1.

C
[1]

2. A
[1]

3. C
[1]

4. B
[1]

5. (a) amount of energy needed to break one mole of (covalent) bonds;

in the gaseous state;
average calculated from a range of compounds; 2
Award [1] each for any two points above.

1
(b) bonds broken: 161 + 2×348 + 8×412 + 6×496/7580 kJ mol ;
1
bonds made: 8×743 + 8×463/9648 kJ mol ;
1
(bonds broken  bonds made =) H = 2068(kJ mol ); 3
Award [3] for the correct answer.
Allow full ECF  1 mistake equals 1 penalty.
Allow kJ but not other wrong units.

(c) same/equal, because the same bonds are being broken and formed; 1

(d) products more stable than reactants;

bonds are stronger in products than reactants/HP < HR/enthalpy/stored
energy of products less than reactants; 2
[8]

6. C
[1]

1
7. D
[1]

8. (a) the enthalpy change when one mole of compound is formed from its elements
in their (standard state);
at (standard conditions of) 298 K/25C and 101 325 Pa/1 atm; 2

1
(b) (i) HP = (4×242 + 4×394) kJ mol ;
1
HR = 1 kJ mol ;
Ө Ө Ө 3 1
H = (∑H p∑H R) = 2545 /2.55×10 / 2550 (kJ mol ); 3
Allow ECF.
(ii) products more stable than reactants;
bonds are stronger in products than reactants/Hp < HR/enthalpy/stored
energy of products less than reactants; 2
(iii) same/equal, because the same bonds are being broken and formed; 1
[8]

9. B
[1]

10. A
[1]

11. D
[1]

12. B
[1]

2
13. (a) (i) C2H4(g) + H2(g)  C2H6(g); 1
State symbols not required for mark
(ii) products more stable than reactants/reactants less stable than products;
products lower in energy/reactants higher in energy; 2
(iii) (overall) bonds in reactants weaker/(overall) bonds in product stronger
/all bonds in product are  bonds/weaker  bond broken and a
(stronger)  bond formed;
less energy needed to break weaker bonds/more energy produced
to make stronger bonds (thus reaction is exothermic)/OWTTE;
OR
bond breaking is endothermic/requires energy and bond making is
exothermic/releases energy;
stronger bonds in product mean process is exothermic overall; 2
[5]

3
14. (i) change in energy for the formation of (1 mol) of a substance from its
elements; under standard conditions/1 atm pressure or 101 kPa and
298 K/25C; 2
(ii)

H com b
C 2 H 5 O H (l) + 3 O 2 (g ) 2 C O 2 (g ) + 3 H 2O (l)

  
H f (C 2 H 5O H (l)) H f (C O 2(g ))  H f (H 2O (l))

2 C ( s ) + 2 O 2( g ) + 3 H 2 ( g ) + 1 .5 O 2 ( g )
States not required.
Correct cycle showing:
HcombӨ
HfӨ (C2H5OH(l));
Ө Ө
2Hf (CO2(g)) and 3Hf (H2O(l));
Ө Ө Ө Ө
(Hf (C2H5OH(l)) = (2Hf (CO2(g)) + 3Hf (H2O(l))  Hcomb
= 2(394) + 3(286) + 1371;
1
= 275 kJ mol ; 5
If values are substituted for symbols in the enthalpy cycle
diagram to give correct answer, award last [2] marks.
If no enthalpy cycle drawn but equation written and Hess’s
Law applied or calculated as follows, then [3 max]

(Hr = ∑Hf (products)  ∑Hf (reactants))

1371 = (394×2) + (286×3) Hf (ethanol);
Hf (ethanol) = 788  858 + 1371;
1
=  275(kJ mol );
Award [2] for correct answer without enthalpy cycle and
without working and [1] for 275 or + 275.
[7]

4
15. (i) energy required to break (a mole of) bonds in the gaseous state
/energy given out when (a mole of) bonds are made in the
gaseous state;
average value from a number of similar compounds; 2
Ө
(ii) (H reaction = (∑BEbreak  BEmake))
= [(837) + 2(436)]  [(348 + 4(412)];
1
=  287(kJ/kJ mol ); 2
Award [1 max] for 287 or + 287.

(iii) (BE): CCl > CBr > CI/CX bond becomes weaker;
halogen size/radius increases/bonding electrons further away from
the nucleus/bonds become longer; 2
[6]

16. C
[1]

17. C
[1]

18. B
[1]

19. (a) ΔT = 23.70 – 23.03 = 0.67 (°C/K); 1

 0.4385g 
n   
1 
 342.34g mol  = 1.281×10–3;
(b) 1

 [(10.114 kJ K 1 )(0.67 K)]

(c) (i) ΔHc = (C ΔT)/n = (1.281 10 3 mol) 3 –1

= –5.3×10 kJ mol ; 1
Use ECF for values of T and n.

 (5.3 10 3 )  (5.6  10 3 ) 

  100
 (5.6 10 3 ) 
(ii) Percentage experimental error = = 5.4%; 1
Use ECF for values of ΔHc.

5
 (d) enthalpy change of combustion of sucrose > TNT, and therefore not important;
rate of reaction for TNT is greater than that of sucrose, so this is valid;
amount of gas generated (in mol) for sucrose > than that of TNT
(according to the given equation), so this is not important; 3
[7]

20. (a) The amount of energy needed to break 1 mole of (covalent) bonds;
in the gaseous state;
average calculated from a range of compounds; 2 max
Award [1] each for any two points above.

(b) Bonds broken

–1
(612) + (2×348) + (8×412) + (6×496)/7580 (kJ mol );
Bonds made
–1
(8×743) + (8×463) / 9648 (kJ mol );
–1
H = –2068 (kJ mol ); 3
Award [3] for the correct answer.
Allow full ECF.
Allow kJ but no other incorrect units.
Even if the first two marks are lost, the candidate can score [1]
for a clear correct subtraction for H.
[5]

21. B
[1]

22. C
[1]

23. B
[1]

24. D
[1]

25. (i) fertilizers/increasing crop yields;

production of explosives for mining; 1 max

(ii) H = (sum of energies of bonds broken) – (sum of energies of bonds formed);

Can be implied by working.

6
 correct substitution of values and numbers of bonds broken;
correct substitution of values and numbers of bonds made;
(H = (NN) + 3(H–H) – 6(N–H) = 944 + 3(436) – 6(388) =) –76.0 (kJ); 4
Allow ECF.
Do not penalize for sig. fig. or units.
Award [4] for correct final answer.

ο –1 –1
(iii) (S [2×193] – [192 + 3×131]) = –199 (J K mol ); 2
Allow ECF.
four gaseous molecules generating two gaseous
molecules/fewer molecules of gas;

ο ο ο
(iv) (G = H – TS = –76.0 – 298(–0.199)) = –16.7 (kJ);
Spontaneous;
G is negative; 3
Do not penalize for SF.

(v) heat released when gas → liquid;

ο
H becomes more negative; 2
[12]

26. (i) lattice enthalpy for a particular ionic compound is defined as ΔH for the
+ –
process, MX(s) → M (g) + X (g);
Accept definition for exothermic process
electron affinity is the energy change that occurs when an electron is added
to a gaseous atom or ion; 2

7
(ii)
H f = – 4 1 1 k J m o l –1

N a (s) + 1 2 C l2 (g ) N a C l(s )

+ 1 0 8 k J m o l –1 + 1 2 1 k J m o l –1

N a (g ) C l(g )

–1
+494 kJ m ol – 3 6 4 k J m o l –1
–
N a+ (g ) + C l (g )
lattice enthalpy = –[(–411) – (+108) – (+494) – (+121) – (–364)]
–1
= 770 (kJ mol )
Award [2] for all correct formulas in correct positions on cycle
diagram.
1 incorrect or missing label award [1].
Award [1] for all correct values in correct positions on cycle
diagram.
–1
calculation of lattice enthalpy of NaCl(s) = 770 (kJ mol ); 4
Allow ECF.
Accept alternative method e.g. energy level diagram.

(iii) lattice/network/regular structure;

each chloride ion is surrounded by six sodium ions and each sodium ion is
surrounded by six chloride ions/6:6 coordination; 2
[8]