2H4(g) + H2(g) ∆HƟ = +137 kJ
9. A; ∆HƟ = ∑(BE bonds broken) - ∑(BE Bonds formed) = (2 × 565) - [430 + 155]
= 1130 - 585 = +545
 
10. a) C2H4(g) + H2(g) → C2H6(g)
b) 
products more stable than reactants/reactants less stable than products; products lower in
energy; reactants higher in energy;
c) 
(overall) bonds in reactants weaker and (overall) bonds in product stronger; all bonds in
product are σ bonds; weaker π bond broken and a (stronger) σ bond formed; less energy
needed to break weaker bonds/more energy produced to make stronger bonds (thus reaction is
exothermic);
or
bond breaking is endothermic (requires energy) and bond making is exothermic (releases
energy); stronger bonds in product mean process is exothermic overall;

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11. a) standard enthalpy (change) of reaction; temperature increase; reaction is exothermic; sign of
∆HƟ is negative;
b)
more negative; heat given out when gas changes to solid; solid has less enthalpy than gas;
-389 kJ
c)
12. a) amount of energy required to break bonds of reactants:
8 × 412 + 2 × 348 + 612 + 6 × 496 = 7580 kJ mol-1
amount of energy released during bond formation:
4 × 2 × 743 + 4 × 2 × 463 = 9648 kJ mol-1
ΔH = -2068 kJ or kJ mol-1
exothermic and ∆HƟ is negative; energy is released;
b)
13. C(s) + 2F2(g) → CF4(g) ∆H1 = -680 kJ
4F(g) → 2F2(g) ∆H2 = 2 × (-158) kJ
C(g) → C(s) ∆H3 = -715 kJ
C(g) + 4F(g) → CF4(g) ∆H = -1711 kJ
average bond enthalpy = _ ​  -1711
 ​  = -428 kJ mol-1;
4
14. a) amount of energy required to break bonds of reactants:
3 × 413 + 358 + 464 + 1.5 × 498 = 2808 kJ mol-1
amount of energy released during bond formation of products:
4 × 464 + 2 × 746 = 3348 kJ mol-1
∆H = -540 kJ mol-1
b) (i) m(methanol) = 80.557 - 80.034 = 0.523 g
0.523 g
n(methanol) = ​ __      ​ = 0.0163 mol
32.05 g mol-1
∆T = 26.4 - 21.5 = 4.9 K;
(ii)
q = mc∆T = 20.000 × 4.18 × 4.9 J = 20.000 × 4.18 × 4.9 × 10-3 kJ = 0.41 kJ
0.41 (kj)
∆HcƟ = -​ __
(iii)      ​ = -25153 J mol-1 = -25 kJ mol-1
0.0163 (mol)
c) (i) bond enthalpies are average values/differ (slightly) from one compound to another
(depending on the neighbouring atoms); methanol is liquid, not a gas in the reaction;
(ii) 
not all heat produced transferred to water; heat lost to surroundings/environment ;
incomplete combustion (of methanol); water forms as H2O(l) instead of H2O(g);
15. a) N2H4(g) + 2F2(g) → N2(g) + 4HF(g)
b)
Hydrazine:
H H
N N
H H
Nitrogen:
:
:

N N;

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c)
amount of energy required to break bonds of reactants:
4 × 391 + 158 + 2 × 158 = 2038kJ
amount of energy released during bond formation of products:
945 + 4 × 568 = 3217 kJ
∆HƟ = 2038 - 3217 = -1179 kJ
(N2H4/F2) is a better rocket fuel; 5 vol/mol (g) > 3 vol/mol (g); more moles/greater amount of
d) 
gas produced; ∆HƟ (N2H4/F2) > ∆HƟ (N2H4/O2) (per mole); (N2H4/F2) reaction more exothermic;
16. a) energy required = C=C + H–H = 612 + 436
energy released = C–C + 2(C–H) = 347 + 2 × 413
energy required = C=C + H–H + 4(C–H) = 612 + 436 + 4 × 413
energy released = C–C + 6(C–H) = 347 + 6 × 413
∆H = (1048 - 1173) = (2700 - 2825) = -125 kJ mol-1
∆H = -1411 + (-286) - (-1560) = -137 kJ mol-1
b)
c) 
the actual values for the specific bonds may be different to the average values; the combustion
values referred to the specific compounds;
d) (i) -125 kJ mol-1
(ii) 
average bond enthalpies do not apply to the liquid state; the enthalpy of vaporization/
condensation of cyclohexene and cyclohexane.

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